UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 16 December 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points With reference to the ‘Natyashastra’, consider the following statements: It is traditionally attributed to Bharata Muni and is often regarded as the Fifth Veda. The text was composed entirely in prose form without the use of verses. It limits the scope of performance strictly to the physical movements of the body (Angika). Abhinavagupta’s Abhinavabharati is considered the most influential classical commentary on this text. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct: The Natyashastra is the foundational Sanskrit treatise on drama, dance, and music, traditionally attributed to Bharata Muni. It is revered as the Natya Veda (Fifth Veda), intended to communicate values to all sections of society. Statement 2 is incorrect: The text is composed primarily in śloka (verse) form, although it does contain a few prose explanations in later recensions. It is not entirely in prose. Statement 3 is incorrect: The text describes a four-fold acting toolset (Abhinaya), which includes Angika (body), Vachika (speech), Aharya (costume/props), and Sattvika (inner emotion). It does not limit performance to just physical movements; it integrates speech, costumes, and emotions. Statement 4 is correct: The most influential classical commentary on the Natyashastra is Abhinavagupta’s *Abhinavabharati, dating to the 10th–11th century CE. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct: The Natyashastra is the foundational Sanskrit treatise on drama, dance, and music, traditionally attributed to Bharata Muni. It is revered as the Natya Veda (Fifth Veda), intended to communicate values to all sections of society. Statement 2 is incorrect: The text is composed primarily in śloka (verse) form, although it does contain a few prose explanations in later recensions. It is not entirely in prose. Statement 3 is incorrect: The text describes a four-fold acting toolset (Abhinaya), which includes Angika (body), Vachika (speech), Aharya (costume/props), and Sattvika (inner emotion). It does not limit performance to just physical movements; it integrates speech, costumes, and emotions. Statement 4 is correct: The most influential classical commentary on the Natyashastra is Abhinavagupta’s Abhinavabharati*, dating to the 10th–11th century CE.

#### 1. Question

With reference to the ‘Natyashastra’, consider the following statements:

• It is traditionally attributed to Bharata Muni and is often regarded as the Fifth Veda.

• The text was composed entirely in prose form without the use of verses.

• It limits the scope of performance strictly to the physical movements of the body (Angika).

• Abhinavagupta’s Abhinavabharati is considered the most influential classical commentary on this text.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct: The Natyashastra is the foundational Sanskrit treatise on drama, dance, and music, traditionally attributed to Bharata Muni. It is revered as the Natya Veda (Fifth Veda), intended to communicate values to all sections of society.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The text is composed primarily in śloka (verse) form, although it does contain a few prose explanations in later recensions. It is not entirely in prose.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: The text describes a four-fold acting toolset (Abhinaya), which includes Angika (body), Vachika (speech), Aharya (costume/props), and Sattvika (inner emotion). It does not limit performance to just physical movements; it integrates speech, costumes, and emotions.

• Statement 4 is correct: The most influential classical commentary on the Natyashastra is Abhinavagupta’s *Abhinavabharati*, dating to the 10th–11th century CE.

Solution: B

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The text is composed primarily in śloka (verse) form, although it does contain a few prose explanations in later recensions. It is not entirely in prose.

• Statement 4 is correct: The most influential classical commentary on the Natyashastra is Abhinavagupta’s *Abhinavabharati*, dating to the 10th–11th century CE.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Emperor Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II: Statement-I: He was a ruler of the Mutharaiyar lineage who functioned as a feudatory of the Pallavas. Statement-II: His architectural contributions heavily influenced the early Chola temple tradition. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: B Statement-I is correct: Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II (c. 705–745 CE) belonged to the Mutharaiyar dynasty and functioned as a feudatory of the Pallavas, specifically under King Nandivarman II. He helped maintain regional order during the decline of Pallava authority. Statement-II is correct: The Mutharaiyars were early temple builders in Tamil Nadu. Their architectural innovations in rock-cut and structural temples influenced the early Chola temple tradition, preceding the rise of Vijayalaya Chola. While both statements are factually correct, the fact that he influenced Chola architecture (Statement-II) is not the explanation for why he was a feudatory of the Pallavas (Statement-I). His feudatory status was a political arrangement, while his architectural influence was a cultural legacy. Incorrect Solution: B Statement-I is correct: Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II (c. 705–745 CE) belonged to the Mutharaiyar dynasty and functioned as a feudatory of the Pallavas, specifically under King Nandivarman II. He helped maintain regional order during the decline of Pallava authority. Statement-II is correct: The Mutharaiyars were early temple builders in Tamil Nadu. Their architectural innovations in rock-cut and structural temples influenced the early Chola temple tradition, preceding the rise of Vijayalaya Chola. While both statements are factually correct, the fact that he influenced Chola architecture (Statement-II) is not the explanation for why he was a feudatory of the Pallavas (Statement-I). His feudatory status was a political arrangement, while his architectural influence was a cultural legacy.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Emperor Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II:

Statement-I: He was a ruler of the Mutharaiyar lineage who functioned as a feudatory of the Pallavas.

Statement-II: His architectural contributions heavily influenced the early Chola temple tradition.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: B

• Statement-I is correct: Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II (c. 705–745 CE) belonged to the Mutharaiyar dynasty and functioned as a feudatory of the Pallavas, specifically under King Nandivarman II. He helped maintain regional order during the decline of Pallava authority.

• Statement-II is correct: The Mutharaiyars were early temple builders in Tamil Nadu. Their architectural innovations in rock-cut and structural temples influenced the early Chola temple tradition, preceding the rise of Vijayalaya Chola.

While both statements are factually correct, the fact that he influenced Chola architecture (Statement-II) is not the explanation for why he was a feudatory of the Pallavas (Statement-I). His feudatory status was a political arrangement, while his architectural influence was a cultural legacy.

Solution: B

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points With reference to the Dandami Maria tribe, consider the following statements: They are a tribal community belonging to the broader Gond ethnic group inhabiting the Bastar region. Their language, Dandami Maria, is of Dravidian origin. The tribe strictly prohibits widow remarriage and divorce to maintain social purity. How many of the above statements are incorrect (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct: The Dandami Maria (or Bison Horn Maria) are part of the broader Gond (Koytorias) ethnic group and predominantly inhabit the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. Statement 2 is correct: They speak Dandami Maria, and many use Gondi dialects, which are of Dravidian origin. Statement 3 is incorrect: The Dandami Maria society has flexible social norms that permit divorce and widow remarriage, contrary to the statement that they are strictly prohibited. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct: The Dandami Maria (or Bison Horn Maria) are part of the broader Gond (Koytorias) ethnic group and predominantly inhabit the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. Statement 2 is correct: They speak Dandami Maria, and many use Gondi dialects, which are of Dravidian origin. Statement 3 is incorrect: The Dandami Maria society has flexible social norms that permit divorce and widow remarriage, contrary to the statement that they are strictly prohibited.

#### 3. Question

With reference to the Dandami Maria tribe, consider the following statements:

• They are a tribal community belonging to the broader Gond ethnic group inhabiting the Bastar region.

• Their language, Dandami Maria, is of Dravidian origin.

• The tribe strictly prohibits widow remarriage and divorce to maintain social purity.

How many of the above statements are incorrect

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct: The Dandami Maria (or Bison Horn Maria) are part of the broader Gond (Koytorias) ethnic group and predominantly inhabit the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh.

• Statement 2 is correct: They speak Dandami Maria, and many use Gondi dialects, which are of Dravidian origin.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: The Dandami Maria society has flexible social norms that permit divorce and widow remarriage, contrary to the statement that they are strictly prohibited.

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct: The Dandami Maria (or Bison Horn Maria) are part of the broader Gond (Koytorias) ethnic group and predominantly inhabit the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh.

• Statement 2 is correct: They speak Dandami Maria, and many use Gondi dialects, which are of Dravidian origin.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: The Dandami Maria society has flexible social norms that permit divorce and widow remarriage, contrary to the statement that they are strictly prohibited.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the National Energy Conservation Awards (NECA): Statement-I: The awards are implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power. Statement-II: The NECA 2025 introduced a new category for Social Media Influencers to promote behavioral change. Statement-III: The primary aim of NECA is to recognize achievements in energy efficiency while maintaining productivity. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct explanation for Statement I, though all statements are factually correct. Correct Solution: D Statement I is correct: NECA is implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power. Statement II is correct: NECA 2025 introduced a new category for Social Media Influencers & Digital Content Creators. Statement III is correct: The awards aim to recognize outstanding achievements in energy efficiency and reduction of energy consumption without compromising productivity. While all three statements are factually correct, neither the introduction of a new category (Statement II) nor the general aim of the awards (Statement III) serves as the explanation for why the awards are implemented by the BEE (Statement I). Incorrect Solution: D Statement I is correct: NECA is implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power. Statement II is correct: NECA 2025 introduced a new category for Social Media Influencers & Digital Content Creators. Statement III is correct: The awards aim to recognize outstanding achievements in energy efficiency and reduction of energy consumption without compromising productivity. While all three statements are factually correct, neither the introduction of a new category (Statement II) nor the general aim of the awards (Statement III) serves as the explanation for why the awards are implemented by the BEE (Statement I).

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the National Energy Conservation Awards (NECA):

Statement-I: The awards are implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power.

Statement-II: The NECA 2025 introduced a new category for Social Media Influencers to promote behavioral change.

Statement-III: The primary aim of NECA is to recognize achievements in energy efficiency while maintaining productivity.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I

• (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I

• (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I

• (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct explanation for Statement I, though all statements are factually correct.

Solution: D

• Statement I is correct: NECA is implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power.

• Statement II is correct: NECA 2025 introduced a new category for Social Media Influencers & Digital Content Creators.

• Statement III is correct: The awards aim to recognize outstanding achievements in energy efficiency and reduction of energy consumption without compromising productivity.

• While all three statements are factually correct, neither the introduction of a new category (Statement II) nor the general aim of the awards (Statement III) serves as the explanation for why the awards are implemented by the BEE (Statement I).

Solution: D

• Statement I is correct: NECA is implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power.

• Statement II is correct: NECA 2025 introduced a new category for Social Media Influencers & Digital Content Creators.

• Statement III is correct: The awards aim to recognize outstanding achievements in energy efficiency and reduction of energy consumption without compromising productivity.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Which one of the following countries shares a land border with Jordan? (a) Lebanon (b) Egypt (c) Iraq (d) Turkey Correct Solution: C Jordan is located in Southwest Asia. Its neighboring nations are: Syria to the north. Iraq to the northeast. Saudi Arabia to the east and south. Israel and the West Bank to the west. Lebanon and Turkey do not share a land border with Jordan (separated by Syria). Egypt is not a direct land neighbour, though Jordan has a coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba nearby; Egypt lies across the Gulf of Aqaba and borders Israel. Incorrect Solution: C Jordan is located in Southwest Asia. Its neighboring nations are: Syria to the north. Iraq to the northeast. Saudi Arabia to the east and south. Israel and the West Bank to the west. Lebanon and Turkey do not share a land border with Jordan (separated by Syria). Egypt is not a direct land neighbour, though Jordan has a coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba nearby; Egypt lies across the Gulf of Aqaba and borders Israel.

#### 5. Question

Which one of the following countries shares a land border with Jordan?

• (a) Lebanon

• (d) Turkey

Solution: C

Jordan is located in Southwest Asia. Its neighboring nations are:

• Syria to the north.

• Iraq to the northeast.

• Saudi Arabia to the east and south.

• Israel and the West Bank to the west.

• Lebanon and Turkey do not share a land border with Jordan (separated by Syria). Egypt is not a direct land neighbour, though Jordan has a coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba nearby; Egypt lies across the Gulf of Aqaba and borders Israel.

Solution: C

Jordan is located in Southwest Asia. Its neighboring nations are:

• Syria to the north.

• Iraq to the northeast.

• Saudi Arabia to the east and south.

• Israel and the West Bank to the west.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE): It was established under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. It operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct: The BEE was established under the statutory framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. Statement 2 is incorrect: The BEE operates under the Ministry of Power, not the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. The awards are also presented by dignitaries associated with the Power Ministry (e.g., Secretary, Power chairs the committee). Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct: The BEE was established under the statutory framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. Statement 2 is incorrect: The BEE operates under the Ministry of Power, not the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. The awards are also presented by dignitaries associated with the Power Ministry (e.g., Secretary, Power chairs the committee).

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE):

• It was established under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.

• It operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct: The BEE was established under the statutory framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The BEE operates under the Ministry of Power, not the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. The awards are also presented by dignitaries associated with the Power Ministry (e.g., Secretary, Power chairs the committee).

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct: The BEE was established under the statutory framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points With reference to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), consider the following statements: The IMO was established by a convention adopted under the auspices of the United Nations. Its headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland. One of its major functions is to oversee global norms on seafarer training and certification through conventions like STCW. How many of the statements given above are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. The IMO was established by a convention adopted under the auspices of the United Nations in 1948. However, the convention did not come into force until 1958, and the first session was held in 1959. Statement 2 is incorrect. The headquarters of the International Maritime Organization is located in London, United Kingdom, not Geneva. Statement 3 is correct. The IMO is responsible for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships. A key function is overseeing global norms on seafarer training, certification, and watchkeeping, primarily through the STCW Convention (International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers). Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. The IMO was established by a convention adopted under the auspices of the United Nations in 1948. However, the convention did not come into force until 1958, and the first session was held in 1959. Statement 2 is incorrect. The headquarters of the International Maritime Organization is located in London, United Kingdom, not Geneva. Statement 3 is correct. The IMO is responsible for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships. A key function is overseeing global norms on seafarer training, certification, and watchkeeping, primarily through the STCW Convention (International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers).

#### 7. Question

With reference to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), consider the following statements:

• The IMO was established by a convention adopted under the auspices of the United Nations.

• Its headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland.

• One of its major functions is to oversee global norms on seafarer training and certification through conventions like STCW.

How many of the statements given above are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct. The IMO was established by a convention adopted under the auspices of the United Nations in 1948. However, the convention did not come into force until 1958, and the first session was held in 1959.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The headquarters of the International Maritime Organization is located in London, United Kingdom, not Geneva.

• Statement 3 is correct. The IMO is responsible for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships. A key function is overseeing global norms on seafarer training, certification, and watchkeeping, primarily through the STCW Convention (International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers).

Solution: A

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The headquarters of the International Maritime Organization is located in London, United Kingdom, not Geneva.

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs: Type of Abhinaya Description 1. Angika Expression through costume and props 2. Vachika Expression through speech 3. Sattvika Expression through inner emotion Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? (a) 1 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: C Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Angika refers to expression through the body (physical movements and gestures), whereas expression through costume and props is known as Aharya. Pair 2 is correctly matched: Vachika Abhinaya pertains to expression through speech, including intonation, delivery, and dialogue. Pair 3 is correctly matched: Sattvika Abhinaya involves expression through inner emotion or psychological states, which is considered essential for authentic performance. The Natyashastra integrates these four types (Angika, Vachika, Aharya, Sattvika) to create a complete theatrical experience. Incorrect Solution: C Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Angika refers to expression through the body (physical movements and gestures), whereas expression through costume and props is known as Aharya. Pair 2 is correctly matched: Vachika Abhinaya pertains to expression through speech, including intonation, delivery, and dialogue. Pair 3 is correctly matched: Sattvika Abhinaya involves expression through inner emotion or psychological states, which is considered essential for authentic performance. The Natyashastra integrates these four types (Angika, Vachika, Aharya, Sattvika) to create a complete theatrical experience.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following pairs:

| Type of Abhinaya | Description

1.| Angika | Expression through costume and props
2.| Vachika | Expression through speech
3.| Sattvika | Expression through inner emotion

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: C

• Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Angika refers to expression through the body (physical movements and gestures), whereas expression through costume and props is known as Aharya.

• Pair 2 is correctly matched: Vachika Abhinaya pertains to expression through speech, including intonation, delivery, and dialogue.

• Pair 3 is correctly matched: Sattvika Abhinaya involves expression through inner emotion or psychological states, which is considered essential for authentic performance.

• The Natyashastra integrates these four types (Angika, Vachika, Aharya, Sattvika) to create a complete theatrical experience.

Solution: C

• Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Angika refers to expression through the body (physical movements and gestures), whereas expression through costume and props is known as Aharya.

• Pair 2 is correctly matched: Vachika Abhinaya pertains to expression through speech, including intonation, delivery, and dialogue.

• Pair 3 is correctly matched: Sattvika Abhinaya involves expression through inner emotion or psychological states, which is considered essential for authentic performance.

• The Natyashastra integrates these four types (Angika, Vachika, Aharya, Sattvika) to create a complete theatrical experience.

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the Ellora Caves: The caves are located in the Sahyadri range of the Western Ghats. The excavation of the caves proceeded chronologically from Jain caves, followed by Hindu caves, and finally Buddhist caves. The Rashtrakuta dynasty was significantly associated with the patronage of the Hindu caves at Ellora. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The Ellora Caves are excavated out of the vertical face of the Charanandri hills, which are part of the Sahyadri range (Western Ghats) in Maharashtra. Statement 2 is incorrect. The chronology is the reverse of what is stated. The Buddhist caves (Caves 1–12) are the earliest (~200 BCE–600 CE), followed by the Hindu caves (Caves 13–29, ~500–900 CE), and finally the Jain caves (Caves 30–34, ~800–1000 CE). Statement 3 is correct. The Hindu caves, particularly the magnificent Kailasa Temple, were constructed during the Rashtrakuta dynasty’s rule. Krishna I of the Rashtrakuta dynasty is famously associated with the commissioning of the Kailasa Temple. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The Ellora Caves are excavated out of the vertical face of the Charanandri hills, which are part of the Sahyadri range (Western Ghats) in Maharashtra. Statement 2 is incorrect. The chronology is the reverse of what is stated. The Buddhist caves (Caves 1–12) are the earliest (~200 BCE–600 CE), followed by the Hindu caves (Caves 13–29, ~500–900 CE), and finally the Jain caves (Caves 30–34, ~800–1000 CE). Statement 3 is correct. The Hindu caves, particularly the magnificent Kailasa Temple, were constructed during the Rashtrakuta dynasty’s rule. Krishna I of the Rashtrakuta dynasty is famously associated with the commissioning of the Kailasa Temple.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements about the Ellora Caves:

• The caves are located in the Sahyadri range of the Western Ghats.

• The excavation of the caves proceeded chronologically from Jain caves, followed by Hindu caves, and finally Buddhist caves.

• The Rashtrakuta dynasty was significantly associated with the patronage of the Hindu caves at Ellora.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct. The Ellora Caves are excavated out of the vertical face of the Charanandri hills, which are part of the Sahyadri range (Western Ghats) in Maharashtra.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The chronology is the reverse of what is stated. The Buddhist caves (Caves 1–12) are the earliest (~200 BCE–600 CE), followed by the Hindu caves (Caves 13–29, ~500–900 CE), and finally the Jain caves (Caves 30–34, ~800–1000 CE).

• Statement 3 is correct. The Hindu caves, particularly the magnificent Kailasa Temple, were constructed during the Rashtrakuta dynasty’s rule. Krishna I of the Rashtrakuta dynasty is famously associated with the commissioning of the Kailasa Temple.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct. The Ellora Caves are excavated out of the vertical face of the Charanandri hills, which are part of the Sahyadri range (Western Ghats) in Maharashtra.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Which of the following statements regarding the Black Sea’s environmental characteristics is/are correct? It receives water from major rivers such as the Danube, which contributes to the stability of its upper layer. The sea supports no life forms below 200 meters due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide. It is a geologically young sea formed by the melting of glaciers after the last Ice Age. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 2 only Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is correct. The Black Sea receives large inputs of fresh water from major rivers like the Danube, Dnieper, and Don. This inflow creates a layer of less saline, oxygenated water on top, which floats on the denser, saltier water from the Mediterranean, causing stratification. Statement 2 is correct. Below a depth of about 150–200 meters, the water is anoxic (devoid of oxygen) and contains high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. Consequently, it supports no multicellular life forms (fish, etc.) in these deep layers; only anaerobic bacteria exist there. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Black Sea is a remnant of the ancient Tethys Sea, which existed millions of years ago. While its water levels have fluctuated with glacial cycles, it is not simply a “young sea formed by melting glaciers” but a geological basin with a much older tectonic history transformed over millions of years. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is correct. The Black Sea receives large inputs of fresh water from major rivers like the Danube, Dnieper, and Don. This inflow creates a layer of less saline, oxygenated water on top, which floats on the denser, saltier water from the Mediterranean, causing stratification. Statement 2 is correct. Below a depth of about 150–200 meters, the water is anoxic (devoid of oxygen) and contains high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. Consequently, it supports no multicellular life forms (fish, etc.) in these deep layers; only anaerobic bacteria exist there. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Black Sea is a remnant of the ancient Tethys Sea, which existed millions of years ago. While its water levels have fluctuated with glacial cycles, it is not simply a “young sea formed by melting glaciers” but a geological basin with a much older tectonic history transformed over millions of years.

#### 10. Question

Which of the following statements regarding the Black Sea’s environmental characteristics is/are correct?

• It receives water from major rivers such as the Danube, which contributes to the stability of its upper layer.

• The sea supports no life forms below 200 meters due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide.

• It is a geologically young sea formed by the melting of glaciers after the last Ice Age.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 1, 2 and 3

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1 and 2 only

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is correct. The Black Sea receives large inputs of fresh water from major rivers like the Danube, Dnieper, and Don. This inflow creates a layer of less saline, oxygenated water on top, which floats on the denser, saltier water from the Mediterranean, causing stratification.

• Statement 2 is correct. Below a depth of about 150–200 meters, the water is anoxic (devoid of oxygen) and contains high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. Consequently, it supports no multicellular life forms (fish, etc.) in these deep layers; only anaerobic bacteria exist there.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The Black Sea is a remnant of the ancient Tethys Sea, which existed millions of years ago. While its water levels have fluctuated with glacial cycles, it is not simply a “young sea formed by melting glaciers” but a geological basin with a much older tectonic history transformed over millions of years.

Solution: D

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