UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 8 January 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 8 January 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 3 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 8 January (2025)
• Water Cycle and Climate Change
Water Cycle and Climate Change
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• AI Deepfakes And Women
AI Deepfakes And Women
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• Saint Narahari Tirtha
Saint Narahari Tirtha
• Tidal Tail
Tidal Tail
• Sonobuoys
Sonobuoys
• Electricity (Promoting Renewable Energy Through Green Energy Open Access) Rules, 2022
Electricity (Promoting Renewable Energy Through Green Energy Open Access) Rules, 2022
• Section 479 of BNSS, 2023
Section 479 of BNSS, 2023
• Anji Khad Bridge
Anji Khad Bridge
• Environment Relief Fund (Amendment) Scheme, 2024
Environment Relief Fund (Amendment) Scheme, 2024
• microRNA
microRNA
Mapping:
• Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 8 January 2025
#### GS Paper 3 :
Water Cycle and Climate Change
Syllabus: Environment
Source: IE
Context: Climate change has intensified the Earth’s water cycle, leading to extreme precipitation, severe droughts, and disruptions in water availability.
• The 2024 Global Water Monitor Report highlights the grave implications of these changes for ecosystems, agriculture, and global economies.
What is the Water Cycle?
The water cycle is the continuous movement of water in different states (solid, liquid, gas) across the Earth and its atmosphere, driven by solar energy and gravity. It ensures water availability and regulates weather patterns.
Components of the Water Cycle:
• Evaporation: Water transforms from liquid to vapor, primarily from oceans, driven by solar energy.
• Transpiration: Plants release water vapor into the atmosphere, adding to the moisture content.
• Condensation: Water vapor cools in the atmosphere, forming clouds and setting the stage for precipitation.
• Precipitation: Water returns to Earth as rain, snow, or sleet, replenishing surface and groundwater.
• Infiltration: Water seeps into the soil, recharging aquifers and sustaining vegetation.
• Runoff: Water flows over the land into rivers, lakes, and seas, contributing to the hydrological balance.
Recent Data on Water Cycle and Climate Change:
• Water Disasters (2024): Over 8,700 fatalities and displacement of 40 million occurred due to extreme water-related events.
• Record-Dry Months: A 38% increase in record-dry months was observed in 2024 compared to 1995-2005.
• Rainfall Records: Rainfall records were broken 52% more often in 2024 than in the year 2000, indicating heightened precipitation intensity.
• Economic Losses: Water-related disasters caused over $550 billion in global economic damages in 2024.
• IPCC & Nature Reports: Climate change has intensified the water cycle by up to 7.4%, with long-term effects on rainfall and drought patterns.
Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Cycle:
• Negative Impacts:
• Increased Evaporation: Higher temperatures cause more evaporation, leading to frequent and severe storms and floods. Drought: Accelerated evaporation and dry air result in prolonged droughts and arid soils. Glacial Melt: Melting glaciers reduce freshwater availability and contribute to rising sea levels. Water Scarcity: Nearly 3 billion people globally face water shortages due to erratic precipitation and depleted sources. Soil Erosion: Heavy rainfall increases runoff, washing away fertile soil and disrupting agriculture.
• Increased Evaporation: Higher temperatures cause more evaporation, leading to frequent and severe storms and floods.
• Drought: Accelerated evaporation and dry air result in prolonged droughts and arid soils.
• Glacial Melt: Melting glaciers reduce freshwater availability and contribute to rising sea levels.
• Water Scarcity: Nearly 3 billion people globally face water shortages due to erratic precipitation and depleted sources.
• Soil Erosion: Heavy rainfall increases runoff, washing away fertile soil and disrupting agriculture.
• Positive Impacts:
• Enhanced Vegetation: Regions like the Sahara Desert now support vegetation due to increased precipitation. Improved Rainfall: Wetter areas such as the Sahel benefit from increased rainfall, boosting water availability.
• Enhanced Vegetation: Regions like the Sahara Desert now support vegetation due to increased precipitation.
• Improved Rainfall: Wetter areas such as the Sahel benefit from increased rainfall, boosting water availability.
Solutions to Mitigate Impacts:
• Improved Water Management: Implementing efficient irrigation and conservation practices ensures sustainable water use.
• Reforestation: Planting trees restores green water sources and enhances carbon sequestration.
• Reducing Emissions: Cutting greenhouse gases slows global warming and mitigates climate-driven water cycle changes.
• Enhancing Infrastructure: Building resilient infrastructure prevents damage from floods and ensures water storage during droughts.
• Global Cooperation: Countries must enforce water-sharing treaties and adhere to international climate agreements.
• Public Awareness: Educating communities about water conservation methods like rainwater harvesting promotes sustainable practices.
Conclusion:
The intensification of the water cycle due to climate change presents a global challenge with widespread consequences. Mitigating these effects requires collective action, sustainable water management, and adherence to climate goals to secure a balanced and resilient water future.
Insta Links:
• Climate-change-is-disrupting-the-water-cycle
• What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launched by the Government of India for water conservation and water security? (UPSC-2020)
• Suggest measures to improve water storage and irrigation system to make its judicious use under the depleting scenario. (UPSC-2020)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 8 January 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
AI Deepfakes And Women
Context: AI-generated deepfake technology is increasingly being weaponized against women, particularly female politicians, to tarnish reputations and deter them from public life.
About AI Deepfake and Women:
• Issues:
• Misuse of AI: Cheap AI tools and apps create non-consensual sexualized content, making women vulnerable. Targeted Harassment: Women in politics, such as Angela Rayner (UK) and Giorgia Meloni (Italy), have faced reputational harm through deepfake porn. Lack of Regulation: Countries like Pakistan lack specific legislation to combat deepfakes.
• Misuse of AI: Cheap AI tools and apps create non-consensual sexualized content, making women vulnerable.
• Targeted Harassment: Women in politics, such as Angela Rayner (UK) and Giorgia Meloni (Italy), have faced reputational harm through deepfake porn.
• Lack of Regulation: Countries like Pakistan lack specific legislation to combat deepfakes.
• Impacts
• Personal Trauma: Azma Bukhari (Pakistan) faced public humiliation due to deepfake videos. Silencing Effect: Fear of harassment discourages women’s political participation, threatening gender equality in governance. Global Security Risks: Deepfakes enable blackmail and spread disinformation, as seen in culturally sensitive cases like Meena Majeed (Pakistan). Widening Privilege Gap: Women without resources, unlike U.S. Congress members, struggle to have fake content removed.
• Personal Trauma: Azma Bukhari (Pakistan) faced public humiliation due to deepfake videos.
• Silencing Effect: Fear of harassment discourages women’s political participation, threatening gender equality in governance.
• Global Security Risks: Deepfakes enable blackmail and spread disinformation, as seen in culturally sensitive cases like Meena Majeed (Pakistan).
• Widening Privilege Gap: Women without resources, unlike U.S. Congress members, struggle to have fake content removed.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:
• GS Paper 2: Governance and accountability in digital spaces. Challenges to women’s empowerment and political participation.
• Governance and accountability in digital spaces.
• Challenges to women’s empowerment and political participation.
• GS Paper 3: Ethical implications of AI and emerging technologies. Cybersecurity and technological regulation.
• Ethical implications of AI and emerging technologies.
• Cybersecurity and technological regulation.
• Essay Paper: Topics on gender-based violence and technology misuse.
• Topics on gender-based violence and technology misuse.
• Ethics Paper: Ethical dilemmas in AI applications and privacy concerns.
• Ethical dilemmas in AI applications and privacy concerns.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 8 January 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Saint Narahari Tirtha
Source: DC
Context: The discovery of a 13th-century idol of Saint Narahari Tirtha has reignited interest in his multifaceted legacy as a philosopher, statesman, poet, and proponent of Vaishnavism.
About Narahari Tirtha:
• Born in: Circa 1243 CE, believed to hail from Chikakolu (modern-day Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh).
• Place: Andhra Pradesh or Odisha (Kalinga), significant in both regions for his contributions.
• Guru: Shri Madhvacharya (Ananda Tīrtha), the founder of Dvaita philosophy.
• Philosophy and Contributions: Dvaita Philosophy: A prominent disciple of Madhvacharya, Narahari Tīrtha composed commentaries and worked to propagate Vaishnavism and Bhagavata Dharma. Administrative Role: Served as a minister in the Kalinga Kingdom for 12 years, guiding rulers to align governance with Sanatana Dharma. Haridasa Movement: Considered the progenitor of this movement, he popularized devotion through Kannada songs under the pen name Raghukulatilaka. Cultural Legacy: Promoted Yakshagana Bayalata (dance-drama) and classical Kuchipudi dance. Educational Reforms: Transformed the Simhachalam temple into a renowned educational hub for Vaishnavism. Religious Leadership: Played a pivotal role in acquiring and safeguarding sacred idols like Moolarama and Moola Sita for Madhvacharya.
• Dvaita Philosophy: A prominent disciple of Madhvacharya, Narahari Tīrtha composed commentaries and worked to propagate Vaishnavism and Bhagavata Dharma.
• Administrative Role: Served as a minister in the Kalinga Kingdom for 12 years, guiding rulers to align governance with Sanatana Dharma.
• Haridasa Movement: Considered the progenitor of this movement, he popularized devotion through Kannada songs under the pen name Raghukulatilaka.
• Cultural Legacy: Promoted Yakshagana Bayalata (dance-drama) and classical Kuchipudi dance.
• Educational Reforms: Transformed the Simhachalam temple into a renowned educational hub for Vaishnavism.
• Religious Leadership: Played a pivotal role in acquiring and safeguarding sacred idols like Moolarama and Moola Sita for Madhvacharya.
• Pen Name: Raghukulatilaka.
Insta links:
• Neo-vaishnavism
Tidal Tail
Source: IT
Context: Astronomers have discovered the longest tidal tail ever observed, spanning 1.27 million light-years from the galaxy NGC 3785 in the Leo constellation.
About Tidal Tail:
• What it is: A tidal tail is a long, thin stream of stars and interstellar gas formed due to gravitational interactions between galaxies.
• How it forms: Gravitational forces during close encounters or mergers between galaxies strip material (stars, gas, and dust) from their outer regions, creating two tidal tails—one leading and one trailing.
• Gravitational forces during close encounters or mergers between galaxies strip material (stars, gas, and dust) from their outer regions, creating two tidal tails—one leading and one trailing.
• Significance: Galaxy Formation: Offers insights into how ultra-diffuse galaxies with low surface brightness form. Galaxy Evolution: Provides evidence of interactions shaping galaxies, influencing their structure and star formation. Cosmic History: Acts as a marker of past galactic mergers, helping trace the evolutionary history of galaxies.
• Galaxy Formation: Offers insights into how ultra-diffuse galaxies with low surface brightness form.
• Galaxy Evolution: Provides evidence of interactions shaping galaxies, influencing their structure and star formation.
• Cosmic History: Acts as a marker of past galactic mergers, helping trace the evolutionary history of galaxies.
Insta links:
• Black-hole-triple-system
Sonobuoys
Source: TH
Context: India and the U.S. have announced a strategic partnership to co-produce sonobuoys, niche undersea instruments essential for tracking submarines and bolstering undersea domain awareness (UDA).
About Sonobuoys:
• What they are: Sonobuoys are expendable sonar buoys used for anti-submarine warfare and underwater acoustic research. Typically, small (13 cm in diameter and 91 cm long), they combine above-surface transmitters and underwater hydrophone sensors.
• Sonobuoys are expendable sonar buoys used for anti-submarine warfare and underwater acoustic research.
• Typically, small (13 cm in diameter and 91 cm long), they combine above-surface transmitters and underwater hydrophone sensors.
• Working Principles: Deployment: Dropped from aircraft or ships, they activate upon water impact. Surface Float: Inflatable floats with radio transmitters remain on the water’s surface for communication. Sensors: Hydrophones descend to a selected depth, capturing underwater acoustic signals. Communication: Transmit acoustic data via Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radios to operators on aircraft or ships.
• Deployment: Dropped from aircraft or ships, they activate upon water impact.
• Surface Float: Inflatable floats with radio transmitters remain on the water’s surface for communication.
• Sensors: Hydrophones descend to a selected depth, capturing underwater acoustic signals.
• Communication: Transmit acoustic data via Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radios to operators on aircraft or ships.
• Features: Acoustic Versatility: Effective in tracking submarines by detecting underwater sounds. Interoperability: Compatible with aircraft like P-8, MH-60R, and MQ-9B across Indian and U.S. Navies. Customizability: Adjustable depth and sensitivity based on environmental conditions. Real-time Data Relay: Ensures seamless communication with operators for immediate analysis.
• Acoustic Versatility: Effective in tracking submarines by detecting underwater sounds.
• Interoperability: Compatible with aircraft like P-8, MH-60R, and MQ-9B across Indian and U.S. Navies.
• Customizability: Adjustable depth and sensitivity based on environmental conditions.
• Real-time Data Relay: Ensures seamless communication with operators for immediate analysis.
Insta links:
• Indian-navy
Electricity (Promoting Renewable Energy Through Green Energy Open Access) Rules, 2022
Source: NIE
Context: The Karnataka High Court recently struck down the Electricity (Promoting Renewable Energy Through Green Energy Open Access) Rules, 2022, stating that the Centre exceeded its legislative authority under the Electricity Act, 2003.
More about judgement:
• The Karnataka HC ruled that regulating open access is the exclusive domain of the State Electricity Commissions as per Sections 42(2) and 181 of the Electricity Act, 2003.
• The court stated that without amending the Electricity Act, the Centre cannot frame rules overriding state commissions’ powers, even if to meet international climate commitments.
About Electricity (Promoting Renewable Energy Through Green Energy Open Access) Rules, 2022:
• Launched by: Ministry of Power, Government of India, in 2022.
• Ministry of Power, Government of India, in 2022.
• Key Features: Objective: Promote renewable energy generation and reduce emissions, including energy from waste-to-energy plants. Consumer Access: Open access limit reduced from 1 MW to 100 kW, allowing small consumers to participate. Approval Process: Streamlined with a national portal and a 15-day timeline for approval; deemed approval if delayed. Charges: Defined charges include transmission, wheeling, cross-subsidy, and others to bring clarity. Green Power Demand: Consumers can demand green power from Discoms, which are obligated to provide it. Incentives: Caps on cross-subsidy surcharges and removal of additional surcharges encourage green energy adoption. RPO Uniformity: Uniform Renewable Purchase Obligations for all entities; green hydrogen and ammonia are included. Green Certificates: Consumers using green power are eligible for green certificates.
• Objective: Promote renewable energy generation and reduce emissions, including energy from waste-to-energy plants.
• Consumer Access: Open access limit reduced from 1 MW to 100 kW, allowing small consumers to participate.
• Approval Process: Streamlined with a national portal and a 15-day timeline for approval; deemed approval if delayed.
• Charges: Defined charges include transmission, wheeling, cross-subsidy, and others to bring clarity.
• Green Power Demand: Consumers can demand green power from Discoms, which are obligated to provide it.
• Incentives: Caps on cross-subsidy surcharges and removal of additional surcharges encourage green energy adoption.
• RPO Uniformity: Uniform Renewable Purchase Obligations for all entities; green hydrogen and ammonia are included.
• Green Certificates: Consumers using green power are eligible for green certificates.
Insta links:
• Electricity-act-amendment
Section 479 of BNSS, 2023
Source: BS
Context: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has issued directives to all states and Union Territories (UTs) for implementing Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023.
About Section 479 of BNSS, 2023:
• Purpose: Provides relief to undertrial prisoners by mandating their release on bail or bond under certain conditions.
• Key Provisions: Subsection (1): Under trail prisoners (UTPs) who have served half the maximum sentence prescribed for the offense (except those punishable by death or life imprisonment) shall be released on bail. For first-time offenders, UTPs serving one-third of the maximum sentence are eligible for release on bond. Subsection (3): Makes it mandatory for prison superintendents to file applications in the concerned court for the release of eligible prisoners. Superintendent of Jail Responsibility: Ensure timely application for bail or bond to the court for eligible prisoners.
• Subsection (1): Under trail prisoners (UTPs) who have served half the maximum sentence prescribed for the offense (except those punishable by death or life imprisonment) shall be released on bail. For first-time offenders, UTPs serving one-third of the maximum sentence are eligible for release on bond.
• Under trail prisoners (UTPs) who have served half the maximum sentence prescribed for the offense (except those punishable by death or life imprisonment) shall be released on bail.
• For first-time offenders, UTPs serving one-third of the maximum sentence are eligible for release on bond.
• Subsection (3): Makes it mandatory for prison superintendents to file applications in the concerned court for the release of eligible prisoners.
• Makes it mandatory for prison superintendents to file applications in the concerned court for the release of eligible prisoners.
• Superintendent of Jail Responsibility: Ensure timely application for bail or bond to the court for eligible prisoners.
• Ensure timely application for bail or bond to the court for eligible prisoners.
Insta links:
Anji Khad Bridge
Source: DD News
Context: The Indian Railways has achieved a significant milestone with the completion of the Anji Khad Bridge , India’s first cable-stayed rail bridge.
• This structure, part of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) Project, addresses connectivity challenges in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir
About Anji Khad Bridge:
• Located in: Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir.
• Connects: Katra and Reasi as part of the USBRL Project.
• Valley Location: Spans the Anji River Valley at a height of 331 meters from the riverbed.
• Built by: Indian Railways.
• Features: Length: 725.5 meters. Cable-stayed span: 473.25 meters supported by 96 cables (length: 82-295 meters). Main Pylon: 193 meters high from the foundation.
• Length: 725.5 meters.
• Cable-stayed span: 473.25 meters supported by 96 cables (length: 82-295 meters).
• Main Pylon: 193 meters high from the foundation.
Insta links:
• Indian Railways
Environment Relief Fund (Amendment) Scheme, 2024
Source: MoEFCC
Context: The Central Government has announced amendments to the Environment Relief Fund Scheme, 2008, through the Environment Relief Fund (Amendment) Scheme, 2024.
About Environment Relief Fund (Amendment) Scheme, 2024:
• Launched by: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
• Aim: To improve fund management, ensure efficient disbursement, and enhance environmental restoration efforts.
• Features: Fund Management: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) appointed as Fund Manager for five years, replacing United Insurance Company Limited. Funding Sources: Compensation under Section 24 of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. Penalties under Sections 14, 15, or 17 of the Public Liability Insurance Act. Returns on fund investments. Digital Integration: Introduction of an online portal for scheme implementation and fund tracking. Disbursement Process: Funds released within 30 days of District Collector or Central Government orders. Investment Strategy: Investments in public financial institutions and savings accounts for liquidity and reinvestment. Environmental Restoration: CPCB and SPCBs to create restoration plans for Central Government approval. Funds allocated based on approved plans. Auditing: Independent auditor appointed by the Central Government with Comptroller and Auditor-General oversight. Administrative Allocation: Increased from 1% to 2% for administrative expenses.
• Fund Management: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) appointed as Fund Manager for five years, replacing United Insurance Company Limited.
• Funding Sources: Compensation under Section 24 of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. Penalties under Sections 14, 15, or 17 of the Public Liability Insurance Act. Returns on fund investments.
• Compensation under Section 24 of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.
• Penalties under Sections 14, 15, or 17 of the Public Liability Insurance Act.
• Returns on fund investments.
• Digital Integration: Introduction of an online portal for scheme implementation and fund tracking.
• Disbursement Process: Funds released within 30 days of District Collector or Central Government orders.
• Investment Strategy: Investments in public financial institutions and savings accounts for liquidity and reinvestment.
• Environmental Restoration: CPCB and SPCBs to create restoration plans for Central Government approval. Funds allocated based on approved plans.
• Auditing: Independent auditor appointed by the Central Government with Comptroller and Auditor-General oversight.
• Administrative Allocation: Increased from 1% to 2% for administrative expenses.
Insta links:
• Climate-finance-action-fund-CFAF
microRNA
Source: TH
Context: The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in Caenorhabditis elegans has revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation, leading to significant advancements in biological research and earning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2024.
About MicroRNAs (miRNAs):
• Definition: miRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally.
• Functions: Bind to complementary mRNA sequences to suppress protein production. Ensure precise gene expression during development and physiological processes.
• Bind to complementary mRNA sequences to suppress protein production.
• Ensure precise gene expression during development and physiological processes.
• Role in Gene Suppression: miRNAs reduce protein synthesis by promoting mRNA degradation or hindering translation.
• Applications: Potential in diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer, genetic disorders, and more.
About Caenorhabditis elegans:
• Definition: A 1-mm transparent nematode used extensively in genetic and developmental research.
• Role in Research: Simple organism with complex processes comparable to humans. Transparent body facilitates cell lineage tracking.
• Simple organism with complex processes comparable to humans.
• Transparent body facilitates cell lineage tracking.
• Nobel Winners 2024: Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun discovered miRNAs in C. elegans, highlighting their gene-regulatory role.
• Significance of Research: Foundational to understanding gene suppression, ageing, cell death, and neuronal circuits. Model organism for breakthroughs like programmed cell death and genome sequencing.
• Foundational to understanding gene suppression, ageing, cell death, and neuronal circuits.
• Model organism for breakthroughs like programmed cell death and genome sequencing.
Insta links:
• Nobel-prize-for-medicine-2024
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 8 January 2025 Mapping:
Burkina Faso
Source: TH
Context: Burkina Faso, a landlocked nation in West Africa, holds historical significance as a former French colony and has faced challenges of political instability, poverty, and rising insecurity in recent years.
About Burkina Faso:
• Location: Situated in West Africa, Burkina Faso is landlocked. Borders: Mali (northwest), Niger (northeast), Benin (southeast), Togo and Ghana (south), and Ivory Coast (southwest).
• Situated in West Africa, Burkina Faso is landlocked.
• Borders: Mali (northwest), Niger (northeast), Benin (southeast), Togo and Ghana (south), and Ivory Coast (southwest).
• Capital: Ouagadougou.
• Geographic Features: Rivers: Major rivers include the Mouhoun (Black Volta), Nakambe (White Volta), and the Nazinon (Red Volta). Deserts: The northern region is arid and forms part of the Sahel, with semi-desert landscapes.
• Rivers: Major rivers include the Mouhoun (Black Volta), Nakambe (White Volta), and the Nazinon (Red Volta).
• Deserts: The northern region is arid and forms part of the Sahel, with semi-desert landscapes.
• Historical Highlights: Formerly named Upper Volta under French colonial rule. Renamed Burkina Faso in 1984 by President Thomas Sankara.
• Formerly named Upper Volta under French colonial rule.
• Renamed Burkina Faso in 1984 by President Thomas Sankara.
• Languages and Ethnicities: Languages: French (official), with indigenous languages like Moore widely spoken. Ethnic Groups: The Mossi are the largest ethnic group.
• Languages: French (official), with indigenous languages like Moore widely spoken.
• Ethnic Groups: The Mossi are the largest ethnic group.
Insta links:
• Burkina-Faso-over-mutiny
Daily Current Affairs + PIB Summary 8 Jan 2025
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