UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 30 January 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 30 January 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 2 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 30 January (2025)
• Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024
Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024
• Manual Scavenging
Manual Scavenging
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• Nano-Urea & Yield Reduction
Nano-Urea & Yield Reduction
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
• Paris AI Summit, 2025
Paris AI Summit, 2025
• Retinal Diseases
Retinal Diseases
• National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)
National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)
• Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion
• Team Initiative
Team Initiative
Mapping:
• Democratic Republic of Congo
Democratic Republic of Congo
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 30 January 2025
#### GS Paper 2 :
Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024
Syllabus: Statutory Bodies
Source: TH
Context: The Joint Committee on the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 adopted its report by a majority vote, clearing the way for the government to move the Bill during the upcoming Budget Session of Parliament.
NOTE: Read it from both Prelims and Mains Perspective.
What is a Waqf Board?
• Established in: The concept of Waqf Boards was formalized under the Waqf Act, 1954, and further strengthened by the Waqf Act, 1995. (It is statutory body)
• Governed by: The Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, oversees the functioning of Waqf Boards.
• Functions and Powers:
• Administration: Manages and supervises Waqf properties. Recovery: Recovers lost or encroached Waqf properties. Transfer: Sanctions the transfer of immovable Waqf properties through sale, gift, mortgage, exchange, or lease. Appointment: Appoints custodians to ensure Waqf revenues are used for designated purposes. Legal Authority: Can sue and be sued in court.
• Administration: Manages and supervises Waqf properties.
• Recovery: Recovers lost or encroached Waqf properties.
• Transfer: Sanctions the transfer of immovable Waqf properties through sale, gift, mortgage, exchange, or lease.
• Appointment: Appoints custodians to ensure Waqf revenues are used for designated purposes.
• Legal Authority: Can sue and be sued in court.
• Board and Members:
• Chairperson: Appointed by the state government. Members: Include Muslim legislators, parliamentarians, members of the state Bar Council, Islamic scholars, and mutawalis (managers) of Waqfs with an annual income of ₹1 lakh and above. Central Waqf Council (CWC): Established in 1964 to oversee and advise state-level Waqf Boards.
• Chairperson: Appointed by the state government.
• Members: Include Muslim legislators, parliamentarians, members of the state Bar Council, Islamic scholars, and mutawalis (managers) of Waqfs with an annual income of ₹1 lakh and above.
• Central Waqf Council (CWC): Established in 1964 to oversee and advise state-level Waqf Boards.
Proposed Amendments in the 2024 Bill:
• Inclusion of Non-Muslim Members: Mandates at least two non-Muslim members in the Central Waqf Council and State Waqf Boards. Allows non-Muslim members to form a majority in these bodies.
• Mandates at least two non-Muslim members in the Central Waqf Council and State Waqf Boards.
• Allows non-Muslim members to form a majority in these bodies.
• Removal of Waqf by User: Eliminates the concept of Waqf by User, which recognized properties used for religious or charitable purposes over time as Waqf.
• District Collector’s Role: Grants District Collectors the authority to determine ownership of disputed properties and update revenue records.
• Composition of Tribunals: Removes the requirement for an expert in Muslim law from Waqf Tribunals.
• Appeals Process: Allows direct appeals to High Courts against Tribunal decisions, removing the finality of Tribunal rulings.
Need for Amendment in 2024:
• Transparency and Efficiency: Aims to improve transparency and efficiency in the management of Waqf properties.
• Inclusivity: Seeks to promote inclusivity by involving non-Muslim members in Waqf governance.
• Dispute Resolution: Enhances dispute resolution mechanisms by granting District Collectors authority over property disputes.
• Legal Clarity: Provides clarity on the creation and management of Waqf properties.
• Modernization: Aligns Waqf governance with contemporary legal and administrative practices.
Issues Surrounding the New Bill:
• Dilution of Muslim Control: Opposition argues that including non-Muslim members dilutes Muslim control over Waqf properties.
• Violation of Article 26: Critics claim the Bill violates Article 26 of the Constitution, which guarantees religious communities the right to manage their own affairs.
• Removal of Waqf by User: Eliminating Waqf by User could lead to disputes over the status of existing Waqf properties.
• Expertise in Muslim Law: Removing the requirement for an expert in Muslim law from Tribunals may affect the adjudication of Waqf-related disputes.
• Potential for Misuse: Granting District Collectors authority over property disputes could lead to misuse and bias.
Way Ahead:
• Stakeholder Consultation: Engage with Muslim community leaders and stakeholders to address concerns.
• Legal Safeguards: Introduce safeguards to prevent misuse of District Collectors’ powers.
• Capacity Building: Provide training to District Collectors and Tribunal members on Waqf laws.
• Transparency Measures: Implement measures to ensure transparency in the management of Waqf properties.
• Review and Monitoring: Establish a mechanism for regular review and monitoring of Waqf governance.
Conclusion:
The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 aims to modernize Waqf governance but faces significant opposition over concerns of dilution of Muslim control and potential misuse of powers. A balanced approach, incorporating stakeholder feedback and legal safeguards, is essential to ensure the effective and fair management of Waqf properties.
Insta Links:
• The-waqf-amendment-bill-2024
• How is the Indian concept of secularism different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (UPSC-2018)
Manual Scavenging
Syllabus: Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections
Source: NIE
Context: The Supreme Court has ordered a complete stop to the practice of manual scavenging and hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks in six major metropolitan cities: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad.
About manual scavenging and its recent data in India:
• Definition:
• Manual scavenging refers to the manual removal of human excreta from dry latrines, sewers, and septic tanks. It is a dehumanizing practice often linked to caste-based discrimination, as it is predominantly carried out by Dalits and other marginalized communities.
• Manual scavenging refers to the manual removal of human excreta from dry latrines, sewers, and septic tanks. It is a dehumanizing practice often linked to caste-based discrimination, as it is predominantly carried out by Dalits and other marginalized communities.
• Recent Data:
• According to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 443 deaths were reported due to manual scavenging between 2018 and 2023. A Right to Information (RTI) response revealed that in Delhi alone, 94 deaths occurred in the past 15 years, with only one conviction. As of 2024, 97% of manual scavengers belong to Scheduled Castes (SCs), with 42,594 SCs, 421 Scheduled Tribes (STs), and 431 Other Backward Classes (OBCs) engaged in this practice.
• According to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 443 deaths were reported due to manual scavenging between 2018 and 2023.
• A Right to Information (RTI) response revealed that in Delhi alone, 94 deaths occurred in the past 15 years, with only one conviction.
• As of 2024, 97% of manual scavengers belong to Scheduled Castes (SCs), with 42,594 SCs, 421 Scheduled Tribes (STs), and 431 Other Backward Classes (OBCs) engaged in this practice.
• Judicial Intervention:
• In Safai Karamchari Andolan v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court mandated ₹10 lakh compensation for families of those who died while cleaning sewers since 1993. The court has repeatedly emphasized that manual scavenging violates Article 21 (Right to Life) and Article 17 (Abolition of Untouchability) of the Constitution.
• In Safai Karamchari Andolan v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court mandated ₹10 lakh compensation for families of those who died while cleaning sewers since 1993.
• The court has repeatedly emphasized that manual scavenging violates Article 21 (Right to Life) and Article 17 (Abolition of Untouchability) of the Constitution.
• Health Hazards:
• Manual scavengers are exposed to life-threatening diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, and respiratory infections due to direct contact with human waste and toxic gases like hydrogen sulfide.
• Manual scavengers are exposed to life-threatening diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, and respiratory infections due to direct contact with human waste and toxic gases like hydrogen sulfide.
Why Manual Scavenging Persists?
• Lack of Enforcement: Despite laws, enforcement remains weak. Contractors and municipalities often bypass regulations, employing manual scavengers at low wages.
• Caste Hierarchy: The practice is deeply rooted in caste-based discrimination, with Dalits forced into this occupation due to social stigmaand lack of alternatives.
• Inefficient Sewage Systems: Most Indian cities lack modern sewage infrastructure, making manual cleaning unavoidable in narrow lanes and poorly maintained systems.
• Economic Dependence: Manual scavengers, often unskilledand illiterate, have limited access to alternative livelihoods, trapping them in a cycle of poverty.
• Lack of Awareness: Many manual scavengers are unaware of their legal rightsand government schemes, perpetuating their exploitation.
Challenges Surrounding Manual Scavenging:
• Health Risks: Exposure to toxic gases and human waste leads to chronic illnesses and premature
• Social Discrimination: Manual scavengers face social exclusionand stigma, limiting their access to education and employment opportunities.
• Legal Loopholes: Weak enforcement of laws and lack of accountability allow the practice to continue unchecked.
• Technological Gaps: Limited availability of mechanized cleaning equipment and high costs hinder the transition to safer methods.
• Data Inaccuracy: Many states underreport manual scavenging cases, leading to incomplete data and ineffective policy implementation.
Way Ahead:
• Strengthen Enforcement: Ensure strict implementation of the PEMSR Actand hold contractors and municipalities accountable for violations.
• Promote Mechanization: Invest in sewer-cleaning robots and modern equipment to eliminate the need for human intervention.
• Skill Development: Provide vocational training and alternative livelihood options to manual scavengers through schemes like MNREGA.
• Awareness Campaigns: Educate manual scavengers about their rights and government schemes to empower them.
• Community Involvement: Engage civil society organizations and local communities to combat caste-based discrimination and promote social inclusion.
Conclusion:
Manual scavenging is a blot on India’s progress, perpetuating caste-based oppression and human rights violations. While the government has introduced laws and schemes, effective implementation and community involvement are crucial to eradicate this practice. The Supreme Court’s recent intervention underscores the urgency of addressing this issue to ensure dignity and equality for all.
Insta Links:
• The-problem-of-manual-scavenging-in-India
• What are the impediments in disposing of the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we safely remove the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (UPSC-2018)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 30 January 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Nano-Urea & Yield Reduction
Context: A recent study by Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, published in the journal Plant Soil, found that nano-urea led to reduced yields in wheat and paddy and decreased protein content by 35% in rice and 24% in wheat.
What is Nano-Urea?
• Definition: A liquid nitrogen-based fertilizer that is applied via foliar spray instead of traditional soil application.
• Launched By: IFFCO in 2022, backed by the Department of Fertilizers, Government of India.
Key Findings from Recent Study
• Yield Reduction: Nano-urea application reduced wheat and paddy grain yield compared to conventional urea.
• Lower Protein Content: Protein levels in rice and wheat dropped by 35% and 24%, respectively.
• Poor Nitrogen Absorption: The plants failed to effectively utilize the sprayed nano-urea, relying instead on soil nitrogen.
• Impact on Root Development: Root length and dry weight decreased, reducing overall nutrient uptake.
• Unproven Efficiency: Despite IFFCO’s claims, no substantial evidence supports nano-urea as a viable replacement for traditional urea.
Relevance in UPSC Exam
• Agriculture & Economy: Impact of fertilizer policies on food security and farm productivity.
• Science & Technology: Role of nano-fertilizers in sustainable agriculture.
• Environment & Sustainability: Challenges in reducing chemical fertilizer dependency.
• Government Policies & Schemes: IFFCO-backed initiatives and fertilizer subsidies under the Department of Fertilizers.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 30 January 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP)
PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
Source: TH
Context: Nearly a year after the ₹75,000-crore PM Surya Ghar scheme was launched, 8.5 lakh households have installed rooftop solar connections, said Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy.
About PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana:
• What is the PM Surya Ghar Scheme? The PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojanais a centrally sponsored scheme aimed at providing free electricity to households by subsidizing the installation of rooftop solar panels.
• The PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojanais a centrally sponsored scheme aimed at providing free electricity to households by subsidizing the installation of rooftop solar panels.
• Ministry: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
• Launch Date: The scheme was officially launched on February 15, 2024, following its announcement in January 2024.
• To provide up to 300 units of free electricity per month to one crore households. To reduce electricity costs for households and the government. To increase the share of renewable energy in India’s energy mix. To reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable development.
• To provide up to 300 units of free electricity per month to one crore households.
• To reduce electricity costs for households and the government.
• To increase the share of renewable energy in India’s energy mix.
• To reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable development.
• Key Features:
• Subsidy: The scheme provides a subsidy of 40% of the cost for solar panel installations. For systems up to 2 kW capacity, the subsidy is 60%, and for systems between 2 kW and 3 kW, it is 40% of the additional cost. The subsidy is capped at 3 kW capacity. Financial Outlay: The total outlay for the scheme is ₹75,021 crore, with ₹4,950 crore allocated as incentives for DISCOMs (Distribution Companies). Target: The scheme aims to cover one crore households by FY 2026-27. Savings: Households can save up to ₹18,000 annually on electricity bills. Government Savings: The scheme is expected to save the government ₹75,000 crore annually in electricity costs. DISCOM Incentives: DISCOMs are designated as State Implementation Agencies (SIAs) and receive incentives based on their performance in installing rooftop solar capacity beyond a baseline level.
• Subsidy: The scheme provides a subsidy of 40% of the cost for solar panel installations. For systems up to 2 kW capacity, the subsidy is 60%, and for systems between 2 kW and 3 kW, it is 40% of the additional cost. The subsidy is capped at 3 kW capacity.
• Financial Outlay: The total outlay for the scheme is ₹75,021 crore, with ₹4,950 crore allocated as incentives for DISCOMs (Distribution Companies).
• Target: The scheme aims to cover one crore households by FY 2026-27.
• Savings: Households can save up to ₹18,000 annually on electricity bills.
• Government Savings: The scheme is expected to save the government ₹75,000 crore annually in electricity costs.
• DISCOM Incentives: DISCOMs are designated as State Implementation Agencies (SIAs) and receive incentives based on their performance in installing rooftop solar capacity beyond a baseline level.
• Eligibility Criteria:
• The applicant must be an Indian citizen. The household must own a house with a roof suitable for solar panel installation. The household must have a valid electricity connection. The household must not have availed any other subsidy for solar panels.
• The applicant must be an Indian citizen.
• The household must own a house with a roof suitable for solar panel installation.
• The household must have a valid electricity connection.
• The household must not have availed any other subsidy for solar panels.
Insta links:
• Potential-of-pradhan-mantri-surya-ghar-muft-bijli-yojana
Paris AI Summit, 2025
Source: IE
Context: Indian Prime Minister is set to co-chair the Paris AI Summit on February 10-11, 2025, alongside French President Emmanuel Macron.
About the Paris AI Summit 2025:
• What is the Paris AI Summit? The Paris AI Summit 2025 is a high-level global conference focused on AI regulation, innovation, and ethical governance. It builds on previous AI Safety Summits held in Bletchley Park (UK) in 2023 and Seoul (South Korea) in 2024, aiming to create a global consensus on AI policies.
• The Paris AI Summit 2025 is a high-level global conference focused on AI regulation, innovation, and ethical governance.
• It builds on previous AI Safety Summits held in Bletchley Park (UK) in 2023 and Seoul (South Korea) in 2024, aiming to create a global consensus on AI policies.
• Key Details of the Paris AI Summit 2025:
• Host: France Chair & Co-Chair: Emmanuel Macron (Chair) & PM Narendra Modi (Co-Chair) Participants: Heads of state, AI researchers, policymakers, businesses, and civil society leaders
• Host: France
• Chair & Co-Chair: Emmanuel Macron (Chair) & PM Narendra Modi (Co-Chair)
• Participants: Heads of state, AI researchers, policymakers, businesses, and civil society leaders
• Aims of the Paris AI Summit:
• Global AI Governance: Establish frameworks for AI regulation and ethical use. Balancing Innovation & Regulation: Foster AI growth without stifling development. Addressing AI Market Concentration: Examine the dominance of big tech companies like Microsoft, Google, Amazon, and Meta in foundational AI models. Public Interest & AI Safety: Ensure AI tools align with security, trust, and responsible use. Global Collaboration: Strengthen cooperation between countries to tackle AI-related challenges.
• Global AI Governance: Establish frameworks for AI regulation and ethical use.
• Balancing Innovation & Regulation: Foster AI growth without stifling development.
• Addressing AI Market Concentration: Examine the dominance of big tech companies like Microsoft, Google, Amazon, and Meta in foundational AI models.
• Public Interest & AI Safety: Ensure AI tools align with security, trust, and responsible use.
• Global Collaboration: Strengthen cooperation between countries to tackle AI-related challenges.
• Significance of the Paris AI Summit:
• European AI Strategy: The summit is critical for Europe to compete with US tech giants and China’s AI leadership. Investment in AI Infrastructure: Discusses major AI projects, such as the $500 billion US Stargate Project. AI Accessibility & Ethics: Focuses on affordable AI models and reducing AI development costs. India’s Role: PM Modi’s co-chair position highlights India’s growing influence in global AI policy and digital governance.
• European AI Strategy: The summit is critical for Europe to compete with US tech giants and China’s AI leadership.
• Investment in AI Infrastructure: Discusses major AI projects, such as the $500 billion US Stargate Project.
• AI Accessibility & Ethics: Focuses on affordable AI models and reducing AI development costs.
• India’s Role: PM Modi’s co-chair position highlights India’s growing influence in global AI policy and digital governance.
Insta links:
• IndiaAI-mission
Retinal Diseases
Source: TH
Context: Retinal diseases, particularly Inherited Retinal Diseases (IRDs), are gaining attention due to advancements in RNA-based therapeutics that offer hope for treating genetic causes of blindness.
About Retinal Diseases:
• What are Retinal Diseases? Retinal diseases are disorders that affect the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. These diseases can lead to progressive vision lossand, in severe cases, blindness. They can be caused by genetic mutations, aging, or other underlying health conditions.
• Retinal diseases are disorders that affect the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.
• These diseases can lead to progressive vision lossand, in severe cases, blindness. They can be caused by genetic mutations, aging, or other underlying health conditions.
• Role of the Retina in Vision:
• The retina is responsible for converting light into neural signals, which are sent to the brain via the optic nerve. It contains specialized cells called photoreceptors (rods and cones) that detect light and colour, enabling us to see. Damage to the retina disrupts this process, leading to vision impairment or blindness.
• The retina is responsible for converting light into neural signals, which are sent to the brain via the optic nerve.
• It contains specialized cells called photoreceptors (rods and cones) that detect light and colour, enabling us to see.
• Damage to the retina disrupts this process, leading to vision impairment or blindness.
• Types of Retinal Diseases:
• Inherited Retinal Diseases (IRDs): Caused by genetic mutations in over 300 genes.
• Inherited Retinal Diseases (IRDs): Caused by genetic mutations in over 300 genes.
Examples: Retinitis Pigmentosa, Leber Congenital Amaurosis, Stargardt Disease.
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Affects the central part of the retina (macula), leading to loss of central vision. Diabetic Retinopathy: Caused by damage to blood vessels in the retina due to diabetes. Retinal Detachment: Occurs when the retina pulls away from its normal position. Retinoblastoma: A rare cancer of the retina, primarily affecting children.
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Affects the central part of the retina (macula), leading to loss of central vision.
• Diabetic Retinopathy: Caused by damage to blood vessels in the retina due to diabetes.
• Retinal Detachment: Occurs when the retina pulls away from its normal position.
• Retinoblastoma: A rare cancer of the retina, primarily affecting children.
RNA-based therapeutics can cure retinal diseases:
• What is RNA Therapy? RNA-based therapies involve using ribonucleic acid (RNA)to correct genetic defects or modulate gene expression. Unlike DNA-based therapies, RNA therapies are temporary and do not alter the patient’s genome, reducing the risk of long-term side effects.
• RNA-based therapies involve using ribonucleic acid (RNA)to correct genetic defects or modulate gene expression. Unlike DNA-based therapies, RNA therapies are temporary and do not alter the patient’s genome, reducing the risk of long-term side effects.
• Types of RNA Therapies for Retinal Diseases:
• Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs): Small RNA molecules that bind to specific RNA sequences to correct genetic errors. Used to treat conditions like spinal muscular atrophy and being explored for Stargardt Disease and Retinitis Pigmentosa. RNA Editing with ADAR Enzymes: Corrects specific mutations at the RNA level without altering DNA. Promising for treating IRDs caused by single-point mutations. Suppressor tRNAs: Bypass stop-codon mutations that prematurely halt protein synthesis, restoring full-length protein production in retinal cells. Small Molecule RNA Therapies (e.g., PTC124/Ataluren): Used to treat cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, now being tested for rare eye diseases like aniridia.
• Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs): Small RNA molecules that bind to specific RNA sequences to correct genetic errors. Used to treat conditions like spinal muscular atrophy and being explored for Stargardt Disease and Retinitis Pigmentosa.
• Small RNA molecules that bind to specific RNA sequences to correct genetic errors.
• Used to treat conditions like spinal muscular atrophy and being explored for Stargardt Disease and Retinitis Pigmentosa.
• RNA Editing with ADAR Enzymes: Corrects specific mutations at the RNA level without altering DNA. Promising for treating IRDs caused by single-point mutations.
• Corrects specific mutations at the RNA level without altering DNA.
• Promising for treating IRDs caused by single-point mutations.
• Suppressor tRNAs: Bypass stop-codon mutations that prematurely halt protein synthesis, restoring full-length protein production in retinal cells.
• Bypass stop-codon mutations that prematurely halt protein synthesis, restoring full-length protein production in retinal cells.
• Small Molecule RNA Therapies (e.g., PTC124/Ataluren): Used to treat cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, now being tested for rare eye diseases like aniridia.
• Used to treat cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, now being tested for rare eye diseases like aniridia.
• Advantages of RNA Therapies:
• Precision: Targets specific genetic mutations. Safety: Temporary changes reduce the risk of unintended effects. Versatility: Can address a wide range of genetic defects.
• Precision: Targets specific genetic mutations.
• Safety: Temporary changes reduce the risk of unintended effects.
• Versatility: Can address a wide range of genetic defects.
Insta links:
• Ribonucleic-acid-RNA
National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)
Source: The Print
Context: The Union Cabinet, has approved the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) with an expenditure of ₹16,300 crore and an additional ₹18,000 crore investment from PSUs.
About National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM):
• What is the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)? The National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) is a strategic initiative designed to ensure India’s self-reliance in critical mineral resources. These minerals are vital for renewable energy, electronics, and defense manufacturing, reducing import dependency and fostering industrial growth.
• The National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) is a strategic initiative designed to ensure India’s self-reliance in critical mineral resources.
• These minerals are vital for renewable energy, electronics, and defense manufacturing, reducing import dependency and fostering industrial growth.
• Key Details:
• Ministry: Ministry of Mines Announced In: Union Budget 2024-25 Budget: ₹34,300 crore (₹16,300 crore from the government + ₹18,000 crore from PSUs & private sector) Objective: Strengthen India’s supply chain for critical minerals through domestic exploration, overseas asset acquisition, and technological innovation.
• Ministry: Ministry of Mines
• Announced In: Union Budget 2024-25
• Budget: ₹34,300 crore (₹16,300 crore from the government + ₹18,000 crore from PSUs & private sector)
• Objective: Strengthen India’s supply chain for critical minerals through domestic exploration, overseas asset acquisition, and technological innovation.
• Aims of NCMM:
• Accelerate Domestic Exploration & Mining: Expand critical mineral exploration within India, including offshore reserves. Regulatory Reforms: Fast-track mining approvals for seamless extraction and processing. Strategic Global Partnerships: Facilitate acquisition of mineral assets abroad by PSUs and private players. Infrastructure Development: Establish mineral processing parks and promote critical mineral recycling. Encourage R&D & Innovation: Support research in advanced mineral processing technologies and set up Centers of Excellence.
• Accelerate Domestic Exploration & Mining: Expand critical mineral exploration within India, including offshore reserves.
• Regulatory Reforms: Fast-track mining approvals for seamless extraction and processing.
• Strategic Global Partnerships: Facilitate acquisition of mineral assets abroad by PSUs and private players.
• Infrastructure Development: Establish mineral processing parks and promote critical mineral recycling.
• Encourage R&D & Innovation: Support research in advanced mineral processing technologies and set up Centers of Excellence.
• Key features of NCMM:
• Comprehensive Value Chain Development: Covers exploration, mining, beneficiation, processing, and recycling of critical minerals. Financial Incentives: Offers monetary support for exploration and sustainable mineral recovery. Stockpile Strategy: Develops a national reserve of critical minerals for long-term security. Industry Collaboration: Encourages PSUs and private firms to invest in global mining projects. Legislative Backing: Strengthened by 2023 amendments to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
• Comprehensive Value Chain Development: Covers exploration, mining, beneficiation, processing, and recycling of critical minerals.
• Financial Incentives: Offers monetary support for exploration and sustainable mineral recovery.
• Stockpile Strategy: Develops a national reserve of critical minerals for long-term security.
• Industry Collaboration: Encourages PSUs and private firms to invest in global mining projects.
• Legislative Backing: Strengthened by 2023 amendments to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
• Some critical minerals covered under NCMM: The mission prioritizes minerals essential for renewable energy, semiconductor manufacturing, and defense applications, including:
• The mission prioritizes minerals essential for renewable energy, semiconductor manufacturing, and defense applications, including:
Mineral Name | Industry Used In
Lithium & Cobalt | EV batteries, electronics
Graphite & Nickel | Battery storage, alloys
Rare Earth Elements (REEs) | High-tech manufacturing, defense applications
Titanium & Tungsten | Aerospace, industrial applications
Vanadium & Molybdenum | Steel production, energy storage solutions
Insta links:
• Analysis-critical-minerals-and-India-Africa-cooperation
Nuclear Fusion
Source: IE
Context: China’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) reactor set a new milestone by sustaining a plasma state for over 1,000 seconds (17 minutes).
About Nuclear Fusion:
• What is Nuclear Fusion? Nuclear fusion is a process where two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing immense energy—the same process that powers the Sun and other stars.
• Nuclear fusion is a process where two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing immense energy—the same process that powers the Sun and other stars.
• How it works?
• High Temperature & Plasma Formation: Fusion requires temperatures above 100 million degrees Celsius, creating a plasma state where atoms split into charged particles. Magnetic Confinement: Plasma is confined using strong magnetic fields to prevent contact with reactor walls. Fusion Reaction: Hydrogen isotopes (Deuterium & Tritium) fuse, producing helium and energy in the form of heat. Energy Capture & Conversion: Future reactors aim to use this heat to generate steam, driving turbines to produce electricity.
• High Temperature & Plasma Formation: Fusion requires temperatures above 100 million degrees Celsius, creating a plasma state where atoms split into charged particles.
• Magnetic Confinement: Plasma is confined using strong magnetic fields to prevent contact with reactor walls.
• Fusion Reaction: Hydrogen isotopes (Deuterium & Tritium) fuse, producing helium and energy in the form of heat.
• Energy Capture & Conversion: Future reactors aim to use this heat to generate steam, driving turbines to produce electricity.
Major Nuclear Fusion Experiments Worldwide:
• China’s EAST Reactor (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak):
• Achievement: Sustained plasma for 1,000+ seconds, surpassing its 2023 record of 400+ seconds. Significance: A critical step toward building a full-scale fusion power plant. Location: Institute of Plasma Physics, Anhui Province, China.
• Achievement: Sustained plasma for 1,000+ seconds, surpassing its 2023 record of 400+ seconds.
• Significance: A critical step toward building a full-scale fusion power plant.
• Location: Institute of Plasma Physics, Anhui Province, China.
• ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, France):
• What is ITER? The world’s largest fusion experiment, involving 35 nations, including India, the US, China, and the EU. Location: Southern France. Key Features: 500 MW fusion power output planned by 2039. Uses Deuterium-Tritium fuel to replicate Sun-like conditions. Paves the way for commercial fusion power plants.
• What is ITER? The world’s largest fusion experiment, involving 35 nations, including India, the US, China, and the EU.
• The world’s largest fusion experiment, involving 35 nations, including India, the US, China, and the EU.
• Location: Southern France.
• Key Features: 500 MW fusion power output planned by 2039. Uses Deuterium-Tritium fuel to replicate Sun-like conditions. Paves the way for commercial fusion power plants.
• 500 MW fusion power output planned by 2039.
• Uses Deuterium-Tritium fuel to replicate Sun-like conditions.
• Paves the way for commercial fusion power plants.
Difference between Nuclear Fusion and Nuclear Fission:
Aspect | Nuclear Fusion | Nuclear Fission
Process | Combines atomic nuclei | Splits heavy atomic nuclei
Fuel Used | Hydrogen isotopes (Deuterium & Tritium) | Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239
Energy Output | Extremely high (1g of fuel = 8 tonnes of coal) | High but lower than fusion
Nuclear Waste | Minimal, no long-term radioactive waste | Produces hazardous radioactive waste
Safety | No risk of meltdown, self-regulating process | Risk of reactor meltdowns (e.g., Chernobyl, Fukushima)
Insta links:
• Nuclear-technology
Team Initiative
Source: BW
Context: The Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) has launched the Trade Enablement and Marketing (TEAM) initiative to boost digital commerce for MSMEs.
About the TEAM Initiative:
• What is the TEAM Initiative? The Trade Enablement and Marketing (TEAM) initiativeis a government scheme designed to help MSMEs adopt digital commerce by leveraging the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC).
• The Trade Enablement and Marketing (TEAM) initiativeis a government scheme designed to help MSMEs adopt digital commerce by leveraging the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC).
• Ministry: Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME).
• Scheme Under: It has been launched under the “Raising and Accelerating MSME Productivity (RAMP)” Programme.
• To empower MSMEs by integrating them into the digital commerce ecosystem. To promote inclusivity by ensuring 50% participation of women-led businesses. To provide MSMEs with access to digital storefronts, payment solutions, and logistics support.
• To empower MSMEs by integrating them into the digital commerce ecosystem.
• To promote inclusivity by ensuring 50% participation of women-led businesses.
• To provide MSMEs with access to digital storefronts, payment solutions, and logistics support.
• Targets:
• Onboard 5 lakh MSMEs onto the ONDC network. Conduct 150+ workshops in tier 2 and 3 cities, focusing on MSME clusters, women-led, and SC/ST-led businesses.
• Onboard 5 lakh MSMEs onto the ONDC network.
• Conduct 150+ workshops in tier 2 and 3 cities, focusing on MSME clusters, women-led, and SC/ST-led businesses.
• Implementation Partner: National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC).
• Budget and Duration:
• Budget: ₹277.35 crore. Duration: Three years (2025-2028).
• Budget: ₹277.35 crore.
• Duration: Three years (2025-2028).
• Key Features:
• Digital Storefronts: Enable MSMEs to create and manage online stores. Payment Solutions: Provide seamless payment integration for businesses. Logistics Support: Facilitate efficient delivery and supply chain management. Workshops: Conduct over 150 workshops to educate MSMEs on joining ONDC, creating digital catalogues, and optimizing platform usage. Dedicated Portal: Offer a portal for workshop registration, financing options, grievance support, and tools for catalogue creation and account management. Inclusivity: Ensure 50% participation of women-led businesses.
• Digital Storefronts: Enable MSMEs to create and manage online stores.
• Payment Solutions: Provide seamless payment integration for businesses.
• Logistics Support: Facilitate efficient delivery and supply chain management.
• Workshops: Conduct over 150 workshops to educate MSMEs on joining ONDC, creating digital catalogues, and optimizing platform usage.
• Dedicated Portal: Offer a portal for workshop registration, financing options, grievance support, and tools for catalogue creation and account management.
• Inclusivity: Ensure 50% participation of women-led businesses.
Insta links:
• RAMP Scheme
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 30 January 2025 Mapping:
Democratic Republic of Congo
Source: CNN
Context: The M23 rebel group’s recent offensive in the Democratic Republic of Congo has seized key areas in Goma, eastern DRC, drawing global attention.
About Goma:
• Location: Goma is the capital of North Kivu Province in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, near the borders with Rwanda and Uganda.
• Goma is the capital of North Kivu Province in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
• It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, near the borders with Rwanda and Uganda.
• Significance: Economic Hub: Goma is a major economic center in eastern DRC, serving as a key trade and transit point. Strategic Location: Its proximity to Rwanda and Uganda makes it a focal point for regional trade and conflict. Humanitarian Crisis: The city hosts nearly 500,000 displaced people, making it a critical area for humanitarian aid. Natural Features: Goma lies in the Albertine Rift, part of the East African Rift, and is close to the active Mount Nyiragongo volcano, which has historically caused devastation.
• Economic Hub: Goma is a major economic center in eastern DRC, serving as a key trade and transit point.
• Strategic Location: Its proximity to Rwanda and Uganda makes it a focal point for regional trade and conflict.
• Humanitarian Crisis: The city hosts nearly 500,000 displaced people, making it a critical area for humanitarian aid.
• Natural Features: Goma lies in the Albertine Rift, part of the East African Rift, and is close to the active Mount Nyiragongo volcano, which has historically caused devastation.
About the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
• Location: The DRC is located in Central Africa and is the second-largest country in Africa by land area. It shares borders with nine countries: Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Angola.
• The DRC is located in Central Africa and is the second-largest country in Africa by land area.
• It shares borders with nine countries: Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Angola.
• Capital: The capital and largest city is Kinshasa, which is also the economic and administrative center of the country.
• The capital and largest city is Kinshasa, which is also the economic and administrative center of the country.
• Geographical Features: Congo River: The DRC is centered around the Congo Basin, home to the Congo River, the second-longest river in Africa. Mountains: The eastern region features the Albertine Rift Mountains, including the Virunga Mountains and the active Mount Nyiragongo volcano. Lakes: The country is home to several large lakes, including Lake Kivu, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Edward.
• Congo River: The DRC is centered around the Congo Basin, home to the Congo River, the second-longest river in Africa.
• Mountains: The eastern region features the Albertine Rift Mountains, including the Virunga Mountains and the active Mount Nyiragongo volcano.
• Lakes: The country is home to several large lakes, including Lake Kivu, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Edward.
• Historical Context: The DRC gained independence from Belgium in 1960 but has faced persistent instability, including the First Congo War (1996-1997) and the Second Congo War (1998-2003), which claimed millions of lives. The country is rich in minerals like cobalt, copper, and coltan, making it a target for exploitation and conflict.
• The DRC gained independence from Belgium in 1960 but has faced persistent instability, including the First Congo War (1996-1997) and the Second Congo War (1998-2003), which claimed millions of lives.
• The country is rich in minerals like cobalt, copper, and coltan, making it a target for exploitation and conflict.
About the M23 Rebel Group:
• The M23 (March 23 Movement) is a rebel group primarily composed of ethnic Tutsis.
• It emerged in 2012, claiming to protect Tutsi interests and accusing the Congolese government of failing to implement peace agreements.
Insta links:
• M23-armed-group
Daily Current Affairs + PIB Summary 30 Jan 2025
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