UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 13 February 2026

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points The establishment of NITI Aayog reflected a paradigm shift from the erstwhile Planning Commission. Which of the following statements best captures this shift? A shift from a centralized planning approach to a cooperative, bottom-up vision. A transition from having financial allocation powers to being a purely advisory body. A change in composition to include Chief Ministers and Lieutenant Governors to better reflect the federal structure. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is correct. NITI Aayog was explicitly created to act as a platform for cooperative federalism, encouraging states to be active partners in policy formulation and national development, reflecting a “bottom-up” approach. Statement 2 is correct. The Planning Commission had the significant power to allocate plan funds to states, giving it considerable leverage. NITI Aayog has no such financial powers. It is a purely advisory body or a think-tank. The power to allocate funds now rests with the Ministry of Finance. Statement 3 is correct. The primary governing body of the Planning Commission was the National Development Council (NDC). While Chief Ministers were part of the NDC, the creation of the Governing Council in NITI Aayog, with the Prime Minister as chair and all Chief Ministers and LGs as members, was designed to be more inclusive and directly embed the federal structure into the institution’s core, making it a more effective platform for Centre-State deliberation. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is correct. NITI Aayog was explicitly created to act as a platform for cooperative federalism, encouraging states to be active partners in policy formulation and national development, reflecting a “bottom-up” approach. Statement 2 is correct. The Planning Commission had the significant power to allocate plan funds to states, giving it considerable leverage. NITI Aayog has no such financial powers. It is a purely advisory body or a think-tank. The power to allocate funds now rests with the Ministry of Finance. Statement 3 is correct. The primary governing body of the Planning Commission was the National Development Council (NDC). While Chief Ministers were part of the NDC, the creation of the Governing Council in NITI Aayog, with the Prime Minister as chair and all Chief Ministers and LGs as members, was designed to be more inclusive and directly embed the federal structure into the institution’s core, making it a more effective platform for Centre-State deliberation.

#### 1. Question

The establishment of NITI Aayog reflected a paradigm shift from the erstwhile Planning Commission. Which of the following statements best captures this shift?

• A shift from a centralized planning approach to a cooperative, bottom-up vision.

• A transition from having financial allocation powers to being a purely advisory body.

• A change in composition to include Chief Ministers and Lieutenant Governors to better reflect the federal structure.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 2 and 3 only

• (b) 1 and 2 only

• (c) 1 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is correct. NITI Aayog was explicitly created to act as a platform for cooperative federalism, encouraging states to be active partners in policy formulation and national development, reflecting a “bottom-up” approach.

• Statement 2 is correct. The Planning Commission had the significant power to allocate plan funds to states, giving it considerable leverage. NITI Aayog has no such financial powers. It is a purely advisory body or a think-tank. The power to allocate funds now rests with the Ministry of Finance.

• Statement 3 is correct. The primary governing body of the Planning Commission was the National Development Council (NDC). While Chief Ministers were part of the NDC, the creation of the Governing Council in NITI Aayog, with the Prime Minister as chair and all Chief Ministers and LGs as members, was designed to be more inclusive and directly embed the federal structure into the institution’s core, making it a more effective platform for Centre-State deliberation.

Solution: D

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the map of North Africa. If one were to travel in a straight line from Algiers, the capital of Algeria, to the Ahaggar Mountains in the south, which of the following geographical features would one most likely cross? The Tell Atlas range The Saharan Atlas range The Mediterranean Sea The Chelif River Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 3 and 4 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Solution: B The journey starts in Algiers, which is located on the Mediterranean coast. 1. The Tell Atlas: Immediately south of the coastal plains where Algiers lies, one would encounter the Tell Atlas mountain range, which runs parallel to the coast. This is the first major geographical barrier to cross. 2. The Saharan Atlas: Further south of the Tell Atlas and the high plateaus separating the two ranges, one would have to cross the Saharan Atlas. This range acts as the northern edge of the Sahara Desert. 3. The Mediterranean Sea: The journey is from north to south, starting from the coast and moving inland. Therefore, one would be travelling away from the Mediterranean Sea, not crossing it. This statement is incorrect. 4. The Chelif River: The Chelif River is the longest river in Algeria. Its basin lies in the region of the Tell Atlas and the high plateaus. A straight-line path from Algiers to the southern Ahaggar Mountains would almost certainly cross the path or basin of this significant wadi system. Incorrect Solution: B The journey starts in Algiers, which is located on the Mediterranean coast. 1. The Tell Atlas: Immediately south of the coastal plains where Algiers lies, one would encounter the Tell Atlas mountain range, which runs parallel to the coast. This is the first major geographical barrier to cross. 2. The Saharan Atlas: Further south of the Tell Atlas and the high plateaus separating the two ranges, one would have to cross the Saharan Atlas. This range acts as the northern edge of the Sahara Desert. 3. The Mediterranean Sea: The journey is from north to south, starting from the coast and moving inland. Therefore, one would be travelling away from the Mediterranean Sea, not crossing it. This statement is incorrect. 4. The Chelif River: The Chelif River is the longest river in Algeria. Its basin lies in the region of the Tell Atlas and the high plateaus. A straight-line path from Algiers to the southern Ahaggar Mountains would almost certainly cross the path or basin of this significant wadi system.

#### 2. Question

Consider the map of North Africa. If one were to travel in a straight line from Algiers, the capital of Algeria, to the Ahaggar Mountains in the south, which of the following geographical features would one most likely cross?

• The Tell Atlas range

• The Saharan Atlas range

• The Mediterranean Sea

• The Chelif River

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 3 and 4 only

• (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

• (c) 1 and 2 only

• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution: B

• The journey starts in Algiers, which is located on the Mediterranean coast.

• 1. The Tell Atlas: Immediately south of the coastal plains where Algiers lies, one would encounter the Tell Atlas mountain range, which runs parallel to the coast. This is the first major geographical barrier to cross.

• 2. The Saharan Atlas: Further south of the Tell Atlas and the high plateaus separating the two ranges, one would have to cross the Saharan Atlas. This range acts as the northern edge of the Sahara Desert.

• 3. The Mediterranean Sea: The journey is from north to south, starting from the coast and moving inland. Therefore, one would be travelling away from the Mediterranean Sea, not crossing it. This statement is incorrect.

• 4. The Chelif River: The Chelif River is the longest river in Algeria. Its basin lies in the region of the Tell Atlas and the high plateaus. A straight-line path from Algiers to the southern Ahaggar Mountains would almost certainly cross the path or basin of this significant wadi system.

Solution: B

• The journey starts in Algiers, which is located on the Mediterranean coast.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Wular Lake: Wular Lake is located in Rajasthan and is the largest freshwater lake in India. It is Ramsar-listed due to its ecological importance and biodiversity. Wular Lake is primarily a saline Lake. It is situated near the Pir Panjal mountain range in Jammu and Kashmir. (a) 2 and 4 only (b) 1, 3, and 4 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect, as Wular Lake is in Jammu and Kashmir, not Rajasthan. Statement 2 is correct, as Wular Lake is Ramsar-listed, highlighting its ecological significance. Statement 3 is incorrect as well, as Wular is a freshwater lake, not saline like Sambhar. Statement 4 is also correct, as it is located near the Pir Panjal range in Jammu and Kashmir. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect, as Wular Lake is in Jammu and Kashmir, not Rajasthan. Statement 2 is correct, as Wular Lake is Ramsar-listed, highlighting its ecological significance. Statement 3 is incorrect as well, as Wular is a freshwater lake, not saline like Sambhar. Statement 4 is also correct, as it is located near the Pir Panjal range in Jammu and Kashmir.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Wular Lake:

• Wular Lake is located in Rajasthan and is the largest freshwater lake in India.

• It is Ramsar-listed due to its ecological importance and biodiversity.

• Wular Lake is primarily a saline Lake.

• It is situated near the Pir Panjal mountain range in Jammu and Kashmir.

• (a) 2 and 4 only

• (b) 1, 3, and 4 only

• (c) 1, 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution: A

Statement 1 is incorrect, as Wular Lake is in Jammu and Kashmir, not Rajasthan.

Statement 2 is correct, as Wular Lake is Ramsar-listed, highlighting its ecological significance.

Statement 3 is incorrect as well, as Wular is a freshwater lake, not saline like Sambhar.

Statement 4 is also correct, as it is located near the Pir Panjal range in Jammu and Kashmir.

Solution: A

Statement 1 is incorrect, as Wular Lake is in Jammu and Kashmir, not Rajasthan.

Statement 2 is correct, as Wular Lake is Ramsar-listed, highlighting its ecological significance.

Statement 3 is incorrect as well, as Wular is a freshwater lake, not saline like Sambhar.

Statement 4 is also correct, as it is located near the Pir Panjal range in Jammu and Kashmir.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about polio virus transmission and eradication efforts: The polio virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets. In India, multiple rounds of oral polio vaccine (OPV) immunization are conducted to prevent Circulating Vaccine-derived Poliovirus (cVDPV) transmission. India was declared polio-free by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011. High-quality immunization campaigns have no impact on Circulating Vaccine-derived Poliovirus (cVDPV) transmission rates. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? a) Only one b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: C Statement 2 is correct; India has implemented multiple rounds of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) immunization to prevent cVDPV transmission, especially in areas with low coverage. Statement 1 is incorrect because the polio virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route, not respiratory droplets. Statement 3 is incorrect as India was declared polio-free by WHO in 2014, with the last wild polio case reported in 2011. Statement 4 is also incorrect since high-quality immunization campaigns are critical in reducing and eventually stopping cVDPV transmission. Incorrect Solution: C Statement 2 is correct; India has implemented multiple rounds of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) immunization to prevent cVDPV transmission, especially in areas with low coverage. Statement 1 is incorrect because the polio virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route, not respiratory droplets. Statement 3 is incorrect as India was declared polio-free by WHO in 2014, with the last wild polio case reported in 2011. Statement 4 is also incorrect since high-quality immunization campaigns are critical in reducing and eventually stopping cVDPV transmission.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements about polio virus transmission and eradication efforts:

• The polio virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets.

• In India, multiple rounds of oral polio vaccine (OPV) immunization are conducted to prevent Circulating Vaccine-derived Poliovirus (cVDPV) transmission.

• India was declared polio-free by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011.

• High-quality immunization campaigns have no impact on Circulating Vaccine-derived Poliovirus (cVDPV) transmission rates.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: C

Statement 2 is correct; India has implemented multiple rounds of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) immunization to prevent cVDPV transmission, especially in areas with low coverage.

Statement 1 is incorrect because the polio virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route, not respiratory droplets.

Statement 3 is incorrect as India was declared polio-free by WHO in 2014, with the last wild polio case reported in 2011.

Statement 4 is also incorrect since high-quality immunization campaigns are critical in reducing and eventually stopping cVDPV transmission.

Solution: C

Statement 2 is correct; India has implemented multiple rounds of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) immunization to prevent cVDPV transmission, especially in areas with low coverage.

Statement 1 is incorrect because the polio virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route, not respiratory droplets.

Statement 3 is incorrect as India was declared polio-free by WHO in 2014, with the last wild polio case reported in 2011.

Statement 4 is also incorrect since high-quality immunization campaigns are critical in reducing and eventually stopping cVDPV transmission.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes the primary significance of Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve? a) It is exclusively a bamboo forest reserve, focused on the conservation of bamboo species. b) It serves primarily as an archaeological site with no significant biodiversity. c) It is a tiger reserve with the highest density of Royal Bengal Tigers in India and globally. d) It is a grassland reserve in the Satpura range, focusing solely on herbivore conservation. Correct Solution: C Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve is known for its exceptionally high density of Royal Bengal Tigers, making it a crucial area for tiger conservation in India and worldwide. Option a) is incorrect, as the vegetation includes a mix of tropical moist deciduous forests, grasslands, and bamboo, but it is not focused solely on bamboo conservation Option b) is incorrect because, while it contains the historic Bandhavgarh Fort, the reserve is also rich in biodiversity. Option d) is incorrect as the reserve’s main focus is tiger conservation, not solely herbivores. Incorrect Solution: C Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve is known for its exceptionally high density of Royal Bengal Tigers, making it a crucial area for tiger conservation in India and worldwide. Option a) is incorrect, as the vegetation includes a mix of tropical moist deciduous forests, grasslands, and bamboo, but it is not focused solely on bamboo conservation Option b) is incorrect because, while it contains the historic Bandhavgarh Fort, the reserve is also rich in biodiversity. Option d) is incorrect as the reserve’s main focus is tiger conservation, not solely herbivores.

#### 5. Question

Which of the following best describes the primary significance of Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve?

• a) It is exclusively a bamboo forest reserve, focused on the conservation of bamboo species.

• b) It serves primarily as an archaeological site with no significant biodiversity.

• c) It is a tiger reserve with the highest density of Royal Bengal Tigers in India and globally.

• d) It is a grassland reserve in the Satpura range, focusing solely on herbivore conservation.

Solution: C

Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve is known for its exceptionally high density of Royal Bengal Tigers, making it a crucial area for tiger conservation in India and worldwide.

Option a) is incorrect, as the vegetation includes a mix of tropical moist deciduous forests, grasslands, and bamboo, but it is not focused solely on bamboo conservation

Option b) is incorrect because, while it contains the historic Bandhavgarh Fort, the reserve is also rich in biodiversity.

Option d) is incorrect as the reserve’s main focus is tiger conservation, not solely herbivores.

Solution: C

Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve is known for its exceptionally high density of Royal Bengal Tigers, making it a crucial area for tiger conservation in India and worldwide.

Option a) is incorrect, as the vegetation includes a mix of tropical moist deciduous forests, grasslands, and bamboo, but it is not focused solely on bamboo conservation

Option b) is incorrect because, while it contains the historic Bandhavgarh Fort, the reserve is also rich in biodiversity.

Option d) is incorrect as the reserve’s main focus is tiger conservation, not solely herbivores.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points With reference to the Panchsheel Agreement, consider the following statements: It was signed between India and China in the context of trade and intercourse with Tibet. The principles of Panchsheel were later incorporated into the Bandung Declaration of 1955. The agreement was signed by Jawaharlal Nehru and Mao Zedong. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: A The Panchsheel Agreement, or the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, was a landmark agreement that aimed to govern the relations between India and China. Statement 1 is correct. The Panchsheel Agreement was formally articulated in the “Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet Region of China and India,” signed on April 29, 1954. This agreement recognized Tibet as a region of China and was intended to regulate the trade and pilgrimage between the two countries. Statement 2 is correct. The principles of Panchsheel were incorporated into the final declaration of the Asian-African Conference held in Bandung, Indonesia, in 1955. These principles resonated with the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa, who were seeking to forge a path of non-alignment and peaceful development during the Cold War. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Panchsheel Agreement was signed by Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India, and Zhou Enlai, the then Premier of the People’s Republic of China. Mao Zedong was the Chairman of the Communist Party of China at the time but was not a signatory to this agreement. Incorrect Solution: A The Panchsheel Agreement, or the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, was a landmark agreement that aimed to govern the relations between India and China. Statement 1 is correct. The Panchsheel Agreement was formally articulated in the “Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet Region of China and India,” signed on April 29, 1954. This agreement recognized Tibet as a region of China and was intended to regulate the trade and pilgrimage between the two countries. Statement 2 is correct. The principles of Panchsheel were incorporated into the final declaration of the Asian-African Conference held in Bandung, Indonesia, in 1955. These principles resonated with the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa, who were seeking to forge a path of non-alignment and peaceful development during the Cold War. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Panchsheel Agreement was signed by Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India, and Zhou Enlai, the then Premier of the People’s Republic of China. Mao Zedong was the Chairman of the Communist Party of China at the time but was not a signatory to this agreement.

#### 6. Question

With reference to the Panchsheel Agreement, consider the following statements:

• It was signed between India and China in the context of trade and intercourse with Tibet.

• The principles of Panchsheel were later incorporated into the Bandung Declaration of 1955.

• The agreement was signed by Jawaharlal Nehru and Mao Zedong.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• c) All three

Solution: A

The Panchsheel Agreement, or the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, was a landmark agreement that aimed to govern the relations between India and China.

• Statement 1 is correct. The Panchsheel Agreement was formally articulated in the “Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet Region of China and India,” signed on April 29, 1954. This agreement recognized Tibet as a region of China and was intended to regulate the trade and pilgrimage between the two countries.

• Statement 2 is correct. The principles of Panchsheel were incorporated into the final declaration of the Asian-African Conference held in Bandung, Indonesia, in 1955. These principles resonated with the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa, who were seeking to forge a path of non-alignment and peaceful development during the Cold War.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The Panchsheel Agreement was signed by Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India, and Zhou Enlai, the then Premier of the People’s Republic of China. Mao Zedong was the Chairman of the Communist Party of China at the time but was not a signatory to this agreement.

Solution: A

The Panchsheel Agreement, or the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, was a landmark agreement that aimed to govern the relations between India and China.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points With reference to the geography of Japan, consider the following statements: The country is an archipelago consisting of four main islands: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Mount Fuji is the highest peak in Japan. The Kanto Plain is the most extensive and productive agricultural region in Japan. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 3 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: C Japan is an island country in East Asia with a distinctive geography. Statement 1 is incorrect. Japan’s four main islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku. Okinawa is part of the Ryukyu Islands, which is a smaller island group to the southwest of the main islands. Statement 2 is correct. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan and is an active stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707–1708. While it is currently classified as active, it has been dormant for over 300 years. Statement 3 is correct. The Kanto Plain is the largest plain in Japan and is a major center for agriculture, industry, and population. It includes the Tokyo metropolitan area and is one of the most fertile and economically important regions of the country. Incorrect Solution: C Japan is an island country in East Asia with a distinctive geography. Statement 1 is incorrect. Japan’s four main islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku. Okinawa is part of the Ryukyu Islands, which is a smaller island group to the southwest of the main islands. Statement 2 is correct. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan and is an active stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707–1708. While it is currently classified as active, it has been dormant for over 300 years. Statement 3 is correct. The Kanto Plain is the largest plain in Japan and is a major center for agriculture, industry, and population. It includes the Tokyo metropolitan area and is one of the most fertile and economically important regions of the country.

#### 7. Question

With reference to the geography of Japan, consider the following statements:

• The country is an archipelago consisting of four main islands: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Okinawa.

• Mount Fuji is the highest peak in Japan.

• The Kanto Plain is the most extensive and productive agricultural region in Japan.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 3 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: C

Japan is an island country in East Asia with a distinctive geography.

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Japan’s four main islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku. Okinawa is part of the Ryukyu Islands, which is a smaller island group to the southwest of the main islands.

• Statement 2 is correct. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan and is an active stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707–1708. While it is currently classified as active, it has been dormant for over 300 years.

• Statement 3 is correct. The Kanto Plain is the largest plain in Japan and is a major center for agriculture, industry, and population. It includes the Tokyo metropolitan area and is one of the most fertile and economically important regions of the country.

Solution: C

Japan is an island country in East Asia with a distinctive geography.

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Which of the following statements best describes the principle of ‘Common but Differentiated Responsibilities’ (CBDR)? (a) Developing countries are exempt from any responsibility for environmental protection. (b) The responsibility for environmental protection is solely based on a country's current level of emissions. (c) All countries are equally responsible for environmental degradation and must contribute equally to its mitigation. (d) Developed countries have a greater historical responsibility for environmental damage and should therefore bear a greater share of the burden in addressing it. Correct Solution: D The principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) is a cornerstone of international environmental law and was formally enshrined in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in 1992. The principle acknowledges that while the responsibility for protecting the global environment is common to all countries, the specific obligations and the extent of these responsibilities should be differentiated. This differentiation is based on two main factors: the historical contribution of a country to the environmental problem (particularly climate change) and its financial and technological capacity to address it. Developed countries, having contributed the most to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution, are considered to have a greater historical responsibility. They also possess greater resources to invest in mitigation and adaptation measures. Incorrect Solution: D The principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) is a cornerstone of international environmental law and was formally enshrined in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in 1992. The principle acknowledges that while the responsibility for protecting the global environment is common to all countries, the specific obligations and the extent of these responsibilities should be differentiated. This differentiation is based on two main factors: the historical contribution of a country to the environmental problem (particularly climate change) and its financial and technological capacity to address it. Developed countries, having contributed the most to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution, are considered to have a greater historical responsibility. They also possess greater resources to invest in mitigation and adaptation measures.

#### 8. Question

Which of the following statements best describes the principle of ‘Common but Differentiated Responsibilities’ (CBDR)?

• (a) Developing countries are exempt from any responsibility for environmental protection.

• (b) The responsibility for environmental protection is solely based on a country's current level of emissions.

• (c) All countries are equally responsible for environmental degradation and must contribute equally to its mitigation.

• (d) Developed countries have a greater historical responsibility for environmental damage and should therefore bear a greater share of the burden in addressing it.

Solution: D

The principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) is a cornerstone of international environmental law and was formally enshrined in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in 1992.

• The principle acknowledges that while the responsibility for protecting the global environment is common to all countries, the specific obligations and the extent of these responsibilities should be differentiated.

• This differentiation is based on two main factors: the historical contribution of a country to the environmental problem (particularly climate change) and its financial and technological capacity to address it.

Developed countries, having contributed the most to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution, are considered to have a greater historical responsibility. They also possess greater resources to invest in mitigation and adaptation measures.

Solution: D

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Which of the following geographical features is NOT characteristic of Japan? (a) Four distinct seasons with abundant rainfall (b) Frequent seismic and volcanic activity (c) A landscape dominated by extensive, flat plains (d) Location on the Pacific "Ring of Fire" Correct Solution: C (a) is a characteristic feature. Japan has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons and generally experiences abundant rainfall, which supports its lush forests and agricultural activities. (b) is a characteristic feature. Due to its location on the “Ring of Fire”, Japan experiences frequent earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. (c) is NOT a characteristic feature. The Japanese landscape is predominantly mountainous, with nearly 80% of the land consisting of mountains. While there are some fertile plains, such as the Kanto Plain, they are not the dominant feature of the landscape. Extensive, flat plains are not a characteristic of Japan’s geography. (d) is a characteristic feature. Japan is situated on the Pacific “Ring of Fire”, which is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. Incorrect Solution: C (a) is a characteristic feature. Japan has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons and generally experiences abundant rainfall, which supports its lush forests and agricultural activities. (b) is a characteristic feature. Due to its location on the “Ring of Fire”, Japan experiences frequent earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. (c) is NOT a characteristic feature. The Japanese landscape is predominantly mountainous, with nearly 80% of the land consisting of mountains. While there are some fertile plains, such as the Kanto Plain, they are not the dominant feature of the landscape. Extensive, flat plains are not a characteristic of Japan’s geography. (d) is a characteristic feature. Japan is situated on the Pacific “Ring of Fire”, which is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

#### 9. Question

Which of the following geographical features is NOT characteristic of Japan?

• (a) Four distinct seasons with abundant rainfall

• (b) Frequent seismic and volcanic activity

• (c) A landscape dominated by extensive, flat plains

• (d) Location on the Pacific "Ring of Fire"

Solution: C

• (a) is a characteristic feature. Japan has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons and generally experiences abundant rainfall, which supports its lush forests and agricultural activities.

• (b) is a characteristic feature. Due to its location on the “Ring of Fire”, Japan experiences frequent earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.

• (c) is NOT a characteristic feature. The Japanese landscape is predominantly mountainous, with nearly 80% of the land consisting of mountains. While there are some fertile plains, such as the Kanto Plain, they are not the dominant feature of the landscape. Extensive, flat plains are not a characteristic of Japan’s geography.

(d) is a characteristic feature. Japan is situated on the Pacific “Ring of Fire”, which is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

Solution: C

• (b) is a characteristic feature. Due to its location on the “Ring of Fire”, Japan experiences frequent earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the Dhauladhar range: Lam Dal Lake, a notable glacial lake, is located in the Dhauladhar range. The range’s highest peak is Indrahar Pass. The Dhauladhar range is primarily composed of limestone and sandstone. How many of the above statements are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct; Lam Dal Lake, a notable glacial lake, is located within the Dhauladhar range. Statement 2 is incorrect because the highest peak in the Dhauladhar range is Hanuman Tibba, not Indrahar Pass. Statement 3 is also incorrect as the Dhauladhar range is primarily composed of granite, with only some deposits of limestone and sandstone. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct; Lam Dal Lake, a notable glacial lake, is located within the Dhauladhar range. Statement 2 is incorrect because the highest peak in the Dhauladhar range is Hanuman Tibba, not Indrahar Pass. Statement 3 is also incorrect as the Dhauladhar range is primarily composed of granite, with only some deposits of limestone and sandstone.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements about the Dhauladhar range:

• Lam Dal Lake, a notable glacial lake, is located in the Dhauladhar range.

• The range’s highest peak is Indrahar Pass.

• The Dhauladhar range is primarily composed of limestone and sandstone.

How many of the above statements are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

Statement 1 is correct; Lam Dal Lake, a notable glacial lake, is located within the Dhauladhar range.

Statement 2 is incorrect because the highest peak in the Dhauladhar range is Hanuman Tibba, not Indrahar Pass.

Statement 3 is also incorrect as the Dhauladhar range is primarily composed of granite, with only some deposits of limestone and sandstone.

Solution: B

Statement 1 is correct; Lam Dal Lake, a notable glacial lake, is located within the Dhauladhar range.

Statement 2 is incorrect because the highest peak in the Dhauladhar range is Hanuman Tibba, not Indrahar Pass.

Statement 3 is also incorrect as the Dhauladhar range is primarily composed of granite, with only some deposits of limestone and sandstone.

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