UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 31 March 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 31 March 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 3 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 31 March (2025)
• Energy Statistics India 2025
Energy Statistics India 2025
• Impact Of Deep-Sea Mining
Impact Of Deep-Sea Mining
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• P4 Initiative
P4 Initiative
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• Abel Prize 2025
Abel Prize 2025
• World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
• Judicial Transfers in India
Judicial Transfers in India
• Sarhul Festival
Sarhul Festival
• Military Exercise in News
Military Exercise in News
• Tribhuvandas Patel
Tribhuvandas Patel
Mapping:
• Jhelum River
Jhelum River
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 31 March 2025
#### GS Paper 3 :
Energy Statistics India 2025
Syllabus: Energy
Source: PIB
Context: The National Statistics Office (NSO) released the Energy Statistics India 2025, detailing energy production, consumption, and import trends for FY 2023–24.
• The data shows India’s strong energy recovery post-COVID and reflects efforts toward Viksit Bharat 2047 vision.
Summary of Energy Statistics India 2025:
• Primary Energy Supply rose by 7.8%, reaching 9,03,158 KToE, showcasing resilience and recovery.
• Coal remains dominant, with 79% of total domestic energy supplied and 60.21% share in TPES.
• Renewable energy potential reached 21,09,655 MW, with wind and solar leading.
• Electricity from renewables rose from 2,05,608 GWh (2014-15) to 3,70,320 GWh (2023-24) at a 6.76% CAGR.
• Per capita energy consumption increased to 18,410 MJ/person, a 25% rise in 10 years.
Positives in the Report:
• Renewables expanding fast: Installed capacity rose from 81,593 MW in 2015 to 1,98,213 MW in 2024, CAGR of 10.36%.
E.g., Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra lead in wind and solar installations.
• Industry-led growth: Final energy use by industry rose by 13.2%, driving economic productivity.
E.g., From 2.4 lakh KToE (2014-15) to 3.1 lakh KToE (2023-24).
• Reduced T&D losses: Losses fell from 23% (2014-15) to 17% (2023-24), improving efficiency.
• Renewables outperform fossil fuels in pace: Non-hydro renewables grew by over 210% in 10 years.
• Improved energy intensity: Energy required per INR of GDP dropped to 0.2180 MJ/INR, showing decoupling of energy from growth.
Negatives in the Report:
• High coal dependency: Coal still contributes 79% of energy supply and 60% of TPES.
E.g, Non-coking coal alone accounts for 93.3% of coal production.
• Heavy import reliance: India imports 89% crude oil, 46.6% natural gas, and 25.86% coal.
• Per capita electricity uses still low: At 1,106 kWh/person, India trails global average (~3,000 kWh).
• Slow renewable share in actual generation: Despite capacity growth, renewables still not mainstream in total energy mix.
• Urban-rural divide: Rural consumption and accessibility lag behind urban industrial and residential demand.
Way Ahead:
• Diversify energy mix: Reduce coal dependence by accelerating green hydrogen, offshore wind, and battery storage.
• Localised energy models: Promote decentralised solar, especially in rural/agricultural sectors.
• Improve grid infrastructure: Invest in smart grids and regional interconnectivity to reduce losses.
• Boost domestic production: Enhance exploration of oil & gas reserves in Assam, Rajasthan, and offshore zones.
• Align with SDG & Net Zero: Use SEEA framework and energy indicators to guide climate-compatible development.
Conclusion:
The Energy Statistics India 2025 reflects India’s robust progress toward energy security, renewable transition, and higher efficiency. However, challenges remain in balancing growth with sustainability. A coherent long-term energy policy, rooted in equity and innovation, is essential for India’s Viksit Bharat 2047 ambition.
• Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objectives? Explain. (UPSC-2022)
Impact Of Deep-Sea Mining
Syllabus: Environment
Source: IE
Context: A new study published in Nature reveals that a Pacific Ocean seabed mined in 1979 has not recovered after 40+ years, raising alarm over the long-term ecological impact.
• This comes amid global discussions at the UN’s International Seabed Authority (ISA) on regulating or halting deep sea mining activities.
What is Deep Sea Mining?
• Definition: Extraction of mineral-rich nodules, sulphides, and crusts from the ocean floor at depths of over 200 meters.
• Methods: Using robotic vehicles to collect polymetallic nodules like a plough. Employing AI-controlled machines and vacuum pumps to extract minerals. Processing is done on surface vessels; waste discharge is often returned to the sea.
• Using robotic vehicles to collect polymetallic nodules like a plough.
• Employing AI-controlled machines and vacuum pumps to extract minerals.
• Processing is done on surface vessels; waste discharge is often returned to the sea.
• Resources Targeted: Cobalt, nickel, lithium, rare earths, gold, copper—essential for EVs, solar panels, wind turbines, and electronics.
• Distribution: Richest deposits in Clarion-Clipperton Zone (Pacific Ocean). Also found near hydrothermal vents and seamounts.
• Richest deposits in Clarion-Clipperton Zone (Pacific Ocean).
• Also found near hydrothermal vents and seamounts.
• Technological Frontier: Techniques are still experimental; most operations remain in exploratory phase.
Current Status of Deep-Sea Mining:
• Commercial mining not yet started; only small-scale tests have been conducted.
• ISA Regulation pending: Deadline to finalize rules is set for 2025.
• UNCLOS Oversight: High-seas mineral wealth is designated as the “common heritage of mankind”.
Benefits of Deep-Sea Mining:
• Critical Mineral Supply: Can meet surging global demand for EVs and green tech.
• Alternative to Land Mining: Avoids deforestation and freshwater contamination from terrestrial mining.
• Controlled Labor Conditions: Offshore mining could reduce human rights violations seen in land-based mining.
• Strategic Security: Reduces reliance on geopolitically sensitive land reserves.
E.g. Demand for cobalt is expected to rise by 400-600% by 2040 due to clean energy transitions.
• High Resource Concentration: Polymetallic nodules offer rich deposits in compact areas.
Impacts of Deep Sea Mining:
• Ecological Damage: Physical disturbance can destroy fragile ecosystems and smother marine life.
E.g. The new study found no biological recovery after 44 years in an 8-metre-wide mining site in the Pacific.
• Species Loss: Many deep-sea species are rare, slow-reproducing, and nodule-dependent—mining risks extinction.
• Food Chain Disruption: Waste plumes can affect fish species crucial for fisheries in Pacific Island nations.
• Carbon Cycle Threat: Disturbance of deep-sea life can reduce ocean’s carbon absorption capacity.
• Social Inequity: Benefits may be skewed towards developed nations or private corporations.
Way Ahead:
• Scientific Pause & Research First: Impose a precautionary moratorium until robust ecological data is available.
• Develop Inclusive Regulations: ISA must create transparent, enforceable laws with equitable benefit sharing.
• Promote Circular Economy: Boost battery recycling and recover minerals from e-waste and mine tailings.
• Explore Alternate Tech: Support sodium-ion batteries and LFP batteries that reduce need for cobalt/nickel.
• Global Collaboration: Engage all stakeholders—scientists, policymakers, coastal nations—for sustainable ocean governance.
Conclusion:
Deep sea mining presents a paradox—promising resources for green energy but risking irreversible ecological damage. The world must balance economic ambition with planetary responsibility. Only a science-led, equitable, and precautionary approach can safeguard ocean ecosystems while meeting global energy goals.
• Critically evaluate the various resources of the oceans which can be harnessed to meet the resource crisis in the world. (UPSC-2014)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 31 March 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
P4 Initiative
Context: Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister launched the P4 Bangaru Kutumbam-Margadarsi initiative in Velagapudi on Ugadi.
• The initiative aims to uplift underprivileged communities through a collaborative governance model involving public, private, and citizen partnerships.
About the P4 Initiative:
• What is P4? P4 stands for Public-Private-People Partnership, a mission mode initiative for social and economic transformation.
• P4 stands for Public-Private-People Partnership, a mission mode initiative for social and economic transformation.
• Aim: To eradicate poverty and elevate the economic and social status of marginalised families. Create model families (“Bangaru Kutumbam”) as symbols of transformation.
• Create model families (“Bangaru Kutumbam”) as symbols of transformation.
• Key Features:
• Targets over 2 million beneficiaries in the initial phase. Provides essential services, including free gas cylinders, educational support, and women empowerment schemes.
• Targets over 2 million beneficiaries in the initial phase.
• Provides essential services, including free gas cylinders, educational support, and women empowerment schemes.
• Significance of the P4 Initiative:
• Inclusive Development: Empowers underprivileged families by integrating public, private, and citizen efforts for holistic socio-economic upliftment. Poverty Eradication Model: Directly targets vulnerable communities with essential services like free gas, education, and women’s welfare schemes. Governance Innovation: Showcases a scalable Public-Private-People Partnership (P4) model promoting collaborative governance. Replicable Welfare Blueprint: Acts as a state-level case study for participatory welfare policy implementation, useful for other states and national schemes.
• Inclusive Development: Empowers underprivileged families by integrating public, private, and citizen efforts for holistic socio-economic upliftment.
• Poverty Eradication Model: Directly targets vulnerable communities with essential services like free gas, education, and women’s welfare schemes.
• Governance Innovation: Showcases a scalable Public-Private-People Partnership (P4) model promoting collaborative governance.
• Replicable Welfare Blueprint: Acts as a state-level case study for participatory welfare policy implementation, useful for other states and national schemes.
Relevance to UPSC Syllabus:
• GS Paper 2: Governance
• Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections. Role of civil society and public-private partnerships in development. Transparency and accountability in governance.
• Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections.
• Role of civil society and public-private partnerships in development.
• Transparency and accountability in governance.
• GS Paper 3: Inclusive Growth
• Strategies to enhance livelihoods and reduce poverty. Case study material for PPP models in social development.
• Strategies to enhance livelihoods and reduce poverty.
• Case study material for PPP models in social development.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 31 March 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Abel Prize 2025
Source: IE
Context: Japanese mathematician Masaki Kashiwara has been awarded the Abel Prize 2025. He was recognized for foundational work in algebraic analysis and representation theory, especially for the theory of D-modules and crystal bases.
About Abel Prize:
• What it is? It is a global award recognizing outstanding achievements in mathematics, considered the equivalent of a Nobel Prize in this field.
• It is a global award recognizing outstanding achievements in mathematics, considered the equivalent of a Nobel Prize in this field.
• Established in: In 2002 by the Norwegian Parliament to mark the 200th birth anniversary of Niels Henrik Abel.
• Administered by: The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, based on the recommendations from IMU and EMS.
• Criteria: Awarded for pioneering contributions in pure and applied mathematics.
• Prize Money: 7.5 million Norwegian kroner (~$720,000), along with a custom-designed glass plaque.
About Abel Prize 2025:
• Recipient: Masaki Kashiwara (Japan), aged 78.
• Recognized For: Development of D-modules, a powerful tool connecting differential equations with algebraic geometry. Discovery of crystal bases, enabling simpler graph-based solutions in complex calculations.
• Development of D-modules, a powerful tool connecting differential equations with algebraic geometry.
• Discovery of crystal bases, enabling simpler graph-based solutions in complex calculations.
• Significance: His work bridged isolated fields like algebra, geometry, and mathematical physics. Opened new avenues of research and helped solve long-standing mathematical problems.
• His work bridged isolated fields like algebra, geometry, and mathematical physics.
• Opened new avenues of research and helped solve long-standing mathematical problems.
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Source: NIE
Context: The Uttarakhand Forest Department has partnered with WWF to install trap cameras in forest interiors to provide real-time wildlife alerts on forest roads.
• Forest department is installing trap cameras in interior forest roads to alert drivers about wild animal movement in real time.
About WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature):
• What is WWF? An international NGO working for environmental conservation and reducing human impact on nature.
• An international NGO working for environmental conservation and reducing human impact on nature.
• Established: 1961
• Founders: Sir Peter Scott, Max Nicholson, and others
• Origin: Initiated to support IUCN and global conservation efforts via fundraising and activism.
• Headquarters: Gland, Switzerland
• Objective of WWF: To halt environmental degradation and promote a sustainable future where humans live in harmony with nature.
• To halt environmental degradation and promote a sustainable future where humans live in harmony with nature.
• Major Functions:
• Supports over 3,000 conservation projects across 100+ countries. Publishes Living Planet Report and maintains the Living Planet Index. Conducts campaigns like Earth Hour and Debt-for-Nature Swap. Works in six major domains: wildlife, forests, oceans, freshwater, food, and climate. Uses AI tools and sensor-based technologies for wildlife monitoring. Funded primarily by individuals (65%), governments (17%), and corporate donors (8%).
• Supports over 3,000 conservation projects across 100+ countries.
• Publishes Living Planet Report and maintains the Living Planet Index.
• Conducts campaigns like Earth Hour and Debt-for-Nature Swap.
• Works in six major domains: wildlife, forests, oceans, freshwater, food, and climate.
• Uses AI tools and sensor-based technologies for wildlife monitoring.
• Funded primarily by individuals (65%), governments (17%), and corporate donors (8%).
Judicial Transfers in India
Source: TH
Context: The transfer of Justice Yashwant Varma from the Delhi High Court to the Allahabad High Court has sparked protests and reignited debates on judicial transfers.
About Judicial Transfers in India:
• What are Judicial Transfers? Transfers involve the relocation of a High Court judge from one High Court to another, either in the interest of public administration or judicial functioning.
• Transfers involve the relocation of a High Court judge from one High Court to another, either in the interest of public administration or judicial functioning.
• Constitutional Provision:
• Article 222(1) of the Constitution empowers the President to transfer a judge from one High Court to another in consultation with the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
• Article 222(1) of the Constitution empowers the President to transfer a judge from one High Court to another in consultation with the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
• Key Supreme Court Judgments: First Judges Case (1981) — S.P. Gupta v. Union of India Held that the executive had primacy, and CJI’s opinion was not binding. Second Judges Case (1993) Overturned earlier ruling, giving primacy to judiciary via the collegium system. Stressed that transfers should be in public interest and with wider consultation. Third Judges Case (1998) Expanded collegium to CJI + 4 senior-most judges. Required opinion of judges familiar with the concerned High Court.
• First Judges Case (1981) — S.P. Gupta v. Union of India Held that the executive had primacy, and CJI’s opinion was not binding.
• Held that the executive had primacy, and CJI’s opinion was not binding.
• Second Judges Case (1993) Overturned earlier ruling, giving primacy to judiciary via the collegium system. Stressed that transfers should be in public interest and with wider consultation.
• Overturned earlier ruling, giving primacy to judiciary via the collegium system.
• Stressed that transfers should be in public interest and with wider consultation.
• Third Judges Case (1998) Expanded collegium to CJI + 4 senior-most judges. Required opinion of judges familiar with the concerned High Court.
• Expanded collegium to CJI + 4 senior-most judges.
• Required opinion of judges familiar with the concerned High Court.
• Authorities Involved in Judicial Transfers: Judiciary: Chief Justice of India initiates the transfer.
• Judiciary: Chief Justice of India initiates the transfer.
• Consults:
• Consults:
• Consults:
• Chief Justices of both transferring and receiving High Courts.
• One or more Supreme Court judges familiar with the judge’s service record.
• Collegium (for Chief Justices’ transfer): CJI + 4 senior-most SC judges.
• Executive:
• Law Minister reviews and forwards Collegium’s recommendation to the Prime Minister. President of India gives final approval. Department of Justice issues official transfer notification.
• Law Minister reviews and forwards Collegium’s recommendation to the Prime Minister. President of India gives final approval. Department of Justice issues official transfer notification.
• Law Minister reviews and forwards Collegium’s recommendation to the Prime Minister.
• President of India gives final approval.
• Department of Justice issues official transfer notification.
• Procedure of Judicial Transfer:
• Initiation: CJI assesses and proposes transfer based on judicial and administrative grounds. Consultation: Mandatory consultation with relevant High Court and Supreme Court judges. Recommendation: Finalised by the Collegium and forwarded to the Law Ministry. Approval: PM advises the President, who approves the transfer. Notification: Department of Justice publishes in the Gazette of India.
• Initiation: CJI assesses and proposes transfer based on judicial and administrative grounds.
• Consultation: Mandatory consultation with relevant High Court and Supreme Court judges.
• Recommendation: Finalised by the Collegium and forwarded to the Law Ministry.
• Approval: PM advises the President, who approves the transfer.
• Notification: Department of Justice publishes in the Gazette of India.
Sarhul Festival
Source: IE
Context: The tribal communities of Jharkhand and Chhotanagpur region are celebrating Sarhul, a New Year and spring festival rooted in nature worship.
About Sarhul Festival:
• What is Sarhul?
• Sarhul literally means ‘worship of the Sal tree’ and marks the onset of spring and the Adivasi New Year. It symbolizes the cosmic union of the Sun and Earth, essential for the cycle of life and agriculture.
• Sarhul literally means ‘worship of the Sal tree’ and marks the onset of spring and the Adivasi New Year.
• It symbolizes the cosmic union of the Sun and Earth, essential for the cycle of life and agriculture.
• Tribes Associated:
• Celebrated by Adivasi groups such as the: Oraon, Munda, Santal, Khadia, and Ho. The festival is observed across Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Bihar, and also by tribal diaspora in Assam, Andaman, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan.
• Celebrated by Adivasi groups such as the: Oraon, Munda, Santal, Khadia, and Ho.
• The festival is observed across Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Bihar, and also by tribal diaspora in Assam, Andaman, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan.
• Features of the Festival:
• Three-day celebration held at Sarna Sthals (sacred groves). Sal flowers are offered to the village deity, Sarna Maa. Traditional dances like Jadur, Gena, and Por Jadur are performed. A community feast and consumption of Handia (rice beer) mark the final day. Ploughing and agricultural activities begin only after the rituals conclude.
• Three-day celebration held at Sarna Sthals (sacred groves).
• Sal flowers are offered to the village deity, Sarna Maa.
• Traditional dances like Jadur, Gena, and Por Jadur are performed.
• A community feast and consumption of Handia (rice beer) mark the final day.
• Ploughing and agricultural activities begin only after the rituals conclude.
• Cultural Importance & Significance:
• Demonstrates the spiritual connection between humans and forests, especially the Sal tree. An occasion for community bonding, ritual purity, and cultural expression.
• Demonstrates the spiritual connection between humans and forests, especially the Sal tree.
• An occasion for community bonding, ritual purity, and cultural expression.
Military Exercise in News
Source: TW, NA
Context: India and Russia launched the 6-day naval exercise INDRA off the Chennai coast. Simultaneously, the Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to participate in Exercise INIOCHOS-25, a multinational air drill in Greece.
About Military Exercise in News:
• Exercise INDRA (India–Russia Naval Exercise)
• Participating Nations: India and Russia Host Location: Chennai, Bay of Bengal. Aim: Strengthen maritime cooperation and interoperability. Conduct tactical naval operations, live weapon drills, air defence, underway replenishment, and helicopter cross-deck landings. Enhance strategic bilateral ties and operational synergy. .
• Participating Nations: India and Russia
• Host Location: Chennai, Bay of Bengal.
• Aim: Strengthen maritime cooperation and interoperability. Conduct tactical naval operations, live weapon drills, air defence, underway replenishment, and helicopter cross-deck landings. Enhance strategic bilateral ties and operational synergy. .
• Strengthen maritime cooperation and interoperability.
• Conduct tactical naval operations, live weapon drills, air defence, underway replenishment, and helicopter cross-deck landings.
• Enhance strategic bilateral ties and operational synergy.
• Exercise INIOCHOS-25 (Multinational Air Exercise)
• Participating Nations: 15 countries (including India) Host Location: Andravida Air Base, Elis region, Greece Aim:
• Participating Nations: 15 countries (including India)
• Host Location: Andravida Air Base, Elis region, Greece
• Improve interoperability and joint planning in air warfare.
• Train in complex air combat scenarios.
• Strengthen strategic defence relations and coalition air power coordination.
Tribhuvandas Patel
Source: IE
Context: The Lok Sabha has passed a Bill to establish Tribhuvan Sahkari University in Anand, Gujarat, named after Tribhuvandas Patel, founder of the Kaira Milk Union (Amul).
About Tribhuvandas Patel:
• Early Life & Background:
• Born: 22 October 1903 in Anand, Kheda district, Gujarat. Family: Son of Kishibhai Patel, a farmer; studied at DN High School, Anand. Education: Graduate from Gujarat Vidyapith, Ahmedabad. Participated in movements like Civil Disobedience, Salt Satyagraha, and anti-untouchability drives; jailed in Nasik (1930) and Visapur.
• Born: 22 October 1903 in Anand, Kheda district, Gujarat.
• Family: Son of Kishibhai Patel, a farmer; studied at DN High School, Anand.
• Education: Graduate from Gujarat Vidyapith, Ahmedabad.
• Participated in movements like Civil Disobedience, Salt Satyagraha, and anti-untouchability drives; jailed in Nasik (1930) and Visapur.
• Contribution to the Cooperative Movement:
• Founded Kaira Milk Union (Amul) on 14 December 1946 to end dairy exploitation by private traders like Polson Dairy. Promoted inclusive village-level dairy cooperatives based on: One man, one vote principle Equal participation across castes and communities Appointed Dr. Verghese Kurien and supported him in building the foundation of India’s White Revolution. Later helped establish: National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF)
• Founded Kaira Milk Union (Amul) on 14 December 1946 to end dairy exploitation by private traders like Polson Dairy.
• Promoted inclusive village-level dairy cooperatives based on: One man, one vote principle Equal participation across castes and communities
• One man, one vote principle
• Equal participation across castes and communities
• Appointed Dr. Verghese Kurien and supported him in building the foundation of India’s White Revolution.
• Later helped establish: National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF)
• National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
• Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA)
• Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF)
• Role in Freedom Struggle:
• Close follower of Mahatma Gandhi’s principles. Dedicated life to rural upliftment, community health, and self-reliance. Founded Tribhuvandas Foundation from public donations to serve rural health needs.
• Close follower of Mahatma Gandhi’s principles.
• Dedicated life to rural upliftment, community health, and self-reliance.
• Founded Tribhuvandas Foundation from public donations to serve rural health needs.
• Recognitions & Awards:
• Ramon Magsaysay Award (1963) for Community Leadership. Padma Bhushan (1964) for Social Service.
• Ramon Magsaysay Award (1963) for Community Leadership.
• Padma Bhushan (1964) for Social Service.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 31 March 2025 Mapping:
Jhelum River
Source: DTE
Context: The Jammu & Kashmir government has admitted in the Assembly that untreated wastewater from towns like Anantnag, Bijbehara, and Mattan is being discharged into local streams leading to the Jhelum River.
About Jhelum River:
• Origin: Verinag spring, at the foot of the Pir Panjal Range in Anantnag district, Jammu & Kashmir.
• Length: Approximate length: 725 km (450 miles).
• States/ UT flowed through: Jammu & Kashmir
• Tributaries: Kishanganga River, Kunhar River, Other tributaries include the Sandran River, Bringi River, Arapath River.
• Jhelum is a tributary of: Chenab River, which further merges into the Indus River system in Pakistan.
• Key Geographical Features:
• Flows through Wular Lake at Srinagar, acting as a natural regulator. Forms deep gorges while crossing the Pir Panjal mountains. Enters plains at Mangla, where Mangla Dam supports irrigation and hydroelectricity. Major canals: Upper Jhelum Canal (Mangla to Chenab at Khanki) and Lower Jhelum Canal (from Rasul for irrigation).
• Flows through Wular Lake at Srinagar, acting as a natural regulator.
• Forms deep gorges while crossing the Pir Panjal mountains.
• Enters plains at Mangla, where Mangla Dam supports irrigation and hydroelectricity.
• Major canals: Upper Jhelum Canal (Mangla to Chenab at Khanki) and Lower Jhelum Canal (from Rasul for irrigation).
Daily Current Affairs + PIB Summary 31 Mar 2025
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