UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 9 January 2025

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 9 January 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles

InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.

Table of Contents

GS Paper 1 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 9 January (2025)

• National River Interlinking Project

National River Interlinking Project

GS Paper 3:

• Public Distribution System

Public Distribution System

Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):

• UK Child Sex Abuse Scandal

UK Child Sex Abuse Scandal

Facts for Prelims (FFP):

• AnemiaPhone

AnemiaPhone

• Miyawaki Technique

Miyawaki Technique

• Microsoft and IndiaAI Collaboration

Microsoft and IndiaAI Collaboration

• Gaddi Dog

Gaddi Dog

• Bhashini Initiative

Bhashini Initiative

• Polar Vortex

Polar Vortex

• Recalculated Coastline

Recalculated Coastline

Mapping:

• Flamingo Festival 2025

Flamingo Festival 2025

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 9 January 2025

#### GS Paper 1 :

National River Interlinking Project

Syllabus: Geography

Source: TH

Context: Prime Minister in December laid the foundation stone for the Ken-Betwa River Link Project, which aims to solve the water scarcity in the Bundelkhand region.

Origin of the Idea of Interlinking Rivers:

• Sir Arthur Cotton (19th Century): Proposed inter-basin water transfer to address irrigation challenges in India.

• M. Visvesvaraya (Early 20th Century): Advocated linking rivers to solve water scarcity and flooding issues.

• K.L. Rao (1970s): Suggested a National Water Grid to transfer surplus water to drought-prone regions.

• Dinshaw J. Dastur (1980): Expanded the idea with plans for Himalayan and Peninsular links.

• National Perspective Plan (1980): Formalized by the Ministry of Water Resources with the establishment of the National Water Development Agency (NWDA) in 1982.

Components of the Interlinking of Rivers Project:

• Himalayan Rivers Component:

• 14 proposed links, including Ganga-Brahmaputra basin rivers.

• Focus: Flood control, hydropower generation, and water transfer to central India.

• Peninsular Rivers Component:

• 16 proposed links, including Krishna, Godavari, and Cauvery rivers.

• Aim: Irrigation, drought mitigation, and inter-basin water sharing.

What is the Interlinking of Rivers Project?

The ILR Project involves transferring water from surplus river basins to deficient regions via a network of canals, dams, and reservoirs.

• Managed by the National Water Development Agency (NWDA) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, it aims to enhance water availability, agricultural productivity, and disaster mitigation.

Features:

• Himalayan and Peninsular Links: Divided into 14 Himalayan and 16 Peninsular links for water redistribution.

• Intra-State Links: Focused on addressing state-specific water demands.

• Infrastructure Development: Includes canals, reservoirs, and hydropower facilities for water transfer.

• Integrated Approach: Combines irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and water supply for domestic and industrial use.

• Massive Scale: Covers 30 river links with a projected cost of ₹5.5 lakh crore.

Benefits of Interlinking Rivers:

• Flood and Drought Mitigation: Redistributes excess water from flood-prone regions like Bihar to drought-prone areas like Bundelkhand.

• Boost to Agriculture: Increases irrigated land, ensuring food security and reducing dependency on monsoons.

• Hydropower Potential: Facilitates the generation of renewable energy from dams and reservoirs.

• Economic Growth: Improves water availability for industries, enabling regional economic development.

• Waterway Expansion: Promotes inland navigation, reducing transportation costs and environmental impact.

Challenges of Interlinking Rivers:

• Environmental Concerns: Loss of biodiversity, deforestation, and threats to protected areas like the Panna Tiger Reserve.

• High Costs: Massive financial burden for construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation of displaced communities.

• Social Displacement: Large-scale projects can displace populations, affecting livelihoods and social structures.

• Inter-State Disputes: Conflicts over water-sharing agreements may escalate, as seen in the Cauvery and Krishna River disputes.

• Ecosystem Disruption: Alters riverine ecosystems, impacting aquatic life and the health of downstream deltas.

Way Ahead:

• Comprehensive Impact Assessment: Conduct multidisciplinary studies to evaluate environmental, social, and economic impacts.

• Stakeholder Engagement: Foster collaboration among states, communities, and experts for equitable decision-making.

• Modern Water Management: Prioritize innovative solutions like drip irrigation, watershed management, and desalination.

• Climate Change Adaptation: Integrate climate-resilient policies to ensure sustainable water use.

• Focus on Regional Projects: Implement smaller, state-specific water-sharing initiatives to reduce risks.

Conclusion:

While the Interlinking of Rivers Project holds promise for addressing water scarcity and boosting agricultural productivity, it demands a balanced approach to mitigate environmental and social impacts. A sustainable and inclusive strategy is essential to achieve long-term benefits without compromising ecological integrity or societal harmony.

Insta Links:

• Bengaluru’s-water-crisis-and-lessons-for-India

• The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods, and interrupted navigation. Critically examine. (UPSC-2020)

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 9 January 2025 GS Paper 3:

Public Distribution System

Syllabus: Economics

Source: TH

Context: Recent reports from states like Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bihar highlight the challenges of exclusion, inefficiency, and exploitation in the PDS, affecting marginalized communities such as the Musahars.

Recent Issue: Removal from PDS

• Exclusion from Ration Cards: Over 5.8 crore ration cards were removed due to digitization, Aadhaar-seeding, and e-KYC requirements, leaving many without access to essential food supplies.

• Marginalized Communities Affected: Groups like the Musahars in Bihar struggle with enrolment due to documentation demands and digital barriers.

• Corruption in Distribution: Instances of Fair Price Shops (FPS) distributing lower quantities of food grains or poor-quality rice have been reported.

• Document Overload: States like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh demand unnecessary documents, violating the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013.

About Public Distribution System:

• Historical Context: Established during the inter-war period, the PDS gained prominence in the 1960s to combat food shortages.

• Evolution: Initially focused on urban areas, the PDS expanded to rural poverty zones with initiatives like the Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) in 1992.

• Structure:

• Central Government: Procurement, storage, and bulk allocation through the Food Corporation of India (FCI).

• State Governments: Distribution to beneficiaries via Fair Price Shops (FPS).

• Coverage: It provides subsidized food grains like rice, wheat, and sugar to over 80 crore people through 5.4 lakh FPS.

Challenges Faced by PDS:

• Exclusion Errors: Aadhaar-based authentication and digitization have excluded millions, especially marginalized groups.

• Leakages and Corruption: An estimated 28% of food grains fail to reach beneficiaries due to theft and inefficiency.

• Limited Nutritional Focus: PDS primarily offers staples like rice and wheat, neglecting diverse nutritional needs.

• Infrastructure Issues: Poor storage, transportation, and monitoring systems hinder effective implementation.

• Over-Coverage and Mismanagement: High coverage leads to inefficiency and misuse, with resources not reaching the genuinely needy.

Measures Taken by the Government:

• Digitization: Aadhaar seeding and e-KYC to reduce duplication and ensure targeted delivery.

• Point-of-Sale (PoS) Machines: Installed at FPS to track transactions and curb leakages.

• National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013: Covers 75% of rural and 50% of urban populations, ensuring subsidized food grains.

• Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY): Provides free food grains to over 80 crore beneficiaries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• Integration of Technology: Real-time tracking, inventory management, and improved supply chain efficiency.

Judgment and Right to Food:

· The Right to Food was recognized as a fundamental right in the People’s Union of Civil Liberties vs Union of India (2001) case. The judgment mandated the government to ensure access to food for all citizens, leading to the NFSA, 2013.

Way Ahead:

• Enhance Coverage: Ensure no exclusion due to digitization barriers by simplifying the documentation process.

• Strengthen Monitoring: Use technology to track real-time distribution and curb corruption at FPS.

• Diversify Offerings: Include pulses, millets, and fortified foods to address nutritional security.

• Community Involvement: Engage local stakeholders for grassroots monitoring and grievance redressal.

• Invest in Infrastructure: Modernize storage and transport facilities to reduce wastage and ensure timely delivery.

Conclusion:

India’s Public Distribution System is pivotal to food security, but systemic inefficiencies and exclusion issues undermine its effectiveness. With targeted reforms, community involvement, and technological integration, the PDS can fulfill its mission of ensuring food and nutritional security for all, particularly the most vulnerable.

Insta Links:

• Karnataka-PDS-irregularities

• In what way could replacement of price subsidy with Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss. (UPSC-2015)

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 9 January 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)

UK Child Sex Abuse Scandal

Context: The UK child sex abuse scandal has resurfaced as a political and social issue, with allegations about systemic exploitation of children by grooming gangs in towns like Rotherham, Bristol, and Oxford between the late 1990s and 2012.

Child Sex Abuse Scandal:

• What Happened: Gangs, often of British Pakistani origin, exploited vulnerable girls in care homes or from broken families, systematically grooming, trafficking, and abusing them.

• Law enforcement faced criticism for slow response, inadequate victim support, and concerns about appearing racist.

Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:

• Ethics and Integrity: Role of public officials in addressing crimes against vulnerable populations. Accountability and transparency in public service delivery.

• Role of public officials in addressing crimes against vulnerable populations.

• Accountability and transparency in public service delivery.

• Governance: Strengthening child protection frameworks and enforcement mechanisms. Challenges in balancing societal sensitivities (e.g., race, religion) with effective law enforcement.

• Strengthening child protection frameworks and enforcement mechanisms.

• Challenges in balancing societal sensitivities (e.g., race, religion) with effective law enforcement.

• Social Issues: Impact of systemic exploitation on societal fabric. Policies for safeguarding vulnerable groups, including children.

• Impact of systemic exploitation on societal fabric.

• Policies for safeguarding vulnerable groups, including children.

• International Relations: Comparative analysis of child protection mechanisms globally.

• Comparative analysis of child protection mechanisms globally.

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 9 January 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP)

AnemiaPhone

Source: TH

Context: Cornell University researchers have developed AnemiaPhone, a revolutionary technology transferred to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to aid in anaemia alleviation programs.

About AnemiaPhone:

• Developed by: Cornell University researchers.

• Features: Portable, rapid, and cost-effective. Requires only a finger prick and a drop of blood. Results in minutes, uploaded to a clinical database via mobile, tablet, or computer. Enables healthcare workers to screen, diagnose, and guide on-the-spot interventions.

• Portable, rapid, and cost-effective.

• Requires only a finger prick and a drop of blood.

• Results in minutes, uploaded to a clinical database via mobile, tablet, or computer.

• Enables healthcare workers to screen, diagnose, and guide on-the-spot interventions.

• How it works: Blood is applied to a test strip. The AnemiaPhone reader analyzes the sample. Data is processed and uploaded for immediate action or referral.

• Blood is applied to a test strip.

• The AnemiaPhone reader analyzes the sample.

• Data is processed and uploaded for immediate action or referral.

About Anaemia:

• What it is: A blood disorder caused by insufficient or dysfunctional red blood cells.

• Causes: Iron Deficiency: The most common cause. Inherited: Certain types are passed genetically. Acquired: From injuries, illnesses, or poor diet.

• Iron Deficiency: The most common cause.

• Inherited: Certain types are passed genetically.

• Acquired: From injuries, illnesses, or poor diet.

• Symptoms: Fatigue, chest pain, headache, pale skin, dizziness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations.

• Fatigue, chest pain, headache, pale skin, dizziness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations.

Insta links:

• Anaemia Mukt Bharat

Miyawaki Technique

Source: PIB

Context: Prayagraj Municipal Corporation has transformed over 56,000 square meters of garbage dumps and barren lands into lush green forests using the Miyawaki Technique.

About Miyawaki Technique:

• What it is: A method developed by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki in the 1970s to create dense, fast-growing forests by mimicking natural ecosystems.

• Often referred to as the ‘pot plantation method’, it involves planting trees and shrubs close to one another to accelerate their growth.

• Features: Dense Planting: Plants are placed close together using native species. Accelerated Growth: Trees grow 10 times faster than in traditional forests. Soil Restoration: Enhances soil fertility and promotes natural regeneration. Biodiversity Boost: Supports a wide variety of flora and fauna.

• Dense Planting: Plants are placed close together using native species.

• Accelerated Growth: Trees grow 10 times faster than in traditional forests.

• Soil Restoration: Enhances soil fertility and promotes natural regeneration.

• Biodiversity Boost: Supports a wide variety of flora and fauna.

• Significance: Urban Reforestation: Converts barren and polluted lands into green spaces. Environmental Benefits: Reduces air and water pollution, absorbs more carbon, and lowers temperatures by 4-7°C. Sustainability: Prevents soil erosion and promotes ecological balance, contributing to long-term environmental restoration.

• Urban Reforestation: Converts barren and polluted lands into green spaces.

• Environmental Benefits: Reduces air and water pollution, absorbs more carbon, and lowers temperatures by 4-7°C.

• Sustainability: Prevents soil erosion and promotes ecological balance, contributing to long-term environmental restoration.

Insta links:

• Kerala-to-turn-to-Miyawaki-method

Microsoft and IndiaAI Collaboration

Source: PIB

Context: IndiaAI, under the Digital India Corporation, has partnered with Microsoft to harness the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for inclusive development and economic transformation.

About Microsoft and IndiaAI Collaboration:

• What it is: A strategic partnership to advance India’s AI ecosystem through training, innovation, and responsible AI development.

• Features: Skill Development: Train 500,000 individuals, including students, educators, women entrepreneurs, and developers, by 2026. AI Catalysts: Establish Centers of Excellence in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities, fostering rural AI innovation and empowering 100,000 AI innovators and developers. AI Productivity Labs: Set up labs in 20 training institutes across 10 states to train 20,000 educators and 100,000 students in foundational AI skills. Support for Startups: Extend benefits like Azure credits and mentorship to 1,000 AI startups through Microsoft’s Founders Hub program.

• Skill Development: Train 500,000 individuals, including students, educators, women entrepreneurs, and developers, by 2026.

• AI Catalysts: Establish Centers of Excellence in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities, fostering rural AI innovation and empowering 100,000 AI innovators and developers.

• AI Productivity Labs: Set up labs in 20 training institutes across 10 states to train 20,000 educators and 100,000 students in foundational AI skills.

• Support for Startups: Extend benefits like Azure credits and mentorship to 1,000 AI startups through Microsoft’s Founders Hub program.

About IndiaAI Mission:

• Launched in: Under Digital India Corporation, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

• Aim: Establish an ecosystem for AI innovation through public-private partnerships. Democratize AI for inclusive and sustainable growth. Deploy over 10,000 GPUs for advanced AI computing infrastructure.

• Establish an ecosystem for AI innovation through public-private partnerships.

• Democratize AI for inclusive and sustainable growth.

• Deploy over 10,000 GPUs for advanced AI computing infrastructure.

• Features: Promote responsible and indigenous AI capabilities. Enhance data quality and accessibility for AI solutions. Support startups and foster AI adoption in underserved areas. Drive AI applications in citizen-centric sectors like healthcare and education.

• Promote responsible and indigenous AI capabilities.

• Enhance data quality and accessibility for AI solutions.

• Support startups and foster AI adoption in underserved areas.

• Drive AI applications in citizen-centric sectors like healthcare and education.

Insta links:

• Artificial-intelligence-and-its-significance

Gaddi Dog

Source: TOI

Context: The Gaddi dog, a loyal and resilient shepherd dog from the Himalayas, has been officially recognized as an indigenous breed by the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR).

About Gaddi Dog:

• Found in: Pir Panjal range, Jammu & Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh.

• Indigenous tag granted by: National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

• Features: Sturdy build with a height of around 28 inches and a weight of about 40 kg. Thick, weather-resistant coat suitable for extreme cold. Known for its exceptional guarding skills against predators like wolves and leopards. Loyal, protective, and highly intelligent.

• Sturdy build with a height of around 28 inches and a weight of about 40 kg.

• Thick, weather-resistant coat suitable for extreme cold.

• Known for its exceptional guarding skills against predators like wolves and leopards.

• Loyal, protective, and highly intelligent.

Other Registered Indigenous Dogs:

• Rajapalayam: Region: Tamil Nadu. Features: Medium-sized; white coat with pink skin, nostrils, and eyelids. Known for its guarding capabilities.

• Region: Tamil Nadu.

• Features: Medium-sized; white coat with pink skin, nostrils, and eyelids. Known for its guarding capabilities.

• Chippiparai: Region: Tamil Nadu. Features: Medium-sized with coat colours ranging from fawn to dark brown, brownish-black, and black. Agile and alert.

• Region: Tamil Nadu.

• Features: Medium-sized with coat colours ranging from fawn to dark brown, brownish-black, and black. Agile and alert.

• Mudhol Hound: Region: Karnataka. Features: Slim and fast with excellent guarding abilities. Recognized for its speed and loyalty.

• Region: Karnataka.

• Features: Slim and fast with excellent guarding abilities. Recognized for its speed and loyalty.

Insta links:

• Dhole-asiatic-wild-dog

Bhashini Initiative

Source: PIB

Context: The e-Shram portal, designed to provide social security and welfare benefits to unorganized workers, has now been upgraded with multilingual functionality across all 22 scheduled languages, leveraging the Bhashini initiative.

About Bhashini Initiative:

• Launched in: 2022.

• What it is: A government initiative aimed at providing AI and Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools for translation and digital services in Indian languages.

• Developed By: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

• Aim: To eliminate language barriers in accessing digital services by making AI and NLP tools publicly available.

• Features:

• Local Language Translation Mission for seamless multilingual communication.

• Open AI and NLP resources for Indian MSMEs, startups, and innovators.

• Ecosystem development for maintaining data repositories, open models, and tools.

• “Bhashadaan” crowdsourcing platform for contributing to linguistic datasets via Suno India, Likho India, Bolo India, and Dekho India

• Accessible through an online platform and dedicated mobile apps.

Insta links:

• Saarthi-app

Polar Vortex

Source: IE

Context: A severe winter storm recently struck the United States, affecting 60 million people across 30 states, causing power outages and dangerous road conditions.

About Polar Vortex:

• What it is: The polar vortex is a massive area of low-pressure, cold air swirling in the Earth’s polar regions. It is categorized into tropospheric (surface to 15 km) and stratospheric (15 to 50 km) vortexes.

• Formation: Driven by Earth’s rotation and temperature differences, it is stabilized by a strong jet stream that separates cold arctic air from warmer regions.

• Characteristics: Usually confined to the poles but can weaken and expand southward. Strong polar vortex maintains a steady circular jet stream; a weakened vortex causes wavy jet streams.

• Usually confined to the poles but can weaken and expand southward.

• Strong polar vortex maintains a steady circular jet stream; a weakened vortex causes wavy jet streams.

• Impacts: Cold Weather: Weakening allows cold air to travel southward, affecting areas as far as Florida. Extreme Weather: Disrupts jet streams, leading to unusual weather patterns, including storms and prolonged cold spells. Economic and Social Disruptions: Causes power outages, travel delays, and increased heating costs.

• Cold Weather: Weakening allows cold air to travel southward, affecting areas as far as Florida.

• Extreme Weather: Disrupts jet streams, leading to unusual weather patterns, including storms and prolonged cold spells.

• Economic and Social Disruptions: Causes power outages, travel delays, and increased heating costs.

Insta links:

• Arctics-polar-vortex

Recalculated Coastline

Source: ToI

Context: India’s coastline expanded by almost half in just over five decades from 7,516km in 1970 to 11,098km in 2023-24 according to Ministry of Home Affairs.

About Recalculated Coastline of India:

• Old vs. New Length: The coastline expanded from 7,516 km (1970) to 11,098 km (2023-24), marking a 47.6% increase.

• Revised Parameters: Updated methodology incorporates bays, estuaries, inlets, and other geomorphological features, replacing the older straight-line measurement approach.

• Leading States: Gujarat: Increased from 1,214 km to 2,340 km, contributing the most. West Bengal: Notable rise of 357%, from 157 km to 721 km. Tamil Nadu: Revised to 1,068 km, overtaking Andhra Pradesh’s 1,053 km. Puducherry: Decreased by 4.9 km (10.4%), marking a rare contraction.

• Gujarat: Increased from 1,214 km to 2,340 km, contributing the most.

• West Bengal: Notable rise of 357%, from 157 km to 721 km.

• Tamil Nadu: Revised to 1,068 km, overtaking Andhra Pradesh’s 1,053 km.

• Puducherry: Decreased by 4.9 km (10.4%), marking a rare contraction.

• Smallest Increase: Kerala, with an addition of just 30 km (5%).

• Ministry: The recalculation was conducted under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), guided by the National Maritime Security Coordinator.

• Methodology Update: Based on data from the National Hydrographic Office and Survey of India. Employs advanced technologies for precise measurements, providing a dynamic understanding of the coastline.

• Based on data from the National Hydrographic Office and Survey of India.

• Employs advanced technologies for precise measurements, providing a dynamic understanding of the coastline.

Insta links:

• Coastal-plains

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 9 January 2025 Mapping:

Flamingo Festival 2025

Source: TH

Context: The Flamingo Festival 2025 is set to return to Andhra Pradesh after a four-year hiatus, celebrating the arrival of migratory birds, particularly flamingos, to Pulicat Lake and Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary.

About Flamingo Festival:

• What it is: An annual event celebrating the arrival of migratory birds, focusing on flamingos, to Pulicat Lake and Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary.

• Locations: Spread across five key sites Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, Atakanithippa, BV Palem (Pulicat Lake), Government Junior College in Sullurpet, and Sri City.

• Features: Bird-watching tours, eco-friendly biodiversity sessions, and boating activities. Cultural programs, competitions, and stalls promoting local art and heritage. Collaboration with organizations like the Bombay Natural History Society.

• Bird-watching tours, eco-friendly biodiversity sessions, and boating activities.

• Cultural programs, competitions, and stalls promoting local art and heritage.

• Collaboration with organizations like the Bombay Natural History Society.

About Pulicat Lake:

• Significance: India’s second-largest brackish water lake after Chilika Lake (Odisha).

• Location: On the Andhra Pradesh-Tamil Nadu border, with 96% in Andhra Pradesh.

• Biodiversity: A critical feeding and breeding ground for migratory birds, including flamingos, and home to diverse flora and fauna.

• Economic Importance: Supports fisheries, acting as a livelihood source for local communities.

About Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary:

• Importance: Southeast Asia’s largest breeding site for spot-billed pelicans (Pelecanus philippensis).

• Location: 20 km north of Pulicat Lake, Andhra Pradesh-Tamil Nadu border.

• Biodiversity: Home to 189 bird species, including migratory birds like painted storks and glossy ibises. Features Barringtonia swamp forests and southern dry evergreen scrub.

• Home to 189 bird species, including migratory birds like painted storks and glossy ibises.

• Features Barringtonia swamp forests and southern dry evergreen scrub.

• Ecological Role: Supports local agriculture through natural fertilizers like guano and enhances biodiversity conservation.

Insta links:

• Winged-visitors-arrive-in-pulicat

Daily Current Affairs + PIB Summary 9 Jan 2025

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