UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 26 June 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 26 June 2024 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 2: (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 26 June 2024)
• Human Dignity vs. Religious Practices
Human Dignity vs. Religious Practices
• Indus Water Treaty and Related Issues
Indus Water Treaty and Related Issues
GS Paper 3:
• PESA has boosted forest conservation in India
PESA has boosted forest conservation in India
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
• Digitalization is revolutionizing faecal sludge and septage management (FSSM)
Digitalization is revolutionizing faecal sludge and septage management (FSSM)
Facts for Prelims (FFP)
• World Craft City
World Craft City
• International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO)
International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO)
• Renaming the states
Renaming the states
• Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Programme
Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Programme
• India’s first pilot project for Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)
India’s first pilot project for Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)
• Javelin anti-tank missiles
Javelin anti-tank missiles
Mapping:
• Namaqualand (Africa)
Namaqualand (Africa)
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 26 June 2024
#### GS Paper 2:
Human Dignity vs. Religious Practices
Syllabus: Indian Constitution: Fundamental Rights
Source: TH
Context: The Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court allowed the resumption of “annadhanam” and “angapradakshanam” at Nerur Sathguru Sadasiva Brahmendral’s resting place.
What is “annadhanam” and “angapradakshanam”?
Annadhanam is the practice of offering free food to devotees. Angapradakshanam involves circumambulation by rolling on the ground around a sacred site, in this context, rolling over plantain leaves left by other devotees after eating, is believed to confer spiritual benefits. These practices were halted in 2015 due to concerns over human dignity.
What did HC say?
• Right to Privacy and Article 25(1): Justice Swaminathan invoked these constitutional rights to reinstate the practices. Article 25(1) of the Constitution guarantees the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
• Article 25(1) of the Constitution guarantees the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
• Spiritual Orientation: Argued that the right to privacy includes spiritual orientation, similar to gender and sexual orientation.
• Communal Harmony: Highlighted that the practice at Nerur involved all devotees, regardless of caste, promoting communal harmony and social integration.
• Comparison to Supreme Court Order: Noted that the Karnataka case (which was banned by SC) involved only Brahmins’ leftovers, while at Nerur, all devotees participated.
• Communal Amity: Observed that the practice points to communal amity and social integration.
However, critics argue that such practices, rooted in superstition, conflict with human dignity and the duty to promote scientific temper and humanism.
Ethical Issues with Such Practices:
• Human Dignity: Practices like “angapradakshanam” may degrade human dignity by requiring participants to roll on leftovers.
• Health Risks: Rolling on leftover food can pose significant hygiene and health risks.
• Equality and Non-Discrimination: These practices may perpetuate social hierarchies and discrimination, violating principles of equality.
• Scientific Temper: Promoting superstitious practices conflicts with the constitutional duty to foster scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry.
• Consent and Voluntariness: Even if voluntary, there may be social pressures that undermine genuine consent.
• Public Morality: Practices perceived as degrading or harmful may be against public order and morality.
• Cultural Relativism vs. Universalism: The conflict between respecting cultural practices and upholding universal human rights standards.
In India, personal laws govern aspects like religious rites, marriage, divorce, maintenance, and succession, among others, based on religious affiliations, despite the country’s secular nature. This pluralistic approach contrasts with the constitutional guarantee of equality under the law, creating a dual system where personal laws apply differently to individuals based on their religion. These laws have remained static and outdated, while constitutional rights have evolved to reflect modern values, leading to inevitable conflicts between the two.
Other Contemporary incidents where personal laws have conflicted with Fundamental Rights:
Incident | Conflict with Fundamental Rights | Court Ruling/Comments
Triple Talaq Case | Violated the Fundamental Right to Equality and the Right to Life and Personal Liberty under Article 21 | Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the Shayara Bano Judgement (2017)
Sabarimala Case | Gender equality and the Right to Freedom of Religion under Article 25 | Supreme Court in 2018 allowed women of all ages to enter the Sabarimala temple
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) | Violated the Right to Life and Personal Liberty under Article 21 | Criticized and challenged for violating fundamental rights
Polygamy and Nikah Halala | Violated the right to equality | Referred to a Constitution Bench in the case of Sameena Begum vs Union of India
Uniform Civil Code Proposal | Align personal laws with Fundamental Rights, potential infringement on religious freedoms | Proposed by the government, implementation remains slow and contentious
Conclusion:
There is a significant divergence in judicial opinions regarding the applicability of Fundamental Rights to Personal Laws in India. While some judgments assert that Personal Laws are outside Article 13 and immune to challenges based on Fundamental Rights violations, a contrasting view has emerged recently, advocating for such laws to be tested against Fundamental Rights. Achieving harmony through judicial consistency is crucial.
Insta Links:
Strike a fine balance, have a just civil code
Mains Links:
Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (UPSC 2021)
Prelims Links:
Q1. Consider the following provisions under the Directive Principles of State Policy as enshrined in the Constitution of India: ( UPSC 2012)
• Securing for citizens of India a uniform civil code
• Organising village Panchayats
• Promoting cottage industries in rural areas
• Securing for all the workers reasonable leisure and cultural opportunities
Which of the above are the Gandhian Principles that are reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: B
Indus Water Treaty and Related Issues
Syllabus: International Relations: India’s Neighbourhood
- •Source: TH*
Context: A Pakistani delegation arrived in Jammu’s Kishtwar district to inspect hydroelectric power projects (Kishanganga HEP on the Jhelum River basin and Ratle HEP on the Chenab River) under the Indus Water Treaty, amidst ongoing disputes over technical objections raised by Pakistan regarding certain projects.
• This visit marks the first inspection since the revocation of Jammu & Kashmir’s special status in 2019.
What is the Indus Water Treaty?
The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) is a water-sharing agreement signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, mediated by the World Bank. It allocates the waters of the Indus River system between the two countries. Under the treaty:
• Pakistan receives the waters of the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab)
• India receives water from the Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej).
Also, India can use the Western Rivers for limited purposes like hydroelectric power generation, with certain restrictions and a dispute resolution mechanism managed by a Permanent Indus Commission and involving Neutral Experts and a Court of Arbitration if necessary.
Dispute Resolution Mechanism: The treaty provides a structured mechanism for resolving disputes related to water-sharing:
Step 1: The Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) is mandated to meet at least once a year to discuss and resolve issues arising from the implementation of the treaty.
Step 2: If disputes remain unresolved after PIC discussions, a Neutral Expert is appointed to adjudicate on technical matters concerning the interpretation or application of the treaty’s provisions.
Step 3: If disputes persist beyond the Neutral Expert’s determination, the matter can be referred to a Court of Arbitration, consisting of a seven-member arbitral tribunal. This tribunal is tasked with providing a binding decision on the dispute.
Current Issue:
India and Pakistan have disagreements over the design features and operation of certain hydroelectric projects, notably the Kishenganga and Ratle Hydroelectric Projects (HEPs), which are constructed on the Jhelum and Chenab rivers respectively.
Issues faced by the IWT:
• Challenges for setting up new power projects: The continuing dispute creates challenges for the setting up of new power projects
• Limits water usage: The IWT permits Jammu and Kashmir to use the waters of the rivers in a limited manner, thus affecting water availability for agricultural purposes.
• Lack of collaboration and mutual trust between countries
• No regular data sharing as planned in the treaty.
• Limited to a conflict-resolution mechanism instead of strengthening the interaction, trust and cooperation
• Dispute resolution: The most crucial reason to alter the treaty is to clarify Article IX of the treaty’s dispute resolution system. Though India is rightful of using the western rivers for non-consumptive purposes, each time India plans a hydroelectric project, Pakistan challenges it by calling for international arbitration. E.g., the hydroelectric power plants, Kishanganga and Ratle.
• Though India is rightful of using the western rivers for non-consumptive purposes, each time India plans a hydroelectric project, Pakistan challenges it by calling for international arbitration. E.g., the hydroelectric power plants, Kishanganga and Ratle.
• Climate change factor: The treaty did not consider climate change, global warming, environmental impact assessments and such issues.
• Ineffectiveness of the Permanent Indus Commission
• Does not cover groundwater: The Treaty is no longer fit for its purpose as it only covers surface water but not groundwater. Groundwater depletion may increase by up to 75% in 2050, putting further pressure on the upstream portions of the Indus River.
• Groundwater depletion may increase by up to 75% in 2050, putting further pressure on the upstream portions of the Indus River.
Way Forward:
• Negotiation and Dialogue: Use established mechanisms like the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) to address and resolve disputes through direct discussions.
• Technical Solutions: Employ technical experts to resolve disputes over the design, construction, and operation of water infrastructure, as seen in the Baglihar Dam case.
• Mediation: Seek third-party mediation if negotiations fail, with potential assistance from the World Bank or other international organizations.
• Legal Recourse: Utilize the treaty’s arbitration panel for unresolved disputes after failed negotiations or mediation.
• Long-term Solutions: Address larger political issues through sustained dialogue and cooperation for lasting resolution.
Conclusion
As a document, the treaty may have certain weaknesses, but the larger problem is the fraught relationship between India and Pakistan. Experts are calling for the renegotiation of the treaty. There is a need for both countries should revive the treaty in such a way that the resources are equitably shared between both countries.
Mains Link:
Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations. (UPSC 2016)
Prelims Link:
Q1. With reference to the Indus river system, of the following four rivers, three of them pour into one of them which joins the Indus directly. Among the following, which one is such a river that joins the Indus direct? (UPSC 2021)
(a) Chenab (b) Jhelum (c) Ravi (d) Sutlej
Ans: (d)
Q2. Consider the following pairs (UPSC 2019)
| Glacier | River
- 1.| Bandarpunch | Yamuna
- 2.| Bara Shigri | Chenab
- 3.| Milam | Mandakini
- 4.| Siachen | Nubra
- 5.| Zemu | Manas
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 1, 3 and 4 (c) 2 and 5 (d) 3 and 5
Ans: (a)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 26 June 2024 GS Paper 3:
PESA has boosted forest conservation in India
Syllabus: Environment and Ecology/ Legislations to protect vulnerable sections/ Indian Society: Tribals
- •Source: TH*
Context: The Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) empowered Scheduled Tribes by mandating political representation in local governance, thereby linking their livelihood needs with forest conservation.
What is PESA?
The Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) of 1996 extended Part IX of the Constitution, which pertains to Panchayats, to Scheduled Areas. These areas, defined under Article 244(1), receive special provisions under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution. PESA mandates political representation for Scheduled Tribes (STs) in local governance, ensuring they have a significant role in decision-making regarding their resources and livelihoods. This act applies in ten states across India, covering various districts under the Fifth Schedule, aiming to empower ST communities economically and environmentally.
Issues with conservation efforts in India:
The conflict in conservation efforts in India centres on balancing conservation with local resource extraction and economic development. The government often prioritizes large-scale economic projects such as mining and dam construction over forest conservation, driven by the interests of the political elite.
What are other laws which complement PESA?
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 (FRA) recognizes forest-dwelling communities’ rights to forest resources and allocates forest land for community development. It protects tribes from eviction without rehabilitation and empowers Gram Sabhas to influence local policies.
The Forest Rights Act (FRA) of 2006 and the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) of 1996 were enacted to recognize and protect the historical connection of these communities with the forests, these legal frameworks aim not only to prevent arbitrary evictions but also to empower these communities in the sustainable management of their natural resources.
Key aspects of the Forest Rights Act, 2006, and PESA 1996:
Promoting Environmental Conservation:
• Empowering Forest-Dwelling Communities: The Forest Rights Act recognizes and vests forest rights in the hands of forest-dwelling communities. By empowering these communities with ownership and access rights, FRA promotes sustainable forest management. g. In Mendha Lekha, Maharashtra, tribal communities utilized FRA to gain control over their traditional forests.
• g. In Mendha Lekha, Maharashtra, tribal communities utilized FRA to gain control over their traditional forests.
• Conserving Biodiversity and Ecosystems: The act emphasizes the conservation of biodiversity and ecological balance. By involving local communities in the conservation process, it contributes to maintaining diverse ecosystems. For instance, the Bishnois of Rajasthan, under the FRA, has played a crucial role in protecting the blackbuck, an endangered species.
• For instance, the Bishnois of Rajasthan, under the FRA, has played a crucial role in protecting the blackbuck, an endangered species.
• Recognition of Community Forest Rights: The act recognizes community forest rights, providing communities with the authority to protect and manage forests collectively. This communal approach fosters environmental conservation. g. The Dongria Kondh tribe in Odisha used FRA to protect the Niyamgiri Hills, a biodiversity hotspot.
• g. The Dongria Kondh tribe in Odisha used FRA to protect the Niyamgiri Hills, a biodiversity hotspot.
Protection of Forest-Dwelling Communities’ Rights:
• Local Governance and Decision-Making: The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act emphasizes local governance and decision-making. In tribal areas, it ensures that communities have a say in matters related to land and resource management, including forests. g. observed in various parts of the country where local tribal communities, are under PESA.
• g. observed in various parts of the country where local tribal communities, are under PESA.
• Cultural and Traditional Practices: Both acts recognize the importance of traditional and cultural practices in environmental conservation. They safeguard the rights of indigenous communities to follow sustainable practices. g. The Soligas in the Biligirirangan Hills of Karnataka have preserved their sacred groves under FRA.
• g. The Soligas in the Biligirirangan Hills of Karnataka have preserved their sacred groves under FRA.
• Protection against Exploitation and Encroachment: The act protects forest-dwelling communities against exploitation and illegal encroachment. By ensuring the rights of these communities, FRA acts as a deterrent to activities that harm the environment. g. In the Sariska Tiger Reserve area of Rajasthan, the FRA has been instrumental in preventing illegal activities, contributing to the protection of the tiger habitat.
• g. In the Sariska Tiger Reserve area of Rajasthan, the FRA has been instrumental in preventing illegal activities, contributing to the protection of the tiger habitat.
The success of both acts in forest conservation:
Aspect | Details
Increase in Tree Canopy | Areas with ST representation under PESA and FRA saw an average annual increase in tree canopy by 3%, indicating positive impacts on forest cover.
Reduction in Deforestation | Implementation of PESA and FRA correlated with a significant reduction in deforestation rates in Scheduled Areas, enhancing conservation efforts.
Resistance to Mining | ST communities empowered by PESA and FRA showed increased capability to resist mining and large-scale commercial activities that contribute to deforestation.
Comparison with FRA | PESA demonstrated more substantial conservation impacts compared to the Forest Rights Act (FRA), highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing forest stewardship.
Limitations of the FRA and PESA:
• Implementation Challenges: Despite its intentions, the Forest Rights Act faces challenges in implementation, leading to delays in the recognition of rights. Procedural hurdles and lack of awareness limit the effective protection of forest-dwelling communities.
• Procedural hurdles and lack of awareness limit the effective protection of forest-dwelling communities.
• Inadequate Legal Protection: The legal protection provided by FRA may not be sufficient in instances where there is a conflict with other environmental laws. g. In ecologically sensitive areas, conflicts between FRA and wildlife protection laws have arisen, creating ambiguity in legal protection.
• g. In ecologically sensitive areas, conflicts between FRA and wildlife protection laws have arisen, creating ambiguity in legal protection.
• Limited Involvement of Gram Sabhas: While PESA empowers Gram Sabhas, the actual involvement of these local governance bodies in decision-making varies.
• Influence of External Entities: The act does not provide clear mechanisms to prevent the influence of external entities or vested interests in local decision-making. g. mining companies, have exerted pressure on local decisions, compromising the protection of forest rights.
• g. mining companies, have exerted pressure on local decisions, compromising the protection of forest rights.
• Limited Awareness and Capacity Building: Inadequate awareness and capacity building among forest-dwelling communities limit their ability to fully exercise their rights and actively participate in conservation efforts.
Way forward:
• Legal provisions should be strengthened to safeguard against external influences on local decision-making. Transparent mechanisms and checks and balances can help protect the autonomy of Gram Sabhas and forest-dwelling communities.
• Awareness: Government and non-governmental organizations should collaborate to conduct extensive awareness programs. These initiatives should focus on educating forest-dwelling communities about their rights under FRA and PESA.
• Efforts should be made to harmonize the Forest Rights Act with other environmental laws to prevent conflicts.
• Enhanced implementation strategies: Implementing agencies should adopt robust strategies to overcome procedural hurdles and expedite the recognition of forest rights.
Conclusion
The continuous refinement of these legislative frameworks will not only promote environmental conservation but also ensure the protection and empowerment of forest-dwelling communities, fostering a harmonious balance between conservation and the rights of those intricately connected to India’s forests.
Insta Links:
• Jharkhand issues PESA draft rules for consultations
Mains Link:
The PESA Act is considered to be the backbone of tribal legislation in India, in this backdrop do you think proper implementation of it can rejuvenate self-governance in the tribal pockets of the country? Analyse.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 26 June 2024 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Digitalization is revolutionizing faecal sludge and septage management (FSSM)
- •Source: DTE*
Context: Digitalization is revolutionizing faecal sludge and septage management (FSSM) in India, enhancing operational efficiency and sustainability.
Over 1,000 faecal sludge treatment plants (FSTP) have been implemented, but maintaining them remains challenging. Digital monitoring, using sensors, real-time data tracking, and GIS, optimize collection routes, manages treatment facilities, and ensures environmental compliance. Tools like GPS tracking, mobile apps, and GIS technology aid in efficient data collection and mapping.
Examples:
• Odisha’s SUJOG Program: Utilizes digital platforms for data collection and monitoring across the sanitation value chain.
• SaniTrack App (Maharashtra): Monitors desludging services with GPS tracking.
• FSM Tool Box: Provides comprehensive guidance on planning, designing, and implementing FSSM.
• Shit Flow Diagram (SFD): Assesses sanitation situations for better planning and monitoring.
• Geographic Information System (GIS): Maps sanitation infrastructure for effective planning.
• Mobile Apps (SaniTab, mWater): Streamline field surveys and real-time data collection.
• Digital Sensors in Treatment Plants: Monitor performance and ensure efficiency.
• Digital Helpline and Grievance Redressal: Facilitate reporting and resolving sanitation issues.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 26 June 2024 Facts for Prelims (FFP)
World Craft City
- •Source: HT*
Context: Srinagar has been officially recognized as a “World Craft City” by the World Crafts Council (WCC), highlighting its rich heritage and the exceptional skills of its artisans.
• This recognition underscores the city’s longstanding tradition of excellence in crafts such as papier-mâché, hand-knotted carpets, and pashmina shawls.
• Srinagar, one of the oldest cities in South Asia, has a history of around 1,500 years and has been a significant hub on the Silk Route, facilitating the exchange of arts, crafts, and knowledge.
About WCC:
• Launched in 2014 by World Crafts Council- International.
• Establishes a dynamic network of craft cities across the globe, aligning with the principles of creative economy.
International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO)
Source: PIB
Context: The International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) celebrates World Hydrography Day on June 21 each year to raise awareness about hydrography’s role in improving knowledge of seas and oceans.
What is Hydrography?
Hydrography is the science of measuring and describing the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes, and rivers. The Indian Naval Hydrographic Department (INHD), under the Indian Navy, is responsible for hydrographic surveys and nautical charting in India.
About the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO):
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental organization that ensures the world’s seas, oceans, and navigable waters are surveyed and charted. It coordinates the activities of national hydrographic offices. The IHO Secretariat has been based in Monaco since its establishment in 1921. The organization has 100 member states, including India.
Renaming the states
- •Source: TH*
Context: The Kerala Legislative Assembly unanimously passed a resolution, to amend the Constitution and change the state’s name from ‘Kerala’ to ‘Keralam’.
• This resolution, calls for invoking Article 3 of the Indian Constitution to update the name in the First Schedule.
Procedure for renaming the states:
• Renaming a state in India is governed by Article 3 of the Constitution, which empowers Parliament to alter the name of any state by law.
• The process can be initiated by either Parliament or the State Legislature. A bill must be introduced in Parliament on the recommendation of the President, who then refers it to the state legislature for their views.
• The bill is passed in each house by a simple majority. Once the President assents, the name change is recorded in the First and Fourth Schedules of the Constitution.
Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Programme
- •Source: TOI*
Context: The Union Home Minister inaugurated the ‘Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Programme’ (FTI-TTP).
• This initiative aims to expedite immigration for pre-verified travellers, reducing airport crowding.
• Jointly developed by the Ministries of Home Affairs and Civil Aviation and the Bureau of Immigration, the program uses e-gates for automated checks.
Initially available at major airports, it will first serve Indian citizens and OCI cardholders, later expanding to foreign travellers.
India’s first pilot project for Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)
Source: PIB
Context: The Ministry of Coal has initiated India’s first pilot project for Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) in Jharkhand, aiming to revolutionize the coal industry.
What is Coal Gasification?
Coal gasification is a process that converts underground coal into valuable gases such as methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. This is achieved by partially oxidizing coal using air, oxygen, steam, or CO2 under controlled conditions to produce syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Syngas can be used for power generation and making methanol.
Government Initiatives:
India has initiated the National Coal Gasification Mission, aiming for 100 million tons of coal gasification by 2030, allowed 100% FDI in coal mining, and implemented the Viability Gap Funding scheme for promoting coal and lignite gasification projects.
Javelin anti-tank missiles
- •Source: Economic Times*
Context: India and the US recently discussed the co-production of American Javelin anti-tank missiles to meet Indian military needs.
• The Javelin anti-tank weapon system is a premier, single-man-portable, medium-range missile system.
• It uses a “fire-and-forget” principle, automatically guiding itself to the target after launch, allowing the gunner to take cover and avoid counter-fire.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 26 June 2024 Mapping:
Namaqualand (Africa)
- •Source: ScienceDaily*
Context: Scientists recently discovered that termite mounds along the Buffels River in Namaqualand are the world’s oldest inhabited, dating back 34,000 years.
What is Namaqualand?
Namaqualand is a desert region in southwestern Africa, extending from the Karas region in Namibia to the Northern Cape province in South Africa. It stretches from the Namib Desert in the west to the Kalahari Desert in the east. The northern part, known as Great Namaqualand, is in Namibia, while the southern part, called Little Namaqualand, is in South Africa. This arid area is known for its succulents and spectacular spring wildflower blooms following winter rains. Historically, the Nama people lived there, mining copper and, later, diamonds were discovered in the early 1900s.
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 26 June 2024 [PDF]
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