UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 14 April 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes the term “de-extinction”? a) Revival of extinct species using genetic technologies b) Creating new species through synthetic biology c) Preservation of endangered species through habitat restoration d) Legal reclassification of extinct species for conservation funding Correct Solution: a) De-extinction is a pioneering field in conservation biology and synthetic genetics aimed at reviving extinct species using techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, cloning, and ancient DNA sequencing. The process involves retrieving and reconstructing the genome of extinct species from well-preserved specimens and inserting the sequences into closely related living organisms (surrogates). This science offers both hope and controversy: proponents argue it could help restore ecosystems, reintroduce apex predators like the Dire Wolf (Aenocyon dirus), and educate the public. Critics, however, raise concerns about ethical issues, habitat incompatibility, and the diversion of resources from protecting endangered species. De-extinction is not simply “bringing back” life but is a multidisciplinary effort bridging genetics, paleobiology, conservation ecology, and policy. Incorrect Solution: a) De-extinction is a pioneering field in conservation biology and synthetic genetics aimed at reviving extinct species using techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, cloning, and ancient DNA sequencing. The process involves retrieving and reconstructing the genome of extinct species from well-preserved specimens and inserting the sequences into closely related living organisms (surrogates). This science offers both hope and controversy: proponents argue it could help restore ecosystems, reintroduce apex predators like the Dire Wolf (Aenocyon dirus), and educate the public. Critics, however, raise concerns about ethical issues, habitat incompatibility, and the diversion of resources from protecting endangered species. De-extinction is not simply “bringing back” life but is a multidisciplinary effort bridging genetics, paleobiology, conservation ecology, and policy.

#### 1. Question

Which of the following best describes the term “de-extinction”?

• a) Revival of extinct species using genetic technologies

• b) Creating new species through synthetic biology

• c) Preservation of endangered species through habitat restoration

• d) Legal reclassification of extinct species for conservation funding

Solution: a)

• De-extinction is a pioneering field in conservation biology and synthetic genetics aimed at reviving extinct species using techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, cloning, and ancient DNA sequencing.

• The process involves retrieving and reconstructing the genome of extinct species from well-preserved specimens and inserting the sequences into closely related living organisms (surrogates).

• This science offers both hope and controversy: proponents argue it could help restore ecosystems, reintroduce apex predators like the Dire Wolf (Aenocyon dirus), and educate the public.

• Critics, however, raise concerns about ethical issues, habitat incompatibility, and the diversion of resources from protecting endangered species.

• De-extinction is not simply “bringing back” life but is a multidisciplinary effort bridging genetics, paleobiology, conservation ecology, and policy.

Solution: a)

• The process involves retrieving and reconstructing the genome of extinct species from well-preserved specimens and inserting the sequences into closely related living organisms (surrogates).

• Critics, however, raise concerns about ethical issues, habitat incompatibility, and the diversion of resources from protecting endangered species.

• De-extinction is not simply “bringing back” life but is a multidisciplinary effort bridging genetics, paleobiology, conservation ecology, and policy.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Why is the Taiwan Strait considered a critical chokepoint in Indo-Pacific geopolitics? a) It lies at the intersection of four tectonic plates, making it seismically active b) It is the only sea passage connecting the Indian Ocean with the Arctic Ocean c) It is the deepest trench in the Pacific used for submarine concealment d) It facilitates a large volume of global semiconductor shipments and naval transit Correct Solution: d) The Taiwan Strait, approximately 130 km wide, separates Taiwan from mainland China’s Fujian Province and connects the South China Sea to the East China Sea. It is a vital conduit for global trade, especially the shipment of semiconductors, where Taiwan dominates 60% of global foundry capacity. Naval assets of the S., Japan, and China regularly transit this strait, making it a strategic flashpoint. The strait is not geologically unique, nor is it the deepest, but its location and trade dependence make it critical for Indo-Pacific security and economic stability. Incorrect Solution: d) The Taiwan Strait, approximately 130 km wide, separates Taiwan from mainland China’s Fujian Province and connects the South China Sea to the East China Sea. It is a vital conduit for global trade, especially the shipment of semiconductors, where Taiwan dominates 60% of global foundry capacity. Naval assets of the S., Japan, and China regularly transit this strait, making it a strategic flashpoint. The strait is not geologically unique, nor is it the deepest, but its location and trade dependence make it critical for Indo-Pacific security and economic stability.

#### 2. Question

Why is the Taiwan Strait considered a critical chokepoint in Indo-Pacific geopolitics?

• a) It lies at the intersection of four tectonic plates, making it seismically active

• b) It is the only sea passage connecting the Indian Ocean with the Arctic Ocean

• c) It is the deepest trench in the Pacific used for submarine concealment

• d) It facilitates a large volume of global semiconductor shipments and naval transit

Solution: d)

• The Taiwan Strait, approximately 130 km wide, separates Taiwan from mainland China’s Fujian Province and connects the South China Sea to the East China Sea.

• It is a vital conduit for global trade, especially the shipment of semiconductors, where Taiwan dominates 60% of global foundry capacity.

• Naval assets of the S., Japan, and China regularly transit this strait, making it a strategic flashpoint.

• The strait is not geologically unique, nor is it the deepest, but its location and trade dependence make it critical for Indo-Pacific security and economic stability.

Solution: d)

• The Taiwan Strait, approximately 130 km wide, separates Taiwan from mainland China’s Fujian Province and connects the South China Sea to the East China Sea.

• It is a vital conduit for global trade, especially the shipment of semiconductors, where Taiwan dominates 60% of global foundry capacity.

• Naval assets of the S., Japan, and China regularly transit this strait, making it a strategic flashpoint.

• The strait is not geologically unique, nor is it the deepest, but its location and trade dependence make it critical for Indo-Pacific security and economic stability.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points What is the primary purpose of the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI)? a) To compare fiscal performance of Gram Panchayats in centrally sponsored schemes b) To measure digital infrastructure development in rural areas c) To assess progress of Gram Panchayats in achieving SDG-aligned outcomes using granular data d) To rank Panchayats based on political decentralisation and electoral participation Correct Solution: c) The Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) was launched by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj to track the performance of over 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats based on their progress across nine SDG-linked themes. It uses 435 unique indicators aligned with the National Indicator Framework (NIF) to evaluate local governance, infrastructure, sanitation, education, and more. Unlike fiscal or political metrics, the index is developmental and evidence-based, aiming to promote data-driven decentralised governance. It does not merely assess digital or electoral performance but seeks holistic rural transformation at the panchayat level. Incorrect Solution: c) The Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) was launched by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj to track the performance of over 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats based on their progress across nine SDG-linked themes. It uses 435 unique indicators aligned with the National Indicator Framework (NIF) to evaluate local governance, infrastructure, sanitation, education, and more. Unlike fiscal or political metrics, the index is developmental and evidence-based, aiming to promote data-driven decentralised governance. It does not merely assess digital or electoral performance but seeks holistic rural transformation at the panchayat level.

#### 3. Question

What is the primary purpose of the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI)?

• a) To compare fiscal performance of Gram Panchayats in centrally sponsored schemes

• b) To measure digital infrastructure development in rural areas

• c) To assess progress of Gram Panchayats in achieving SDG-aligned outcomes using granular data

• d) To rank Panchayats based on political decentralisation and electoral participation

Solution: c)

• The Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) was launched by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj to track the performance of over 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats based on their progress across nine SDG-linked themes.

• It uses 435 unique indicators aligned with the National Indicator Framework (NIF) to evaluate local governance, infrastructure, sanitation, education, and more.

• Unlike fiscal or political metrics, the index is developmental and evidence-based, aiming to promote data-driven decentralised governance.

• It does not merely assess digital or electoral performance but seeks holistic rural transformation at the panchayat level.

Solution: c)

• It uses 435 unique indicators aligned with the National Indicator Framework (NIF) to evaluate local governance, infrastructure, sanitation, education, and more.

• Unlike fiscal or political metrics, the index is developmental and evidence-based, aiming to promote data-driven decentralised governance.

• It does not merely assess digital or electoral performance but seeks holistic rural transformation at the panchayat level.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the Accommodative Stance of the RBI: It aims to support economic growth by maintaining higher real interest rates. It involves increasing liquidity through tools like long-term repo operations (LTROs) and Open Market Operations (OMOs). It is typically maintained during periods of demand-side inflationary pressures. How many of the above statements are correct? a) only one b) only two c) all three d) none Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. Accommodative stance involves lowering real interest rates, not raising them. Statement 2 is correct. Instruments like Long-Term Repo Operations (LTROs) and Open Market Operations (OMOs) inject liquidity, aligning with accommodative policy. Statement 3 is incorrect. It is used during weak growth and supply-side shocks, not demand-side inflation, which requires tightening to prevent overheating. What is an Accommodative Stance? An accommodative stance is a monetary policy approach adopted by central banks like the RBI to stimulate economic activity. It generally involves keeping interest rates low and ensuring ample liquidity in the system. When is it Adopted? When economic growth slows or is below potential. When inflation is low or within target range. During periods needing boosts in consumption, investment, and employment. In response to financial shocks or global economic uncertainties. Objectives of the Accommodative Stance: Promote credit flow and private investment. Encourage borrowing and spending by lowering the cost of capital. Revive demand in the economy. Ensure liquidity support to stressed sectors. Tools Used by RBI under Accommodative Stance: Reducing Repo Rate: Lowers borrowing cost for commercial banks. Open Market Operations (OMOs): RBI purchases government securities to inject liquidity. Long-Term Repo Operations (LTROs): Provide longer-term liquidity at low rates. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) adjustments: Temporarily reduce CRR to enhance bank liquidity. Moral Suasion & Regulatory Forbearance: RBI nudges banks to increase lending. Implications on the Indian Economy: Boosts consumption and investment, driving GDP growth. Reduces interest burden on borrowers. May lead to asset price inflation if excess liquidity persists. If prolonged, it may fuel inflationary pressures and weaken the rupee. Supports employment generation in the short term. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. Accommodative stance involves lowering real interest rates, not raising them. Statement 2 is correct. Instruments like Long-Term Repo Operations (LTROs) and Open Market Operations (OMOs) inject liquidity, aligning with accommodative policy. Statement 3 is incorrect. It is used during weak growth and supply-side shocks, not demand-side inflation, which requires tightening to prevent overheating. What is an Accommodative Stance? An accommodative stance is a monetary policy approach adopted by central banks like the RBI to stimulate economic activity. It generally involves keeping interest rates low and ensuring ample liquidity in the system. When is it Adopted? When economic growth slows or is below potential. When inflation is low or within target range. During periods needing boosts in consumption, investment, and employment. In response to financial shocks or global economic uncertainties. Objectives of the Accommodative Stance: Promote credit flow and private investment. Encourage borrowing and spending by lowering the cost of capital. Revive demand in the economy. Ensure liquidity support to stressed sectors. Tools Used by RBI under Accommodative Stance: Reducing Repo Rate: Lowers borrowing cost for commercial banks. Open Market Operations (OMOs): RBI purchases government securities to inject liquidity. Long-Term Repo Operations (LTROs): Provide longer-term liquidity at low rates. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) adjustments: Temporarily reduce CRR to enhance bank liquidity. Moral Suasion & Regulatory Forbearance: RBI nudges banks to increase lending. Implications on the Indian Economy: Boosts consumption and investment, driving GDP growth. Reduces interest burden on borrowers. May lead to asset price inflation if excess liquidity persists. If prolonged, it may fuel inflationary pressures and weaken the rupee. Supports employment generation in the short term.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements about the Accommodative Stance of the RBI:

• It aims to support economic growth by maintaining higher real interest rates.

• It involves increasing liquidity through tools like long-term repo operations (LTROs) and Open Market Operations (OMOs).

• It is typically maintained during periods of demand-side inflationary pressures.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• a) only one

• b) only two

• c) all three

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Accommodative stance involves lowering real interest rates, not raising them.

• Statement 2 is correct. Instruments like Long-Term Repo Operations (LTROs) and Open Market Operations (OMOs) inject liquidity, aligning with accommodative policy.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. It is used during weak growth and supply-side shocks, not demand-side inflation, which requires tightening to prevent overheating.

• What is an Accommodative Stance? An accommodative stance is a monetary policy approach adopted by central banks like the RBI to stimulate economic activity. It generally involves keeping interest rates low and ensuring ample liquidity in the system.

• An accommodative stance is a monetary policy approach adopted by central banks like the RBI to stimulate economic activity. It generally involves keeping interest rates low and ensuring ample liquidity in the system.

• When is it Adopted?

• When economic growth slows or is below potential. When inflation is low or within target range. During periods needing boosts in consumption, investment, and employment. In response to financial shocks or global economic uncertainties.

• When economic growth slows or is below potential.

• When inflation is low or within target range.

• During periods needing boosts in consumption, investment, and employment.

• In response to financial shocks or global economic uncertainties.

• Objectives of the Accommodative Stance:

• Promote credit flow and private investment. Encourage borrowing and spending by lowering the cost of capital. Revive demand in the economy. Ensure liquidity support to stressed sectors.

• Promote credit flow and private investment.

• Encourage borrowing and spending by lowering the cost of capital.

• Revive demand in the economy.

• Ensure liquidity support to stressed sectors.

• Tools Used by RBI under Accommodative Stance:

• Reducing Repo Rate: Lowers borrowing cost for commercial banks. Open Market Operations (OMOs): RBI purchases government securities to inject liquidity. Long-Term Repo Operations (LTROs): Provide longer-term liquidity at low rates. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) adjustments: Temporarily reduce CRR to enhance bank liquidity. Moral Suasion & Regulatory Forbearance: RBI nudges banks to increase lending.

• Reducing Repo Rate: Lowers borrowing cost for commercial banks.

• Open Market Operations (OMOs): RBI purchases government securities to inject liquidity.

• Long-Term Repo Operations (LTROs): Provide longer-term liquidity at low rates.

• Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) adjustments: Temporarily reduce CRR to enhance bank liquidity.

• Moral Suasion & Regulatory Forbearance: RBI nudges banks to increase lending.

• Implications on the Indian Economy:

• Boosts consumption and investment, driving GDP growth. Reduces interest burden on borrowers. May lead to asset price inflation if excess liquidity persists. If prolonged, it may fuel inflationary pressures and weaken the rupee. Supports employment generation in the short term.

• Boosts consumption and investment, driving GDP growth.

• Reduces interest burden on borrowers.

• May lead to asset price inflation if excess liquidity persists.

• If prolonged, it may fuel inflationary pressures and weaken the rupee.

• Supports employment generation in the short term.

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Accommodative stance involves lowering real interest rates, not raising them.

• Statement 2 is correct. Instruments like Long-Term Repo Operations (LTROs) and Open Market Operations (OMOs) inject liquidity, aligning with accommodative policy.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. It is used during weak growth and supply-side shocks, not demand-side inflation, which requires tightening to prevent overheating.

• When is it Adopted?

• When economic growth slows or is below potential.

• When inflation is low or within target range.

• During periods needing boosts in consumption, investment, and employment.

• In response to financial shocks or global economic uncertainties.

• Objectives of the Accommodative Stance:

• Promote credit flow and private investment. Encourage borrowing and spending by lowering the cost of capital. Revive demand in the economy. Ensure liquidity support to stressed sectors.

• Promote credit flow and private investment.

• Encourage borrowing and spending by lowering the cost of capital.

• Revive demand in the economy.

• Ensure liquidity support to stressed sectors.

• Tools Used by RBI under Accommodative Stance:

• Reducing Repo Rate: Lowers borrowing cost for commercial banks.

• Open Market Operations (OMOs): RBI purchases government securities to inject liquidity.

• Long-Term Repo Operations (LTROs): Provide longer-term liquidity at low rates.

• Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) adjustments: Temporarily reduce CRR to enhance bank liquidity.

• Moral Suasion & Regulatory Forbearance: RBI nudges banks to increase lending.

• Implications on the Indian Economy:

• Boosts consumption and investment, driving GDP growth.

• Reduces interest burden on borrowers.

• May lead to asset price inflation if excess liquidity persists.

• If prolonged, it may fuel inflationary pressures and weaken the rupee.

• Supports employment generation in the short term.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about One-Horned Rhinoceros conservation in India: Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary has the largest population of rhinos in India. The species prefers grassland ecosystems along rivers and wetlands. The one-horned rhino is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN. How many of the above statements are incorrect? a) only one b) only two c) all three d) none Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. Pobitora has the highest density (approx. 107 rhinos in just 16 sq. km), but Kaziranga has the largest population (~2,613). Statement 2 is correct. Rhinos are habitat specialists, preferring alluvial floodplains, swamps, and wet grasslands, rich in Saccharum and Vetiveria species. Statement 3 is incorrect. The species is listed as Vulnerable, not Critically Endangered, on the IUCN Red List, reflecting recovery but continued threats. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. Pobitora has the highest density (approx. 107 rhinos in just 16 sq. km), but Kaziranga has the largest population (~2,613). Statement 2 is correct. Rhinos are habitat specialists, preferring alluvial floodplains, swamps, and wet grasslands, rich in Saccharum and Vetiveria species. Statement 3 is incorrect. The species is listed as Vulnerable, not Critically Endangered, on the IUCN Red List, reflecting recovery but continued threats.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements about One-Horned Rhinoceros conservation in India:

• Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary has the largest population of rhinos in India.

• The species prefers grassland ecosystems along rivers and wetlands.

• The one-horned rhino is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN.

How many of the above statements are incorrect?

• a) only one

• b) only two

• c) all three

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Pobitora has the highest density (approx. 107 rhinos in just 16 sq. km), but Kaziranga has the largest population (~2,613).

• Statement 2 is correct. Rhinos are habitat specialists, preferring alluvial floodplains, swamps, and wet grasslands, rich in Saccharum and Vetiveria species.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The species is listed as Vulnerable, not Critically Endangered, on the IUCN Red List, reflecting recovery but continued threats.

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Pobitora has the highest density (approx. 107 rhinos in just 16 sq. km), but Kaziranga has the largest population (~2,613).

• Statement 2 is correct. Rhinos are habitat specialists, preferring alluvial floodplains, swamps, and wet grasslands, rich in Saccharum and Vetiveria species.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The species is listed as Vulnerable, not Critically Endangered, on the IUCN Red List, reflecting recovery but continued threats.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points The Nilgiri Tahr is endemic to which of the following specific ecosystems? a) Semi-arid tropical thorn scrub forests b) Lowland wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats c) Montane grasslands interspersed with shola forests in the Southern Western Ghats d) Alluvial savannahs and open floodplain grasslands Correct Solution: c) The Nilgiri Tahr (*Nilgiritragus hylocrius*) is strictly endemic to the montane (high-altitude) grasslands known as “shola-grassland ecosystems”, primarily above 1,200 meters in the Southern Western Ghats. These include high plateaus and cliffs across Kerala and Tamil Nadu, such as Eravikulam National Park, Mukurthi National Park, and parts of Silent Valley. This ecosystem features a mosaic of grassy meadows and patches of stunted evergreen forests (sholas)—offering both grazing and shelter. This species is not found in savannahs or floodplains, unlike the one-horned rhinoceros, nor does it inhabit lowland tropical forests or arid zones. Incorrect Solution: c) The Nilgiri Tahr (*Nilgiritragus hylocrius*) is strictly endemic to the montane (high-altitude) grasslands known as “shola-grassland ecosystems”, primarily above 1,200 meters in the Southern Western Ghats. These include high plateaus and cliffs across Kerala and Tamil Nadu, such as Eravikulam National Park, Mukurthi National Park, and parts of Silent Valley. This ecosystem features a mosaic of grassy meadows and patches of stunted evergreen forests (sholas)—offering both grazing and shelter. This species is not found in savannahs or floodplains, unlike the one-horned rhinoceros, nor does it inhabit lowland tropical forests or arid zones.

#### 6. Question

The Nilgiri Tahr is endemic to which of the following specific ecosystems?

• a) Semi-arid tropical thorn scrub forests

• b) Lowland wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats

• c) Montane grasslands interspersed with shola forests in the Southern Western Ghats

• d) Alluvial savannahs and open floodplain grasslands

Solution: c)

• The Nilgiri Tahr (*Nilgiritragus hylocrius*) is strictly endemic to the montane (high-altitude) grasslands known as “shola-grassland ecosystems”, primarily above 1,200 meters in the Southern Western Ghats.

• These include high plateaus and cliffs across Kerala and Tamil Nadu, such as Eravikulam National Park, Mukurthi National Park, and parts of Silent Valley.

• This ecosystem features a mosaic of grassy meadows and patches of stunted evergreen forests (sholas)—offering both grazing and shelter.

• This species is not found in savannahs or floodplains, unlike the one-horned rhinoceros, nor does it inhabit lowland tropical forests or arid zones.

Solution: c)

• These include high plateaus and cliffs across Kerala and Tamil Nadu, such as Eravikulam National Park, Mukurthi National Park, and parts of Silent Valley.

• This ecosystem features a mosaic of grassy meadows and patches of stunted evergreen forests (sholas)—offering both grazing and shelter.

• This species is not found in savannahs or floodplains, unlike the one-horned rhinoceros, nor does it inhabit lowland tropical forests or arid zones.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana(PMKSY’s) implementation structure: It involves multiple ministries with distinct functional roles. The State Irrigation Plans (SIPs) are finalised centrally by the Ministry of Jal Shakti. District Irrigation Plans (DIPs) ensure decentralised planning and identification of gaps at grassroots level. How many of the above are correct? a) only one b) only two c) all three d) none Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is correct. PMKSY is implemented by MoJS (infrastructure), MoRD (watershed), and DA&FW (on-farm & micro-irrigation)—each with distinct mandates. Statement 2 is incorrect. SIPs are prepared by states based on inputs from DIPs. They are not centrally finalised, but appraised and supported at the national level. Statement 3 is correct. District Irrigation Plans ensure need-based planning, aligning interventions across schemes and avoiding duplication. About Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): What it is? A comprehensive national irrigation scheme aimed at expanding irrigation coverage and improving efficiency of water use at the farm level. Launched in: 2015 Ministries Involved: Ministry of Jal Shakti, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, and Ministry of Rural Development Implementing Agencies: Ministry of Jal Shakti for irrigation infrastructure creation Ministry of Rural Development for watershed development Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare for promoting precision irrigation Objectives: Ensure convergence of investments in irrigation at the grassroots level Achieve the target of “Har Khet Ko Pani” (Water for Every Field) Promote water-saving irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler systems under the slogan “Per Drop More Crop” Conserve water and encourage the reuse of treated wastewater in peri-urban agriculture Key Features: Merges ongoing schemes: Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme, Integrated Watershed Management Programme, and On-Farm Water Management. Emphasises decentralised planning via District Irrigation Plans and State Irrigation Plans Establishes State-Level Sanctioning Committees for state oversight and a National Steering Committee for inter-ministerial coordination Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is correct. PMKSY is implemented by MoJS (infrastructure), MoRD (watershed), and DA&FW (on-farm & micro-irrigation)—each with distinct mandates. Statement 2 is incorrect. SIPs are prepared by states based on inputs from DIPs. They are not centrally finalised, but appraised and supported at the national level. Statement 3 is correct. District Irrigation Plans ensure need-based planning, aligning interventions across schemes and avoiding duplication. About Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): What it is? A comprehensive national irrigation scheme aimed at expanding irrigation coverage and improving efficiency of water use at the farm level. Launched in: 2015 Ministries Involved: Ministry of Jal Shakti, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, and Ministry of Rural Development Implementing Agencies: Ministry of Jal Shakti for irrigation infrastructure creation Ministry of Rural Development for watershed development Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare for promoting precision irrigation Objectives: Ensure convergence of investments in irrigation at the grassroots level Achieve the target of “Har Khet Ko Pani” (Water for Every Field) Promote water-saving irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler systems under the slogan “Per Drop More Crop” Conserve water and encourage the reuse of treated wastewater in peri-urban agriculture Key Features: Merges ongoing schemes: Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme, Integrated Watershed Management Programme, and On-Farm Water Management. Emphasises decentralised planning via District Irrigation Plans and State Irrigation Plans Establishes State-Level Sanctioning Committees for state oversight and a National Steering Committee for inter-ministerial coordination

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana(PMKSY’s) implementation structure:

• It involves multiple ministries with distinct functional roles.

• The State Irrigation Plans (SIPs) are finalised centrally by the Ministry of Jal Shakti.

• District Irrigation Plans (DIPs) ensure decentralised planning and identification of gaps at grassroots level.

How many of the above are correct?

• a) only one

• b) only two

• c) all three

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is correct. PMKSY is implemented by MoJS (infrastructure), MoRD (watershed), and DA&FW (on-farm & micro-irrigation)—each with distinct mandates.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. SIPs are prepared by states based on inputs from DIPs. They are not centrally finalised, but appraised and supported at the national level.

• Statement 3 is correct. District Irrigation Plans ensure need-based planning, aligning interventions across schemes and avoiding duplication.

About Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY):

• What it is? A comprehensive national irrigation scheme aimed at expanding irrigation coverage and improving efficiency of water use at the farm level.

• A comprehensive national irrigation scheme aimed at expanding irrigation coverage and improving efficiency of water use at the farm level.

• Launched in: 2015

• Ministries Involved: Ministry of Jal Shakti, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, and Ministry of Rural Development

• Implementing Agencies:

• Ministry of Jal Shakti for irrigation infrastructure creation Ministry of Rural Development for watershed development Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare for promoting precision irrigation

• Ministry of Jal Shakti for irrigation infrastructure creation

• Ministry of Rural Development for watershed development

• Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare for promoting precision irrigation

• Objectives:

• Ensure convergence of investments in irrigation at the grassroots level Achieve the target of “Har Khet Ko Pani” (Water for Every Field) Promote water-saving irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler systems under the slogan “Per Drop More Crop” Conserve water and encourage the reuse of treated wastewater in peri-urban agriculture

• Ensure convergence of investments in irrigation at the grassroots level

• Achieve the target of “Har Khet Ko Pani” (Water for Every Field)

• Promote water-saving irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler systems under the slogan “Per Drop More Crop”

• Conserve water and encourage the reuse of treated wastewater in peri-urban agriculture

• Key Features:

• Merges ongoing schemes: Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme, Integrated Watershed Management Programme, and On-Farm Water Management. Emphasises decentralised planning via District Irrigation Plans and State Irrigation Plans Establishes State-Level Sanctioning Committees for state oversight and a National Steering Committee for inter-ministerial coordination

• Merges ongoing schemes: Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme, Integrated Watershed Management Programme, and On-Farm Water Management.

• Emphasises decentralised planning via District Irrigation Plans and State Irrigation Plans

• Establishes State-Level Sanctioning Committees for state oversight and a National Steering Committee for inter-ministerial coordination

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is correct. PMKSY is implemented by MoJS (infrastructure), MoRD (watershed), and DA&FW (on-farm & micro-irrigation)—each with distinct mandates.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. SIPs are prepared by states based on inputs from DIPs. They are not centrally finalised, but appraised and supported at the national level.

• Statement 3 is correct. District Irrigation Plans ensure need-based planning, aligning interventions across schemes and avoiding duplication.

About Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY):

• What it is? A comprehensive national irrigation scheme aimed at expanding irrigation coverage and improving efficiency of water use at the farm level.

• A comprehensive national irrigation scheme aimed at expanding irrigation coverage and improving efficiency of water use at the farm level.

• Launched in: 2015

• Ministries Involved: Ministry of Jal Shakti, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, and Ministry of Rural Development

• Implementing Agencies:

• Ministry of Jal Shakti for irrigation infrastructure creation

• Ministry of Rural Development for watershed development

• Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare for promoting precision irrigation

• Objectives:

• Ensure convergence of investments in irrigation at the grassroots level

• Achieve the target of “Har Khet Ko Pani” (Water for Every Field)

• Promote water-saving irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler systems under the slogan “Per Drop More Crop”

• Conserve water and encourage the reuse of treated wastewater in peri-urban agriculture

• Key Features:

• Merges ongoing schemes: Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme, Integrated Watershed Management Programme, and On-Farm Water Management.

• Emphasises decentralised planning via District Irrigation Plans and State Irrigation Plans

• Establishes State-Level Sanctioning Committees for state oversight and a National Steering Committee for inter-ministerial coordination

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Which of the following best reflects the shift in policy under the Modernisation of Command Area Development and Water Management (M-CADWM) Scheme? a) Transition from canal-based irrigation to river-lift irrigation in arid zones b) Replacement of major irrigation projects with micro-dams in hilly terrain c) Movement from gravity-based flow irrigation to digitally controlled pressurised systems d) Conversion of groundwater irrigation networks into solar-operated tube wells Correct Solution: c) M-CADWM represents a strategic modernisation of India’s irrigation philosophy. It moves from the outdated and inefficient gravity flow systems (e.g., open canals with high transmission losses) to pressurised underground piped systems, which are digitally monitored using SCADA and IoT technologies. This shift enhances real-time water use accounting, reduces evaporation and leakage, and improves targeted delivery up to the 1-hectare level. It is especially critical in drought-prone and water-scarce areas. The goal is to increase the Utilisation of Irrigation Potential (UIP) created under past schemes and align irrigation with smart agriculture goals under PMKSY. About Modernisation of Command Area Development and Water Management (M-CADWM): What it is? A newly reformulated sub-scheme under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana focusing on the modernisation of irrigation networks using digital and pressure irrigation technologies. Launched in: April 2025 (originally initiated as Command Area Development Programme in 1974–75) Aim: To increase the utilisation of created irrigation potential, enhance water use efficiency on farms, and promote sustainable agricultural practices. Key Features: Develops underground pressurised piped irrigation systems for water delivery up to 1-hectare farms Employs Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems and Internet of Things technologies for real-time water accounting and monitoring Transfers irrigation asset management to Water User Societies to ensure sustainability Facilitates partnerships of Water User Societies with Farmer Producer Organisations and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies Aims to attract rural youth to agriculture through modern water management practices Incorrect Solution: c) M-CADWM represents a strategic modernisation of India’s irrigation philosophy. It moves from the outdated and inefficient gravity flow systems (e.g., open canals with high transmission losses) to pressurised underground piped systems, which are digitally monitored using SCADA and IoT technologies. This shift enhances real-time water use accounting, reduces evaporation and leakage, and improves targeted delivery up to the 1-hectare level. It is especially critical in drought-prone and water-scarce areas. The goal is to increase the Utilisation of Irrigation Potential (UIP) created under past schemes and align irrigation with smart agriculture goals under PMKSY. About Modernisation of Command Area Development and Water Management (M-CADWM): What it is? A newly reformulated sub-scheme under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana focusing on the modernisation of irrigation networks using digital and pressure irrigation technologies. Launched in: April 2025 (originally initiated as Command Area Development Programme in 1974–75) Aim: To increase the utilisation of created irrigation potential, enhance water use efficiency on farms, and promote sustainable agricultural practices. Key Features: Develops underground pressurised piped irrigation systems for water delivery up to 1-hectare farms Employs Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems and Internet of Things technologies for real-time water accounting and monitoring Transfers irrigation asset management to Water User Societies to ensure sustainability Facilitates partnerships of Water User Societies with Farmer Producer Organisations and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies Aims to attract rural youth to agriculture through modern water management practices

#### 8. Question

Which of the following best reflects the shift in policy under the Modernisation of Command Area Development and Water Management (M-CADWM) Scheme?

• a) Transition from canal-based irrigation to river-lift irrigation in arid zones

• b) Replacement of major irrigation projects with micro-dams in hilly terrain

• c) Movement from gravity-based flow irrigation to digitally controlled pressurised systems

• d) Conversion of groundwater irrigation networks into solar-operated tube wells

Solution: c)

• M-CADWM represents a strategic modernisation of India’s irrigation philosophy. It moves from the outdated and inefficient gravity flow systems (e.g., open canals with high transmission losses) to pressurised underground piped systems, which are digitally monitored using SCADA and IoT technologies.

• This shift enhances real-time water use accounting, reduces evaporation and leakage, and improves targeted delivery up to the 1-hectare level. It is especially critical in drought-prone and water-scarce areas.

• The goal is to increase the Utilisation of Irrigation Potential (UIP) created under past schemes and align irrigation with smart agriculture goals under PMKSY.

About Modernisation of Command Area Development and Water Management (M-CADWM):

• What it is? A newly reformulated sub-scheme under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana focusing on the modernisation of irrigation networks using digital and pressure irrigation technologies.

• A newly reformulated sub-scheme under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana focusing on the modernisation of irrigation networks using digital and pressure irrigation technologies.

• Launched in: April 2025 (originally initiated as Command Area Development Programme in 1974–75)

• Aim: To increase the utilisation of created irrigation potential, enhance water use efficiency on farms, and promote sustainable agricultural practices.

• Key Features:

• Develops underground pressurised piped irrigation systems for water delivery up to 1-hectare farms Employs Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems and Internet of Things technologies for real-time water accounting and monitoring Transfers irrigation asset management to Water User Societies to ensure sustainability Facilitates partnerships of Water User Societies with Farmer Producer Organisations and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies Aims to attract rural youth to agriculture through modern water management practices

• Develops underground pressurised piped irrigation systems for water delivery up to 1-hectare farms

• Employs Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems and Internet of Things technologies for real-time water accounting and monitoring

• Transfers irrigation asset management to Water User Societies to ensure sustainability

• Facilitates partnerships of Water User Societies with Farmer Producer Organisations and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies

• Aims to attract rural youth to agriculture through modern water management practices

Solution: c)

• The goal is to increase the Utilisation of Irrigation Potential (UIP) created under past schemes and align irrigation with smart agriculture goals under PMKSY.

About Modernisation of Command Area Development and Water Management (M-CADWM):

• A newly reformulated sub-scheme under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana focusing on the modernisation of irrigation networks using digital and pressure irrigation technologies.

• Launched in: April 2025 (originally initiated as Command Area Development Programme in 1974–75)

• Aim: To increase the utilisation of created irrigation potential, enhance water use efficiency on farms, and promote sustainable agricultural practices.

• Key Features:

• Develops underground pressurised piped irrigation systems for water delivery up to 1-hectare farms

• Employs Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems and Internet of Things technologies for real-time water accounting and monitoring

• Transfers irrigation asset management to Water User Societies to ensure sustainability

• Facilitates partnerships of Water User Societies with Farmer Producer Organisations and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies

• Aims to attract rural youth to agriculture through modern water management practices

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Which of the following are conservation challenges facing the Nilgiri Tahr population? Habitat fragmentation due to hydropower and tea plantations Competition with invasive herbivores such as sambar deer High vulnerability to heat stress due to narrow thermal niche Disruption of breeding patterns due to altered monsoon cycles Select the correct code: a) 1, 2 and 3 only b) 1, 3 and 4 only c) 2, 3 and 4 only d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Solution: d) Habitat fragmentation (1) is a major issue—tea estates, hydroelectric reservoirs, and roads cut across Tahr corridors. Invasive species (2): While gaur and sambar are native, their increased numbers due to disturbed predation dynamics have led to resource competition. Thermal niche (3): Nilgiri Tahrs are adapted to cool high-elevation climates—rising temperatures can induce heat stress, reduce feeding time, and limit movement. Monsoon shifts (4): Climate change has disrupted the seasonal rhythm of breeding and food availability in montane habitats. Incorrect Solution: d) Habitat fragmentation (1) is a major issue—tea estates, hydroelectric reservoirs, and roads cut across Tahr corridors. Invasive species (2): While gaur and sambar are native, their increased numbers due to disturbed predation dynamics have led to resource competition. Thermal niche (3): Nilgiri Tahrs are adapted to cool high-elevation climates—rising temperatures can induce heat stress, reduce feeding time, and limit movement. Monsoon shifts (4): Climate change has disrupted the seasonal rhythm of breeding and food availability in montane habitats.

#### 9. Question

Which of the following are conservation challenges facing the Nilgiri Tahr population?

• Habitat fragmentation due to hydropower and tea plantations

• Competition with invasive herbivores such as sambar deer

• High vulnerability to heat stress due to narrow thermal niche

• Disruption of breeding patterns due to altered monsoon cycles

Select the correct code:

• a) 1, 2 and 3 only

• b) 1, 3 and 4 only

• c) 2, 3 and 4 only

• d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution: d)

• Habitat fragmentation (1) is a major issue—tea estates, hydroelectric reservoirs, and roads cut across Tahr corridors.

• Invasive species (2): While gaur and sambar are native, their increased numbers due to disturbed predation dynamics have led to resource competition.

• Thermal niche (3): Nilgiri Tahrs are adapted to cool high-elevation climates—rising temperatures can induce heat stress, reduce feeding time, and limit movement.

• Monsoon shifts (4): Climate change has disrupted the seasonal rhythm of breeding and food availability in montane habitats.

Solution: d)

• Habitat fragmentation (1) is a major issue—tea estates, hydroelectric reservoirs, and roads cut across Tahr corridors.

• Invasive species (2): While gaur and sambar are native, their increased numbers due to disturbed predation dynamics have led to resource competition.

• Thermal niche (3): Nilgiri Tahrs are adapted to cool high-elevation climates—rising temperatures can induce heat stress, reduce feeding time, and limit movement.

• Monsoon shifts (4): Climate change has disrupted the seasonal rhythm of breeding and food availability in montane habitats.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Which of the following are proposed translocation or reintroduction sites under the latest National Action Plan for One-Horned Rhinoceros? Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Bihar D’Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh Surai Range, Uttarakhand Ranthambhore National Park, Rajasthan Select the correct answer using the code below: a) 1, 2 and 3 only b) 2, 3 and 4 only c) 1, 2 and 4 only d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Solution: a) The Wildlife Institute of India’s national translocation plan proposes expanding rhino populations to new or former habitats such as: – Valmiki TR (Bihar) – D’Ering Sanctuary (Arunachal) – Surai Range (Uttarakhand) Ranthambhore is not proposed due to climatic incompatibility and absence of large wet alluvial grasslands. This approach diversifies the rhino’s range and aims to balance conservation efforts beyond the Northeast. About One-Horned Rhinoceros: Scientific Name: Rhinoceros unicornis IUCN Status: Vulnerable Habitat: Terai grasslands, alluvial floodplains, swamps, and subtropical savannahs. Key Features: Largest of all Asian rhino species with a height of 5.75–6.5 ft and weight up to 6,000 pounds. Recognisable by its single black horn (8–25 inches) and armour-plated skin folds. Solitary grazers that feed on grasses, aquatic plants, shrubs, and fruits. Key Protected Areas for One-Horned Rhinos as of now in India: Kaziranga National Park (Assam) – Largest population (~2,613 as of 2022). Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary (Assam) – Highest rhino density (107 rhinos in 16 sq. km). Jaldapara National Park (West Bengal) Gorumara National Park (West Bengal) Dudhwa National Park (Uttar Pradesh) Proposed Translocation Sites under New Action Plan: Assam: Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (Reintroduction of 5 rhinos within 13 years.) West Bengal: Gorumara & Jaldapara National Parks (Exchange and introduction of 5 rhinos every 3 years from Kaziranga and Pobitora.) Arunachal Pradesh: D’Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary (Suitable for long-term reintroduction of 5 rhinos.) Bihar: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Uttar Pradesh: Dudhwa National Park, Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary Uttarakhand: Surai Range Incorrect Solution: a) The Wildlife Institute of India’s national translocation plan proposes expanding rhino populations to new or former habitats such as: – Valmiki TR (Bihar) – D’Ering Sanctuary (Arunachal) – Surai Range (Uttarakhand) Ranthambhore is not proposed due to climatic incompatibility and absence of large wet alluvial grasslands. This approach diversifies the rhino’s range and aims to balance conservation efforts beyond the Northeast. About One-Horned Rhinoceros: Scientific Name: Rhinoceros unicornis IUCN Status: Vulnerable Habitat: Terai grasslands, alluvial floodplains, swamps, and subtropical savannahs. Key Features: Largest of all Asian rhino species with a height of 5.75–6.5 ft and weight up to 6,000 pounds. Recognisable by its single black horn (8–25 inches) and armour-plated skin folds. Solitary grazers that feed on grasses, aquatic plants, shrubs, and fruits. Key Protected Areas for One-Horned Rhinos as of now in India: Kaziranga National Park (Assam) – Largest population (~2,613 as of 2022). Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary (Assam) – Highest rhino density (107 rhinos in 16 sq. km). Jaldapara National Park (West Bengal) Gorumara National Park (West Bengal) Dudhwa National Park (Uttar Pradesh) Proposed Translocation Sites under New Action Plan: Assam: Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (Reintroduction of 5 rhinos within 13 years.) West Bengal: Gorumara & Jaldapara National Parks (Exchange and introduction of 5 rhinos every 3 years from Kaziranga and Pobitora.) Arunachal Pradesh: D’Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary (Suitable for long-term reintroduction of 5 rhinos.) Bihar: Valmiki Tiger Reserve Uttar Pradesh: Dudhwa National Park, Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary Uttarakhand: Surai Range

#### 10. Question

Which of the following are proposed translocation or reintroduction sites under the latest National Action Plan for One-Horned Rhinoceros?

• Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Bihar

• D’Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh

• Surai Range, Uttarakhand

• Ranthambhore National Park, Rajasthan

Select the correct answer using the code below:

• a) 1, 2 and 3 only

• b) 2, 3 and 4 only

• c) 1, 2 and 4 only

• d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution: a)

• The Wildlife Institute of India’s national translocation plan proposes expanding rhino populations to new or former habitats such as: – Valmiki TR (Bihar) – D’Ering Sanctuary (Arunachal) – Surai Range (Uttarakhand)

• Ranthambhore is not proposed due to climatic incompatibility and absence of large wet alluvial grasslands.

This approach diversifies the rhino’s range and aims to balance conservation efforts beyond the Northeast.

About One-Horned Rhinoceros:

• Scientific Name: Rhinoceros unicornis

• IUCN Status: Vulnerable

• Habitat: Terai grasslands, alluvial floodplains, swamps, and subtropical savannahs.

Key Features:

• Largest of all Asian rhino species with a height of 5.75–6.5 ft and weight up to 6,000 pounds.

• Recognisable by its single black horn (8–25 inches) and armour-plated skin folds.

• Solitary grazers that feed on grasses, aquatic plants, shrubs, and fruits.

Key Protected Areas for One-Horned Rhinos as of now in India:

• Kaziranga National Park (Assam) – Largest population (~2,613 as of 2022).

• Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary (Assam) – Highest rhino density (107 rhinos in 16 sq. km).

• Jaldapara National Park (West Bengal)

• Gorumara National Park (West Bengal)

• Dudhwa National Park (Uttar Pradesh)

Proposed Translocation Sites under New Action Plan:

• Assam: Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (Reintroduction of 5 rhinos within 13 years.)

• West Bengal: Gorumara & Jaldapara National Parks (Exchange and introduction of 5 rhinos every 3 years from Kaziranga and Pobitora.)

• Arunachal Pradesh: D’Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary (Suitable for long-term reintroduction of 5 rhinos.)

• Bihar: Valmiki Tiger Reserve

• Uttar Pradesh: Dudhwa National Park, Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary

• Uttarakhand: Surai Range

Solution: a)

• Ranthambhore is not proposed due to climatic incompatibility and absence of large wet alluvial grasslands.

This approach diversifies the rhino’s range and aims to balance conservation efforts beyond the Northeast.

About One-Horned Rhinoceros:

• Scientific Name: Rhinoceros unicornis

• IUCN Status: Vulnerable

• Habitat: Terai grasslands, alluvial floodplains, swamps, and subtropical savannahs.

Key Features:

• Largest of all Asian rhino species with a height of 5.75–6.5 ft and weight up to 6,000 pounds.

• Recognisable by its single black horn (8–25 inches) and armour-plated skin folds.

• Solitary grazers that feed on grasses, aquatic plants, shrubs, and fruits.

Key Protected Areas for One-Horned Rhinos as of now in India:

• Kaziranga National Park (Assam) – Largest population (~2,613 as of 2022).

• Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary (Assam) – Highest rhino density (107 rhinos in 16 sq. km).

• Jaldapara National Park (West Bengal)

• Gorumara National Park (West Bengal)

• Dudhwa National Park (Uttar Pradesh)

Proposed Translocation Sites under New Action Plan:

• Assam: Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (Reintroduction of 5 rhinos within 13 years.)

• West Bengal: Gorumara & Jaldapara National Parks (Exchange and introduction of 5 rhinos every 3 years from Kaziranga and Pobitora.)

• Arunachal Pradesh: D’Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary (Suitable for long-term reintroduction of 5 rhinos.)

• Bihar: Valmiki Tiger Reserve

• Uttar Pradesh: Dudhwa National Park, Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary

• Uttarakhand: Surai Range

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