UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 13 September 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes the primary objective of the ‘Samudra Pradakshina’ expedition? a) To conduct a solo circumnavigation of the globe by a woman officer. b) To promote tourism in the Indian Ocean region. c) To establish new trade routes for India. d) To showcase 'Nari Shakti' and strengthen tri-service synergy through a global circumnavigation. Correct Solution: D The ‘Samudra Pradakshina’ expedition is a significant initiative with multiple objectives, but its primary aim is to be a symbol of ‘Nari Shakti’ (women empowerment) by having an all-women crew from the Army, Navy, and Air Force circumnavigate the globe. This also serves to promote jointness and synergy among the three services. While it does have diplomatic and scientific research objectives, these are secondary to the main goal of highlighting the capabilities of women in the armed forces and fostering inter-service cooperation. Incorrect Solution: D The ‘Samudra Pradakshina’ expedition is a significant initiative with multiple objectives, but its primary aim is to be a symbol of ‘Nari Shakti’ (women empowerment) by having an all-women crew from the Army, Navy, and Air Force circumnavigate the globe. This also serves to promote jointness and synergy among the three services. While it does have diplomatic and scientific research objectives, these are secondary to the main goal of highlighting the capabilities of women in the armed forces and fostering inter-service cooperation.

#### 1. Question

Which of the following best describes the primary objective of the ‘Samudra Pradakshina’ expedition?

• a) To conduct a solo circumnavigation of the globe by a woman officer.

• b) To promote tourism in the Indian Ocean region.

• c) To establish new trade routes for India.

• d) To showcase 'Nari Shakti' and strengthen tri-service synergy through a global circumnavigation.

Solution: D

• The ‘Samudra Pradakshina’ expedition is a significant initiative with multiple objectives, but its primary aim is to be a symbol of ‘Nari Shakti’ (women empowerment) by having an all-women crew from the Army, Navy, and Air Force circumnavigate the globe. This also serves to promote jointness and synergy among the three services.

While it does have diplomatic and scientific research objectives, these are secondary to the main goal of highlighting the capabilities of women in the armed forces and fostering inter-service cooperation.

Solution: D

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points With reference to the All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS), consider the following statements: It is a biennial survey conducted by the Reserve Bank of India. The survey exclusively covers the rural households in India. It originated as the All India Rural Credit Survey in the early 1950s. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. The All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) is a decadal survey, not biennial. It is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO), MoSPI, although the RBI is a key user of its data. Statement 2 is incorrect. The survey covers both rural and urban households to provide a comprehensive picture of household finance across the country. It was expanded to include the urban sector in 1961-62. Statement 3 is correct. The AIDIS has its roots in the All India Rural Credit Survey, which was first conducted in 1951-52 to study the credit needs and sources in rural India. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. The All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) is a decadal survey, not biennial. It is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO), MoSPI, although the RBI is a key user of its data. Statement 2 is incorrect. The survey covers both rural and urban households to provide a comprehensive picture of household finance across the country. It was expanded to include the urban sector in 1961-62. Statement 3 is correct. The AIDIS has its roots in the All India Rural Credit Survey, which was first conducted in 1951-52 to study the credit needs and sources in rural India.

#### 2. Question

With reference to the All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS), consider the following statements:

• It is a biennial survey conducted by the Reserve Bank of India.

• The survey exclusively covers the rural households in India.

• It originated as the All India Rural Credit Survey in the early 1950s.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) is a decadal survey, not biennial. It is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO), MoSPI, although the RBI is a key user of its data.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The survey covers both rural and urban households to provide a comprehensive picture of household finance across the country. It was expanded to include the urban sector in 1961-62.

• Statement 3 is correct. The AIDIS has its roots in the All India Rural Credit Survey, which was first conducted in 1951-52 to study the credit needs and sources in rural India.

Solution: A

• Statement 3 is correct. The AIDIS has its roots in the All India Rural Credit Survey, which was first conducted in 1951-52 to study the credit needs and sources in rural India.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Acharya Vinoba Bhave: He was the first person to be chosen for Individual Satyagraha by Mahatma Gandhi. The Bhoodan Movement was initiated by him in the state of Maharashtra. He translated the Bhagavad Gita into Marathi, which is known as ‘Geetai’. He was a strong advocate of the Sarvodaya philosophy. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: C Statement 1 is correct. Mahatma Gandhi chose Acharya Vinoba Bhave as the first Individual Satyagrahi in 1940 to symbolize the moral and non-violent opposition to British rule. Statement 2 is incorrect. The Bhoodan Movement was initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at Pochampally village, which is in present-day Telangana (formerly part of Andhra Pradesh), not Maharashtra. Statement 3 is correct. He was a prolific writer and translated the Bhagavad Gita into Marathi, which he named ‘Geetai’ (Mother Gita), making it accessible to the common people. Statement 4 is correct. He was a firm believer in the Sarvodaya philosophy, which means ‘welfare of all’. This philosophy, also championed by Gandhi, guided his social and reform movements. Incorrect Solution: C Statement 1 is correct. Mahatma Gandhi chose Acharya Vinoba Bhave as the first Individual Satyagrahi in 1940 to symbolize the moral and non-violent opposition to British rule. Statement 2 is incorrect. The Bhoodan Movement was initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at Pochampally village, which is in present-day Telangana (formerly part of Andhra Pradesh), not Maharashtra. Statement 3 is correct. He was a prolific writer and translated the Bhagavad Gita into Marathi, which he named ‘Geetai’ (Mother Gita), making it accessible to the common people. Statement 4 is correct. He was a firm believer in the Sarvodaya philosophy, which means ‘welfare of all’. This philosophy, also championed by Gandhi, guided his social and reform movements.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Acharya Vinoba Bhave:

• He was the first person to be chosen for Individual Satyagraha by Mahatma Gandhi.

• The Bhoodan Movement was initiated by him in the state of Maharashtra.

• He translated the Bhagavad Gita into Marathi, which is known as ‘Geetai’.

• He was a strong advocate of the Sarvodaya philosophy.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: C

• Statement 1 is correct. Mahatma Gandhi chose Acharya Vinoba Bhave as the first Individual Satyagrahi in 1940 to symbolize the moral and non-violent opposition to British rule.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The Bhoodan Movement was initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at Pochampally village, which is in present-day Telangana (formerly part of Andhra Pradesh), not Maharashtra.

• Statement 3 is correct. He was a prolific writer and translated the Bhagavad Gita into Marathi, which he named ‘Geetai’ (Mother Gita), making it accessible to the common people.

• Statement 4 is correct. He was a firm believer in the Sarvodaya philosophy, which means ‘welfare of all’. This philosophy, also championed by Gandhi, guided his social and reform movements.

Solution: C

• Statement 1 is correct. Mahatma Gandhi chose Acharya Vinoba Bhave as the first Individual Satyagrahi in 1940 to symbolize the moral and non-violent opposition to British rule.

• Statement 3 is correct. He was a prolific writer and translated the Bhagavad Gita into Marathi, which he named ‘Geetai’ (Mother Gita), making it accessible to the common people.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points With reference to the Border Wing Home Guards (BWHGs), consider the following statements: They are a component of the regular Indian Army and are recruited through the same process. The cost of their training and maintenance is entirely borne by the respective State Governments. Their primary role is to act as a ‘force multiplier’ by supporting the regular forces in border areas. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. The Border Wing Home Guards (BWHGs) are a voluntary auxiliary force, not a part of the regular Indian Army. They are drawn from the local civilian population living in border areas. Statement 2 is incorrect. The cost is shared, with 25% of the cost being borne by the Central Government, and the rest by the State Governments. Statement 3 is correct. The BWHGs are considered a ‘force multiplier’ as they augment the presence of regular forces like the Army and ITBP, assist in intelligence gathering, and build a bridge between the local community and security agencies. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. The Border Wing Home Guards (BWHGs) are a voluntary auxiliary force, not a part of the regular Indian Army. They are drawn from the local civilian population living in border areas. Statement 2 is incorrect. The cost is shared, with 25% of the cost being borne by the Central Government, and the rest by the State Governments. Statement 3 is correct. The BWHGs are considered a ‘force multiplier’ as they augment the presence of regular forces like the Army and ITBP, assist in intelligence gathering, and build a bridge between the local community and security agencies.

#### 4. Question

With reference to the Border Wing Home Guards (BWHGs), consider the following statements:

• They are a component of the regular Indian Army and are recruited through the same process.

• The cost of their training and maintenance is entirely borne by the respective State Governments.

• Their primary role is to act as a ‘force multiplier’ by supporting the regular forces in border areas.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The Border Wing Home Guards (BWHGs) are a voluntary auxiliary force, not a part of the regular Indian Army. They are drawn from the local civilian population living in border areas.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The cost is shared, with 25% of the cost being borne by the Central Government, and the rest by the State Governments.

• Statement 3 is correct. The BWHGs are considered a ‘force multiplier’ as they augment the presence of regular forces like the Army and ITBP, assist in intelligence gathering, and build a bridge between the local community and security agencies.

Solution: A

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The cost is shared, with 25% of the cost being borne by the Central Government, and the rest by the State Governments.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points With reference to light-based computers, consider the following statements: They use electrons to process information, similar to conventional computers. One of their key advantages is the ability to perform parallel processing. The technology is still in the theoretical stage and has not been practically demonstrated. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. Light-based, or optical, computers use photons (light particles) to process information, not electrons. This is the fundamental difference from conventional electronic computers. Statement 2 is correct. Optical computers can handle multiple data streams simultaneously. Different colors of light can represent different signals, enabling a high degree of parallel processing. Statement 3 is incorrect. The technology has been practically demonstrated. Researchers have successfully used light pulses in optical fibers to perform AI tasks like image recognition with high accuracy, proving its viability. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. Light-based, or optical, computers use photons (light particles) to process information, not electrons. This is the fundamental difference from conventional electronic computers. Statement 2 is correct. Optical computers can handle multiple data streams simultaneously. Different colors of light can represent different signals, enabling a high degree of parallel processing. Statement 3 is incorrect. The technology has been practically demonstrated. Researchers have successfully used light pulses in optical fibers to perform AI tasks like image recognition with high accuracy, proving its viability.

#### 5. Question

With reference to light-based computers, consider the following statements:

• They use electrons to process information, similar to conventional computers.

• One of their key advantages is the ability to perform parallel processing.

• The technology is still in the theoretical stage and has not been practically demonstrated.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Light-based, or optical, computers use photons (light particles) to process information, not electrons. This is the fundamental difference from conventional electronic computers.

• Statement 2 is correct. Optical computers can handle multiple data streams simultaneously. Different colors of light can represent different signals, enabling a high degree of parallel processing.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The technology has been practically demonstrated. Researchers have successfully used light pulses in optical fibers to perform AI tasks like image recognition with high accuracy, proving its viability.

Solution: A

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Philippine Island of Pugad: The island is experiencing land subsidence primarily due to tectonic activity. The rate of sea-level rise in the Philippines is slower than the global average. The conversion of mangrove forests to fishponds has increased the island’s vulnerability to climate hazards. How many of the above statements are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect. The primary cause of land subsidence on the island of Pugad and the surrounding Bulacan province is the over-extraction of groundwater, not tectonic activity. Statement 2 is incorrect. The sea-level rise in the Philippines is significantly faster than the global average, at about three times the rate. This exacerbates the problem of land subsidence. Statement 3 is correct. Mangrove forests act as a natural barrier against storm surges and coastal erosion. Their removal for aquaculture has left the island more exposed and vulnerable to the impacts of typhoons and floods. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect. The primary cause of land subsidence on the island of Pugad and the surrounding Bulacan province is the over-extraction of groundwater, not tectonic activity. Statement 2 is incorrect. The sea-level rise in the Philippines is significantly faster than the global average, at about three times the rate. This exacerbates the problem of land subsidence. Statement 3 is correct. Mangrove forests act as a natural barrier against storm surges and coastal erosion. Their removal for aquaculture has left the island more exposed and vulnerable to the impacts of typhoons and floods.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Philippine Island of Pugad:

• The island is experiencing land subsidence primarily due to tectonic activity.

• The rate of sea-level rise in the Philippines is slower than the global average.

• The conversion of mangrove forests to fishponds has increased the island’s vulnerability to climate hazards.

How many of the above statements are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The primary cause of land subsidence on the island of Pugad and the surrounding Bulacan province is the over-extraction of groundwater, not tectonic activity.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The sea-level rise in the Philippines is significantly faster than the global average, at about three times the rate. This exacerbates the problem of land subsidence.

• Statement 3 is correct. Mangrove forests act as a natural barrier against storm surges and coastal erosion. Their removal for aquaculture has left the island more exposed and vulnerable to the impacts of typhoons and floods.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The primary cause of land subsidence on the island of Pugad and the surrounding Bulacan province is the over-extraction of groundwater, not tectonic activity.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of Agricultural Households: It is conducted jointly by the National Statistics Office (NSO) and the Ministry of Agriculture. The survey is limited to landowners and excludes landless households engaged in farming. The findings of the survey are used by NITI Aayog for policy formulation. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare. Statement 2 is incorrect. A key feature of the SAS is that it covers all agricultural households, including landless households that are engaged in farming activities. Statement 3 is correct. The data from the SAS is a crucial input for various bodies, including NITI Aayog, the Ministry of Agriculture, research institutions, and banks, for designing and evaluating policies related to agriculture and rural development. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare. Statement 2 is incorrect. A key feature of the SAS is that it covers all agricultural households, including landless households that are engaged in farming activities. Statement 3 is correct. The data from the SAS is a crucial input for various bodies, including NITI Aayog, the Ministry of Agriculture, research institutions, and banks, for designing and evaluating policies related to agriculture and rural development.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements about the Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of Agricultural Households:

• It is conducted jointly by the National Statistics Office (NSO) and the Ministry of Agriculture.

• The survey is limited to landowners and excludes landless households engaged in farming.

• The findings of the survey are used by NITI Aayog for policy formulation.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct. The Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. A key feature of the SAS is that it covers all agricultural households, including landless households that are engaged in farming activities.

• Statement 3 is correct. The data from the SAS is a crucial input for various bodies, including NITI Aayog, the Ministry of Agriculture, research institutions, and banks, for designing and evaluating policies related to agriculture and rural development.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct. The Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. A key feature of the SAS is that it covers all agricultural households, including landless households that are engaged in farming activities.

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Which of the following was a direct outcome of the Bhoodan Movement led by Acharya Vinoba Bhave? a) The abolition of the Zamindari system in India. b) The nationalization of all agricultural land. c) The voluntary donation of land for redistribution to landless farmers. d) The introduction of cooperative farming across the country. Correct Solution: C The Bhoodan Movement was a unique land reform movement that was based on the principle of voluntary land donation. Acharya Vinoba Bhave walked across the country, appealing to landlords to donate a portion of their land to be redistributed among the landless. The movement collected millions of acres of land through these voluntary gifts. While it contributed to the discourse on land reform, it was distinct from legislative actions like the abolition of the Zamindari system. Incorrect Solution: C The Bhoodan Movement was a unique land reform movement that was based on the principle of voluntary land donation. Acharya Vinoba Bhave walked across the country, appealing to landlords to donate a portion of their land to be redistributed among the landless. The movement collected millions of acres of land through these voluntary gifts. While it contributed to the discourse on land reform, it was distinct from legislative actions like the abolition of the Zamindari system.

#### 8. Question

Which of the following was a direct outcome of the Bhoodan Movement led by Acharya Vinoba Bhave?

• a) The abolition of the Zamindari system in India.

• b) The nationalization of all agricultural land.

• c) The voluntary donation of land for redistribution to landless farmers.

• d) The introduction of cooperative farming across the country.

Solution: C

The Bhoodan Movement was a unique land reform movement that was based on the principle of voluntary land donation. Acharya Vinoba Bhave walked across the country, appealing to landlords to donate a portion of their land to be redistributed among the landless. The movement collected millions of acres of land through these voluntary gifts. While it contributed to the discourse on land reform, it was distinct from legislative actions like the abolition of the Zamindari system.

Solution: C

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Border Wing Home Guards (BWHGs): The concept of BWHGs was introduced under the Home Guards Act of 1962. They are currently operational in all states that share an international border. The members of BWHGs are enlisted for a permanent tenure. They played a significant role in ‘Operation Sindoor’. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The Border Wing Home Guards were raised under the provisions of the Home Guards Act, 1962. Statement 2 is incorrect. Although seven states are authorized to have BWHGs, they are currently operational only in Rajasthan. Statement 3 is incorrect. The members are enlisted on a voluntary basis for a tenure of 3–4 years, not on a permanent basis. Statement 4 is correct. The BWHGs were instrumental during ‘Operation Sindoor’, where they proved effective in ground-level intelligence gathering and communication. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The Border Wing Home Guards were raised under the provisions of the Home Guards Act, 1962. Statement 2 is incorrect. Although seven states are authorized to have BWHGs, they are currently operational only in Rajasthan. Statement 3 is incorrect. The members are enlisted on a voluntary basis for a tenure of 3–4 years, not on a permanent basis. Statement 4 is correct. The BWHGs were instrumental during ‘Operation Sindoor’, where they proved effective in ground-level intelligence gathering and communication.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Border Wing Home Guards (BWHGs):

• The concept of BWHGs was introduced under the Home Guards Act of 1962.

• They are currently operational in all states that share an international border.

• The members of BWHGs are enlisted for a permanent tenure.

• They played a significant role in ‘Operation Sindoor’.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct. The Border Wing Home Guards were raised under the provisions of the Home Guards Act, 1962.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. Although seven states are authorized to have BWHGs, they are currently operational only in Rajasthan.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The members are enlisted on a voluntary basis for a tenure of 3–4 years, not on a permanent basis.

• Statement 4 is correct. The BWHGs were instrumental during ‘Operation Sindoor’, where they proved effective in ground-level intelligence gathering and communication.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct. The Border Wing Home Guards were raised under the provisions of the Home Guards Act, 1962.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. Although seven states are authorized to have BWHGs, they are currently operational only in Rajasthan.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The members are enlisted on a voluntary basis for a tenure of 3–4 years, not on a permanent basis.

• Statement 4 is correct. The BWHGs were instrumental during ‘Operation Sindoor’, where they proved effective in ground-level intelligence gathering and communication.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points The discovery of potential biosignatures on Mars by the Perseverance rover is significant because: It provides conclusive proof of the existence of complex life forms on Mars. The combination of organic carbon, minerals, and rock textures suggests possible microbial metabolism. The findings were made in a region of Mars that was known to be a dry desert throughout its history. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 1, 2 and 3 c) 2 and 3 only d) 2 only Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect. The findings are potential biosignatures, not conclusive proof. They suggest the possibility of ancient microbial life, not complex life forms. Further analysis of the samples on Earth is needed for confirmation. Statement 2 is correct. The significance of the discovery lies in the combination of evidence. The presence of organic carbon compounds, along with specific minerals and rock textures that on Earth are associated with microbial activity, strengthens the case for a biological origin. Statement 3 is incorrect. The discoveries were made in the Jezero Crater, which is believed to have been an ancient lakebed. The presence of past water is a key reason why this area was chosen for exploration, as it would have been a habitable environment. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect. The findings are potential biosignatures, not conclusive proof. They suggest the possibility of ancient microbial life, not complex life forms. Further analysis of the samples on Earth is needed for confirmation. Statement 2 is correct. The significance of the discovery lies in the combination of evidence. The presence of organic carbon compounds, along with specific minerals and rock textures that on Earth are associated with microbial activity, strengthens the case for a biological origin. Statement 3 is incorrect. The discoveries were made in the Jezero Crater, which is believed to have been an ancient lakebed. The presence of past water is a key reason why this area was chosen for exploration, as it would have been a habitable environment.

#### 10. Question

The discovery of potential biosignatures on Mars by the Perseverance rover is significant because:

• It provides conclusive proof of the existence of complex life forms on Mars.

• The combination of organic carbon, minerals, and rock textures suggests possible microbial metabolism.

• The findings were made in a region of Mars that was known to be a dry desert throughout its history.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• a) 1 and 2 only

• b) 1, 2 and 3

• c) 2 and 3 only

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The findings are potential biosignatures, not conclusive proof. They suggest the possibility of ancient microbial life, not complex life forms. Further analysis of the samples on Earth is needed for confirmation.

• Statement 2 is correct. The significance of the discovery lies in the combination of evidence. The presence of organic carbon compounds, along with specific minerals and rock textures that on Earth are associated with microbial activity, strengthens the case for a biological origin.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The discoveries were made in the Jezero Crater, which is believed to have been an ancient lakebed. The presence of past water is a key reason why this area was chosen for exploration, as it would have been a habitable environment.

Solution: D

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