UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 August 2025

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 August 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles

InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.

Table of Contents

GS Paper 1 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 August (2025)

• Protecting India’s Geriatric Population from the Rising Heat Burden

Protecting India’s Geriatric Population from the Rising Heat Burden

GS Paper 2:

• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana: Eleven Years of Financial Inclusion

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana: Eleven Years of Financial Inclusion

Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):

• Criminalisation of Politics

Criminalisation of Politics

Facts for Prelims (FFP):

• Project Aarohan

Project Aarohan

• UPM J1040−3551 AabBab

UPM J1040−3551 AabBab

• MiG-21

MiG-21

• Digital Services Taxes (DSTs)

Digital Services Taxes (DSTs)

• Sci-Hub Ban and the ‘One Nation, One Subscription’ Scheme

Sci-Hub Ban and the ‘One Nation, One Subscription’ Scheme

• National Designated Authority for Carbon Markets

National Designated Authority for Carbon Markets

Mapping:

• East China Sea

East China Sea

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 August 2025

#### GS Paper 1:

Protecting India’s Geriatric Population from the Rising Heat Burden

Syllabus: Issues related to Elderly People, Climate change

Source: DTE

Context: Heatwaves are becoming more frequent and severe in India, raising mortality among older adults.

• A study shows heat-related deaths among India’s elderly rose by 55% between 2000–04 and 2017–21, with states like Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan worst affected.

About Geriatric Population:

What it is?

• The geriatric population refers to people aged 65 years and above who experience physiological decline in immunity, metabolism, and resilience.

• They are more prone to chronic diseases, mobility issues, and environmental stressors like extreme heat.

India’s Geriatric Population

• In 2022, 10.5% of India’s population was elderly (~14 crore people).

• By 2050, this share is projected to nearly double, surpassing the youth population.

• 71% of elderly live in rural areas, often with poor infrastructure and limited healthcare.

• Elderly women outnumber men by 4 million (71 million women vs 67 million men), especially vulnerable due to gendered roles and poverty.

Causes of Heat-Related Vulnerability in the Elderly

• Biological Factors Reduced sweating, impaired blood circulation, and poor thermoregulation make it difficult for older adults to cool their bodies. Pre-existing conditions (heart, kidney, mental health) amplify risks.

• Reduced sweating, impaired blood circulation, and poor thermoregulation make it difficult for older adults to cool their bodies.

• Pre-existing conditions (heart, kidney, mental health) amplify risks.

• Dehydration and Thirst Perception Elderly individuals often fail to feel thirsty, leading to low fluid intake, electrolyte imbalance, and kidney stress.

• Elderly individuals often fail to feel thirsty, leading to low fluid intake, electrolyte imbalance, and kidney stress.

• Gender Dimensions Elderly women face prolonged heat exposure in non-ventilated kitchens, caregiving burdens, and limited access to resources. Elderly men continue outdoor labour in farming or construction, with inadequate hydration and protective breaks.

• Elderly women face prolonged heat exposure in non-ventilated kitchens, caregiving burdens, and limited access to resources.

• Elderly men continue outdoor labour in farming or construction, with inadequate hydration and protective breaks.

• Tropical Nights Effect When night temperatures remain above 20°C, older bodies fail to recover from daytime heat, straining cardiovascular and respiratory health.

• When night temperatures remain above 20°C, older bodies fail to recover from daytime heat, straining cardiovascular and respiratory health.

• Social Isolation and Poverty Living alone delays help-seeking. Lack of social participation worsens mental health and reduces adaptive capacity.

• Living alone delays help-seeking. Lack of social participation worsens mental health and reduces adaptive capacity.

Current Gaps in Protection

• Policy Blind Spot: Heat Action Plans exist but lack elderly-specific strategies.

• Data Discrepancy: NCRB and NDMA report widely different figures on heat deaths, limiting targeted planning.

• Affordability of Cooling Tech: Innovations like thermoelectric garments remain out of reach for poor rural elderly.

• Weak Surveillance: No robust system to track heat mortality in real time, or to map urban heat islands.

• Gendered Neglect: Women’s vulnerabilities (domestic confinement, resource inequality) are rarely acknowledged in policies.

Solutions and Strategic Action

• Targeted Social Protection Subsidise cooling devices, hydration packs, and energy support for poor elderly households in heatwave zones.

• Subsidise cooling devices, hydration packs, and energy support for poor elderly households in heatwave zones.

• Health System Strengthening Train ASHA workers, health staff, and disaster teams to detect and treat heat stroke among elderly populations. Establish temporary cooling centres in rural blocks and urban wards.

• Train ASHA workers, health staff, and disaster teams to detect and treat heat stroke among elderly populations.

• Establish temporary cooling centres in rural blocks and urban wards.

• Data and Research Publish real-time heat mortality data. Encourage scientific studies on how income, gender, and disease conditions shape heat vulnerabilities.

• Publish real-time heat mortality data.

• Encourage scientific studies on how income, gender, and disease conditions shape heat vulnerabilities.

• Technology Access Scale low-cost cooling technologies under MoHFW with subsidies and PLI incentives for mass production.

• Scale low-cost cooling technologies under MoHFW with subsidies and PLI incentives for mass production.

• Institutional Coordination Regular meetings between Health, Environment, Urban Development, and Agriculture ministries to refine State and National Heat Action Plans.

• Regular meetings between Health, Environment, Urban Development, and Agriculture ministries to refine State and National Heat Action Plans.

• Early Warning Systems Develop a unified mobile app integrating IMD’s UMANG, MAUSAM, Meghdoot, and Damini apps to issue heat alerts. Use social media for real-time outreach in local languages.

• Develop a unified mobile app integrating IMD’s UMANG, MAUSAM, Meghdoot, and Damini apps to issue heat alerts.

• Use social media for real-time outreach in local languages.

• Long-Term Climate Action Transition to renewables and low-carbon strategies to curb fossil-fuel-driven warming. Promote sustainable housing designs with ventilation for rural elderly.

• Transition to renewables and low-carbon strategies to curb fossil-fuel-driven warming.

• Promote sustainable housing designs with ventilation for rural elderly.

Conclusion

India’s geriatric population is expanding rapidly, just as heatwaves are intensifying. This convergence makes the elderly highly vulnerable to climate stress. Protecting them requires elderly-focused heat action plans, better data, subsidised cooling solutions, and stronger social protection systems.

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 August 2025 GS Paper 2:

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana: Eleven Years of Financial Inclusion

Syllabus: Welfare Schemes

Source: IE

Context: PMJDY completes 11 years on August 28, 2025, emerging as the world’s largest financial inclusion programme.

• Nearly 100% households and over 90% adults in India now have a bank account.

About Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

What is PMJDY?

• Launched in 2014, PMJDY was designed to provide universal access to banking for the unbanked.

• Its objectives include zero-balance accounts, RuPay debit cards, insurance, pensions, and Direct Benefit Transfers (DBTs).

• The scheme has reduced reliance on moneylenders and informal credit networks, historically a trap for the poor.

Progress Over 11 Years

• Massive Account Growth Over 56.2 crore accounts opened, compared to ~15 crore in 2015. This represents the world’s largest financial inclusion drive.

• Over 56.2 crore accounts opened, compared to ~15 crore in 2015.

• This represents the world’s largest financial inclusion drive.

• Gender Inclusion 56% of accounts are held by women, reflecting PMJDY’s role in empowering female participation in financial decisions.

• 56% of accounts are held by women, reflecting PMJDY’s role in empowering female participation in financial decisions.

• Rural Penetration 37.5 crore accounts belong to rural/semi-urban areas. Over 16.2 lakh banking correspondents (“Bank Mitras”) provide doorstep access in remote villages.

• 37.5 crore accounts belong to rural/semi-urban areas.

• Over 16.2 lakh banking correspondents (“Bank Mitras”) provide doorstep access in remote villages.

• Deposits Expansion Total balance stands at ₹2.68 lakh crore, up 17 times since 2015. Indicates a shift from mere account opening to actual savings behaviour.

• Total balance stands at ₹2.68 lakh crore, up 17 times since 2015.

• Indicates a shift from mere account opening to actual savings behaviour.

• Digital Ecosystem More than 38.7 crore RuPay cards issued. Enabled surge in UPI-based transactions, strengthening India’s digital economy.

• More than 38.7 crore RuPay cards issued.

• Enabled surge in UPI-based transactions, strengthening India’s digital economy.

Impact of PMJDY

• Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT): Subsidies for LPG, pensions, and Covid-relief payments reached beneficiaries without intermediaries, reducing corruption and leakage.

• Crisis Response: During demonetisation (2016) and the Covid-19 pandemic, Jan Dhan accounts enabled rapid cash transfers to millions of poor households.

• Financial Security: Linked with micro-insurance (PMJJBY, PMSBY) and pensions (Atal Pension Yojana), giving the unorganised sector a basic social safety net.

• Banking Access: Today, 99.9% villages have a bank branch, correspondent, or India Post Payments Bank outlet within 5 km — a milestone in rural inclusion.

Issues and Challenges

• Dormant Accounts A proportion of Jan Dhan accounts remain inactive, showing limited usage beyond initial opening.

• A proportion of Jan Dhan accounts remain inactive, showing limited usage beyond initial opening.

• Credit Gap Many account holders lack access to formal credit facilities, still relying on microfinance or informal lenders.

• Many account holders lack access to formal credit facilities, still relying on microfinance or informal lenders.

• Digital Divide In Tier 4 & Tier 5 centres, poor smartphone penetration and low digital literacy limit full benefits of digital banking.

• In Tier 4 & Tier 5 centres, poor smartphone penetration and low digital literacy limit full benefits of digital banking.

• Financial Literacy Deficit Many beneficiaries are unaware of insurance and pension schemes linked to PMJDY, restricting long-term empowerment.

• Many beneficiaries are unaware of insurance and pension schemes linked to PMJDY, restricting long-term empowerment.

• Overdependence on DBTs Accounts are heavily used for subsidy inflows but less for investment or productive economic activity.

• Accounts are heavily used for subsidy inflows but less for investment or productive economic activity.

Way Forward

• Revive Dormant Accounts: Conduct awareness drives and incentivise regular transactions.

• Expand Credit Linkages: Integrate PMJDY with microcredit and small loans, enabling entrepreneurship.

• Promote Financial Literacy: Use local languages and community campaigns to spread awareness about savings, insurance, and pensions.

• Leverage Technology: Develop voice-based and AI-driven banking tools for low-literacy populations without smartphones.

• Deepen Social Security: Broaden Jan Suraksha schemes so more informal workers gain insurance and pension coverage.

• Encourage Savings-Investment: Use rising balances in Jan Dhan accounts to connect beneficiaries with small savings, mutual funds, and other financial products.

Conclusion

PMJDY has emerged as the largest financial inclusion initiative in the world, transforming how subsidies are delivered and empowering marginalised households. Yet, its success will be complete only when accounts are used actively for savings, credit, and insurance, not just DBT inflows. The next decade must focus on financial literacy, technology-driven access, and credit empowerment, turning Jan Dhan into a true driver of inclusive growth and social security.

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 August 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)

Criminalisation of Politics

Context: A recent analysis shows that about 30% of MPs and MLAs in India face serious criminal cases, with the share of such MPs having more than doubled since 2009.

About Criminalisation of Politics:

What it is?

• Entry of individuals with serious criminal charges (offences punishable by ≥5 years, non-bailable offences) into legislative bodies.

Lok Sabha (Parliament):

• In 2009, only 14% MPs had serious criminal cases.

• By 2024, this has risen to 31% MPs – more than double.

• Telangana has the highest share → 71% MPs face serious cases.

• Bihar comes next with 48% MPs.

• Uttar Pradesh has the highest number in total → 34 MPs.

State Assemblies:

• In 2024, about 29% MLAs (nearly 1,200 legislators) face serious cases.

• Andhra Pradesh has the highest share → 56% MLAs.

• Telangana follows with 50% MLAs.

• Uttar Pradesh has the highest number → 154 MLAs (38% of the State’s legislators).

Relevance in UPSC Exam:

• GS II (Polity & Governance): Criminalisation of politics as a core issue in electoral reforms, good governance, and rule of law.

• GS IV (Ethics): Threat to probity, integrity, and accountability in public life.

• Essay: Themes on democracy, ethics in politics, governance reforms.

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 August 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP):

Project Aarohan

• •Source: PIB*

Context: The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has launched Project Aarohan to support the education of children of toll plaza workers.

About Project Aarohan:

• What it is? A scholarship and mentorship program to support the educational aspirations of toll plaza employees’ children, especially from economically weaker sections.

• A scholarship and mentorship program to support the educational aspirations of toll plaza employees’ children, especially from economically weaker sections.

• Launched by: National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) in collaboration with Vertis Infrastructure Trust.

• Implemented by: SMEC Trust’s Bharat Cares.

• To remove financial barriers to education. To provide equal access to quality education. To nurture talent among children of toll plaza staff and bridge socio-economic divides.

• To remove financial barriers to education.

• To provide equal access to quality education.

• To nurture talent among children of toll plaza staff and bridge socio-economic divides.

• Features:

• Coverage: 500 students (Class 11 to final year of graduation).

• Scholarships: ₹12,000 annually (FY 2025–26) for each selected student.

• Higher Studies Support: 50 bright students aspiring for PG and above to get ₹50,000 each.

• Beyond Finance: Mentorship, career guidance, skill-building workshops, and structured progress tracking.

• Fund Allocation: ₹1 crore for first phase (July 2025–March 2026).

• Application Process: Online portal; requires academic records, income proof, caste certificate, ID proof, etc.

• Inclusivity: Priority to girls, first-generation learners, and students from EWS, SC, ST, OBC, and minority communities.

UPM J1040−3551 AabBab

• •Source: IE*

Context: Scientists have discovered a rare quadruple star system in our Milky Way galaxy called UPM J1040−3551 AabBab. It is the first known system where two brown dwarfs orbit around two red dwarf stars.

About UPM J1040−3551 AabBab:

• What it is?

• A unique 4-star system: 2 Red dwarf stars (small, common stars that shine faintly but live very long). 2 Brown dwarfs (objects between stars and planets, called “failed stars” because they cannot fuse hydrogen like stars).

• A unique 4-star system: 2 Red dwarf stars (small, common stars that shine faintly but live very long). 2 Brown dwarfs (objects between stars and planets, called “failed stars” because they cannot fuse hydrogen like stars).

• 2 Red dwarf stars (small, common stars that shine faintly but live very long).

• 2 Brown dwarfs (objects between stars and planets, called “failed stars” because they cannot fuse hydrogen like stars).

• Key Features:

• Red dwarfs are bright enough to be studied → scientists can estimate the properties of the faint brown dwarfs. Brown dwarfs are about the size of Jupiter, but much heavier. Such systems are extremely rare → chances of low-mass brown dwarfs having companions is less than 5%.

• Red dwarfs are bright enough to be studied → scientists can estimate the properties of the faint brown dwarfs.

• Brown dwarfs are about the size of Jupiter, but much heavier.

• Such systems are extremely rare → chances of low-mass brown dwarfs having companions is less than 5%.

• Significance:

• First of its kind → never before seen configuration. Helps study brown dwarfs, which are very hard to detect because they are cold and faint. Provides insight into how stars and planets form in space. Improves knowledge about the distribution of mass in the universe (important in studying dark matter). Acts as a natural laboratory → since all 4 formed together, scientists can compare their age, temperature, and composition accurately.

• First of its kind → never before seen configuration.

• Helps study brown dwarfs, which are very hard to detect because they are cold and faint.

• Provides insight into how stars and planets form in space.

• Improves knowledge about the distribution of mass in the universe (important in studying dark matter).

• Acts as a natural laboratory → since all 4 formed together, scientists can compare their age, temperature, and composition accurately.

MiG-21

Source: NDTV

Context: The Indian Air Force (IAF) will retire the iconic MiG-21 fighter jet from operational service on 26 September 2025, after more than six decades of service.

About MiG-21:

What it is?

• The MiG-21 is a supersonic jet fighter aircraft that became the backbone of the Indian Air Force for over 60 years.

• Known for its speed, agility, and delta-wing design, it is also the world’s most produced supersonic jet fighter.

Developed by:

• Designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau (Soviet Union).

• First prototype flew in 1955, formally inducted into the IAF in 1963.

History in India:

• First squadron: No. 28 Squadron, Chandigarh, earned the title “The First Supersonics”.

• Played decisive roles in major wars: 1965 war – frontline interceptor. 1971 war – executed Dhaka strikes, turning point in victory. Kargil War (1999) – limited ground attack/air defence. 2019 Balakot aftermath – MiG-21 Bison shot down a Pakistani F-16 (Gp. Capt. Abhinandan Varthaman).

• 1965 war – frontline interceptor.

• 1971 war – executed Dhaka strikes, turning point in victory.

• Kargil War (1999) – limited ground attack/air defence.

• 2019 Balakot aftermath – MiG-21 Bison shot down a Pakistani F-16 (Gp. Capt. Abhinandan Varthaman).

• Nearly 900 MiG-21s served in India, with around 660 built in India under license.

Key Features:

• Delta wing design and shock cone nose intake for supersonic performance.

• Maximum speed: over Mach 2 (2,175 km/h).

• Operated as interceptor, ground attack, reconnaissance, and training aircraft.

• The MiG-21 Bison variant (2000s) upgraded with: Israeli jammers, Russian R-77 and R-73 missiles, partial glass cockpit, and helmet-mounted sight.

• Despite being called the “Flying Coffin” due to crash record, it remained a symbol of courage, Indo-Russian defence ties, and India’s aerospace self-reliance.

Digital Services Taxes (DSTs)

Source: BS

Context: US President Donald Trump has threatened additional tariffs on countries imposing Digital Services Taxes (DSTs) on American tech giants, calling them discriminatory.

About Digital Services Taxes (DSTs):

What it is?

• A gross-revenue tax (not corporate income tax) levied on specific digital services like online advertising, digital marketplaces, intermediation, and sale of user data.

• Applied on the revenues generated from users in the taxing country, irrespective of where the company is headquartered.

• To ensure fair taxation of global digital companies that earn significant revenue from a country’s users without having a physical presence there.

• To address tax base erosion and ensure that value created by user participation is taxed locally.

Features:

• Destination-based → tax liability is tied to the user’s location, not the firm’s HQ.

• Targets large companies exceeding global and domestic revenue thresholds (e.g., €750 million worldwide + local threshold).

• Generally imposed at 2–7.5% rates on in-scope services.

• Criticised as discriminatory, since most large affected platforms (Google, Amazon, Meta, Apple) are US-based.

India and Digital Services Tax:

• Equalisation Levy (2016): 6% tax on online advertising services provided by non-resident companies.

• Expanded (2020): 2% levy on e-commerce supplies/services by foreign digital firms.

• Withdrawal: 2% e-commerce levy removed in August 2024. 6% online ad levy withdrawn from April 2025 (via Finance Act, 2025).

• 2% e-commerce levy removed in August 2024.

• 6% online ad levy withdrawn from April 2025 (via Finance Act, 2025).

• India aligned its policy with the OECD global tax framework, moving away from unilateral DSTs.

Sci-Hub Ban and the ‘One Nation, One Subscription’ Scheme

Source: IE

Context: The Delhi High Court banned Sci-Hub and its mirror sites following a copyright case by global publishers.

• This has revived the debate on access to research papers and the role of the government’s One Nation, One Subscription (ONOS)

About Sci-Hub

What it is?

• Founded in 2011 by Alexandra Elbakyan, Sci-Hub is a free online repository of millions of research papers.

• It bypasses paywalls, offering access to academic journals without subscriptions.

• Hugely popular among students, researchers, and independent scholars in developing countries.

The Sci-Hub Case

• Legal challenge: Elsevier, Wiley, and ACS sued Sci-Hub for copyright infringement. The Delhi HC held Elbakyan in contempt for breaching earlier undertakings.

• Outcome: Internet Service Providers were directed to block Sci-Hub and related portals.

• Significance: While the verdict upheld intellectual property rights, it left unresolved the larger question of how ordinary researchers can afford access in India.

One Nation, One Subscription (ONOS) Scheme

• Launched in 2024, with an outlay of ₹6,000 crore for the first phase (2023–26).

• Negotiates bulk deals with 30 publishers to give access to 13,000 journals.

• Phase I: Covers public institutions and universities.

• Phase II: To include private institutes and colleges.

• Objective: Ensure universal and legal access to research material across India, reducing reliance on piracy.

National Designated Authority for Carbon Markets

Source: TH

Context: The Centre has finalised a 21-member National Designated Authority (NDA) to enable India’s carbon market.

• This is a mandatory step under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement (2015).

About National Designated Authority for Carbon Markets

What it is

• A statutory requirement under Article 6, created by the Environment Ministry.

• Serves as the nodal body to regulate, approve, and monitor carbon market activities in India.

Composition

• 21-member committee, chaired by the Environment Secretary.

• Includes representatives from External Affairs, Steel, Renewable Energy, Power, and NITI Aayog.

• Multi-sectoral structure ensures alignment with both domestic priorities and international obligations.

Functions of the NDA

• Project Approval: Evaluate and authorise projects generating emission reduction units (ERUs).

• National Criteria: Recommend activities eligible for trading, aligned with India’s sustainability goals.

• Monitoring: Update and revise eligible activities in line with national priorities and climate commitments.

• Carbon Credit Use: Authorise the use of ERUs for meeting India’s NDC targets.

• International Role: Represent India in Article 6 frameworks, facilitating credit transfers with other nations.

Significance of NDA for India

• Supports NDCs: Helps India meet its pledge to reduce emission intensity by 45% by 2030 (from 2005 levels).

• Boosts Clean Energy: Encourages investment in renewable and low-carbon projects.

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

• What it is: Article 6 sets rules for international carbon markets allowing countries to trade emission reduction credits.

• Established in: Finalised at COP29 in Baku (2024) after years of negotiation.

• Purpose: Helps nations meet their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by reducing emissions cost-effectively through market-based mechanisms.

• It creates frameworks for bilateral trading, credit authorisation, and sustainable development goals.

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27 August 2025 Mapping:

East China Sea

Source: TH

Context: China rejected Japan’s protest over its development of gas fields in the disputed East China Sea, where both nations’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) claims overlap.

About the East China Sea

What it is?

• A marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, bounded by China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea.

• Known for its geopolitical disputes, rich fisheries, and potential oil & natural gas reserves.

• Plays a central role in maritime security and freedom of navigation in Asia.

Location

• Lies east of China’s coast and south of Japan’s Kyushu & Ryukyu Islands.

• Connected to: Yellow Sea (to the north) via the Korea Strait. South China Sea (to the south) via the Taiwan Strait. Pacific Ocean (to the east).

• Yellow Sea (to the north) via the Korea Strait.

• South China Sea (to the south) via the Taiwan Strait.

• Pacific Ocean (to the east).

Key Features

• Area: ~1,249,000 sq. km.

• Depth: Generally shallow; average depth ~350 m.

• Borders: West → China (Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian provinces). East → Japan (Kyushu, Okinawa/Ryukyu Islands). South → Taiwan.

• West → China (Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian provinces).

• East → Japan (Kyushu, Okinawa/Ryukyu Islands).

• South → Taiwan.

• Important Islands: Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands (contested by China, Japan, Taiwan).

• Seas & Straits: Korea Strait, Taiwan Strait, Miyako Strait.

Geopolitical Disputes

• China vs. Japan: Over EEZ boundaries; Japan advocates the median line principle, while China claims the continental shelf extending to the Okinawa Trough.

• Senkaku/Diaoyu dispute: Uninhabited islands, administered by Japan but claimed by China and Taiwan.

• Gas & oil exploration: Both countries seek rights to exploit undersea hydrocarbons.

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