UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 1 May 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Which of the following best explains why angstrom-scale chips, recently in news could revolutionize post-silicon computing? a) They allow atomic-scale tailoring of electronic properties b) They can function entirely without transistors c) They enable memory storage in biological tissues d) They eliminate the need for power-hungry data centers Correct Solution: a) Angstrom-scale chips are built using 2D materials like graphene and TMDs, which are just a few atoms thick. This allows engineers to manipulate electronic properties at atomic precision—a feat unachievable with bulk silicon. These materials allow novel functionalities such as ultra-fast switching, minimal leakage current, and energy-efficient operations. What is an Angstrom-scale Chip? Angstrom-scale chips refer to semiconductor devices built at the atomic scale, where one angstrom equals 1 nanometres. These chips are about one-tenth the size of the current smallest chips (3 nm nodes). Developed By: Proposed and developed by scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru. Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) and Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY). Characteristics of 2D Materials Used: Materials: Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs). Properties: Ultra-thin atomic layers with high electrical conductivity. Superior strength, flexibility, and thermal stability. Enables high-speed processing with lower power consumption. Applications: Next-generation semiconductors for electronics and computing. Flexible electronics, wearable devices, and quantum computing. Enabling heterogeneous integration in chip designs, crucial for AI, 5G/6G communications, and space technologies. Incorrect Solution: a) Angstrom-scale chips are built using 2D materials like graphene and TMDs, which are just a few atoms thick. This allows engineers to manipulate electronic properties at atomic precision—a feat unachievable with bulk silicon. These materials allow novel functionalities such as ultra-fast switching, minimal leakage current, and energy-efficient operations. What is an Angstrom-scale Chip? Angstrom-scale chips refer to semiconductor devices built at the atomic scale, where one angstrom equals 1 nanometres. These chips are about one-tenth the size of the current smallest chips (3 nm nodes). Developed By: Proposed and developed by scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru. Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) and Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY). Characteristics of 2D Materials Used: Materials: Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs). Properties: Ultra-thin atomic layers with high electrical conductivity. Superior strength, flexibility, and thermal stability. Enables high-speed processing with lower power consumption. Applications: Next-generation semiconductors for electronics and computing. Flexible electronics, wearable devices, and quantum computing. Enabling heterogeneous integration in chip designs, crucial for AI, 5G/6G communications, and space technologies.

#### 1. Question

Which of the following best explains why angstrom-scale chips, recently in news could revolutionize post-silicon computing?

• a) They allow atomic-scale tailoring of electronic properties

• b) They can function entirely without transistors

• c) They enable memory storage in biological tissues

• d) They eliminate the need for power-hungry data centers

Solution: a)

Angstrom-scale chips are built using 2D materials like graphene and TMDs, which are just a few atoms thick. This allows engineers to manipulate electronic properties at atomic precision—a feat unachievable with bulk silicon. These materials allow novel functionalities such as ultra-fast switching, minimal leakage current, and energy-efficient operations.

• What is an Angstrom-scale Chip? Angstrom-scale chips refer to semiconductor devices built at the atomic scale, where one angstrom equals 1 nanometres. These chips are about one-tenth the size of the current smallest chips (3 nm nodes).

• Angstrom-scale chips refer to semiconductor devices built at the atomic scale, where one angstrom equals 1 nanometres.

• These chips are about one-tenth the size of the current smallest chips (3 nm nodes).

• Developed By: Proposed and developed by scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru. Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) and Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY).

• Proposed and developed by scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.

• Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) and Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY).

• Characteristics of 2D Materials Used:

• Materials: Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs).

• Properties: Ultra-thin atomic layers with high electrical conductivity. Superior strength, flexibility, and thermal stability. Enables high-speed processing with lower power consumption.

• Ultra-thin atomic layers with high electrical conductivity.

• Superior strength, flexibility, and thermal stability.

• Enables high-speed processing with lower power consumption.

• Applications: Next-generation semiconductors for electronics and computing. Flexible electronics, wearable devices, and quantum computing. Enabling heterogeneous integration in chip designs, crucial for AI, 5G/6G communications, and space technologies.

• Next-generation semiconductors for electronics and computing.

• Flexible electronics, wearable devices, and quantum computing.

• Enabling heterogeneous integration in chip designs, crucial for AI, 5G/6G communications, and space technologies.

Solution: a)

• Angstrom-scale chips refer to semiconductor devices built at the atomic scale, where one angstrom equals 1 nanometres.

• These chips are about one-tenth the size of the current smallest chips (3 nm nodes).

• Proposed and developed by scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.

• Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) and Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY).

• Characteristics of 2D Materials Used:

• Materials: Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs).

• Ultra-thin atomic layers with high electrical conductivity.

• Superior strength, flexibility, and thermal stability.

• Enables high-speed processing with lower power consumption.

• Next-generation semiconductors for electronics and computing.

• Flexible electronics, wearable devices, and quantum computing.

• Enabling heterogeneous integration in chip designs, crucial for AI, 5G/6G communications, and space technologies.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution Statement-I: The inclusion of a language in the Eighth Schedule leads to automatic recognition as an official language of India. Statement-II: Languages in the Eighth Schedule receive constitutional support for development and promotion. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: d) Statement I is incorrect—Eighth Schedule inclusion does not automatically make a language the official language of the Union or the states. That status is governed by Articles 343–347, separate from Schedule inclusion. Statement II is correct—Scheduled languages receive constitutional and institutional support through Sahitya Akademi, education boards, UPSC, and more. About the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution: What is the Eighth Schedule? The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India lists the languages recognized by the Constitution for official purposes. Constitutional references: Article 344(1) and Article 351. Languages Included: Currently contains 22 languages, including Hindi, Bengali, Assamese, Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, and Bodo. History: Originally, 14 languages were included at the time of adoption in 1950. Later additions: Sindhi (1967) Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992) Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2004). Benefits of Inclusion: Constitutional recognition at the national level. Enhanced government support for language promotion and preservation. Eligibility for official use in exams like UPSC and public administration. Boosts cultural pride, literary development, and language education. Incorrect Solution: d) Statement I is incorrect—Eighth Schedule inclusion does not automatically make a language the official language of the Union or the states. That status is governed by Articles 343–347, separate from Schedule inclusion. Statement II is correct—Scheduled languages receive constitutional and institutional support through Sahitya Akademi, education boards, UPSC, and more. About the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution: What is the Eighth Schedule? The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India lists the languages recognized by the Constitution for official purposes. Constitutional references: Article 344(1) and Article 351. Languages Included: Currently contains 22 languages, including Hindi, Bengali, Assamese, Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, and Bodo. History: Originally, 14 languages were included at the time of adoption in 1950. Later additions: Sindhi (1967) Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992) Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2004). Benefits of Inclusion: Constitutional recognition at the national level. Enhanced government support for language promotion and preservation. Eligibility for official use in exams like UPSC and public administration. Boosts cultural pride, literary development, and language education.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution

Statement-I: The inclusion of a language in the Eighth Schedule leads to automatic recognition as an official language of India. Statement-II: Languages in the Eighth Schedule receive constitutional support for development and promotion.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: d)

• Statement I is incorrect—Eighth Schedule inclusion does not automatically make a language the official language of the Union or the states. That status is governed by Articles 343–347, separate from Schedule inclusion.

• Statement II is correct—Scheduled languages receive constitutional and institutional support through Sahitya Akademi, education boards, UPSC, and more.

About the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution:

• What is the Eighth Schedule? The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India lists the languages recognized by the Constitution for official purposes. Constitutional references: Article 344(1) and Article 351.

• The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India lists the languages recognized by the Constitution for official purposes.

• Constitutional references: Article 344(1) and Article 351.

• Languages Included: Currently contains 22 languages, including Hindi, Bengali, Assamese, Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, and Bodo.

• History: Originally, 14 languages were included at the time of adoption in 1950. Later additions: Sindhi (1967) Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992) Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2004). Benefits of Inclusion: Constitutional recognition at the national level. Enhanced government support for language promotion and preservation. Eligibility for official use in exams like UPSC and public administration. Boosts cultural pride, literary development, and language education.

• Originally, 14 languages were included at the time of adoption in 1950.

• Later additions: Sindhi (1967) Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992) Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2004).

• Sindhi (1967)

• Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992)

• Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2004).

• Benefits of Inclusion: Constitutional recognition at the national level. Enhanced government support for language promotion and preservation. Eligibility for official use in exams like UPSC and public administration. Boosts cultural pride, literary development, and language education.

• Constitutional recognition at the national level.

• Enhanced government support for language promotion and preservation.

• Eligibility for official use in exams like UPSC and public administration.

• Boosts cultural pride, literary development, and language education.

Solution: d)

• Statement II is correct—Scheduled languages receive constitutional and institutional support through Sahitya Akademi, education boards, UPSC, and more.

About the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution:

• The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India lists the languages recognized by the Constitution for official purposes.

• Constitutional references: Article 344(1) and Article 351.

• Languages Included: Currently contains 22 languages, including Hindi, Bengali, Assamese, Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, and Bodo.

• Originally, 14 languages were included at the time of adoption in 1950.

• Later additions: Sindhi (1967) Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992) Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2004).

• Sindhi (1967)

• Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992)

• Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2004).

• Constitutional recognition at the national level.

• Enhanced government support for language promotion and preservation.

• Eligibility for official use in exams like UPSC and public administration.

• Boosts cultural pride, literary development, and language education.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) technology: It eliminates the need for RFID-based tolling systems. It can be used to detect vehicles involved in criminal activity. It requires internet connectivity for real-time processing. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect: ANPR complements, but does not eliminate, RFID-based FASTag systems. In fact, ANPR fills gaps where RFID fails (e.g., incorrect tag placement), but both are often used together. Statement 2 is correct: ANPR data is regularly shared with law enforcement databases, allowing detection of stolen or flagged vehicles. Statement 3 is also correct: ANPR systems require connectivity to sync with FASTag servers, VAHAN, and central enforcement databases for real-time alerts and violations. About Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR): Definition: ANPR uses high-performance cameras to capture and read vehicle number plates, enabling automatic identification without manual intervention. Charging Mechanism: Vehicles will be charged based on number plate recognition and FASTag validation. No stopping required at toll plazas. Violators will receive e-notices, and non-payment can lead to FASTag suspension or penalties under VAHAN database norms. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect: ANPR complements, but does not eliminate, RFID-based FASTag systems. In fact, ANPR fills gaps where RFID fails (e.g., incorrect tag placement), but both are often used together. Statement 2 is correct: ANPR data is regularly shared with law enforcement databases, allowing detection of stolen or flagged vehicles. Statement 3 is also correct: ANPR systems require connectivity to sync with FASTag servers, VAHAN, and central enforcement databases for real-time alerts and violations. About Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR): Definition: ANPR uses high-performance cameras to capture and read vehicle number plates, enabling automatic identification without manual intervention. Charging Mechanism: Vehicles will be charged based on number plate recognition and FASTag validation. No stopping required at toll plazas. Violators will receive e-notices, and non-payment can lead to FASTag suspension or penalties under VAHAN database norms.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements about Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) technology:

• It eliminates the need for RFID-based tolling systems.

• It can be used to detect vehicles involved in criminal activity.

• It requires internet connectivity for real-time processing.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect: ANPR complements, but does not eliminate, RFID-based FASTag systems. In fact, ANPR fills gaps where RFID fails (e.g., incorrect tag placement), but both are often used together.

• Statement 2 is correct: ANPR data is regularly shared with law enforcement databases, allowing detection of stolen or flagged vehicles.

• Statement 3 is also correct: ANPR systems require connectivity to sync with FASTag servers, VAHAN, and central enforcement databases for real-time alerts and violations.

About Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR):

• Definition: ANPR uses high-performance cameras to capture and read vehicle number plates, enabling automatic identification without manual intervention.

• Charging Mechanism: Vehicles will be charged based on number plate recognition and FASTag validation. No stopping required at toll plazas. Violators will receive e-notices, and non-payment can lead to FASTag suspension or penalties under VAHAN database norms.

• Vehicles will be charged based on number plate recognition and FASTag validation.

• No stopping required at toll plazas.

• Violators will receive e-notices, and non-payment can lead to FASTag suspension or penalties under VAHAN database norms.

Solution: b)

• Statement 2 is correct: ANPR data is regularly shared with law enforcement databases, allowing detection of stolen or flagged vehicles.

• Statement 3 is also correct: ANPR systems require connectivity to sync with FASTag servers, VAHAN, and central enforcement databases for real-time alerts and violations.

About Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR):

• Definition: ANPR uses high-performance cameras to capture and read vehicle number plates, enabling automatic identification without manual intervention.

• Vehicles will be charged based on number plate recognition and FASTag validation.

• No stopping required at toll plazas.

• Violators will receive e-notices, and non-payment can lead to FASTag suspension or penalties under VAHAN database norms.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) tolling and its benefits: GNSS allows postpaid toll payments via linked bank accounts. It avoids congestion and idle fuel wastage at toll booths. It operates only in areas with 5G connectivity. How many of the above statements is/are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is correct: GNSS-based systems allow both prepaid and postpaid options, with automatic deduction from linked digital payment sources. Statement 2 is correct: Since there are no physical barriers, vehicles do not idle or queue, leading to reduced fuel consumption and emissions. Statement 3 is incorrect: GNSS works using satellite connectivity and does not depend on terrestrial 5G networks. OBUs may use GSM/4G/5G for data upload, but 5G is not a prerequisite. What is GNSS and How Does It Work? Definition: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a barrier-free tolling method that uses satellite tracking to monitor a vehicle’s movement and calculate toll charges based on distance travelled. Working: GNSS integrates GPS or other satellite systems. Toll amounts are automatically deducted from linked bank accounts. Eliminates need for toll booths or manual interaction. How GNSS Differs from FASTag? Benefits of GNSS and ANPR: Seamless Travel: No stopping at toll plazas, saving time and reducing congestion. Reduced Errors: Satellite tracking reduces human and technical errors. Flexible Payment: GNSS allows both prepaid and postpaid modes. Enhanced Enforcement: E-notices and penalties ensure compliance under ANPR. Improved Accuracy: Real-time distance-based toll calculation in GNSS ensures fair tolling. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is correct: GNSS-based systems allow both prepaid and postpaid options, with automatic deduction from linked digital payment sources. Statement 2 is correct: Since there are no physical barriers, vehicles do not idle or queue, leading to reduced fuel consumption and emissions. Statement 3 is incorrect: GNSS works using satellite connectivity and does not depend on terrestrial 5G networks. OBUs may use GSM/4G/5G for data upload, but 5G is not a prerequisite. What is GNSS and How Does It Work? Definition: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a barrier-free tolling method that uses satellite tracking to monitor a vehicle’s movement and calculate toll charges based on distance travelled. Working: GNSS integrates GPS or other satellite systems. Toll amounts are automatically deducted from linked bank accounts. Eliminates need for toll booths or manual interaction. How GNSS Differs from FASTag? Benefits of GNSS and ANPR: Seamless Travel: No stopping at toll plazas, saving time and reducing congestion. Reduced Errors: Satellite tracking reduces human and technical errors. Flexible Payment: GNSS allows both prepaid and postpaid modes. Enhanced Enforcement: E-notices and penalties ensure compliance under ANPR. Improved Accuracy: Real-time distance-based toll calculation in GNSS ensures fair tolling.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements about Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) tolling and its benefits:

• GNSS allows postpaid toll payments via linked bank accounts.

• It avoids congestion and idle fuel wastage at toll booths.

• It operates only in areas with 5G connectivity.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• c) All three

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is correct: GNSS-based systems allow both prepaid and postpaid options, with automatic deduction from linked digital payment sources.

• Statement 2 is correct: Since there are no physical barriers, vehicles do not idle or queue, leading to reduced fuel consumption and emissions.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: GNSS works using satellite connectivity and does not depend on terrestrial 5G networks. OBUs may use GSM/4G/5G for data upload, but 5G is not a prerequisite.

What is GNSS and How Does It Work?

• Definition: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a barrier-free tolling method that uses satellite tracking to monitor a vehicle’s movement and calculate toll charges based on distance travelled.

• Working: GNSS integrates GPS or other satellite systems. Toll amounts are automatically deducted from linked bank accounts. Eliminates need for toll booths or manual interaction.

• GNSS integrates GPS or other satellite systems.

• Toll amounts are automatically deducted from linked bank accounts.

• Eliminates need for toll booths or manual interaction.

How GNSS Differs from FASTag?

Benefits of GNSS and ANPR:

• Seamless Travel: No stopping at toll plazas, saving time and reducing congestion.

• Reduced Errors: Satellite tracking reduces human and technical errors.

• Flexible Payment: GNSS allows both prepaid and postpaid modes.

• Enhanced Enforcement: E-notices and penalties ensure compliance under ANPR.

• Improved Accuracy: Real-time distance-based toll calculation in GNSS ensures fair tolling.

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is correct: GNSS-based systems allow both prepaid and postpaid options, with automatic deduction from linked digital payment sources.

• Statement 2 is correct: Since there are no physical barriers, vehicles do not idle or queue, leading to reduced fuel consumption and emissions.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: GNSS works using satellite connectivity and does not depend on terrestrial 5G networks. OBUs may use GSM/4G/5G for data upload, but 5G is not a prerequisite.

What is GNSS and How Does It Work?

• Working: GNSS integrates GPS or other satellite systems. Toll amounts are automatically deducted from linked bank accounts. Eliminates need for toll booths or manual interaction.

• GNSS integrates GPS or other satellite systems.

• Toll amounts are automatically deducted from linked bank accounts.

• Eliminates need for toll booths or manual interaction.

How GNSS Differs from FASTag?

Benefits of GNSS and ANPR:

• Seamless Travel: No stopping at toll plazas, saving time and reducing congestion.

• Reduced Errors: Satellite tracking reduces human and technical errors.

• Flexible Payment: GNSS allows both prepaid and postpaid modes.

• Enhanced Enforcement: E-notices and penalties ensure compliance under ANPR.

• Improved Accuracy: Real-time distance-based toll calculation in GNSS ensures fair tolling.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points What makes perovskite solar cells particularly attractive for next-generation solar technologies? a) They operate without the need for sunlight b) They exhibit ultra-high efficiency using organic dyes c) They offer high efficiency with low-cost fabrication techniques d) They use silicon wafers for enhanced photon trapping Correct Solution: c) Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a breakthrough photovoltaic technology due to their exceptionally high power conversion efficiencies achieved through solution-based, low-temperature fabrication processes. Unlike traditional silicon cells, which require high temperatures and expensive infrastructure, PSCs can be produced via spin-coating or printing, making them cheaper and scalable. Perovskites do not rely on organic dyes (that’s dye-sensitized solar cells), nor do they use silicon wafers; they rely on a completely different inorganic-organic crystal structure. About Perovskite Solar Cells: Definition: Perovskite solar cells are a class of photovoltaic devices that use perovskite-structured compounds, typically containing lead, as the light-harvesting active layer. Key Characteristics: High power conversion efficiency achieved rapidly compared to traditional silicon-based PVs. Lightweight and low-cost fabrication. Flexibility in application (can be made semi-transparent or integrated into flexible surfaces). Major challenge: shorter lifespan and presence of toxic materials like lead. Working Principle: Perovskite materials absorb sunlight and create electron-hole pairs. Charge carriers are transported to electrodes through layers of conductive materials, generating electricity. Incorrect Solution: c) Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a breakthrough photovoltaic technology due to their exceptionally high power conversion efficiencies achieved through solution-based, low-temperature fabrication processes. Unlike traditional silicon cells, which require high temperatures and expensive infrastructure, PSCs can be produced via spin-coating or printing, making them cheaper and scalable. Perovskites do not rely on organic dyes (that’s dye-sensitized solar cells), nor do they use silicon wafers; they rely on a completely different inorganic-organic crystal structure. About Perovskite Solar Cells: Definition: Perovskite solar cells are a class of photovoltaic devices that use perovskite-structured compounds, typically containing lead, as the light-harvesting active layer. Key Characteristics: High power conversion efficiency achieved rapidly compared to traditional silicon-based PVs. Lightweight and low-cost fabrication. Flexibility in application (can be made semi-transparent or integrated into flexible surfaces). Major challenge: shorter lifespan and presence of toxic materials like lead. Working Principle: Perovskite materials absorb sunlight and create electron-hole pairs. Charge carriers are transported to electrodes through layers of conductive materials, generating electricity.

#### 5. Question

What makes perovskite solar cells particularly attractive for next-generation solar technologies?

• a) They operate without the need for sunlight

• b) They exhibit ultra-high efficiency using organic dyes

• c) They offer high efficiency with low-cost fabrication techniques

• d) They use silicon wafers for enhanced photon trapping

Solution: c)

• Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a breakthrough photovoltaic technology due to their exceptionally high power conversion efficiencies achieved through solution-based, low-temperature fabrication processes.

• Unlike traditional silicon cells, which require high temperatures and expensive infrastructure, PSCs can be produced via spin-coating or printing, making them cheaper and scalable.

• Perovskites do not rely on organic dyes (that’s dye-sensitized solar cells), nor do they use silicon wafers; they rely on a completely different inorganic-organic crystal structure.

About Perovskite Solar Cells:

• Definition: Perovskite solar cells are a class of photovoltaic devices that use perovskite-structured compounds, typically containing lead, as the light-harvesting active layer.

• Key Characteristics: High power conversion efficiency achieved rapidly compared to traditional silicon-based PVs. Lightweight and low-cost fabrication. Flexibility in application (can be made semi-transparent or integrated into flexible surfaces). Major challenge: shorter lifespan and presence of toxic materials like lead.

• High power conversion efficiency achieved rapidly compared to traditional silicon-based PVs.

• Lightweight and low-cost fabrication.

• Flexibility in application (can be made semi-transparent or integrated into flexible surfaces).

• Major challenge: shorter lifespan and presence of toxic materials like lead.

• Working Principle: Perovskite materials absorb sunlight and create electron-hole pairs. Charge carriers are transported to electrodes through layers of conductive materials, generating electricity.

• Perovskite materials absorb sunlight and create electron-hole pairs.

• Charge carriers are transported to electrodes through layers of conductive materials, generating electricity.

Solution: c)

• Unlike traditional silicon cells, which require high temperatures and expensive infrastructure, PSCs can be produced via spin-coating or printing, making them cheaper and scalable.

• Perovskites do not rely on organic dyes (that’s dye-sensitized solar cells), nor do they use silicon wafers; they rely on a completely different inorganic-organic crystal structure.

About Perovskite Solar Cells:

• Definition: Perovskite solar cells are a class of photovoltaic devices that use perovskite-structured compounds, typically containing lead, as the light-harvesting active layer.

• High power conversion efficiency achieved rapidly compared to traditional silicon-based PVs.

• Lightweight and low-cost fabrication.

• Flexibility in application (can be made semi-transparent or integrated into flexible surfaces).

• Major challenge: shorter lifespan and presence of toxic materials like lead.

• Perovskite materials absorb sunlight and create electron-hole pairs.

• Charge carriers are transported to electrodes through layers of conductive materials, generating electricity.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding ISRO’s CROP framework. It assists in pest outbreak predictions using space-based data. It improves food security by enabling early yield forecasting. It supports agricultural decision-making by fusing multi-sensor data. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: c) The CROP system contributes to pest and disease management by enabling early detection of anomalies via satellite signatures. It aids food security planning by allowing early yield estimation well before harvest. Its use of multi-sensor fusion (radar + optical) significantly enhances data reliability and applicability in agri-policy. About Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress (CROP): What it is? A semi-automated, scalable remote sensing framework developed to monitor crop sowing, growth, and harvesting stages in near real-time. Developed by: National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Objective: To enable systematic, timely, and scalable monitoring of agricultural crops using satellite data. To provide accurate crop condition assessments supporting early agricultural planning and food security strategies. Features: Satellite Sources: Utilizes Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from satellites like EOS-04 (RISAT-1A), EOS-06 (Oceansat-3), and Resourcesat-2A. Spatial Mapping: Monitors wheat distribution across 8 lakh hectares in major wheat-producing states. Crop Simulation Models: Integrates sowing dates, crop area, and in-season condition using 5×5 km spatial resolution. Multi-Source Data Fusion: Enhances estimation precision by combining optical and radar observations. Significance: Boosts Agri-Policy Making: Supports the Ministry of Agriculture in real-time agricultural monitoring. Improves Food Security: Early yield estimation helps manage food stock and procurement planning. Disaster Management: Aids in drought, flood, and pest impact assessments. Advances Technology Use: Promotes space-based precision agriculture and remote sensing integration in farm management. Incorrect Solution: c) The CROP system contributes to pest and disease management by enabling early detection of anomalies via satellite signatures. It aids food security planning by allowing early yield estimation well before harvest. Its use of multi-sensor fusion (radar + optical) significantly enhances data reliability and applicability in agri-policy. About Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress (CROP): What it is? A semi-automated, scalable remote sensing framework developed to monitor crop sowing, growth, and harvesting stages in near real-time. Developed by: National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Objective: To enable systematic, timely, and scalable monitoring of agricultural crops using satellite data. To provide accurate crop condition assessments supporting early agricultural planning and food security strategies. Features: Satellite Sources: Utilizes Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from satellites like EOS-04 (RISAT-1A), EOS-06 (Oceansat-3), and Resourcesat-2A. Spatial Mapping: Monitors wheat distribution across 8 lakh hectares in major wheat-producing states. Crop Simulation Models: Integrates sowing dates, crop area, and in-season condition using 5×5 km spatial resolution. Multi-Source Data Fusion: Enhances estimation precision by combining optical and radar observations. Significance: Boosts Agri-Policy Making: Supports the Ministry of Agriculture in real-time agricultural monitoring. Improves Food Security: Early yield estimation helps manage food stock and procurement planning. Disaster Management: Aids in drought, flood, and pest impact assessments. Advances Technology Use: Promotes space-based precision agriculture and remote sensing integration in farm management.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements regarding ISRO’s CROP framework.

• It assists in pest outbreak predictions using space-based data.

• It improves food security by enabling early yield forecasting.

• It supports agricultural decision-making by fusing multi-sensor data.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: c)

The CROP system contributes to pest and disease management by enabling early detection of anomalies via satellite signatures. It aids food security planning by allowing early yield estimation well before harvest. Its use of multi-sensor fusion (radar + optical) significantly enhances data reliability and applicability in agri-policy.

About Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress (CROP):

• What it is? A semi-automated, scalable remote sensing framework developed to monitor crop sowing, growth, and harvesting stages in near real-time.

• Developed by: National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

• Objective: To enable systematic, timely, and scalable monitoring of agricultural crops using satellite data. To provide accurate crop condition assessments supporting early agricultural planning and food security strategies.

• To enable systematic, timely, and scalable monitoring of agricultural crops using satellite data.

• To provide accurate crop condition assessments supporting early agricultural planning and food security strategies.

• Features: Satellite Sources: Utilizes Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from satellites like EOS-04 (RISAT-1A), EOS-06 (Oceansat-3), and Resourcesat-2A. Spatial Mapping: Monitors wheat distribution across 8 lakh hectares in major wheat-producing states. Crop Simulation Models: Integrates sowing dates, crop area, and in-season condition using 5×5 km spatial resolution. Multi-Source Data Fusion: Enhances estimation precision by combining optical and radar observations.

• Satellite Sources: Utilizes Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from satellites like EOS-04 (RISAT-1A), EOS-06 (Oceansat-3), and Resourcesat-2A.

• Spatial Mapping: Monitors wheat distribution across 8 lakh hectares in major wheat-producing states.

• Crop Simulation Models: Integrates sowing dates, crop area, and in-season condition using 5×5 km spatial resolution.

• Multi-Source Data Fusion: Enhances estimation precision by combining optical and radar observations.

• Significance: Boosts Agri-Policy Making: Supports the Ministry of Agriculture in real-time agricultural monitoring. Improves Food Security: Early yield estimation helps manage food stock and procurement planning. Disaster Management: Aids in drought, flood, and pest impact assessments. Advances Technology Use: Promotes space-based precision agriculture and remote sensing integration in farm management.

• Boosts Agri-Policy Making: Supports the Ministry of Agriculture in real-time agricultural monitoring.

• Improves Food Security: Early yield estimation helps manage food stock and procurement planning.

• Disaster Management: Aids in drought, flood, and pest impact assessments.

• Advances Technology Use: Promotes space-based precision agriculture and remote sensing integration in farm management.