UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 March 2025

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 March 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles

InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.

GS Paper 2 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 March (2025)

• National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)

National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)

GS Paper 3:

• India Bioeconomy

India Bioeconomy

Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):

• Kaizen Philosophy

Kaizen Philosophy

Facts for Prelims (FFP):

• United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF)

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF)

• Bodh Gaya

Bodh Gaya

• Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)

Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)

• Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

• Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N)

Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N)

• Great White Sharks

Great White Sharks

Mapping:

• Pamban Rail Bridge

Pamban Rail Bridge

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 March 2025

#### GS Paper 2 :

National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)

Syllabus: Judiciary

Source: IE

Context: The discovery of cash at the home of Delhi HC Judge Yashwant Varma has renewed debate over judicial appointments.

• Vice President remarked that the situation could have been different had the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) not been struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015.

About National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC):

• What is NJAC? Proposed Law:

• Proposed Law:

• National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was created through the 99th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2014 and NJAC Act, 2014. It sought to replace the collegium system with a multi-stakeholder body to appoint judges to the SC and HCs.

• National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was created through the 99th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2014 and NJAC Act, 2014.

• It sought to replace the collegium system with a multi-stakeholder body to appoint judges to the SC and HCs.

• Composition of NJAC:

• Chief Justice of India (Chairperson) Two senior-most SC judges Union Law Minister Two eminent persons (selected by PM, CJI, and LoP, with one from SC/ST/OBC/women/minorities)

• Chief Justice of India (Chairperson)

• Two senior-most SC judges

• Union Law Minister

• Two eminent persons (selected by PM, CJI, and LoP, with one from SC/ST/OBC/women/minorities)

• Why Was NJAC Struck Down?

• In 2015, a 5-judge Bench (4:1) ruled NJAC unconstitutional as it violated the Basic Structure Doctrine. The Court observed that judicial primacy in appointments is part of the basic structure and NJAC allowed the executive to interfere via veto powers. Concerns over independence of judiciary and possible 3-3 deadlocks led to the rejection of the law.

• In 2015, a 5-judge Bench (4:1) ruled NJAC unconstitutional as it violated the Basic Structure Doctrine.

• The Court observed that judicial primacy in appointments is part of the basic structure and NJAC allowed the executive to interfere via veto powers.

• Concerns over independence of judiciary and possible 3-3 deadlocks led to the rejection of the law.

Why India Needs NJAC:

• Opaque Collegium Process: Justice Ruma Pal termed the collegium as a “well-kept secret”, highlighting lack of transparency and accountability.

• Political Consensus on NJAC: Passed with overwhelming majority in Parliament and ratified by 16 state legislatures, showing rare bipartisan support.

• Growing Allegations of Nepotism: Alleged lobbying and favoritism within collegium undermine merit and fairness in appointments.

• Need for Diverse Input: Inclusion of eminent persons could bring external perspectives and help curb internal biases.

• Dysfunctional Collegium: Even Justice Kurian Joseph, part of the majority in NJAC case, later regretted striking it down, citing ongoing flaws in collegium functioning.

Challenges to Reinstating NJAC

• Judicial Resistance: Judiciary defends its primacy as part of the basic structure, making reversal unlikely without careful negotiation.

• Veto Provision Issue: The veto power given to non-judicial members led to fears of executive overreach.

• Lack of Clear Selection Criteria: Ambiguity in how “eminent persons” would be chosen raises concerns over potential politicization.

• Risk of Deadlock: Equal representation of judiciary and non-judiciary in NJAC could lead to stalemates in decision-making.

• Constitutional Hurdles: Any attempt to reinstate NJAC must pass judicial review and maintain basic structure compliance.

Way Ahead:

• Balanced Redesign: A revised NJAC model must ensure judicial primacy while incorporating transparency and checks.

• Constitutional Safeguards: Amend NJAC provisions to limit veto powers, or provide casting vote to CJI to avoid deadlock.

• Transparent Collegium Reforms: Even if NJAC isn’t revived, reforming collegium by publishing selection criteria and feedback reports is necessary.

• Stakeholder Consultation: Involve judiciary, executive, legal experts, and civil society in designing a more acceptable framework.

• Judicial Accountability Bill: Enact complementary legislation for performance review, complaint redressal, and discipline of judges.

Conclusion:

The NJAC verdict remains a pivotal moment in India’s constitutional history. While judicial independence must be preserved, reforms are essential to restore public confidence in appointments. A rebalanced NJAC, rooted in transparency and constitutional values, could be the way forward.

• Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC-2021)

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 March 2025 GS Paper 3

India Bioeconomy

Syllabus: Biotechnology

Source: IE

Context: The India BioEconomy Report 2024, released by the Department of Biotechnology, highlighted that India’s bioeconomy crossed $165 billion, contributing 4.2% of GDP. It charts a roadmap to reach $300 billion by 2030 and $1 trillion by 2047.

Key Insights from India BioEconomy Report 2024:

• Rapid Market Growth: Bioeconomy doubled from $86 billion (2020) to $165 billion (2024), with projections of $1 trillion by 2047.

• Industrial & Pharma Dominance: 48% value came from industrial bioeconomy (biofuels, bioplastics); 35% from pharma, majorly vaccines.

• Start-up Surge: Number of companies grew from 5,365 in 2021 to 10,075 in 2024, expected to double again by 2030.

• Employment Potential: Projected to generate 35 million jobs by 2030 through biotech research, IT, and bio-manufacturing.

• Regional Disparities: 5 states (MH, KA, TG, GJ, AP) contribute two-thirds of total value; NE and Eastern India underperform (<6%).

• Fastest Growing Segment: Research & IT—including bioinformatics, clinical trials, and biotech software—is seeing the highest annual growth.

About India’s Achievements in Bioeconomy:

• Vaccine Revolution: India became a global leader in vaccine production post-COVID-19, boosting biotech infrastructure and innovation.

• Biofuel Expansion: Ethanol blending programs and fermentation-based fuel production have surged, reducing fossil fuel dependency.

• Global Recognition: India’s bioeconomy (4.2% of GDP) now compares well with US and China, although lagging behind EU nations like Spain (20%).

• Academic & Research Ecosystem: Premier institutes like IISc, NCBS, NIBMG have expanded biotech R&D.

• Digital Bio Solutions: AI-powered platforms for genome mapping, diagnostics, and precision farming are scaling rapidly.

Key Government Initiatives

• BioE3 Policy (2024): Launched to drive bio-based Economy, Environment, and Employment. Focus: biomanufacturing and research.

• National Bioeconomy Mission (Proposed): Suggested in the report to coordinate policy and funding under one umbrella.

• Single-Window Clearance: Recommended to ease biotech project approvals and remove regulatory delays.

• Startup Ecosystem Boost: Bio-incubators and funding support for biotech startups are growing under DBT’s BIRAC.

• Focus on Priority Areas: Marine biotech, functional foods, bioenzymes, space bio-research, and climate-resilient crops are key thrust zones.

Challenges in Indian Bioeconomy

• Regulatory Uncertainty: Delay in approval for GM crops hinders agricultural biotechnology despite proven productivity gains.

• Infrastructure Gaps: Labs and processing units in Eastern & NE India lack basic facilities and funding.

• Skilled Workforce Shortage: Need for biotech-ready manpower across domains like bioinformatics, fermentation tech, and IP law.

• Low Private Investment: Bioeconomy lags behind IT and pharma in attracting venture capital and FDI.

• Data and Standardization Issues: Lack of bioresource inventories and absence of quality assurance frameworks reduce export potential.

Measures & Way Forward:

• Enhance Policy Cohesion: Launch National Bioeconomy Mission for unified policy design, funding, and implementation.

• Promote GM Crop Adoption: Create evidence-based policies to approve safe GM varieties and improve yield outcomes.

• Address Regional Disparity: Incentivize biotech parks, PPPs, and academic-industry linkages in backward zones.

• Upskill Workforce: Establish training hubs in bioinformatics, synthetic biology, and AI in biotech.

• Scale Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborate with industries for R&D in clean bio-based technologies and scale global patents.

Conclusion:

India’s bioeconomy stands at a transformational juncture. With the right policy, infrastructure, and regulatory reforms, India can evolve into a global bio-manufacturing and innovation hub. Sustained efforts are vital to realize the vision of $1 trillion bioeconomy by 2047.

• Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma? (UPSC-2018)

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 March 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)

Kaizen Philosophy

Context: The Gujarat Administrative Reforms Commission (GARC) submitted its first report recommending the adoption of Kaizen, a Japanese method of continuous improvement, in government operations.

About Kaizen Philosophy:

• What is Kaizen?

• Kaizen translates to “change for better” or continuous improvement. It focuses on small, consistent improvements involving all employees to improve overall system performance.

• Kaizen translates to “change for better” or continuous improvement.

• It focuses on small, consistent improvements involving all employees to improve overall system performance.

• Core Features of Kaizen:

• Continuous Improvement: Encourages small, incremental changes for long-term efficiency. Employee Involvement: Every worker is empowered to suggest process improvements. Standardization: Streamlined procedures to maintain consistency. Waste Elimination (Muda): Cuts down unnecessary steps, time, or resource use. Customer-Centric Approach: Enhances service delivery to meet citizen needs.

• Continuous Improvement: Encourages small, incremental changes for long-term efficiency.

• Employee Involvement: Every worker is empowered to suggest process improvements.

• Standardization: Streamlined procedures to maintain consistency.

• Waste Elimination (Muda): Cuts down unnecessary steps, time, or resource use.

• Customer-Centric Approach: Enhances service delivery to meet citizen needs.

• How Kaizen Enhances Public Governance:

• Efficient Meetings: Short, well-structured meetings save administrative time. Employee-Centric Feedback: Installing QR codes and suggestion boxes promotes participation. Process Improvement: Upgrading e-Sarkar platforms to improve planning and action-tracking. Infrastructure Modernisation: AC offices and solar power enhance work environments and sustainability. Smart Governance: Promotes digital tools, real-time accountability, and performance monitoring.

• Efficient Meetings: Short, well-structured meetings save administrative time.

• Employee-Centric Feedback: Installing QR codes and suggestion boxes promotes participation.

• Process Improvement: Upgrading e-Sarkar platforms to improve planning and action-tracking.

• Infrastructure Modernisation: AC offices and solar power enhance work environments and sustainability.

• Smart Governance: Promotes digital tools, real-time accountability, and performance monitoring.

Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:

Governance (GS Paper II & IV – Ethics & Public Administration)

• Good Governance Principles: Kaizen aligns with transparency, accountability, and citizen-centric governance key themes in UPSC.

• Administrative Reforms: Its focus on process efficiency, waste reduction, and employee participation connects with topics like e-governance, bureaucratic reforms, and work culture improvement.

• Ethics in Public Service: Encouraging employee feedback and innovation promotes integrity and participatory decision-making—crucial for ethics case studies.

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 March 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP)

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF)

Source: News on Air

Context: The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) in its 2025 report recommended designating India as a “Country of Particular Concern” (CPC), citing alleged religious freedom violations.

• India strongly rejected the report, calling it “biased and politically motivated”.

About USCIRF Recommendations on India:

• Designation Suggested: USCIRF has urged the US government to label India as a Country of Particular Concern (CPC) for “systematic and egregious” violations of religious freedom.

• Targeted Sanctions: The report recommended sanctions on India’s external intelligence agency, RAW, and individuals like Vikash Yadav under the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA).

• Other Proposals: Review arms sales, including Predator drone deals. Highlight religious freedom in US-India diplomatic engagements. Reintroduce the Transnational Repression Reporting Act, 2024 to address global repression.

• Review arms sales, including Predator drone deals.

• Highlight religious freedom in US-India diplomatic engagements.

• Reintroduce the Transnational Repression Reporting Act, 2024 to address global repression.

• Though USCIRF’s recommendations are non-binding, they can influence US foreign policy, bilateral relations, defence deals, and global human rights discourse.

About USCIRF (United States Commission on International Religious Freedom):

• Established by: US Congress under the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA), 1998.

• Type: Independent, bipartisan federal government agency.

• Governance: 9 Commissioners appointed by the President and Congressional leaders. Supported by a non-partisan staff.

• 9 Commissioners appointed by the President and Congressional leaders.

• Supported by a non-partisan staff.

• Not Under: US State Department (but works in coordination).

• Legal Framework: Guided by Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

• Core Functions of USCIRF:

• Monitor: Global trends and violations of freedom of religion or belief (FoRB).

• Advise: President, Secretary of State, and Congress on policy responses.

• Recommend: Designations like Country of Particular Concern (CPC) and sanctions under IRFA.

• Engage: With international partners, NGOs, religious groups, and human rights defenders.

• Advocate: For religious prisoners of conscience and raise awareness globally.

• Publish: Annual reports, thematic briefs, and maintain FoRB Victims List.

Bodh Gaya

Source: DH

Context: Bodh Gaya is witnessing widespread protests by Buddhist groups demanding full control of the Mahabodhi Temple, objecting to Hindu participation in the temple’s administration under the Bodh Gaya Temple Act, 1949.

About Bodh Gaya:

• Location:

• Situated in Gaya district, Bihar, India, near the Falgu River. One of the four major Buddhist pilgrimage sites (alongside Lumbini, Sarnath, and Kushinagar).

• Situated in Gaya district, Bihar, India, near the Falgu River.

• One of the four major Buddhist pilgrimage sites (alongside Lumbini, Sarnath, and Kushinagar).

• Kings Associated:

• Emperor Ashoka (3rd century BCE): Built the first temple at the site. King Harshavardhana (7th century CE): Expanded Buddhist structures. British Colonial Era (19th century): Restored the temple under Alexander Cunningham.

• Emperor Ashoka (3rd century BCE): Built the first temple at the site.

• King Harshavardhana (7th century CE): Expanded Buddhist structures.

• British Colonial Era (19th century): Restored the temple under Alexander Cunningham.

• History of Bodh Gaya:

• 6th century BCE: Prince Siddhartha attained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree, becoming Buddha. 3rd century BCE: Ashoka constructed a diamond throne (Vajrasana) and a shrine. 12th century CE: Declined due to Islamic invasions but revived in the 19th century under British archaeologists.

• 6th century BCE: Prince Siddhartha attained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree, becoming Buddha.

• 3rd century BCE: Ashoka constructed a diamond throne (Vajrasana) and a shrine.

• 12th century CE: Declined due to Islamic invasions but revived in the 19th century under British archaeologists.

• Key Features:

• Mahabodhi Temple: 52-meter-tall pyramidal structure with intricate carvings. Bodhi Tree: Direct descendant of the original tree under which Buddha meditated. Vajrasana (Diamond Throne): Marks the exact spot of Buddha’s enlightenment. Animesh Lochana Chaitya: Where Buddha spent the second week in meditation.

• Mahabodhi Temple: 52-meter-tall pyramidal structure with intricate carvings.

• Bodhi Tree: Direct descendant of the original tree under which Buddha meditated.

• Vajrasana (Diamond Throne): Marks the exact spot of Buddha’s enlightenment.

• Animesh Lochana Chaitya: Where Buddha spent the second week in meditation.

• Significance:

• Spiritual Epicenter: Most sacred site in Buddhism, symbolizing enlightenment (Nirvana). Cultural Influence: Shaped Buddhist art, architecture, and philosophy globally. Interfaith Harmony: Attracts pilgrims and scholars from Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana traditions.

• Spiritual Epicenter: Most sacred site in Buddhism, symbolizing enlightenment (Nirvana).

• Cultural Influence: Shaped Buddhist art, architecture, and philosophy globally.

• Interfaith Harmony: Attracts pilgrims and scholars from Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana traditions.

• UNESCO Recognition:

• Declared a World Heritage Site in 2002 for its outstanding universal value. Recognized for its architectural brilliance and historical association with Buddha’s life.

• Declared a World Heritage Site in 2002 for its outstanding universal value.

• Recognized for its architectural brilliance and historical association with Buddha’s life.

Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)

Source: TOI

Context: The Finance Ministry has discontinued the Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS) for medium- and long-term deposits from March 26, 2025.

• RBI has clarified that existing deposits will continue until maturity; however, no fresh mobilisations or renewals will be allowed.

About Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS):

• What is GMS?

• A scheme to mobilise idle gold held by individuals and institutions, launched to integrate gold into the formal financial system.

• Launch Year: November 2015, as a revamped version of the Gold Deposit Scheme (1999).

• Implemented by: Jointly by Ministry of Finance, RBI, and scheduled commercial banks.

• Objective: To reduce gold imports and curb Current Account Deficit (CAD) by monetising household and institutional gold.

• Categories under the Scheme:

• Short-Term Bank Deposit (STBD): Tenure: 1 to 3 years Interest: Decided and paid by banks Medium-Term Government Deposit (MTGD): Tenure: 5 to 7 years Interest: Fixed by GoI in consultation with RBI (2.25%) Long-Term Government Deposit (LTGD): Tenure: 12 to 15 years Interest: Fixed by GoI (2.5%)

• Short-Term Bank Deposit (STBD): Tenure: 1 to 3 years Interest: Decided and paid by banks

• Tenure: 1 to 3 years

• Interest: Decided and paid by banks

• Medium-Term Government Deposit (MTGD): Tenure: 5 to 7 years Interest: Fixed by GoI in consultation with RBI (2.25%)

• Tenure: 5 to 7 years

• Interest: Fixed by GoI in consultation with RBI (2.25%)

• Long-Term Government Deposit (LTGD): Tenure: 12 to 15 years Interest: Fixed by GoI (2.5%)

• Tenure: 12 to 15 years

• Interest: Fixed by GoI (2.5%)

• Features of Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS):

• Minimum Deposit: 10 grams of gold (bars, coins, jewellery excluding stones/metals). Only gold items without embedded gems or other metals are accepted to ensure purity. No Upper Limit for Deposit: Individuals and institutions can deposit any quantity of gold without restrictions. Interest Earned in Gold, Not Rupees: Returns are credited in grams of gold, protecting investors from currency fluctuations. Purity Verification through CPTCs (Collection & Purity Testing Centres): Authorized centres test and certify gold quality before deposit to maintain transparency. Tax Exemption on Interest Under Income Tax Act: Interest earned is tax-free, making it a lucrative savings option for gold holders.

• Minimum Deposit: 10 grams of gold (bars, coins, jewellery excluding stones/metals). Only gold items without embedded gems or other metals are accepted to ensure purity.

• No Upper Limit for Deposit: Individuals and institutions can deposit any quantity of gold without restrictions.

• Interest Earned in Gold, Not Rupees: Returns are credited in grams of gold, protecting investors from currency fluctuations.

• Purity Verification through CPTCs (Collection & Purity Testing Centres): Authorized centres test and certify gold quality before deposit to maintain transparency.

• Tax Exemption on Interest Under Income Tax Act: Interest earned is tax-free, making it a lucrative savings option for gold holders.

• Government’s Recent Decision on GMS (Effective March 26, 2025)

• Medium- & Long-Term Deposits Discontinued: Only short-term deposits (1-3 years) will continue, based on bank policies. Short-Term Bank Deposits to Continue at Banks’ Discretion: Banks can choose whether to offer these deposits, subject to RBI guidelines. No Fresh Deposits or Renewals Accepted: Existing accounts remain active, but no new deposits or rollovers permitted. Existing Deposits to Mature as per RBI Guidelines: Previously made deposits will continue until maturity without premature withdrawal penalties.

• Medium- & Long-Term Deposits Discontinued: Only short-term deposits (1-3 years) will continue, based on bank policies.

• Short-Term Bank Deposits to Continue at Banks’ Discretion: Banks can choose whether to offer these deposits, subject to RBI guidelines.

• No Fresh Deposits or Renewals Accepted: Existing accounts remain active, but no new deposits or rollovers permitted.

• Existing Deposits to Mature as per RBI Guidelines: Previously made deposits will continue until maturity without premature withdrawal penalties.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

Source: TH

Context: A Parliamentary Standing Committee has urged the Education Ministry to release over ₹4,000 crore in pending Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) funds to Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and West Bengal.

• The panel said it is unjustified to link SSA funding with a state’s decision to not sign the PM SHRI MoU.

About Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA):

• What is SSA?

• SSA is a centrally sponsored umbrella scheme aimed at integrated school education from pre-school to Class 12.

• Launched in: 2018, by merging three schemes – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, and Teacher Education.

• Implemented by: Ministry of Education, Government of India.

• Budget Allocation:

• Fund sharing: 90:10 for North-Eastern & Himalayan States 60:40 for other States 100% for UTs without Legislature

• 90:10 for North-Eastern & Himalayan States

• 60:40 for other States

• 100% for UTs without Legislature

• Objectives of SSA:

• Improve school effectiveness and learning outcomes Ensure universal access, equity, and quality in school education Fulfil the mandate of the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 Enhance vocationalisation, teacher education, and use of technology

• Improve school effectiveness and learning outcomes

• Ensure universal access, equity, and quality in school education

• Fulfil the mandate of the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009

• Enhance vocationalisation, teacher education, and use of technology

• Key Features of SSA:

• Holistic approach to education from pre-primary to Class 12. One strategic district-level plan for education development. Prioritisation of aspirational districts, LWE-affected areas, and Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs). Focus on the 2 Ts – Teachers and Technology. Aligned with SDG 4: Quality, inclusive, and equitable education by 2030.

• Holistic approach to education from pre-primary to Class 12.

• One strategic district-level plan for education development.

• Prioritisation of aspirational districts, LWE-affected areas, and Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs).

• Focus on the 2 Ts – Teachers and Technology.

• Aligned with SDG 4: Quality, inclusive, and equitable education by 2030.

About PM SHRI Schools – Model School Initiative:

• What is PM SHRI?

• A flagship model school scheme aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

• Launched in: 2022-23, by the Ministry of Education, Government of India.

• Aim: To develop 14,500 model schools that serve as exemplars of quality education, reflecting NEP 2020 principles.

• Key Features of PM SHRI Scheme:

• Schools to offer inclusive, equitable and joyful learning environments Integration of modern technology, multilingual teaching, and green infrastructure Focus on critical thinking, experiential learning, and foundational literacy The Scheme is proposed to be implemented over a period of 5 years w.e.f. 2022-23 to 2026-27. Participation requires MoU signing between Centre and State

• Schools to offer inclusive, equitable and joyful learning environments

• Integration of modern technology, multilingual teaching, and green infrastructure

• Focus on critical thinking, experiential learning, and foundational literacy

• The Scheme is proposed to be implemented over a period of 5 years w.e.f. 2022-23 to 2026-27.

• Participation requires MoU signing between Centre and State

Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N)

Source: BS

Context: The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) signed an MoU with BISAG-N to integrate remote sensing and GIS technologies into the audit process.

About Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N):

• What is BISAG-N?

• A national-level technical agency providing space and geo-spatial solutions for governance, planning, and development.

• Established in:

• Originally founded as Remote Sensing and Communication Centre (RESECO) in 1997. Renamed BISAG in 2003, after Bhaskaracharya, the 12th-century Indian mathematician.

• Originally founded as Remote Sensing and Communication Centre (RESECO) in 1997.

• Renamed BISAG in 2003, after Bhaskaracharya, the 12th-century Indian mathematician.

• Headquarters: Located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat

• Ministry: Operates under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India.

• Objectives of BISAG-N:

• Leverage geo-spatial and satellite technologies for inclusive socio-economic development and policy implementation. Support governance frameworks like Digital India, PM-GatiShakti, and disaster management through end-to-end GIS-based solutions. Drive innovation in public services by integrating AI, ML, and big data analytics tailored to government requirements.

• Leverage geo-spatial and satellite technologies for inclusive socio-economic development and policy implementation.

• Support governance frameworks like Digital India, PM-GatiShakti, and disaster management through end-to-end GIS-based solutions.

• Drive innovation in public services by integrating AI, ML, and big data analytics tailored to government requirements.

• Key Functions of BISAG-N:

• Geo-Spatial Applications: Offers satellite-based services including remote sensing, photogrammetry, terrain modelling, and disaster analytics. Integrated GIS Solutions: Provides data creation, migration, visualisation tools, and map-based decision-making systems. Smart Governance Platforms: Develops ERP, MIS, GNSS-linked digital tools across sectors like land, agriculture, education, and health. Capacity Building & Outreach: Conducts training for officials and supports startups through satellite communication and finishing schools. R&D and Custom Tech Development: Leads innovation in AI, IoT, blockchain, and builds customised software for central/state departments.

• Geo-Spatial Applications: Offers satellite-based services including remote sensing, photogrammetry, terrain modelling, and disaster analytics.

• Integrated GIS Solutions: Provides data creation, migration, visualisation tools, and map-based decision-making systems.

• Smart Governance Platforms: Develops ERP, MIS, GNSS-linked digital tools across sectors like land, agriculture, education, and health.

• Capacity Building & Outreach: Conducts training for officials and supports startups through satellite communication and finishing schools.

• R&D and Custom Tech Development: Leads innovation in AI, IoT, blockchain, and builds customised software for central/state departments.

Great White Sharks

Source: TH

Context: A 20-year study in South Africa reveals that the decline of Great White Sharks disrupted marine ecosystems, causing cascading food web imbalances.

About Great White Sharks:

• Scientific Name: Carcharodon carcharias

• IUCN Status: Vulnerable.

• Habitat & Distribution:

• Found in temperate coastal waters(e.g., USA, South Africa, Australia, Japan).

• Migratory – some travel to tropical waters but return to temperate zones for feeding.

• Key Features:

• Adaptations: Regional endothermy (warm-blooded), serrated teeth, torpedo-shaped body. Food Habits: Hunts seals, dolphins, fish; uses ambush tactics(“bite-and-wait”). Reproduction: It is a Viviparous animal (give birth to live young instead of laying eggs) with 12-month gestation. Late maturity: Females at 15–16 ft (age 12–18 years), males at 11–13 ft (age 10). Ecological Role: Top Predator: Regulates prey populations (e.g., seals, mid-sized sharks). Indicator Species: Health reflects marine ecosystem stability. Study Findings: Decline in South Africa’s False Bay led to surge in seals/sevengill sharks, causing fish/small shark populations to crash.

• Food Habits: Hunts seals, dolphins, fish; uses ambush tactics(“bite-and-wait”).

• Hunts seals, dolphins, fish; uses ambush tactics(“bite-and-wait”).

• Reproduction: It is a Viviparous animal (give birth to live young instead of laying eggs) with 12-month gestation. Late maturity: Females at 15–16 ft (age 12–18 years), males at 11–13 ft (age 10).

• It is a Viviparous animal (give birth to live young instead of laying eggs) with 12-month gestation.

• Late maturity: Females at 15–16 ft (age 12–18 years), males at 11–13 ft (age 10).

• Ecological Role:

• Top Predator: Regulates prey populations (e.g., seals, mid-sized sharks).

• Indicator Species: Health reflects marine ecosystem stability.

• Study Findings: Decline in South Africa’s False Bay led to surge in seals/sevengill sharks, causing fish/small shark populations to crash.

• Decline in South Africa’s False Bay led to surge in seals/sevengill sharks, causing fish/small shark populations to crash.

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 March 2025 Mapping:

Pamban Rail Bridge

Source: TH

Context: Prime Minister of India to inaugurate India’s first vertical-lift railway bridge on April 6, replacing the 111-year-old Pamban Bridge.

• The new ₹531-crore bridge enhances maritime safetyand rail connectivity to Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu.

About Old Pamban Bridge:

• What was it?

• A historic railway bridge linking Rameswaram Island to Mandapam (mainland Tamil Nadu).

• Key Details:

• Built in: 1914 (completed in 2.5 years). Built by: British India under Madras Railway. Connecting Towns: Connects Mandapam (mainland) with Rameswaram (Pamban Island), Tamil Nadu.

• Built in: 1914 (completed in 2.5 years).

• Built by: British India under Madras Railway.

• Connecting Towns: Connects Mandapam (mainland) with Rameswaram (Pamban Island), Tamil Nadu.

• Unique Features:

• India’s first and only sea bridge until Bandra-Worli Sea Link (2010). Bascule (Scherzer lift) mechanism: Manual lever-operated double-leaf section for ship passage. A double-leaf bascule bridge is a type of movable bridge that uses a counterweight mechanism to lift each side (called a leaf) to allow ships or boats to pass through underneath. Length: 2.065 km, with 143 piers and 12.5 m height above sea level. Lifespan: Operated for 108 years before corrosion led to its closure (2022).

• India’s first and only sea bridge until Bandra-Worli Sea Link (2010).

• Bascule (Scherzer lift) mechanism: Manual lever-operated double-leaf section for ship passage. A double-leaf bascule bridge is a type of movable bridge that uses a counterweight mechanism to lift each side (called a leaf) to allow ships or boats to pass through underneath.

• A double-leaf bascule bridge is a type of movable bridge that uses a counterweight mechanism to lift each side (called a leaf) to allow ships or boats to pass through underneath.

• Length: 2.065 km, with 143 piers and 12.5 m height above sea level.

• Lifespan: Operated for 108 years before corrosion led to its closure (2022).

About New Pamban Bridge:

• Built By: Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL) at ₹531 crore.

• Key Features:

• Vertical-lift span (72 m): First in India, automated for smoother ship movement. Stronger construction: Corrosion-resistant materials for longer durability. Modern Technology: Fully automatic lift mechanism (vs. manual in old bridge). Energy Efficient: Solar-ready design for future sustainability.

• Vertical-lift span (72 m): First in India, automated for smoother ship movement.

• Stronger construction: Corrosion-resistant materials for longer durability.

• Modern Technology: Fully automatic lift mechanism (vs. manual in old bridge).

• Energy Efficient: Solar-ready design for future sustainability.

Key Difference between Old and New Pamban Bridge:

Feature | Old Pamban Bridge | New Pamban Bridge

Inauguration Year | 1914 | 2025

Type | Double-leaf bascule | Vertical lift span

Span Control | Manual operation | Automated lift system

Length | 2.065 km | 2.2 km

Ship Clearance | Limited, slow | Wider and quicker clearance

Lifespan | Over 100 years | Next-generation, corrosion-resistant

Daily Current Affairs + PIB Summary (27 Mar 2025)

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Table of Contents

GS Paper 2 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 March (2025)

National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)

GS Paper 3:

India Bioeconomy

Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):

Kaizen Philosophy

Facts for Prelims (FFP):

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF)

Bodh Gaya

Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N)

Great White Sharks

Mapping:

Pamban Rail Bridge

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 March 2025

National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)

India Bioeconomy

Kaizen Philosophy

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF)

Bodh Gaya

Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N)

Great White Sharks

Pamban Rail Bridge