UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 6 September 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 6 September 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 2 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 6 September (2025)
• India’s Strategic Autonomy in a Multipolar World
India’s Strategic Autonomy in a Multipolar World
• India vs French Vote of Confidence
India vs French Vote of Confidence
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• Angikaar 2025 Campaign
Angikaar 2025 Campaign
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• Blood Moon
Blood Moon
• Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
• India’s first port-based Green Hydrogen Pilot Project at V.O. Chidambaranar (VOC) Port
India’s first port-based Green Hydrogen Pilot Project at V.O. Chidambaranar (VOC) Port
• Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025)
Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025)
• Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba
Mapping:
• Mauritius
Mauritius
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 6 September 2025
#### GS Paper 2:
India’s Strategic Autonomy in a Multipolar World
Syllabus: International Relations
Source: TH
Context: India’s pursuit of strategic autonomy has gained prominence in the context of a multipolar world order marked by U.S.–China rivalry and Russia’s assertiveness.
About India’s Strategic Autonomy in a Multipolar World:
• Definition: Strategic autonomy means freedom to make sovereign choices in foreign policy and defence without being tied down by alliance obligations. It prioritises flexibility and independence.
• Strategic autonomy means freedom to make sovereign choices in foreign policy and defence without being tied down by alliance obligations. It prioritises flexibility and independence.
• Historical Roots of Strategic Autonomy
• Colonial Experience: Centuries of colonial subjugation instilled a resolve in free India to never let external powers dictate its sovereignty or global role. Constitutional Ethos: India’s foreign policy emerged from its freedom struggle ideals, emphasising sovereignty, self-reliance, and dignity in international affairs. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Nehru formalised autonomy through NAM during the Cold War, balancing U.S. and Soviet pressures without bloc allegiance. Evolution into Multi-Alignment: Post-1991 globalisation and multipolarity pushed India towards engaging all powers pragmatically while preserving independence.
• Colonial Experience: Centuries of colonial subjugation instilled a resolve in free India to never let external powers dictate its sovereignty or global role.
• Constitutional Ethos: India’s foreign policy emerged from its freedom struggle ideals, emphasising sovereignty, self-reliance, and dignity in international affairs.
• Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Nehru formalised autonomy through NAM during the Cold War, balancing U.S. and Soviet pressures without bloc allegiance.
• Evolution into Multi-Alignment: Post-1991 globalisation and multipolarity pushed India towards engaging all powers pragmatically while preserving independence.
Drivers of Strategic Autonomy:
• Geopolitical Setting: Sharing borders with China and Pakistan—both nuclear rivals—forces India to keep independent options open for security.
• Security Needs: India’s reliance on imported defence equipment and energy makes diversification essential to prevent overdependence.
• Civilisational Aspiration: India seeks recognition as a rising pole of power, rooted in its civilisational identity, rather than a client state.
• Global Order Shift: Decline of U.S. unipolarity, rise of China, and fragmentation of alliances create more manoeuvring space for India.
• New Threats: Cyber warfare, pandemics, climate change, and AI-based conflicts require broad cooperation across blocs, not rigid alignment.
Opportunities for Strategic Autonomy:
• Bridge-Builder: India can act as a mediator between Global South and developed countries, amplifying its diplomatic influence.
• Technology Diplomacy: Partnerships in AI, quantum computing, and clean energy allow India to reduce dependence and build resilience.
• Defence Indigenisation: Atmanirbhar Bharat offers scope to modernise defence with indigenous production, reducing foreign dependence.
• Soft Power: India’s plural democracy, diaspora, and civilisational values enhance its credibility in global forums.
• Global South Voice: G20 presidency and leadership in forums like BRICS project India as a legitimate representative of emerging economies.
Challenges to Strategic Autonomy:
• Economic Vulnerability: Heavy import dependence for oil, defence, and technology weakens India’s bargaining capacity.
• China Factor: Border clashes and an unsustainable trade deficit of $100B+ compromise India’s room for manoeuvre.
• Alliance Pressures: Balancing U.S.-led QUAD and Russia/China-led BRICS-SCO creates conflicting demands.
• Institutional Gaps: Domestic political polarisation, bureaucracy limits, and capacity gaps affect consistent foreign policy execution.
• New Domains: India still lags in cyber resilience, semiconductor supply chains, and space technology, which constrains autonomy.
Way Forward:
• Economic Strengthening: India must build resilient supply chains, ensure energy security, and scale up manufacturing to reduce vulnerabilities.
• Balanced Engagement: Deepen ties with the U.S. and Indo-Pacific while retaining historical links with Russia and engaging Global South.
• Defence Indigenisation: Prioritise investments in AI, drones, space, and cyber systems to reduce import reliance.
• Voice of Global South: Push for reforms in UN, WTO, IMF and lead climate and development issues to shape the global agenda.
• Adaptive Diplomacy: Blend principle with pragmatism, staying agile to respond to fast-changing geopolitics without losing sovereignty.
Conclusion:
India’s strategic autonomy is about resilience, not isolation, and about engaging without being dominated. It ensures India can balance major powers while safeguarding sovereignty and growth. Strengthening economic, technological, and defence capacities will enable India to rise as a sovereign pole in a multipolar world.
India vs French Vote of Confidence
- •Syllabus: Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme with that of Other Countries.*
- •Source: DH*
Context: France is facing a major political crisis as PM François Bayrou is expected to lose a confidence vote, triggered by unpopular austerity measures.
About India vs French Vote of Confidence:
French Semi-Presidential System (Fifth Republic)
• France follows a semi-presidential system under the Constitution of 1958, crafted to end instability of the Fourth Republic. It combines elements of both presidential and parliamentary systems, creating a dual executive — a directly elected President and a Prime Minister responsible to Parliament.
Core Features:
• Dual Executive:
• President (Head of State): Directly elected by citizens for a 5-year term. Commands strong powers in foreign affairs, defence, dissolution of Parliament, and referendums. Prime Minister (Head of Government): Appointed by the President but must enjoy confidence of the National Assembly. Handles domestic and day-to-day governance.
• President (Head of State): Directly elected by citizens for a 5-year term. Commands strong powers in foreign affairs, defence, dissolution of Parliament, and referendums.
• Prime Minister (Head of Government): Appointed by the President but must enjoy confidence of the National Assembly. Handles domestic and day-to-day governance.
• President’s Powers:
• Appoints PM and presides over Council of Ministers. Dissolves National Assembly and calls fresh elections. Holds emergency powers under Article 16 in case of institutional crisis. Plays a dominant role in defence and foreign policy.
• Appoints PM and presides over Council of Ministers.
• Dissolves National Assembly and calls fresh elections.
• Holds emergency powers under Article 16 in case of institutional crisis.
• Plays a dominant role in defence and foreign policy.
• Prime Minister & Government Powers:
• Directs domestic policy and administration. Accountable to Parliament — can be removed through a no-confidence motion. Uses tools like Article 49-3, which allows passing a bill unless the Assembly votes no-confidence. Leads law-making in partnership with Parliament.
• Directs domestic policy and administration.
• Accountable to Parliament — can be removed through a no-confidence motion.
• Uses tools like Article 49-3, which allows passing a bill unless the Assembly votes no-confidence.
• Leads law-making in partnership with Parliament.
• Parliament:
• Bicameral: National Assembly (directly elected) + Senate (indirectly elected). The Assembly has the final say on most laws and can bring down the Government. Powers are “rationalised” — procedures limit deadlock and enhance executive stability.
• Bicameral: National Assembly (directly elected) + Senate (indirectly elected).
• The Assembly has the final say on most laws and can bring down the Government.
• Powers are “rationalised” — procedures limit deadlock and enhance executive stability.
• Cohabitation:
• Occurs when the President and Assembly majority belong to different political camps. President retains influence in foreign affairs, while PM dominates domestic policy. Though rare after 2000 reforms aligning presidential and legislative elections, it remains a hallmark of the system.
• Occurs when the President and Assembly majority belong to different political camps.
• President retains influence in foreign affairs, while PM dominates domestic policy.
• Though rare after 2000 reforms aligning presidential and legislative elections, it remains a hallmark of the system.
• Reforms:
• 2000: Presidential term reduced to 5 years (from 7) to align with Assembly polls, reducing cohabitation chances. 2008: Strengthened Parliament’s powers and restricted frequent use of Article 49-3.
• 2000: Presidential term reduced to 5 years (from 7) to align with Assembly polls, reducing cohabitation chances.
• 2008: Strengthened Parliament’s powers and restricted frequent use of Article 49-3.
Why “Semi-Presidential”?
• Not fully Presidential (like U.S.): because the Government is answerable to Parliament.
• Not purely Parliamentary (like U.K.): because the President wields independent, direct powers from the people.
• Hence, it blends both systems — strong executive leadership with parliamentary responsibility.
Vote of Confidence: India vs France
India (Parliamentary System)
• Who faces it? The Council of Ministers (PM + Ministers) collectively.
• The Council of Ministers (PM + Ministers) collectively.
• Process: Introduced in the Lok Sabha (Lower House). If the Government loses majority, opposition can move a No-Confidence Motion under Rule 198 of Lok Sabha rules. Article 75(3) – The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. Passed by simple majority of members present and voting.
• Introduced in the Lok Sabha (Lower House).
• If the Government loses majority, opposition can move a No-Confidence Motion under Rule 198 of Lok Sabha rules. Article 75(3) – The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
• Article 75(3) – The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
• Passed by simple majority of members present and voting.
• Consequence: If defeated, the entire Council of Ministers must resign. President then invites another leader with majority support or dissolves the Lok Sabha.
• If defeated, the entire Council of Ministers must resign.
• President then invites another leader with majority support or dissolves the Lok Sabha.
France (Semi-Presidential System, Fifth Republic)
• Who faces it? The Prime Minister & Cabinet, not the President.
• The Prime Minister & Cabinet, not the President.
• Process: Article 49(2) of the 1958 Constitution allows the National Assembly to move a Motion of Censure (equivalent to no-confidence). Requires absolute majority of all Assembly members (harder to achieve than India).
• Article 49(2) of the 1958 Constitution allows the National Assembly to move a Motion of Censure (equivalent to no-confidence).
• Requires absolute majority of all Assembly members (harder to achieve than India).
• Government’s Own Confidence Vote (Article 49-1 & 49-3): PM can tie a bill’s passage to a vote of confidence (Article 49-3). If Assembly rejects it, government must resign. If not, bill is considered passed automatically.
• PM can tie a bill’s passage to a vote of confidence (Article 49-3).
• If Assembly rejects it, government must resign. If not, bill is considered passed automatically.
• Consequence: If government loses, PM and Cabinet resign but the President stays in office. President then appoints a new PM (sometimes from opposition during “cohabitation”).
• If government loses, PM and Cabinet resign but the President stays in office.
• President then appoints a new PM (sometimes from opposition during “cohabitation”).
Key Differences
Aspect | India | France
Type of System | Pure Parliamentary | Semi-Presidential
Who Holds Confidence? | Entire Government (PM + Cabinet) | Government (PM + Cabinet), not the President
Initiation | No-confidence motion by opposition MPs | Motion of Censure by Assembly MPs
Majority Needed | Simple majority of those present & voting | Absolute majority of total members
Impact of Defeat | Entire Government resigns; Lok Sabha dissolved if no alternative | Only PM + Cabinet resign; President continues
Extra Provision | Only Parliament can test majority | Article 49-3 allows PM to push bills tied to confidence vote
Conclusion:
In India, the government’s survival depends entirely on the confidence of Parliament, ensuring direct accountability. In France, only the Prime Minister and Cabinet are accountable, while the President remains unaffected. This contrast highlights India’s parliamentary supremacy versus France’s dual executive balance.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 6 September 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Angikaar 2025 Campaign
Context: The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has launched Angikaar 2025, a nationwide outreach campaign under PMAY-U 2.0 to fast-track housing delivery and enhance beneficiary awareness.
About Angikaar 2025 Campaign:
• What it is? A last-mile outreach initiative under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban 2.0 to bridge implementation gaps and ensure housing benefits reach intended beneficiaries.
• A last-mile outreach initiative under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban 2.0 to bridge implementation gaps and ensure housing benefits reach intended beneficiaries.
• Aim: Create widespread awareness of PMAY-U 2.0. Facilitate verification of applications and expedite completion of sanctioned houses.
• Create widespread awareness of PMAY-U 2.0.
• Facilitate verification of applications and expedite completion of sanctioned houses.
• Features:
• Duration: Two-month campaign across 5,000+ ULBs. Activities: Door-to-door campaigns, loan melas, cultural events, and PM Awas Mela – Shehri. Focus: Special outreach to vulnerable groups and convergence with other social welfare programmes. Target: To complete pending houses and deliver additional one crore houses sanctioned under PMAY-U 2.0.
• Duration: Two-month campaign across 5,000+ ULBs.
• Activities: Door-to-door campaigns, loan melas, cultural events, and PM Awas Mela – Shehri.
• Focus: Special outreach to vulnerable groups and convergence with other social welfare programmes.
• Target: To complete pending houses and deliver additional one crore houses sanctioned under PMAY-U 2.0.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:
• GS II – Governance: Policy design, implementation, Centre-State coordination, last-mile delivery, citizen outreach.
• GS III – Economy/Infrastructure: Urban housing, sustainable urbanisation, inclusive growth, and credit support for low-income housing.
• GS I – Society: Addressing vulnerabilities of urban poor, slum rehabilitation, and housing as a human development indicator.
The Rajasthan Coaching Centres (Control and Regulation) Bill, 2025
Context: The Rajasthan Assembly passed the Rajasthan Coaching Centres (Control and Regulation) Bill, 2025 to regulate the state’s coaching industry, following rising cases of student suicides and growing commercialization.
About The Rajasthan Coaching Centres (Control and Regulation) Bill, 2025:
What it is?
• A state legislation to regulate the functioning of coaching centres through registration, monitoring, and compliance measures.
• Designed to safeguard student welfare, reduce stress, and ensure accountability of coaching institutes.
Key Features of the Rajasthan Coaching Centres Bill 2025:
• Regulating Body – A special authority will monitor coaching centres, with officials, doctors, parents, and police involved.
• Mandatory Registration – Coaching centres with more than 100 students must get registered and meet basic standards.
• Better Facilities – Each student must have enough space; only qualified teachers can be hired; false promises about ranks or marks are banned.
• Focus on Student Health – Coaching cannot run more than 5 hours a day; students and teachers must get weekly holidays; counselling support will be provided.
• Strict Penalties – Heavy fines (₹50,000 to ₹2 lakh) for violations, and repeat offenders may lose their license.
• Wider Impact – While aiming to protect students, the law also recognises the importance of the coaching industry for jobs and local economy.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:
• GS II – Polity & Governance
• Regulation of private education sector and balancing state intervention with autonomy. Role of state legislatures in framing sector-specific laws.
• Regulation of private education sector and balancing state intervention with autonomy.
• Role of state legislatures in framing sector-specific laws.
• GS II – Social Justice
• Student suicides, mental health, and counselling in education policy. Addressing commercialization of education and protection of vulnerable groups.
• Student suicides, mental health, and counselling in education policy.
• Addressing commercialization of education and protection of vulnerable groups.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 6 September 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP):
Blood Moon
Source: HT
Context: A blood moon will be visible in India on September 7, 2025, during a total lunar eclipse, when the moon will appear dark red due to Earth’s shadow.
About Blood Moon:
• What it is?
• A blood moon is a total lunar eclipse when the moon takes on a reddish-copper hue instead of its usual white glow.
• A blood moon is a total lunar eclipse when the moon takes on a reddish-copper hue instead of its usual white glow.
• How it Occurs?
• During a total lunar eclipse, Earth comes between the sun and the moon. Direct sunlight is blocked, but Earth’s atmosphere bends and scatters some light onto the moon. Blue light is filtered out, while red light is refracted toward the moon, giving it a reddish colour.
• During a total lunar eclipse, Earth comes between the sun and the moon.
• Direct sunlight is blocked, but Earth’s atmosphere bends and scatters some light onto the moon.
• Blue light is filtered out, while red light is refracted toward the moon, giving it a reddish colour.
• Features:
• Colour intensity depends on dust, smoke, and particles in Earth’s atmosphere. The reddish effect is due to Rayleigh scattering, the same process that makes the sky appear blue. Visible across large regions where the eclipse is above the horizon. Entirely natural and predictable. Can last for several hours depending on eclipse duration.
• Colour intensity depends on dust, smoke, and particles in Earth’s atmosphere.
• The reddish effect is due to Rayleigh scattering, the same process that makes the sky appear blue.
• Visible across large regions where the eclipse is above the horizon.
• Entirely natural and predictable.
• Can last for several hours depending on eclipse duration.
• Significance:
• Offers insights into Earth’s atmospheric composition (dust, volcanic ash, pollution). Important for astronomical studies and public science outreach. A popular cultural and spiritual symbol across societies.
• Offers insights into Earth’s atmospheric composition (dust, volcanic ash, pollution).
• Important for astronomical studies and public science outreach.
• A popular cultural and spiritual symbol across societies.
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Source: PIB
Context: On September 5, 2025, President Droupadi Murmu paid floral tributes to Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan at Rashtrapati Bhavan on his birth anniversary, which is also celebrated as Teacher’s Day in India.
About Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan:
• Who he was? Born on September 5, 1888, in Tirutani, Andhra Pradesh. A renowned philosopher, scholar, teacher, and statesman. Served as India’s second President (1962–1967) and first Vice President (1952–1962).
• Born on September 5, 1888, in Tirutani, Andhra Pradesh.
• A renowned philosopher, scholar, teacher, and statesman.
• Served as India’s second President (1962–1967) and first Vice President (1952–1962).
• History & Academic Career: Studied at Madras Christian College. Taught at the Universities of Mysore and Calcutta; later became Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at Oxford University. Known for bridging Indian and Western philosophy, introducing Indian thought to the global stage. Served as Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1949–1952) before entering high political office.
• Studied at Madras Christian College.
• Taught at the Universities of Mysore and Calcutta; later became Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at Oxford University.
• Known for bridging Indian and Western philosophy, introducing Indian thought to the global stage.
• Served as Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1949–1952) before entering high political office.
• Contributions to India: Strong advocate of education as a tool of transformation. Chaired the University Education Commission (1949) to reform higher education in independent India. Promoted religious pluralism and comparative philosophy, enhancing India’s intellectual profile abroad. Guided India through critical years of Cold War diplomacy as Vice President and President.
• Strong advocate of education as a tool of transformation.
• Chaired the University Education Commission (1949) to reform higher education in independent India.
• Promoted religious pluralism and comparative philosophy, enhancing India’s intellectual profile abroad.
• Guided India through critical years of Cold War diplomacy as Vice President and President.
• Significance: His birth anniversary is celebrated as Teacher’s Day, recognising his lifelong dedication to education. Revered for his wisdom, erudition, and statesmanship in India’s formative years. Considered a bridge-builder between East and West through his writings on Vedanta and comparative religion.
• His birth anniversary is celebrated as Teacher’s Day, recognising his lifelong dedication to education.
• Revered for his wisdom, erudition, and statesmanship in India’s formative years.
• Considered a bridge-builder between East and West through his writings on Vedanta and comparative religion.
India’s first port-based Green Hydrogen Pilot Project at V.O. Chidambaranar (VOC) Port
Source: DD News
Context: Union Minister inaugurated India’s first port-based Green Hydrogen Pilot Project at V.O. Chidambaranar (VOC) Port, Tamil Nadu, making it the first port in the country to produce green hydrogen.
About India’s first port-based Green Hydrogen Pilot Project at V.O. Chidambaranar (VOC) Port:
India’s First Port-Based Green Hydrogen Pilot Project
• What it is? A pilot facility producing green hydrogen at VOC Port, Tuticorin. Capacity: 10 Nm³ per hour, set up at a cost of ₹3.87 crore.
• A pilot facility producing green hydrogen at VOC Port, Tuticorin.
• Capacity: 10 Nm³ per hour, set up at a cost of ₹3.87 crore.
• Under Scheme: Part of India’s clean energy transition and Coastal Green Shipping Corridor project (Kandla–Tuticorin). Aligned with Viksit Bharat 2047 mission and Sagarmala programme.
• Part of India’s clean energy transition and Coastal Green Shipping Corridor project (Kandla–Tuticorin).
• Aligned with Viksit Bharat 2047 mission and Sagarmala programme.
• Aim: To promote green shipping, sustainability, and self-reliance in energy. Reduce reliance on fossil fuels in port operations. Make VOC Port a hub for green bunkering and refuelling in South India.
• To promote green shipping, sustainability, and self-reliance in energy.
• Reduce reliance on fossil fuels in port operations.
• Make VOC Port a hub for green bunkering and refuelling in South India.
• Features: Will power streetlights and EV charging stations in the port colony. Linked with proposed Green Methanol Bunkering and Refuelling Facility (₹35.34 crore, 750 m³ capacity).
• Will power streetlights and EV charging stations in the port colony.
• Linked with proposed Green Methanol Bunkering and Refuelling Facility (₹35.34 crore, 750 m³ capacity).
About V.O. Chidambaranar Port:
• What it is? One of India’s 13 major ports, a leading maritime hub for South India.
• One of India’s 13 major ports, a leading maritime hub for South India.
• Located in: Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal.
• History: Formerly known as Tuticorin Port, renamed in honour of freedom fighter V.O. Chidambaranar (the “Kappalottiya Tamizhan”) in 2011. Plays a key role in regional trade, coal handling, and container movement. Has witnessed significant expansion under Sagarmala, with investments of over ₹16,000 crore in modernisation.
• Formerly known as Tuticorin Port, renamed in honour of freedom fighter V.O. Chidambaranar (the “Kappalottiya Tamizhan”) in 2011.
• Plays a key role in regional trade, coal handling, and container movement.
• Has witnessed significant expansion under Sagarmala, with investments of over ₹16,000 crore in modernisation.
Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025)
Source: TP
Context: The Ministry of Defence’s Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR) 2025 outlines plans to induct advanced weapons like hypersonic missiles, nuclear propulsion, directed-energy systems, and unmanned platforms over the next 15 years.
About Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025):
What it is?
• A strategic document that lays out the future technology and capability requirements of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force for the next 15 years.
• Acts as a guide for Indian industry, academia, and research institutions to align their R&D with the armed forces’ long-term needs.
Published by:
• Released by the Ministry of Defence (MoD), Government of India.
Objective:
• To provide early visibility of future requirements to domestic manufacturers.
• Promote indigenisation and self-reliance in defence technologies.
• Ensure the Indian military is equipped to face emerging multi-domain warfare challenges including cyber, space, and AI-enabled conflicts.
Key Features of TPCR 2025: (No need to remember all the features, just have idea)
• Nuclear propulsion systems and a next-generation aircraft carrier equipped with Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) → boosts India’s long-range naval capability and reach in the Indo-Pacific region.
• Induction of destroyers, corvettes, Landing Platform Docks (LPDs), Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), and fast interceptor craft → strengthens maritime security, anti-submarine capability, and coastal defence.
• Replacement of ageing fleet with 1,800 Future Ready Combat Vehicles (FRCVs) and procurement of light tanks for high-altitude mountain operations → modernisation tailored for northern and western border challenges.
• Acquisition of Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs), integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with loitering munitions, and robotic systems for counter-Improvised Explosive Devices (counter-IED) → reflects preparation for network-centric and hybrid warfare.
Air Force
• Deployment of directed-energy weapons such as laser systems and stealth bomber drones → ensures stronger deterrence and deep-strike capability against adversaries.
• Use of High-Altitude Pseudo-Satellites (HAPS) and stratospheric airships → provides persistent Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) and secure communications for two-front war scenarios.
Tri-Services (Army, Navy, Air Force Combined)
• Development and induction of over 500 hypersonic missiles with scramjet propulsion and universal missile launchers → enhances strategic deterrence and interoperability across all three services.
• Adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled cyber tools, quantum communication networks, and satellite-hardening measures → strengthens resilience against cyber warfare and space-based threats.
Cross-Cutting Technologies
• Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), digital twin simulations, and autonomous systems → enables smart, data-driven and predictive warfare.
• Implementation of green logistics and energy-efficient systems → integrates sustainability with national defence strategy.
Acanthamoeba
Source: TH
Context: Kerala’s Health Department has raised concern after fresh evidence showed Acanthamoeba is more widespread in the State’s waterbodies than earlier believed.
About Acanthamoeba:
• What it is? A free-living protozoan parasite, found in soil and water. Causes serious infections like Acanthamoeba keratitis (eye) and Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE) (brain).
• A free-living protozoan parasite, found in soil and water.
• Causes serious infections like Acanthamoeba keratitis (eye) and Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE) (brain).
• Found in: Household wells, ponds, storage tanks, and other freshwater sources. Thrives in water rich in coli and high coliform count.
• Household wells, ponds, storage tanks, and other freshwater sources.
• Thrives in water rich in coli and high coliform count.
• Features: Exists in two forms: trophozoite (active) and cyst (dormant, resistant). Opportunistic pathogen, affecting both healthy and immunocompromised individuals. Can enter through minor corneal tears, contact lenses, or open wounds.
• Exists in two forms: trophozoite (active) and cyst (dormant, resistant).
• Opportunistic pathogen, affecting both healthy and immunocompromised individuals.
• Can enter through minor corneal tears, contact lenses, or open wounds.
• Symptoms: Keratitis: Severe eye pain, redness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, corneal ulcers. Encephalitis: Headache, fever, seizures, neurological deficits — often fatal if untreated.
• Keratitis: Severe eye pain, redness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, corneal ulcers.
• Encephalitis: Headache, fever, seizures, neurological deficits — often fatal if untreated.
• Treatment: Keratitis: Early diagnosis critical; treated with antimicrobial eye drops (biguanides, diamidines) and sometimes corneal transplant in advanced cases. Encephalitis: Difficult to treat; combination of antifungals, antibiotics, and supportive care; survival rate remains low. Preventive Measures: Chlorination of wells and safe water practices; strict contact lens hygiene.
• Keratitis: Early diagnosis critical; treated with antimicrobial eye drops (biguanides, diamidines) and sometimes corneal transplant in advanced cases.
• Encephalitis: Difficult to treat; combination of antifungals, antibiotics, and supportive care; survival rate remains low.
• Preventive Measures: Chlorination of wells and safe water practices; strict contact lens hygiene.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 6 September 2025 Mapping:
Mauritius
Source: News on Air
Context: Mauritius Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam will undertake a state visit to India this September, his first overseas bilateral visit in his current term.
About Mauritius:
• What it is? An island country in the Indian Ocean, part of the Mascarene Islands, known for its volcanic origin, multicultural society, and historical Indo-Mauritian connections.
• An island country in the Indian Ocean, part of the Mascarene Islands, known for its volcanic origin, multicultural society, and historical Indo-Mauritian connections.
• Located in: About 800 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. Outlying territories include Rodrigues Island, Cargados Carajos Shoals, and Agalega Islands.
• About 800 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean.
• Outlying territories include Rodrigues Island, Cargados Carajos Shoals, and Agalega Islands.
• Capital: Port Louis.
• Features:
• Volcanic origin, encircled by coral reefs; highest point is Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire (828 m). Rivers & lakes: Grand River South East, Black River, and Lake Vacoas (chief water source). Climate: Maritime subtropical with hot (Dec–Apr) and cool (Jun–Sep) seasons. Economy & land use: Sugarcane dominates agriculture, also tea and vegetables. People: ~1.23 million (2025 est.); majority Indo-Mauritian (descendants of indentured labourers), with Creole, Franco-Mauritian, Chinese minorities.
• Volcanic origin, encircled by coral reefs; highest point is Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire (828 m).
• Rivers & lakes: Grand River South East, Black River, and Lake Vacoas (chief water source).
• Climate: Maritime subtropical with hot (Dec–Apr) and cool (Jun–Sep) seasons.
• Economy & land use: Sugarcane dominates agriculture, also tea and vegetables.
• People: ~1.23 million (2025 est.); majority Indo-Mauritian (descendants of indentured labourers), with Creole, Franco-Mauritian, Chinese minorities.
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