UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 13 January 2026

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement-I: India’s AyulSAT mission is designed to establish a foundation for a sustainable on-orbit space economy. Statement-II: AyulSAT is a dedicated tanker-satellite that demonstrates fuel, power, and data transfer using a standardized docking interface. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A The mission AyulSAT, developed by the Chennai-based startup OrbitAid Aerospace, represents a paradigm shift in India’s space capabilities. Statement-I is correct because the primary aim of this mission is to demonstrate technologies that allow for the servicing and life-extension of satellites, which is the bedrock of a future on-orbit space economy. Instead of satellites becoming “dead” once their fuel is exhausted, they can be replenished, creating a commercial market for orbital logistics. Statement-II is also correct and provides the technical rationale for Statement-I. AyulSAT is a 25-kg tanker-satellite designed to demonstrate the feasibility of transferring not just fuel, but also power and data through its proprietary SIDRP (Standard Interface for Docking and Refuelling Port). This multi-utility capability is what enables the servicing of other spacecraft, thereby making the space economy viable. By successfully performing internal refuelling to study fluid behavior in microgravity and acting as a target for future docking, AyulSAT proves that the infrastructure for an “orbital gas station” is achievable. This mission, launched on ISRO’s PSLV-C62, marks India’s first commercial foray into docking and refuelling, directly supporting the Debris-Free Space Mission 2030 by preventing the abandonment of functional but fuel-depleted assets. Incorrect Solution: A The mission AyulSAT, developed by the Chennai-based startup OrbitAid Aerospace, represents a paradigm shift in India’s space capabilities. Statement-I is correct because the primary aim of this mission is to demonstrate technologies that allow for the servicing and life-extension of satellites, which is the bedrock of a future on-orbit space economy. Instead of satellites becoming “dead” once their fuel is exhausted, they can be replenished, creating a commercial market for orbital logistics. Statement-II is also correct and provides the technical rationale for Statement-I. AyulSAT is a 25-kg tanker-satellite designed to demonstrate the feasibility of transferring not just fuel, but also power and data through its proprietary SIDRP (Standard Interface for Docking and Refuelling Port). This multi-utility capability is what enables the servicing of other spacecraft, thereby making the space economy viable. By successfully performing internal refuelling to study fluid behavior in microgravity and acting as a target for future docking, AyulSAT proves that the infrastructure for an “orbital gas station” is achievable. This mission, launched on ISRO’s PSLV-C62, marks India’s first commercial foray into docking and refuelling, directly supporting the Debris-Free Space Mission 2030 by preventing the abandonment of functional but fuel-depleted assets.

#### 1. Question

• Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: India’s AyulSAT mission is designed to establish a foundation for a sustainable on-orbit space economy.

Statement-II: AyulSAT is a dedicated tanker-satellite that demonstrates fuel, power, and data transfer using a standardized docking interface.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• The mission AyulSAT, developed by the Chennai-based startup OrbitAid Aerospace, represents a paradigm shift in India’s space capabilities.

• Statement-I is correct because the primary aim of this mission is to demonstrate technologies that allow for the servicing and life-extension of satellites, which is the bedrock of a future on-orbit space economy. Instead of satellites becoming “dead” once their fuel is exhausted, they can be replenished, creating a commercial market for orbital logistics.

• Statement-II is also correct and provides the technical rationale for Statement-I.

• AyulSAT is a 25-kg tanker-satellite designed to demonstrate the feasibility of transferring not just fuel, but also power and data through its proprietary SIDRP (Standard Interface for Docking and Refuelling Port). This multi-utility capability is what enables the servicing of other spacecraft, thereby making the space economy viable. By successfully performing internal refuelling to study fluid behavior in microgravity and acting as a target for future docking, AyulSAT proves that the infrastructure for an “orbital gas station” is achievable.

• This mission, launched on ISRO’s PSLV-C62, marks India’s first commercial foray into docking and refuelling, directly supporting the Debris-Free Space Mission 2030 by preventing the abandonment of functional but fuel-depleted assets.

Solution: A

• The mission AyulSAT, developed by the Chennai-based startup OrbitAid Aerospace, represents a paradigm shift in India’s space capabilities.

• Statement-II is also correct and provides the technical rationale for Statement-I.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points With reference to the parasitic weed Orobanche aegyptiaca, consider the following statements: It is an obligate root parasite that extracts carbon and nutrients from the host plant. The seeds of this weed possess a high longevity, remaining viable in the soil for nearly two decades. Early detection of the infestation is easily managed because the weed flowers before attaching to the crop roots. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B *Orobanche aegyptiaca, commonly known as Margoja, has emerged as a significant threat to India’s mustard cultivation, particularly in Rajasthan and Haryana. Statement 1 is correct as it is an obligate parasite, meaning it cannot complete its life cycle without a host. It attaches itself to the roots of crops like mustard and cruciferous vegetables, siphoning off water, minerals, and organic carbon, which leads to stunted growth and wilting of the host. Statement 2 is correct regarding its reproductive resilience; the microscopic seeds are known for their extreme persistence, staying viable in the soil for up to 20 years. This makes crop rotation less effective as a sole management strategy. However, Statement 3 is incorrect. One of the primary challenges in managing Orobanche is that it performs an underground attack. It attaches to the host roots and undergoes significant development before ever appearing above the soil surface. By the time the purple-colored flowers are visible to the farmer, the damage to the mustard crop’s yield is already largely done. The weed is triggered by the moisture from the first irrigation, which stimulates seed germination and attachment. Its spread through wind, water, and contaminated farm tools further complicates its eradication in north-western India. Incorrect Solution: B Orobanche aegyptiaca, commonly known as Margoja, has emerged as a significant threat to India’s mustard cultivation, particularly in Rajasthan and Haryana. Statement 1 is correct as it is an obligate parasite, meaning it cannot complete its life cycle without a host. It attaches itself to the roots of crops like mustard and cruciferous vegetables, siphoning off water, minerals, and organic carbon, which leads to stunted growth and wilting of the host. Statement 2 is correct regarding its reproductive resilience; the microscopic seeds are known for their extreme persistence, staying viable in the soil for up to 20 years. This makes crop rotation less effective as a sole management strategy. However, Statement 3 is incorrect. One of the primary challenges in managing Orobanche is that it performs an underground attack. It attaches to the host roots and undergoes significant development before ever appearing above the soil surface. By the time the purple-colored flowers are visible to the farmer, the damage to the mustard crop’s yield is already largely done. The weed is triggered by the moisture from the first irrigation*, which stimulates seed germination and attachment. Its spread through wind, water, and contaminated farm tools further complicates its eradication in north-western India.

#### 2. Question

With reference to the parasitic weed Orobanche aegyptiaca, consider the following statements:

• It is an obligate root parasite that extracts carbon and nutrients from the host plant.

• The seeds of this weed possess a high longevity, remaining viable in the soil for nearly two decades.

• Early detection of the infestation is easily managed because the weed flowers before attaching to the crop roots.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• *Orobanche aegyptiaca, commonly known as Margoja, has emerged as a significant threat to India’s mustard cultivation, particularly in Rajasthan and Haryana*.

• Statement 1 is correct as it is an obligate parasite, meaning it cannot complete its life cycle without a host. It attaches itself to the roots of crops like mustard and cruciferous vegetables, siphoning off water, minerals, and organic carbon, which leads to stunted growth and wilting of the host.

• Statement 2 is correct regarding its reproductive resilience; the microscopic seeds are known for their extreme persistence, staying viable in the soil for up to 20 years. This makes crop rotation less effective as a sole management strategy.

• However, Statement 3 is incorrect. One of the primary challenges in managing Orobanche is that it performs an underground attack. It attaches to the host roots and undergoes significant development before ever appearing above the soil surface. By the time the purple-colored flowers are visible to the farmer, the damage to the mustard crop’s yield is already largely done.

• The weed is triggered by the moisture from the first irrigation, which stimulates seed germination and attachment. Its spread through wind, water, and contaminated farm tools further complicates its eradication in north-western India.

Solution: B

• *Orobanche aegyptiaca, commonly known as Margoja, has emerged as a significant threat to India’s mustard cultivation, particularly in Rajasthan and Haryana*.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points The “Bhairav Battalion,” recently in the news, is best described as: a) A specialized wing of the Para Special Forces for underwater demolition. b) A specialized border guarding force under the Ministry of Home Affairs. c) A dedicated UN Peacekeeping contingent for the African sub-continent. d) A high-speed offensive combat unit of the Indian Army for hybrid warfare. Correct Solution: D The Bhairav Battalion represents a significant evolution in the Indian Army’s organizational structure. It is a new-generation, high-speed offensive combat unit specifically designed to meet the challenges of modern hybrid warfare. Unlike traditional infantry units, these battalions are compact, consisting of approximately 200–250 highly trained soldiers, and are tasked with rapid raids, tactical special missions, and tech-enabled operations. Statement (d) is the correct description. These units bridge the operational gap between the elite Para Special Forces and regular infantry, providing commanders at the Corps and Division levels with a “fight tonight” capability. Their integration with the Army’s unmanned warfare ecosystem is a key feature, as they are specialized in drone operations, electronic disruption, and reconnaissance. They are strategically positioned along sensitive borders in Rajasthan, Jammu, Ladakh, and the Northeast to respond instantly to border crises or “grey-zone” threats. The emergence of the Bhairav Battalion, alongside Rudra Brigades, highlights the Army’s shift toward force restructuring and modernization. Their first public appearance at the Army Day Parade in Jaipur underscores their importance in India’s defense posture, emphasizing speed, precision, and technology-driven ground action. Incorrect Solution: D The Bhairav Battalion represents a significant evolution in the Indian Army’s organizational structure. It is a new-generation, high-speed offensive combat unit specifically designed to meet the challenges of modern hybrid warfare. Unlike traditional infantry units, these battalions are compact, consisting of approximately 200–250 highly trained soldiers, and are tasked with rapid raids, tactical special missions, and tech-enabled operations. Statement (d) is the correct description. These units bridge the operational gap between the elite Para Special Forces and regular infantry, providing commanders at the Corps and Division levels with a “fight tonight” capability. Their integration with the Army’s unmanned warfare ecosystem is a key feature, as they are specialized in drone operations, electronic disruption, and reconnaissance. They are strategically positioned along sensitive borders in Rajasthan, Jammu, Ladakh, and the Northeast to respond instantly to border crises or “grey-zone” threats. The emergence of the Bhairav Battalion, alongside Rudra Brigades, highlights the Army’s shift toward force restructuring and modernization. Their first public appearance at the Army Day Parade in Jaipur underscores their importance in India’s defense posture, emphasizing speed, precision, and technology-driven ground action.

#### 3. Question

The “Bhairav Battalion,” recently in the news, is best described as:

• a) A specialized wing of the Para Special Forces for underwater demolition.

• b) A specialized border guarding force under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

• c) A dedicated UN Peacekeeping contingent for the African sub-continent.

• d) A high-speed offensive combat unit of the Indian Army for hybrid warfare.

Solution: D

• The Bhairav Battalion represents a significant evolution in the Indian Army’s organizational structure. It is a new-generation, high-speed offensive combat unit specifically designed to meet the challenges of modern hybrid warfare. Unlike traditional infantry units, these battalions are compact, consisting of approximately 200–250 highly trained soldiers, and are tasked with rapid raids, tactical special missions, and tech-enabled operations.

• Statement (d) is the correct description. These units bridge the operational gap between the elite Para Special Forces and regular infantry, providing commanders at the Corps and Division levels with a “fight tonight” capability. Their integration with the Army’s unmanned warfare ecosystem is a key feature, as they are specialized in drone operations, electronic disruption, and reconnaissance.

• They are strategically positioned along sensitive borders in Rajasthan, Jammu, Ladakh, and the Northeast to respond instantly to border crises or “grey-zone” threats. The emergence of the Bhairav Battalion, alongside Rudra Brigades, highlights the Army’s shift toward force restructuring and modernization.

• Their first public appearance at the Army Day Parade in Jaipur underscores their importance in India’s defense posture, emphasizing speed, precision, and technology-driven ground action.

Solution: D

• Their first public appearance at the Army Day Parade in Jaipur underscores their importance in India’s defense posture, emphasizing speed, precision, and technology-driven ground action.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following table regarding traditional Indian puppetry: Puppet Form State Type I. Pavakathakali Kerala Glove II. Putul Nach Tripura String III. Ravanachhaya Odisha Shadow IV. Kathputli Rajasthan String Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? a) I, II and IV only b) II, III and IV only c) I, III and IV only d) I, II, III and IV Correct Solution: D India has a rich and diverse tradition of puppetry, which is broadly classified into four categories: string, rod, glove, and shadow. Pair I is correct; Pavakathakali of Kerala is a unique glove puppetry form that mimics the costumes and themes of the Kathakali dance-drama. Pair II is correct; Putul Nach is the traditional string puppetry form found in Tripura and Assam (though different states may have slight variations in the name, like Putala Nach). Pair III is correct; Ravanachhaya is a sophisticated shadow puppetry tradition from Odisha, notable for using non-jointed puppets made of deer skin to narrate the Ramayana. Pair IV is correct; Kathputli is the iconic string puppetry of Rajasthan, characterized by wooden dolls with large eyes and colorful attire. It is traditionally performed by the Bhat and Nat communities. The recent focus on Kathputli Nagar in Jaipur highlights the efforts to preserve this 1,000-year-old art form, which uses folk music (dholak) and narrative tales of Rajput heroes. Other forms include Tolu Bommalata (Shadow, Andhra Pradesh), Yakshagana Gombeyata (String, Karnataka), and Gulabo-Sitabo (Glove, Uttar Pradesh). Incorrect Solution: D India has a rich and diverse tradition of puppetry, which is broadly classified into four categories: string, rod, glove, and shadow. Pair I is correct; Pavakathakali of Kerala is a unique glove puppetry form that mimics the costumes and themes of the Kathakali dance-drama. Pair II is correct; Putul Nach is the traditional string puppetry form found in Tripura and Assam (though different states may have slight variations in the name, like Putala Nach). Pair III is correct; Ravanachhaya is a sophisticated shadow puppetry tradition from Odisha, notable for using non-jointed puppets made of deer skin to narrate the Ramayana. Pair IV is correct; Kathputli is the iconic string puppetry of Rajasthan, characterized by wooden dolls with large eyes and colorful attire. It is traditionally performed by the Bhat and Nat communities. The recent focus on Kathputli Nagar in Jaipur highlights the efforts to preserve this 1,000-year-old art form, which uses folk music (dholak) and narrative tales of Rajput heroes. Other forms include Tolu Bommalata (Shadow, Andhra Pradesh), Yakshagana Gombeyata (String, Karnataka), and Gulabo-Sitabo (Glove, Uttar Pradesh).

#### 4. Question

Consider the following table regarding traditional Indian puppetry:

Puppet Form | State | Type

I. Pavakathakali | Kerala | Glove

II. Putul Nach | Tripura | String

III. Ravanachhaya | Odisha | Shadow

IV. Kathputli | Rajasthan | String

Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

• a) I, II and IV only

• b) II, III and IV only

• c) I, III and IV only

• d) I, II, III and IV

Solution: D

• India has a rich and diverse tradition of puppetry, which is broadly classified into four categories: string, rod, glove, and shadow.

• Pair I is correct; Pavakathakali of Kerala is a unique glove puppetry form that mimics the costumes and themes of the Kathakali dance-drama.

• Pair II is correct; Putul Nach is the traditional string puppetry form found in Tripura and Assam (though different states may have slight variations in the name, like Putala Nach).

• Pair III is correct; Ravanachhaya is a sophisticated shadow puppetry tradition from Odisha, notable for using non-jointed puppets made of deer skin to narrate the Ramayana.

• Pair IV is correct; Kathputli is the iconic string puppetry of Rajasthan, characterized by wooden dolls with large eyes and colorful attire. It is traditionally performed by the Bhat and Nat communities.

• The recent focus on Kathputli Nagar in Jaipur highlights the efforts to preserve this 1,000-year-old art form, which uses folk music (dholak) and narrative tales of Rajput heroes. Other forms include Tolu Bommalata (Shadow, Andhra Pradesh), Yakshagana Gombeyata (String, Karnataka), and Gulabo-Sitabo (Glove, Uttar Pradesh).

Solution: D

• India has a rich and diverse tradition of puppetry, which is broadly classified into four categories: string, rod, glove, and shadow.

• Pair I is correct; Pavakathakali of Kerala is a unique glove puppetry form that mimics the costumes and themes of the Kathakali dance-drama.

• Pair II is correct; Putul Nach is the traditional string puppetry form found in Tripura and Assam (though different states may have slight variations in the name, like Putala Nach).

• Pair III is correct; Ravanachhaya is a sophisticated shadow puppetry tradition from Odisha, notable for using non-jointed puppets made of deer skin to narrate the Ramayana.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Bargi Dam: Statement-I: It is the first major dam completed as part of the Narmada Valley Development Project. Statement-II: The dam is situated on the Orontes River. Statement-III: The National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) oversees the safety compliance of such major irrigation projects. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Statement II is incorrect; Statement I and III are correct. (b) Statement I is incorrect; Statement II and III are correct. (c) All statements are correct. (d) Only Statement I is correct. Correct Solution: A Statement-I is correct; Bargi Dam holds historical significance as it was the first of the 30 major dams to be completed under the Narmada Valley Development Project in Madhya Pradesh. It served as the foundational model for harnessing the Narmada River for state-wide irrigation and power generation. Statement-II is incorrect because the dam is constructed on the Narmada River, not the Orontes (which is in Syria). Statement-III is correct; the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) is the statutory body responsible for ensuring the safety of dams in India. The dam recently made headlines because the NDSA issued a show-cause notice to the Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA) over safety lapses. The Bargi Dam is a multipurpose project officially known as the Rani Avantibai Lodhi Sagar Project. It features 21 spillway gates and provides essential drinking water and irrigation to drought-prone areas through the Bargi Diversion Project. Its reservoir is also a hub for hydroelectric power and tourism. The safety of such massive structures is paramount to prevent downstream disasters during flood conditions, making the role of the NDSA critical in India’s water management infrastructure. Incorrect Solution: A Statement-I is correct; Bargi Dam holds historical significance as it was the first of the 30 major dams to be completed under the Narmada Valley Development Project in Madhya Pradesh. It served as the foundational model for harnessing the Narmada River for state-wide irrigation and power generation. Statement-II is incorrect because the dam is constructed on the Narmada River, not the Orontes (which is in Syria). Statement-III is correct; the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) is the statutory body responsible for ensuring the safety of dams in India. The dam recently made headlines because the NDSA issued a show-cause notice to the Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA) over safety lapses. The Bargi Dam is a multipurpose project officially known as the Rani Avantibai Lodhi Sagar Project. It features 21 spillway gates and provides essential drinking water and irrigation to drought-prone areas through the Bargi Diversion Project. Its reservoir is also a hub for hydroelectric power and tourism. The safety of such massive structures is paramount to prevent downstream disasters during flood conditions, making the role of the NDSA critical in India’s water management infrastructure.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Bargi Dam:

Statement-I: It is the first major dam completed as part of the Narmada Valley Development Project.

Statement-II: The dam is situated on the Orontes River.

Statement-III: The National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) oversees the safety compliance of such major irrigation projects.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Statement II is incorrect; Statement I and III are correct.

• (b) Statement I is incorrect; Statement II and III are correct.

• (c) All statements are correct.

• (d) Only Statement I is correct.

Solution: A

• Statement-I is correct; Bargi Dam holds historical significance as it was the first of the 30 major dams to be completed under the Narmada Valley Development Project in Madhya Pradesh. It served as the foundational model for harnessing the Narmada River for state-wide irrigation and power generation.

• Statement-II is incorrect because the dam is constructed on the Narmada River, not the Orontes (which is in Syria).

• Statement-III is correct; the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) is the statutory body responsible for ensuring the safety of dams in India. The dam recently made headlines because the NDSA issued a show-cause notice to the Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA) over safety lapses.

• The Bargi Dam is a multipurpose project officially known as the Rani Avantibai Lodhi Sagar Project. It features 21 spillway gates and provides essential drinking water and irrigation to drought-prone areas through the Bargi Diversion Project. Its reservoir is also a hub for hydroelectric power and tourism. The safety of such massive structures is paramount to prevent downstream disasters during flood conditions, making the role of the NDSA critical in India’s water management infrastructure.

Solution: A

• Statement-II is incorrect because the dam is constructed on the Narmada River, not the Orontes (which is in Syria).

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Which of the following countries shares a land border with Syria? Turkey Iraq Jordan Lebanon Israel Iran Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only c) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 only d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 Correct Solution: C Syria is a strategically located country in South-western Asia on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Syria shares land borders with five countries: Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Lebanon and Israel to the southwest. Iran does not share a land border with Syria; it is separated by Iraq. Syria’s geography is characterized by a narrow coastal plain, the Al-Ansariyah Mountains, and a vast, arid interior known as the Syrian Desert. The Euphrates River flows through the country from Turkey toward Iraq. Recently, Syria has been in the news due to Operation Hawkeye, a US-led counter-terrorism operation targeting ISIS in response to ambushes in Palmyra. The country’s location makes it a “land bridge” between different regions of the Middle East, including the Levant and Mesopotamia. The capital, Damascus, lies in the southwestern part of the country, relatively close to the borders with Lebanon and Jordan. Incorrect Solution: C Syria is a strategically located country in South-western Asia on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Syria shares land borders with five countries: Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Lebanon and Israel to the southwest. Iran does not share a land border with Syria; it is separated by Iraq. Syria’s geography is characterized by a narrow coastal plain, the Al-Ansariyah Mountains, and a vast, arid interior known as the Syrian Desert. The Euphrates River flows through the country from Turkey toward Iraq. Recently, Syria has been in the news due to Operation Hawkeye, a US-led counter-terrorism operation targeting ISIS in response to ambushes in Palmyra. The country’s location makes it a “land bridge” between different regions of the Middle East, including the Levant and Mesopotamia. The capital, Damascus, lies in the southwestern part of the country, relatively close to the borders with Lebanon and Jordan.

#### 6. Question

Which of the following countries shares a land border with Syria?

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only

• b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only

• c) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 only

• d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

Solution: C

• Syria is a strategically located country in South-western Asia on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Syria shares land borders with five countries: Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Lebanon and Israel to the southwest.

• Iran does not share a land border with Syria; it is separated by Iraq. Syria’s geography is characterized by a narrow coastal plain, the Al-Ansariyah Mountains, and a vast, arid interior known as the Syrian Desert. The Euphrates River flows through the country from Turkey toward Iraq.

• Recently, Syria has been in the news due to Operation Hawkeye, a US-led counter-terrorism operation targeting ISIS in response to ambushes in Palmyra. The country’s location makes it a “land bridge” between different regions of the Middle East, including the Levant and Mesopotamia.

• The capital, Damascus, lies in the southwestern part of the country, relatively close to the borders with Lebanon and Jordan.

Solution: C

• The capital, Damascus, lies in the southwestern part of the country, relatively close to the borders with Lebanon and Jordan.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points The “SIDRP interface” mentioned in the context of the AyulSAT mission is primarily used for: a) Underwater communication between submarines and surface ships. b) Standardized docking and refuelling of spacecraft in orbit. c) Secure data encryption for military satellite communication. d) Monitoring the health of astronauts during long-duration space flights. Correct Solution: B SIDRP stands for Standard Interface for Docking and Refuelling Port. It is a proprietary technology developed by the Chennai-based startup OrbitAid Aerospace. As described in the AyulSAT mission, this interface is designed to enable future spacecraft-to-spacecraft refuelling. Currently, most satellites are launched with a fixed amount of fuel; once it is exhausted, the satellite becomes orbital debris even if its electronic components are functional. The SIDRP interface aims to change this by providing a universal “plug” that allows a “chaser” satellite to dock with a “target” satellite (like AyulSAT) and transfer fuel, power, and data. This is a critical component for the on-orbit space economy, as it enables satellite life extension and servicing. Incorrect Solution: B SIDRP stands for Standard Interface for Docking and Refuelling Port. It is a proprietary technology developed by the Chennai-based startup OrbitAid Aerospace. As described in the AyulSAT mission, this interface is designed to enable future spacecraft-to-spacecraft refuelling. Currently, most satellites are launched with a fixed amount of fuel; once it is exhausted, the satellite becomes orbital debris even if its electronic components are functional. The SIDRP interface aims to change this by providing a universal “plug” that allows a “chaser” satellite to dock with a “target” satellite (like AyulSAT) and transfer fuel, power, and data. This is a critical component for the on-orbit space economy, as it enables satellite life extension and servicing.

#### 7. Question

The “SIDRP interface” mentioned in the context of the AyulSAT mission is primarily used for:

• a) Underwater communication between submarines and surface ships.

• b) Standardized docking and refuelling of spacecraft in orbit.

• c) Secure data encryption for military satellite communication.

• d) Monitoring the health of astronauts during long-duration space flights.

Solution: B

• SIDRP stands for Standard Interface for Docking and Refuelling Port. It is a proprietary technology developed by the Chennai-based startup OrbitAid Aerospace. As described in the AyulSAT mission, this interface is designed to enable future spacecraft-to-spacecraft refuelling.

• Currently, most satellites are launched with a fixed amount of fuel; once it is exhausted, the satellite becomes orbital debris even if its electronic components are functional. The SIDRP interface aims to change this by providing a universal “plug” that allows a “chaser” satellite to dock with a “target” satellite (like AyulSAT) and transfer fuel, power, and data. This is a critical component for the on-orbit space economy, as it enables satellite life extension and servicing.

Solution: B

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Syria and “Operation Hawkeye”: Statement-I: Operation Hawkeye is a US-led military operation launched to degrade ISIS networks in Syria. Statement-II: Syria is a landlocked country in the Middle East with no access to the Mediterranean Sea. Statement-III: The Euphrates River is the primary source of irrigation and power for the Syrian interior. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I c) Only Statement I and Statement III are correct d) All statements are correct Correct Solution: C Statement-I is correct; Operation Hawkeye was launched by the United States (executed via CENTCOM) in December 2025 as a counter-terrorism mission. It targeted ISIS across Syria following an ambush in Palmyra that killed US personnel. The goal is to prevent the regrouping of the Islamic State and protect coalition forces. Statement-II is incorrect; Syria is not landlocked. It has a strategic Mediterranean coastline to its west, which provides sea access for trade and naval activities. Statement-III is correct; the Euphrates River is the main lifeline of the country, crucial for both agriculture (irrigation) and hydroelectric energy. Geographically, the country is dominated by the Syrian Desert in the interior, but it also has fertile areas supported by rivers like the Euphrates and the Orontes. Incorrect Solution: C Statement-I is correct; Operation Hawkeye was launched by the United States (executed via CENTCOM) in December 2025 as a counter-terrorism mission. It targeted ISIS across Syria following an ambush in Palmyra that killed US personnel. The goal is to prevent the regrouping of the Islamic State and protect coalition forces. Statement-II is incorrect; Syria is not landlocked. It has a strategic Mediterranean coastline to its west, which provides sea access for trade and naval activities. Statement-III is correct; the Euphrates River is the main lifeline of the country, crucial for both agriculture (irrigation) and hydroelectric energy. Geographically, the country is dominated by the Syrian Desert in the interior, but it also has fertile areas supported by rivers like the Euphrates and the Orontes.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Syria and “Operation Hawkeye”:

Statement-I: Operation Hawkeye is a US-led military operation launched to degrade ISIS networks in Syria.

Statement-II: Syria is a landlocked country in the Middle East with no access to the Mediterranean Sea.

Statement-III: The Euphrates River is the primary source of irrigation and power for the Syrian interior.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I

• b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I

• c) Only Statement I and Statement III are correct

• d) All statements are correct

Solution: C

• Statement-I is correct; Operation Hawkeye was launched by the United States (executed via CENTCOM) in December 2025 as a counter-terrorism mission. It targeted ISIS across Syria following an ambush in Palmyra that killed US personnel. The goal is to prevent the regrouping of the Islamic State and protect coalition forces.

• Statement-II is incorrect; Syria is not landlocked. It has a strategic Mediterranean coastline to its west, which provides sea access for trade and naval activities.

• Statement-III is correct; the Euphrates River is the main lifeline of the country, crucial for both agriculture (irrigation) and hydroelectric energy. Geographically, the country is dominated by the Syrian Desert in the interior, but it also has fertile areas supported by rivers like the Euphrates and the Orontes.

Solution: C

• Statement-II is incorrect; Syria is not landlocked. It has a strategic Mediterranean coastline to its west, which provides sea access for trade and naval activities.

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points The “Penny-drop bank verification” in the new crypto guidelines is primarily intended to: a) Deduct a transaction tax on every cryptocurrency trade. b) Ensure the user’s bank account is active and truly belongs to the onboarding individual. c) Facilitate the direct purchase of crypto assets using small change from bank accounts. d) Verify if the user has sufficient balance to cover potential losses in the crypto market. Correct Solution: B Option (b) is the correct answer. Penny-drop verification is a security measure where the crypto exchange (or the verifying agency) transfers a tiny amount of money, usually one rupee, into the user’s provided bank account. This serves two critical purposes: first, it confirms that the bank account is active and valid; second, the bank’s records return the name of the account holder, which is then cross-verified with the name on the user’s KYC documents (like PAN or Aadhaar). This is a powerful tool to prevent the use of “mule accounts”—accounts belonging to innocent people that are used by criminals to launder money or finance terror. In the context of the new FIU-India guidelines, this process is mandatory to ensure that the entire financial trail of a crypto user is linked to a verifiable, real identity. It works alongside other features like live selfie detection and geo-tagging to bring the cryptocurrency sector under the purview of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). By ensuring that only verified individuals can trade, the government aims to reduce the anonymity that has traditionally made crypto assets attractive for illicit financing, thereby aligning India with global standards set by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). Incorrect Solution: B Option (b) is the correct answer. Penny-drop verification is a security measure where the crypto exchange (or the verifying agency) transfers a tiny amount of money, usually one rupee, into the user’s provided bank account. This serves two critical purposes: first, it confirms that the bank account is active and valid; second, the bank’s records return the name of the account holder, which is then cross-verified with the name on the user’s KYC documents (like PAN or Aadhaar). This is a powerful tool to prevent the use of “mule accounts”—accounts belonging to innocent people that are used by criminals to launder money or finance terror. In the context of the new FIU-India guidelines, this process is mandatory to ensure that the entire financial trail of a crypto user is linked to a verifiable, real identity. It works alongside other features like live selfie detection and geo-tagging to bring the cryptocurrency sector under the purview of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). By ensuring that only verified individuals can trade, the government aims to reduce the anonymity that has traditionally made crypto assets attractive for illicit financing, thereby aligning India with global standards set by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).

#### 9. Question

The “Penny-drop bank verification” in the new crypto guidelines is primarily intended to:

• a) Deduct a transaction tax on every cryptocurrency trade.

• b) Ensure the user’s bank account is active and truly belongs to the onboarding individual.

• c) Facilitate the direct purchase of crypto assets using small change from bank accounts.

• d) Verify if the user has sufficient balance to cover potential losses in the crypto market.

Solution: B

• Option (b) is the correct answer. Penny-drop verification is a security measure where the crypto exchange (or the verifying agency) transfers a tiny amount of money, usually one rupee, into the user’s provided bank account. This serves two critical purposes: first, it confirms that the bank account is active and valid; second, the bank’s records return the name of the account holder, which is then cross-verified with the name on the user’s KYC documents (like PAN or Aadhaar).

• This is a powerful tool to prevent the use of “mule accounts”—accounts belonging to innocent people that are used by criminals to launder money or finance terror. In the context of the new FIU-India guidelines, this process is mandatory to ensure that the entire financial trail of a crypto user is linked to a verifiable, real identity.

• It works alongside other features like live selfie detection and geo-tagging to bring the cryptocurrency sector under the purview of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). By ensuring that only verified individuals can trade, the government aims to reduce the anonymity that has traditionally made crypto assets attractive for illicit financing, thereby aligning India with global standards set by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).

Solution: B

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points While studying whale health, the use of drones to collect “whale breath” (blow) samples is categorized as a “non-invasive” technique because: (a) It allows for the collection of DNA samples without capturing or touching the animal. (b) It utilizes satellite imagery to predict viral outbreaks without physical proximity. (b) It utilizes satellite imagery to predict viral outbreaks without physical proximity. (d) It relies on post-mortem analysis of stranded animals on the coastline. Correct Solution: A Traditional methods of studying whale health often involved “biopsies,” which required firing a dart at the animal to collect a skin or blubber sample—a process that is invasive and stressful. The drone-based method is non-invasive because it simply flies over the whale and catches the mist (blow) exhaled from the blowhole. This mist contains respiratory droplets, DNA, and pathogens like the Cetacean morbillivirus. This allows scientists to monitor the health of a population in real-time without causing physical harm or distress to the animals. This is particularly important in the Arctic, where marine mammals are already under stress from climate change and melting sea ice. Using such technology enables “biosecurity” monitoring and helps authorities implement stress-reduction measures, such as rerouting shipping lanes, to protect infected or vulnerable whale pods. It represents a major leap in marine conservation technology. Incorrect Solution: A Traditional methods of studying whale health often involved “biopsies,” which required firing a dart at the animal to collect a skin or blubber sample—a process that is invasive and stressful. The drone-based method is non-invasive because it simply flies over the whale and catches the mist (blow) exhaled from the blowhole. This mist contains respiratory droplets, DNA, and pathogens like the Cetacean morbillivirus. This allows scientists to monitor the health of a population in real-time without causing physical harm or distress to the animals. This is particularly important in the Arctic, where marine mammals are already under stress from climate change and melting sea ice. Using such technology enables “biosecurity” monitoring and helps authorities implement stress-reduction measures, such as rerouting shipping lanes, to protect infected or vulnerable whale pods. It represents a major leap in marine conservation technology.

#### 10. Question

While studying whale health, the use of drones to collect “whale breath” (blow) samples is categorized as a “non-invasive” technique because:

• (a) It allows for the collection of DNA samples without capturing or touching the animal.

• (b) It utilizes satellite imagery to predict viral outbreaks without physical proximity.

• (d) It relies on post-mortem analysis of stranded animals on the coastline.

Solution: A

• Traditional methods of studying whale health often involved “biopsies,” which required firing a dart at the animal to collect a skin or blubber sample—a process that is invasive and stressful. The drone-based method is non-invasive because it simply flies over the whale and catches the mist (blow) exhaled from the blowhole. This mist contains respiratory droplets, DNA, and pathogens like the Cetacean morbillivirus.

• This allows scientists to monitor the health of a population in real-time without causing physical harm or distress to the animals. This is particularly important in the Arctic, where marine mammals are already under stress from climate change and melting sea ice.

• Using such technology enables “biosecurity” monitoring and helps authorities implement stress-reduction measures, such as rerouting shipping lanes, to protect infected or vulnerable whale pods. It represents a major leap in marine conservation technology.

Solution: A

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