UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 28 February 2026
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 28 February 2026 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 1/2 :
• The Cycle of Deprivation and Affluence
The Cycle of Deprivation and Affluence
GS Paper 3:
• India’s Surplus Labour Trap
India’s Surplus Labour Trap
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• Government Bank Dashboard & Manual Initiative
Government Bank Dashboard & Manual Initiative
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• LCH Prachand
LCH Prachand
• Villages of Excellence Initiative
Villages of Excellence Initiative
• Meningococcal infection
Meningococcal infection
• Suspension of Fortified Rice Rollout
Suspension of Fortified Rice Rollout
• India-Bhutan Trans-Boundary River Cooperation
India-Bhutan Trans-Boundary River Cooperation
Mapping:
• Pakistan-Afghanistan Armed Conflict
Pakistan-Afghanistan Armed Conflict
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 28 February 2026
GS Paper 1/2 :
The Cycle of Deprivation and Affluence
Source: TH
Subject: Poverty and Inequality
Context: A recent longitudinal analysis of income mobility in India between 2014 and 2025 reveals a troubling trend where downward mobility is outpacing upward climbs.
• The study highlights that the share of households slipping into lower income brackets nearly doubled, reaching 8% by 2025.
About The Cycle of Deprivation and Affluence:
What it is?
• The Cycle of Deprivation and Affluence refers to the continuous and often volatile movement of households across different income strata.
• It captures income mobility—the ability of a family to improve its financial standing (upward mobility) or its vulnerability to economic shocks that push it into poverty (downward mobility).
Key Data & Facts:
• Doubling of Downward Mobility: The percentage of households moving to a lower income group rose from 14% in 2015 to 26.8% in 2025.
• Rural Distress: By 2025, nearly 29% of rural households were worse off than they were in 2014, significantly higher than their urban counterparts.
• Stagnant Middle: The share of households remaining in the same income group fell from 70% to below 50%, indicating a massive social churn.
Key Reasons for the Rise of Inequality:
• Informal Sector Neglect: A lack of a coherent strategy to revive agriculture and small-scale industries has left the bulk of the workforce vulnerable.
E.g. The persistent distress in the MSME sector post-pandemic has limited the living wage opportunities for millions of semi-skilled workers.
• Impact of COVID-19: Inept handling of the pandemic’s economic aftermath caused a disruption that persisted long after the health crisis ended.
E.g. The K-shaped recovery saw tech and finance sectors boom while service-sector workers in tourism and retail faced permanent income shifts.
• Educational Barriers: Unequal access to quality higher education prevents disadvantaged groups from entering high-productivity sectors.
E.g. The reliance on precarious contractual teaching in state universities has diluted the quality of education for non-elite students.
• Social Discrimination: Entrenched biases against Muslims and SCs restrict their upward mobility pathways.
E.g. Low representation of marginalized groups in senior corporate leadership roles reflects the glass ceiling in the private sector.
• Urban-Centric Growth: Economic gains are concentrated in major metropolitan hubs, leaving the rural heartland exposed to volatility.
E.g. The boom in Real Estate and High-End Tech in cities like Bengaluru contrasts sharply with stagnant crop prices in the agrarian belts of UP and Bihar.
Challenges Associated with Reduced Mobility
• Social Instability: When more households slip down the ladder than climb up, frustration replaces aspiration, leading to civil unrest.
E.g. Frequent protests over government job recruitment (like the Agnipath or Railway exams) signal deep-seated youth anxiety.
• Human Development Setbacks: Downward mobility is directly linked to increased infant mortality and morbidity.
E.g. Higher malnutrition rates in districts with high income volatility suggest that families cut back on essential proteins when income dips.
• Weak Aggregate Demand: A population trapped in survival mode cannot sustain the consumption levels needed for 8% GDP growth.
E.g. The anemic sales of entry-level two-wheelers compared to luxury SUVs indicates a hollowed-out middle-class purchasing power.
• Entrenched Poverty Traps: Inequality makes it harder for the next generation to break the cycle through merit alone.
E.g. The rising cost of private coaching for competitive exams makes merit an affordable luxury for the affluent only.
• Policy Paralysis: Relying on headline growth figures masks the micro-level suffering of a quarter of the population.
E.g. Claims of falling multidimensional poverty sit uneasily with the reality of 80 crore people requiring free food grains (PMGKAY).
Way Ahead:
• Strengthen Public Infrastructure: Prioritize high-quality public health and education to reduce out-of-pocket expenses that trigger downward mobility.
• Revive the Informal Sector: Implement targeted credit and technology support for MSMEs to create stable, employment-intensive growth.
• Social Protection Reform: Transition from honoraria-based community work to formal, salaried roles with social security for frontline workers.
• Address Spatial Inequality: Invest in tier-2 and tier-3 cities to de-congest metros and provide localized mobility pathways for rural youth.
• Anti-Discrimination Frameworks: Actively monitor and address caste and religious biases in the labor market to ensure Equal Pay for Equal Work.
Conclusion:
The data from 2014-25 serves as a stark reminder that headline GDP growth is an insufficient measure of national well-being if one in four households is slipping into deprivation. To maintain social harmony, India must shift from a model of elite-led indulgence to one of broad-based inclusion that rewards resilience with actual upward mobility.
Q. “High inequality is not just unjust — it is developmentally inefficient.” Examine how rising inequality distorts policy outcomes in India. Evaluate the risk it poses to sustainable human development. (10 M)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 28 February 2026 GS Paper 3:
India’s Surplus Labour Trap
Source: FL
Subject: Economy
Context: The recent nationwide strikes by gig workers, contractual teachers, and ASHA/Anganwadi workers have highlighted the surplus labour trap, where millions remain in low-productivity, precarious jobs.
About India’s Surplus Labour Trap:
What is India’s Surplus Labour Trap?
• The surplus labour trap refers to a structural economic condition where a vast portion of the workforce is stuck in low-wage, low-productivity roles (like gig work or subsistence farming) because the formal economy fails to create enough high-quality jobs.
Data/Facts on India’s Labour Market:
• Informality: Approximately 90% of India’s 650 million-strong workforce is employed in the unorganized sector, lacking formal contracts or social safety nets.
• Labour Force Participation: Around 350 million people of working age do not seek work, indicating a massive pool of discouraged or underutilized human capital.
• Low Compensation: Community health workers (ASHAs/Anganwadis) receive honoraria as low as ₹7,000–₹12,000 per month, which often falls below the statutory minimum wage.
• Public Sector Desperation: Thousands of college graduates frequently apply for a handful of low-level government Group D posts (peons, drivers), reflecting the dearth of dignified private-sector roles.
Potential of the Indian Labour Market:
• Demographic Dividend: India has one of the youngest populations globally, providing a massive window for productivity if skilled correctly.
E.g. The rise of Global Capability Centres (GCCs) in Bengaluru shows how Indian talent can power high-end global services.
• Digital Economy Leadership: The rapid expansion of the digital ecosystem can create new forms of flexible employment.
E.g. The ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce) aims to democratize e-commerce, potentially empowering millions of small retailers and delivery partners.
• Manufacturing Hub (China Plus One): Global supply chain shifts offer a chance to absorb surplus agricultural labour into factories.
E.g. Apple’s ecosystem expansion (via Foxconn/Tata) in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka is creating thousands of formal manufacturing jobs for women.
• Green Energy Transition: The shift to renewables can create a new green workforce.
E.g. The PM-Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana is expected to create a demand for thousands of solar technicians and installers across rural India.
• Social Infrastructure Hub: Expanding health and education can turn surplus labour into productive care economy professionals.
E.g. The expansion of AIIMS-like institutions and medical colleges across States is slowly formalizing healthcare roles in tier-2 cities.
Challenges Associated:
• Job Precarity (Gig-ification): Algorithmic management and 10-minute delivery mandates prioritize speed over worker safety.
E.g. Recent strikes by Zomato and Blinkit workers in Gurgaon highlight the fatal risks and lack of accident cover in quick-commerce.
• Stagnant Real Wages: Inflation has outpaced the honoraria and wages of low-end workers, leading to reduced purchasing power.
E.g. MNREGA wage rates in several states remain below the market agricultural wage, failing to act as a proper safety net.
• Skill Mismatch: A high percentage of graduates lack the technical skills required for modern industry.
E.g. The 2024 India Skills Report noted that only about 50% of graduates are truly employable, leading to over-educated peons.
• Gender Discrimination: Women bear the brunt of informalization and voluntary community work without fair pay.
E.g. Anganwadi workers’ protests in Delhi and Maharashtra highlight how they are treated as volunteers despite performing essential state functions.
• Weak Labour Enforcement: Existing laws are often bypassed through complex sub-contracting chains.
E.g. The Silkyara tunnel collapse exposed how sub-contracted workers often operate without basic safety protocols or insurance in high-risk zones.
Way Ahead:
• Formalize the Informal: Implement the Social Security Code with clear rules to ensure gig and platform workers receive health and accident insurance.
• Invest in Human Capital: Shift fiscal priority from physical infrastructure (stadiums/campuses) to human infrastructure by hiring regular, tenured teachers and health staff.
• Living Wage Transition: Reclassify community workers (ASHAs/Anganwadis) as civil posts or formal employees to ensure they receive at least the national floor minimum wage.
• Strengthen Collective Bargaining: Protect the rights of workers to form unions and negotiate without fear of repressive administrative action or lathi charges.
• Decentralized Industrialization: Encourage small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in rural areas to absorb surplus labour closer to home, reducing the trap of desperate urban migration.
Conclusion:
India stands at a crossroads where its vast labour force is either its greatest asset or a ticking socio-economic time bomb. Transitioning from an economy of replaceable labour to one of dignified employment requires moving beyond rhetorical sympathy toward concrete fiscal commitment. Only by empowering the bottom of the pyramid can India generate the aggregate demand necessary for sustainable, long-term growth.
Q. The failure of skilling schemes is often a failure of governance, not of training. Analyse the structural reasons behind low placements under PM-DAKSH. Evaluate how institutional design can align training with labour demand. Suggest reforms for outcome accountability. (15 M)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 28 February 2026 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Government Bank Dashboard & Manual Initiative
Context: India’s Controller General of Accounts (CGA), launched the Government Bank Dashboard and the Government Bank Manual.
• These initiatives are designed to transition government banking from reactive oversight to real-time, proactive monitoring to safeguard public funds.
About Government Bank Dashboard & Manual Initiative:
What it is?
• This is a dual-component reform consisting of a real-time digital monitoring platform (Dashboard) and a standardized rulebook (Manual).
• The primary objective is to mitigate operational risks and reduce ambiguity in handling government funds.
• It aims to institutionalize uniform procedures across all banks to ensure that public money is handled with maximum accountability and minimal delay.
Key Features:
• Real-Time Monitoring: Tracks critical KPIs such as remittance timelines, transaction success rates, and scroll compliance.
• Standardized Framework: The Manual defines clear operational procedures, reporting obligations, and strict reconciliation timelines.
• Proactive Oversight: Shifts the focus from post-facto (after the fact) corrections to real-time performance management.
• Service-Level Tracking: Monitors how well banks adhere to established service standards for government business.
• Future Integration: Prepared for the next phase involving Advanced Analytics and Cybersecurity safeguards.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus
• GS Paper 2 – Governance & Public Administration
• Government policies and interventions: Strengthening financial governance through digital monitoring of public funds. Transparency & accountability: Real-time oversight mechanisms improve efficiency and reduce leakages in public financial management. E-governance initiatives: Use of dashboards and digital platforms for proactive governance and institutional reforms.
• Government policies and interventions: Strengthening financial governance through digital monitoring of public funds.
• Transparency & accountability: Real-time oversight mechanisms improve efficiency and reduce leakages in public financial management.
• E-governance initiatives: Use of dashboards and digital platforms for proactive governance and institutional reforms.
• GS Paper 3 – Indian Economy
• Public Finance & Budgeting: Improves treasury management, reconciliation, and banking operations linked to government expenditure. Technology in governance: Integration of analytics and cybersecurity in financial administration reflects digital transformation in economic governance.
• Public Finance & Budgeting: Improves treasury management, reconciliation, and banking operations linked to government expenditure.
• Technology in governance: Integration of analytics and cybersecurity in financial administration reflects digital transformation in economic governance.
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS –28 February 2026 Facts for Prelims (FFP)
LCH Prachand
Source: PIB
Subject: Security
Context: President Droupadi Murmu recently undertook a 25-minute historic sortie in the indigenous LCH Prachand at Air Force Station Jaisalmer, marking her third major flight in a combat aircraft to witness India’s defense prowess.
About LCH Prachand:
What it is?
• Prachand is India’s first indigenously designed and developed dedicated combat helicopter, built specifically for offensive roles in high-altitude and battlefield environments.
• It is a multi-role light attack helicopter capable of air-to-air and air-to-ground missions, including anti-armour and counter-insurgency operations.
Developed by:
• Designed and manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) under the Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) programme.
• The primary objective of the Prachand project is to provide a high-altitude combat platform capable of operating in the unique terrain of the Himalayas (Siachen Glacier and Leh), where heavier attack helicopters often struggle due to thin air.
Key Features:
• Performance: It can operate at altitudes exceeding 5,000 meters (16,400 ft), the highest for any attack helicopter in the world.
• Speed & Range: Boasts a maximum speed of 268 kmph and a combat range of 550 km.
• Stealth & Survivability: Features a low Radar Cross Section (RCS), crashworthy structure, and an Infrared (IR) Suppressor to reduce its heat signature.
• Weaponry: Equipped with a 20mm turret gun, 70mm rockets, Air-to-Air missiles (ATAM), and Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM).
• Advanced Tech: Includes a modern glass cockpit, Helmet-Mounted Display (HMD), and an Electronic Warfare (EW) suite.
Significance:
• With a recent contract for 156 units worth ₹62,700 crore, it cements India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) initiative in defense.
• It is the only attack helicopter in the world that can land and take off at altitudes of 5,000 meters with a considerable weapon load, providing a massive edge in border conflicts.
Villages of Excellence Initiative
Source: DD News
Subject: International Relations
Context: Prime Minister of India announced the Villages of Excellence initiative during his state visit to Israel in February 2026 to scale up agricultural cooperation.
About Villages of Excellence Initiative:
What it is?
• The Villages of Excellence is a grassroots-level extension of the Indo-Israel Agriculture Project (IIAP).
• While previous cooperation focused on centralized high-tech hubs, this initiative aims to transform entire farming clusters into modern, technology-driven agricultural zones by integrating Israeli expertise directly into local village ecosystems.
Nations Involved: India and Israel
• The primary goal is to bridge the gap between high-tech research centers and the common farmer.
• By taking Israeli technology from the Centres to the Villages, the initiative aims to significantly increase the productivity and income of lakhs of Indian farmers through sustainable, future-ready farming solutions.
Key Features:
• Expansion of CoEs: A target has been set to increase the number of Centres of Excellence (CoEs) across India to 100.
• Grassroots Integration: Developing villages located around existing CoEs to act as models for surrounding regions.
• Technological Suite: Implementation of precision farming, satellite-based irrigation, advanced nursery management, and integrated pest management.
• IINCA Support: Supported by the newly established India-Israel Innovation Centre for Agriculture (IINCA), which provides the research base for these villages.
• Capacity Building: Training for farmers on-site and the launch of 20 joint fellowships for Indian researchers to study in Israel.
Significance:
• Directly targets the doubling of farmers’ income by reducing waste and increasing crop yields.
• The initiative is a cornerstone of the newly elevated Special Strategic Partnership for Peace, Innovation & Prosperity between the two nations.
Meningococcal infection
Source: NDTV
Subject: Science and Technology
Context: The Meghalaya government has issued a high-level health alert following the death of two Agniveer trainees at the Assam Regimental Centre in Shillong due to suspected meningococcal infection.
About Meningococcal infection:
What it is?
• Meningococcal disease is a severe, life-threatening bacterial infection caused by the bacterium *Neisseria meningitidis* (also known as meningococcus).
• It primarily causes inflammation of the meninges—the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (Meningitis)—and can also lead to a serious bloodstream infection (Septicemia).
Origin & Transmission:
• Source: The bacteria live in the upper respiratory tract (nose and throat) of humans. About 10% to 20% of the population are asymptomatic carriers who have the bacteria without getting sick.
• Vector/Spread: There is no animal vector; it spreads person-to-person through respiratory droplets or throat secretions (saliva).
• Common Modes: Coughing, sneezing, kissing, or sharing utensils and drinks. It thrives in crowded living conditions like military barracks, dormitories, and boarding schools.
Symptoms:
The disease progresses very rapidly, often becoming fatal within 24–48 hours of the first symptoms.
• Early Signs: Sudden high fever, severe headache, and vomiting.
• Classic Signs: Stiff neck and photophobia (sensitivity to bright light).
• Advanced Signs: A characteristic purpuric rash (dark purple spots or bruises that do not fade when pressed), confusion, cold hands/feet, and muscle aches.
Key Features:
• High Fatality Rate: Even with treatment, approximately 10% to 15% of patients die. Without treatment, the mortality rate is significantly higher.
• Long-term Complications: About 1 in 5 survivors suffer permanent disabilities, including hearing loss, brain damage, kidney disease, or limb amputations due to tissue death (necrosis).
• Age Risk: Most common in infants, adolescents, and young adults.
Treatment & Prevention:
• Emergency Care: This is a medical emergency requiring immediate hospitalization.
• Antibiotics: High-dose intravenous (IV) antibiotics (such as ceftriaxone or penicillin) are administered as soon as the disease is suspected.
• Supportive Care: Fluid resuscitation, oxygen therapy, and treatment for low blood pressure or organ failure.
Suspension of Fortified Rice Rollout
Source: TP
Subject: Miscellaneous
Context: The Central Government has decided to temporarily discontinue the distribution of fortified rice under the PMGKAY and other welfare schemes due to shelf-life concerns.
About Suspension of Fortified Rice Rollout:
What is Fortified Rice?
• Fortified rice is regular rice that has been deliberately enriched with essential micronutrients—specifically Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12.
• This is done to improve the nutritional quality of the food supply and combat hidden hunger or micronutrient deficiencies among vulnerable populations.
Associated Schemes:
The fortification initiative was integrated into India’s largest social safety nets, including:
• PMGKAY: Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (Free foodgrain scheme).
• TPDS: Targeted Public Distribution System under the National Food Security Act (NFSA).
• PM-POSHAN: Formerly the Mid-Day Meal Scheme in schools.
• ICDS: Integrated Child Development Services (delivered through Anganwadi centres).
• The primary goal was to address malnutrition and anemia nationwide by 2024. By making fortified rice mandatory in government schemes, the government aimed to provide a cost-effective and scalable public health intervention to improve the health of women and children.
Steps in Fortification:
• Production of Fortified Rice Kernels (FRK): Rice flour is mixed with a premix of vitamins and minerals and then shaped into grain-like kernels using an extruder machine.
• Blending: These FRKs are blended with regular polished rice, typically at a ratio of 1:100 (one fortified kernel for every 100 grains of regular rice).
Key Features:
• Government Funded: The entire cost of fortification is borne by the Government of India as part of the food subsidy.
• Phased Implementation: The rollout began in 2021 with the goal of covering all districts in India by June 2024.
• Technical Support: Organizations like the World Food Programme (WFP) provide technical assistance and training to millers and officials.
Current Challenge:
• The high buffer stocks in India mean rice often stays in silos for 2–3 years.
• The IIT-Kharagpur study highlighted that moisture and humidity during this long duration degrade the nutrients, leading to the current suspension until a more robust delivery mechanism is found.
India-Bhutan Trans-Boundary River Cooperation
Source: TI
Subject: International Relations
Context: An Indian delegation led by the Secretary of Water Resources, visited Bhutan to strengthen bilateral cooperation on trans-boundary rivers.
About India-Bhutan Trans-Boundary River Cooperation:
What it is?
• India and Bhutan share a unique and deep-rooted partnership centered on water diplomacy.
• This cooperation involves the joint management of river basins that flow from the Himalayas in Bhutan into the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.
• It covers three main pillars: hydropower generation, flood management, and technical data sharing.
Major Rivers Flowing Through:
Several perennial rivers originate in the Bhutanese highlands and serve as the lifeline for both nations:
• Manas River: The largest river system of Bhutan; it meets the Brahmaputra in Assam.
• Sankosh River: Forms the border between Bhutan and India in certain stretches.
• Wang Chhu (Raidak): Supports multiple major hydropower plants.
• Amo Chhu (Torsa): Flows into West Bengal.
• Punatsangchhu (Sankosh tributary): Currently the site of massive joint infrastructure development.
Major Projects:
The Hydro-diplomacy between the two nations has resulted in several iconic projects:
• Punatsangchhu-I & II: Massive 1,200 MW and 1,020 MW projects (respectively) being implemented with Indian assistance.
• Chukha Hydropower Project: The first major project (336 MW), which became a gold standard for bilateral cooperation.
• Kuri Chhu & Tala Projects: Essential contributors to Bhutan’s export revenue and India’s power grid.
• Mangdechhu: A 720 MW project recently handed over to Bhutan, known for its high efficiency.
Key Features of the Partnership:
• Hydro-Meteorological Network: India supports a network of observation stations in Bhutan to provide real-time data on water levels.
• Flood Forecasting: Joint mechanisms to provide early warnings to downstream Indian states (Assam and West Bengal) during the monsoon.
• GLOF Monitoring: Enhanced focus on monitoring melting glaciers to prevent Glacial Lake Outburst Floods that threaten both nations.
• Capacity Building: Indian agencies like WAPCOS Ltd. provide technical expertise and training to Bhutanese engineers.
Significance:
• Hydropower is the largest contributor to Bhutan’s GDP and its biggest export to India.
• Provides India with clean, renewable firm power to balance its national grid.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 28 February 2026 Mapping:
Pakistan-Afghanistan Armed Conflict
Source: BBC
Subject: Mapping
Context: Tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan have escalated into an open war following Pakistan’s launch of Operation Ghazab lil-Haq in response to alleged unprovoked border aggression.
About Pakistan-Afghanistan Armed Conflict:
What it is?
• The current conflict is a sharp military escalation between the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Afghan Taliban
• It has transitioned from years of intermittent border skirmishes and proxy accusations into a full-scale conventional military confrontation involving air force units, tanks, and heavy artillery.
Region of Tension:
• The Durand Line: The 2,640 km porous border between the two nations, which Afghanistan has historically refused to recognize as an international boundary.
• Key Flashpoints: The Torkham border crossing (East Afghanistan), Kandahar (Taliban stronghold), and the Paktia province.
• Urban Targets: Recent Pakistani airstrikes have expanded beyond the border to include the capital, Kabul.
Points of Conflict:
• Cross-Border Terrorism: Pakistan accuses the Afghan Taliban of providing safe havens and training to the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), which carries out attacks on Pakistani soil.
• Border Fencing: The Taliban opposes Pakistan’s efforts to fence the Durand Line, leading to frequent unprovoked firing incidents.
Operations Launched:
• Operation Ghazab lil-Haq: Launched by Pakistan to neutralize Afghan combatants and destroy military infrastructure.
Implications:
• The UN has flagged the impact on civilian populations, particularly at transit centers like the Torkham crossing.
• A prolonged war between two neighbors in a nuclear-sensitive region risks involving external powers like Russia or China and could revitalize various militant groups.
• The conflict further isolates the Taliban regime globally while placing immense economic and security pressure on Pakistan’s already fragile domestic situation.
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