UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 3 January 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 3 January 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 3 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 3 January (2025)
• Cash Transfers
Cash Transfers
• Green Banks
Green Banks
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• Network of Doctors
Network of Doctors
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• In Flight Internet
In Flight Internet
• Project VISTAAR
Project VISTAAR
• Sree Narayana Guru
Sree Narayana Guru
• Open Data Kit Platform
Open Data Kit Platform
• Injectable Hydrogel
Injectable Hydrogel
• Ramesh Chand Committee
Ramesh Chand Committee
• Torrijos-Carter Treaties
Torrijos-Carter Treaties
Mapping:
• Mubarak Manzil Palace
Mubarak Manzil Palace
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 3 January 2025
#### GS Paper 3 :
Cash Transfers
Syllabus: Economics
Source: IE
Context: Cash transfers, such as the Mahila Samman Yojana in Delhi, have sparked debates about their efficacy. Critics view them as populist measures that strain state finances, while proponents argue they empower marginalized communities, especially women.
What Are Cash Transfers?
Cash transfers are direct payments made by governments to individuals or households to provide social protection or incentivize specific actions.
Types of Cash Transfers:
• Unconditional Transfers: No strings attached; recipients can use the money as needed (e.g., PM-KISAN).
• Conditional Transfers: Linked to specific actions like school attendance or vaccinations (e.g., Maternity Benefit Program).
• Universal Transfers: Provided to all citizens regardless of income or status.
• Targeted Transfers: Focused on specific vulnerable groups like elderly pensions under NSAP.
Arguments against cash transfers:
• Fiscal Burden: Cash transfers consume funds that could be allocated to critical sectors like health, education, and infrastructure.
• Populist Measure: They are often announced for electoral gains, failing to address deep-rooted systemic challenges.
• Risk of Dependency: Recipients may become reliant on the transfers, reducing their motivation to seek employment.
• Limited Impact: Studies indicate inconclusive outcomes, especially in areas like women empowerment and farm income.
• Competitive Populism: Political parties race to introduce larger schemes, causing significant strain on state finances.
Arguments favouring cash transfers:
• Empowering Women: Direct payments enhance autonomy and help women access education and jobs.
• Direct Benefit Delivery: They bypass bureaucratic inefficiencies and middlemen, ensuring benefits reach recipients.
• Poverty Alleviation: Provide immediate financial relief to the poor, improving their quality of life.
• Economic Stimulus: Increased purchasing power of beneficiaries boosts demand and supports local economies.
• Social Equity: Targets marginalized groups, helping bridge socio-economic disparities in society.
Alternatives to cash transfers:
• Strengthening Public Services: Enhance the quality and accessibility of health, education, and nutrition infrastructure.
• Universal Basic Services (UBS): Provide essential services at low or no cost instead of direct cash payments.
• Job Creation Programs: Develop employment opportunities through initiatives like MGNREGA and skill-based schemes.
• Skill Development: Equip individuals with vocational skills to increase employability and self-reliance.
• Community-Based Programs: Tailor interventions to address localized needs and empower communities sustainably.
Way ahead:
• Balanced Approach: Combine cash transfers with long-term investments in public services for maximum impact.
• Evidence-Based Policies: Implement schemes based on data-driven assessments and measurable outcomes.
• Targeted Implementation: Prioritize the most vulnerable populations for targeted and effective interventions.
• Monitor and Evaluate: Regularly track program performance to identify gaps and improve efficiency.
• Fiscal Prudence: Ensure schemes do not compromise developmental goals or fiscal sustainability.
Conclusion:
Cash transfers are not a panacea but can complement social safety nets when designed and implemented responsibly. A balanced approach integrating cash transfers with robust public investment can ensure both immediate relief and long-term progress.
Insta Links:
• Cash-transfer-impact
• Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment. (UPSC-2022)
Green Banks
Syllabus: Environment & Economics
Source: DTE
Context: The Global South, including India, struggles to secure adequate climate finance despite COP29 commitments. Establishing a Green Bank in India offers a market-driven solution to support sustainable development and decarbonization.
What Are Green Banks?
Green Banks are mission-driven financial institutions designed to accelerate clean energy adoption and fight climate change. Unlike traditional banks, they focus on financing proven, environmentally friendly projects while ensuring capital recovery for reinvestment.
Need for a Green Bank in India:
• Affordable Credit for Green Projects: High-interest loans from commercial banks make green financing inaccessible, requiring affordable solutions.
• Localized Climate Finance: An Indian Green Bank can retain capital domestically, financing local decarbonization efforts.
• Achieving Net-Zero Goals: India’s 2070 net-zero target demands robust mechanisms for mobilizing large-scale climate finance.
• Support for Vulnerable Communities: Green Banks can empower farmers and MSMEs to adopt eco-friendly practices through affordable credit.
How Green Banks Work:
• Capital Mobilization: Funds are sourced via government grants, environmental cesses, and issuing green bonds.
• Targeted Lending: Loans focus on viable clean energy projects with assured repayment potential.
• Market Development: Green Banks identify and finance opportunities to maximize environmental and economic returns.
• Circular Investment: Returned capital is reinvested into new green projects, creating a self-sustaining financing loop.
Limitations of Green Banks:
• Initial Capital Requirement: Establishing a Green Bank demands significant governmental and institutional funding.
• Limited Public Awareness: Lack of awareness among stakeholders can limit the adoption of green financing initiatives.
• Risk of Loan Defaults: Green projects carry financial risks, potentially impacting a Green Bank’s sustainability.
• Policy and Regulatory Gaps: Absence of a clear regulatory framework can impede effective Green Bank operations.
Way Ahead:
• Policy Framework: Develop robust guidelines and incentives to promote the efficient functioning of Green Banks.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Partner with private institutions to diversify resources and enhance capital mobilization.
• Awareness Campaigns: Launch targeted campaigns to educate stakeholders about the advantages of green financing.
• Focus on Innovation: Support R&D to broaden the scope of eligible clean energy projects for financing.
Conclusion:
India must take a leadership role in climate finance by establishing a Green Bank to support decarbonization. By addressing challenges and fostering innovation, the nation can achieve sustainable development and set an example for the Global South.
Insta Links:
• Stocktaking-climate-finance
• Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at the World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (UPSC-2021)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 3 January 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Network of Doctors
Anecdote: In 2016, during the arduous Amarnath Yatra in Jammu and Kashmir, a 35-year-old pilgrim suffered a sudden heart attack near the Baltal base camp in Ganderbal district. The area, remote and difficult to access, was equipped with only a makeshift medical bay for basic first aid. The on-duty doctor, young and relatively inexperienced in handling cardiac emergencies, was hesitant about administering thrombolysis drugs, a critical intervention required to dissolve blood clots and save the patient’s life. Realizing the gravity of the situation, the doctor reached out to cardiologist Dr. Imran Hafeez at Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS) in Srinagar over a phone call. Despite being miles away, Dr. Hafeez calmly guided the doctor step-by-step on how to administer the drug and monitor the patient’s response. The intervention proved successful; the patient’s condition stabilized, and he was transferred to SKIMS for further treatment. This timely coordination saved the pilgrim’s life. This incident underscored the importance of real-time medical guidance and planted the seeds for what would later become the *Save Heart Foundation*, a WhatsApp-based network connecting over 1,200 doctors across J&K. The network ensures that even in remote areas with limited healthcare infrastructure, doctors can access expert advice and provide life-saving treatment within the critical “golden hour.” Since its inception in 2017, this initiative has revolutionized cardiac care in the region, saving over 6,000 lives. This transformative approach highlights how technology and collaboration can bridge healthcare gaps in geographically challenging regions, offering a blueprint for innovation in public health.
Relevance in UPSC Exams:
• Healthcare Innovations: Demonstrates the role of technology and networks in addressing healthcare challenges in remote regions.
• Golden Hour Concept: Highlights time-sensitive medical interventions and their significance in public health management.
• Role of Technology in Governance: Reflects the integration of digital tools like WhatsApp in strengthening grassroots healthcare systems.
• Social Impact of Collaboration: Showcases how collective efforts can overcome resource limitations and save lives.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 3 January 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP)
In Flight Internet
Source: IE
Context: Air India, part of the Tata Group, has become the first Indian airline to offer in-flight Internet on domestic flights.
About In-Flight Internet:
• What it is: In-flight Wi-Fi provides passengers with Internet connectivity during flights, enabling access to online services like browsing, streaming, and messaging.
• How it works: Technology used: Two primary systems – Air-to-Ground (ATG) and Satellite-Based Connectivity. ATG: Uses antennae under the aircraft to connect with ground cellular towers. Suitable for regions with dense tower networks. Satellite-Based: Uses antennae on top of the aircraft to communicate with satellites, ensuring wider coverage, especially over oceans and remote areas. Signal Transmission: Devices connect to in-cabin Wi-Fi antennae. Signals pass through an onboard server. For satellite systems, signals move from the server to satellites, then to ground stations, and back via the same route. For ATG systems, signals travel directly between the aircraft and ground cellular towers. Features and Benefits: Enhanced Passenger Experience: Browsing, streaming, and connecting with the world mid-air. Convenience: Integration with existing airline portals for seamless connectivity. Flexibility: Compatibility with multiple devices. Limitations of In-Flight Wi-Fi: Slower Speeds: Typically, slower than ground-based Internet due to technological constraints. High Costs: Expensive equipment installation and maintenance for airlines, with potential charges for passengers. Limited Coverage: ATG technology struggles over large water bodies or remote areas.
• Technology used: Two primary systems – Air-to-Ground (ATG) and Satellite-Based Connectivity. ATG: Uses antennae under the aircraft to connect with ground cellular towers. Suitable for regions with dense tower networks. Satellite-Based: Uses antennae on top of the aircraft to communicate with satellites, ensuring wider coverage, especially over oceans and remote areas.
• ATG: Uses antennae under the aircraft to connect with ground cellular towers. Suitable for regions with dense tower networks.
• Satellite-Based: Uses antennae on top of the aircraft to communicate with satellites, ensuring wider coverage, especially over oceans and remote areas.
• Signal Transmission: Devices connect to in-cabin Wi-Fi antennae. Signals pass through an onboard server. For satellite systems, signals move from the server to satellites, then to ground stations, and back via the same route. For ATG systems, signals travel directly between the aircraft and ground cellular towers.
• Devices connect to in-cabin Wi-Fi antennae.
• Signals pass through an onboard server.
• For satellite systems, signals move from the server to satellites, then to ground stations, and back via the same route.
• For ATG systems, signals travel directly between the aircraft and ground cellular towers.
• Features and Benefits: Enhanced Passenger Experience: Browsing, streaming, and connecting with the world mid-air. Convenience: Integration with existing airline portals for seamless connectivity. Flexibility: Compatibility with multiple devices.
• Enhanced Passenger Experience: Browsing, streaming, and connecting with the world mid-air.
• Convenience: Integration with existing airline portals for seamless connectivity.
• Flexibility: Compatibility with multiple devices.
• Limitations of In-Flight Wi-Fi: Slower Speeds: Typically, slower than ground-based Internet due to technological constraints. High Costs: Expensive equipment installation and maintenance for airlines, with potential charges for passengers. Limited Coverage: ATG technology struggles over large water bodies or remote areas.
• Slower Speeds: Typically, slower than ground-based Internet due to technological constraints.
• High Costs: Expensive equipment installation and maintenance for airlines, with potential charges for passengers.
• Limited Coverage: ATG technology struggles over large water bodies or remote areas.
Insta links:
• Satellite System
Project VISTAAR
Source: DD News
Context: IIT Madras has partnered with the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare to launch Project VISTAAR (Virtually Integrated System to Access Agricultural Resources).
About Project VISTAAR:
• What it is: A digital platform designed to enhance agricultural extension services, making critical information and start-up innovations accessible to farmers.
• Ministry involved: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare in collaboration with IIT Madras.
• Objectives: Digitalise the agricultural extension system to improve efficiency and outreach. Provide farmers access to start-up-driven innovations and technologies in agriculture and allied sectors. Enhance adoption of sustainable and climate-resilient farming practices.
• Digitalise the agricultural extension system to improve efficiency and outreach.
• Provide farmers access to start-up-driven innovations and technologies in agriculture and allied sectors.
• Enhance adoption of sustainable and climate-resilient farming practices.
• Key Features:
• Integration of data on over 12,000 Agri-startups through IIT Madras’ startup information platform and it incubate, YNOS Venture Engine. Advisory services covering crop production, marketing, value addition, and supply chain management. Easy access to government schemes related to agriculture and rural development. Delivery of accurate, timely, and contextual information to farmers to improve decision-making.
• Integration of data on over 12,000 Agri-startups through IIT Madras’ startup information platform and it incubate, YNOS Venture Engine.
• Advisory services covering crop production, marketing, value addition, and supply chain management.
• Easy access to government schemes related to agriculture and rural development.
• Delivery of accurate, timely, and contextual information to farmers to improve decision-making.
Insta links:
• Agri-startups-and-rural-economy
Sree Narayana Guru
Source: IT
Context: Kerala Chief Minister’s remarks on Sree Narayana Guru have sparked political controversy in Kerala.
About Sree Narayana Guru:
• Born at: Chempazhanthy, near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, on August 22, 1856.
• Community: Belonged to the Ezhava caste, a marginalized group subjected to caste-based discrimination.
• History and Background: Known as ‘Avarna,’ he cherished solitude and spent time in meditation from a young age. His revolutionary act of installing a Shivalinga at Aruvippuram in 1888 symbolized the rejection of caste-based restrictions in temple practices.
• Known as ‘Avarna,’ he cherished solitude and spent time in meditation from a young age.
• His revolutionary act of installing a Shivalinga at Aruvippuram in 1888 symbolized the rejection of caste-based restrictions in temple practices.
• Contributions: SNDP Movement: Founded the Shree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam in 1903 to address issues like education, government service access, and temple entry for Ezhavas. Philosophy: Coined the famous slogan, *“One Caste, One Religion, One God for All”* (Oru Jathi, Oru Matham, Oru Daivam, Manushyanu). Advocated for equality without provoking social unrest or forced conversions. Opposed animal sacrifices and promoted non-violence.
• SNDP Movement: Founded the Shree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam in 1903 to address issues like education, government service access, and temple entry for Ezhavas.
• Philosophy: Coined the famous slogan, *“One Caste, One Religion, One God for All”* (Oru Jathi, Oru Matham, Oru Daivam, Manushyanu).
• Advocated for equality without provoking social unrest or forced conversions.
• Opposed animal sacrifices and promoted non-violence.
• Literary Work: Authored devotional hymns and philosophical texts that emphasized universal brotherhood and spiritual enlightenment. Wrote the Atmopadesa Satakam and other works inspiring moral and spiritual values.
• Authored devotional hymns and philosophical texts that emphasized universal brotherhood and spiritual enlightenment.
• Wrote the Atmopadesa Satakam and other works inspiring moral and spiritual values.
Insta links:
• Sree-Narayana-guru
Open Data Kit Platform
Source: TOI
Context: The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) has introduced a revolutionary toolkit using the Open Data Kit (ODK) platform to ensure transparency in public spending and evaluate the effectiveness of government schemes.
About the CAG Toolkit:
• What it is: A digital platform based on Open Data Kit (ODK) technology for designing, collecting, and managing audit-related data.
• Launched by: Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India.
• Objectives: Enhance transparency in public spending. Improve accountability in the delivery of government schemes. Collect real-time beneficiary feedback for informed audit planning.
• Enhance transparency in public spending.
• Improve accountability in the delivery of government schemes.
• Collect real-time beneficiary feedback for informed audit planning.
• Key Features:
• Integrated with CAG’s own Operating System (OIOS). End-to-end encryption for secure data management. Multi-language support for beneficiary surveys. User-friendly interface for designing and managing data collection processes.
• Integrated with CAG’s own Operating System (OIOS).
• End-to-end encryption for secure data management.
• Multi-language support for beneficiary surveys.
• User-friendly interface for designing and managing data collection processes.
• How it works:
• Surveys are designed on the ODK platform and deployed to beneficiaries. Data is collected in real-time, analyzed using the OIOS system, and used as audit evidence. Beneficiary feedback helps identify problem areas and improve scheme delivery.
• Surveys are designed on the ODK platform and deployed to beneficiaries.
• Data is collected in real-time, analyzed using the OIOS system, and used as audit evidence.
• Beneficiary feedback helps identify problem areas and improve scheme delivery.
• Significance:
• Enables data-driven decision-making in audits. Ensures citizen-centric evaluation of government schemes. Facilitates performance reviews of institutions like AIIMS, improving service delivery.
• Enables data-driven decision-making in audits.
• Ensures citizen-centric evaluation of government schemes.
• Facilitates performance reviews of institutions like AIIMS, improving service delivery.
Insta links:
Injectable Hydrogel
Source: TH
Context: Researchers from IIT-Guwahati and Bose Institute, Kolkata, have developed an advanced injectable hydrogel for localized cancer treatment.
About the Hydrogel:
• What it is: A water-based polymer network designed to release anti-cancer drugs precisely at the tumour site, sparing healthy cells.
• Developed by: Researchers from IIT-Guwahati and Bose Institute, Kolkata.
• Features: Localised Drug Delivery: Precisely targets cancer cells without affecting healthy cells. Responsive Design: Reacts to elevated glutathione (GSH) levels abundant in tumour cells. Biocompatibility: Mimics living tissues for seamless integration with the biological environment. Stability: Remains insoluble in biological fluids, ensuring localization at the injection site.
• Localised Drug Delivery: Precisely targets cancer cells without affecting healthy cells.
• Responsive Design: Reacts to elevated glutathione (GSH) levels abundant in tumour cells.
• Biocompatibility: Mimics living tissues for seamless integration with the biological environment.
• Stability: Remains insoluble in biological fluids, ensuring localization at the injection site.
• Significance: Reduces harmful side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy. Enhances precision in cancer therapy, particularly for breast cancer. Represents a step forward in personalized and localized cancer treatments.
• Reduces harmful side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy.
• Enhances precision in cancer therapy, particularly for breast cancer.
• Represents a step forward in personalized and localized cancer treatments.
Insta links:
• Hydrogels
Ramesh Chand Committee
Source: TH
Context: The Indian government has formed an 18-member expert panel, led by NITI Aayog member Ramesh Chand, to revise the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and explore a transition to a Producers’ Price Index (PPI).
About Wholesale Price Index (WPI):
• What it is: WPI measures changes in the prices of goods sold and traded in bulk at the wholesale level. It is a key indicator of inflationary trends in the economy.
• Released by: The Office of Economic Advisor, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• Aim: Track supply and demand dynamics in industries. Provide a measure of wholesale inflation in the economy. Align with other economic indicators like GDP.
• Track supply and demand dynamics in industries.
• Provide a measure of wholesale inflation in the economy.
• Align with other economic indicators like GDP.
• Key Features: Base Year: Updated to 2011-12 in the current series, under revision to 2022-23. Number of Items: Tracks prices of 697 items, including 117 primary items, 16 fuel and power items, and 564 manufactured products. Excludes: Services sector (unlike CPI, which includes both goods and services).
• Base Year: Updated to 2011-12 in the current series, under revision to 2022-23.
• Number of Items: Tracks prices of 697 items, including 117 primary items, 16 fuel and power items, and 564 manufactured products.
• Excludes: Services sector (unlike CPI, which includes both goods and services).
About Producer Price Index (PPI):
• What it is: The Producer Price Index (PPI) measures the average change in prices received by producers for goods and services, either sold domestically or exported.
• Types: Output PPI: Tracks prices of goods and services as they leave production sites. Input PPI: Monitors prices of goods and services entering production processes.
• Output PPI: Tracks prices of goods and services as they leave production sites.
• Input PPI: Monitors prices of goods and services entering production processes.
• Advantages of PPI Over WPI:
• Industry-Centric Inflation Measurement: Captures price changes from the perspective of producers, providing an early signal of inflation trends. Focus on Production Stages: Reflects price shifts before goods and services reach consumers, aiding better policy decisions. International Alignment: Adheres to the System of National Accounts (SNA), making it more suitable for global economic comparisons. Broader Scope: Includes services, unlike WPI, which is restricted to goods. Global Adoption: Has replaced WPI in many countries as a more precise tool for measuring economic activity.
• Industry-Centric Inflation Measurement: Captures price changes from the perspective of producers, providing an early signal of inflation trends.
• Focus on Production Stages: Reflects price shifts before goods and services reach consumers, aiding better policy decisions.
• International Alignment: Adheres to the System of National Accounts (SNA), making it more suitable for global economic comparisons.
• Broader Scope: Includes services, unlike WPI, which is restricted to goods.
• Global Adoption: Has replaced WPI in many countries as a more precise tool for measuring economic activity.
Insta links:
• Producer-price-index
Torrijos-Carter Treaties
Source: TH
Context: The Panama Canal, a critical global trade route, has become a point of contention after U.S. President-elect Donald Trump criticized the Torrijos-Carter Treaties as “foolish”.
About Torrijos-Carter Treaties:
• Nations involved: The treaties were signed between the United States and Panama.
• Signed in: September 7, 1977, by U.S. President Jimmy Carter and Panama’s General Omar Torrijos.
• Objectives: Panama Canal Treaty: Transferred control of the canal from the U.S. to Panama by December 31, 1999, ensuring Panamanian sovereignty over the canal. Permanent Neutrality Treaty: Declared the canal a neutral waterway open to vessels of all nations, with the U.S. retaining the right to defend its neutrality and ensuring priority passage in military emergencies.
• Panama Canal Treaty: Transferred control of the canal from the U.S. to Panama by December 31, 1999, ensuring Panamanian sovereignty over the canal.
• Permanent Neutrality Treaty: Declared the canal a neutral waterway open to vessels of all nations, with the U.S. retaining the right to defend its neutrality and ensuring priority passage in military emergencies.
• Significance:
• Symbolized Panama’s regained sovereignty over its territory. Cemented the canal’s importance as a global trade route while ensuring open access. Marked a major shift in U.S.-Latin America relations by resolving long-standing tensions over territorial control.
• Symbolized Panama’s regained sovereignty over its territory.
• Cemented the canal’s importance as a global trade route while ensuring open access.
• Marked a major shift in U.S.-Latin America relations by resolving long-standing tensions over territorial control.
Insta links:
• Panama-canal
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 3 January 2025 Mapping:
Mubarak Manzil Palace
Source: TOI
Context: The 17th-century Mubarak Manzil, or Aurangzeb’s Haveli, a Mughal heritage site in Agra, was largely demolished, allegedly by a builder with official collusion, despite state archaeological protection.
About Mubarak Manzil Palace
• Located in: Agra, near the Yamuna River.
• Built by: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb after his victory at the Battle of Samugarh.
• History: Initially served as a residence for key Mughal figures, including Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. Renamed by Aurangzeb to commemorate his triumph. Modified during British rule, functioning as a customs house and salt office. Later became a goods depot for the East Indian Railway.
• Initially served as a residence for key Mughal figures, including Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.
• Renamed by Aurangzeb to commemorate his triumph.
• Modified during British rule, functioning as a customs house and salt office.
• Later became a goods depot for the East Indian Railway.
• Architectural Features: Red sandstone base with arched lower floors and Mughal minarets. Reflects a blend of Mughal and British architectural styles. Known for its intricate detailing, as documented in Archibald Carlyle’s 1871 report.
• Red sandstone base with arched lower floors and Mughal minarets.
• Reflects a blend of Mughal and British architectural styles.
• Known for its intricate detailing, as documented in Archibald Carlyle’s 1871 report.
Insta links:
• Mughal-empire
Daily Current Affairs + PIB Summary 3 Jan 2025
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