UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 24 May 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 24 May 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 1 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 24 May (2025)
• Acharya Charaka and Sage Sushruta
Acharya Charaka and Sage Sushruta
GS Paper 3:
• Overfishing — The Threat to Ocean Wealth
Overfishing — The Threat to Ocean Wealth
GS Paper 4:
• Patriotism in Civilians
Patriotism in Civilians
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• Energy and Climate Change Report
Energy and Climate Change Report
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• 10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog
10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog
• Mallakhamb
Mallakhamb
• National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)
• New Development Bank (NDB)
New Development Bank (NDB)
• Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
Mapping:
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS –24 May 2025
#### GS Paper 1:
Acharya Charaka and Sage Sushruta
Syllabus: Traditional Medicine
Source: ANI
Context: The Vice-President of India inaugurated statues of Acharya Charaka and Sage Sushruta at Goa’s Raj Bhavan, as part of an initiative to promote India’s ancient medical heritage.
About Acharya Charaka and Sage Sushruta:
About Acharya Charaka:
• Identity & Period: Charaka (c. 100 BCE–200 CE) was a legendary Ayurvedic physician regarded as the Father of Indian Medicine.
• Associated Kingdom: Flourished in the region of Taxila under the patronage of the Kushan ruler Kanishka.
• Key Contribution – Charaka Samhita: One of the foundational Ayurvedic texts, focusing on internal medicine (Kayachikitsa). Classified Ayurveda into Ashtanga Ayurveda and detailed the science of embryology (Garbha Vigyan), disease pathology, and holistic health. Explained the three doshas: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha—the basis of diagnosis and treatment. Advocated preventive healthcare through lifestyle practices and environmental harmony. Emphasised ethical duties of a physician, such as confidentiality, non-maleficence, and devotion to healing. His thoughts align with the modern principles of patient rights and evidence-based medicine.
• One of the foundational Ayurvedic texts, focusing on internal medicine (Kayachikitsa).
• Classified Ayurveda into Ashtanga Ayurveda and detailed the science of embryology (Garbha Vigyan), disease pathology, and holistic health.
• Explained the three doshas: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha—the basis of diagnosis and treatment.
• Advocated preventive healthcare through lifestyle practices and environmental harmony.
• Emphasised ethical duties of a physician, such as confidentiality, non-maleficence, and devotion to healing.
• His thoughts align with the modern principles of patient rights and evidence-based medicine.
About Sage Sushruta:
• Identity & Period: Sushruta (c. 600 BCE) was an ancient surgeon, hailed as the Father of Surgery and Plastic Surgery.
• Associated Kingdom: Practised in Kashi (Varanasi), possibly under the rule of King Divodasa.
• Key Contribution – Sushruta Samhita: Authored the oldest surgical text, detailing over 300 surgical procedures and 100+ surgical instruments. Introduced anatomy through dissection, anaesthesia methods, and classification of fractures/dislocations. Pioneered rhinoplasty (nasal reconstruction)—a practice India was renowned for even in colonial times. Systematised public health, embryology, toxicology, and pediatric care (Kaumarbhritya). Included rituals and neonatal care practices still relevant in Ayurveda today. Laid the foundation for ethical surgical education with step-by-step learning via simulation and human dissection.
• Authored the oldest surgical text, detailing over 300 surgical procedures and 100+ surgical instruments.
• Introduced anatomy through dissection, anaesthesia methods, and classification of fractures/dislocations.
• Pioneered rhinoplasty (nasal reconstruction)—a practice India was renowned for even in colonial times.
• Systematised public health, embryology, toxicology, and pediatric care (Kaumarbhritya).
• Included rituals and neonatal care practices still relevant in Ayurveda today.
• Laid the foundation for ethical surgical education with step-by-step learning via simulation and human dissection.
Significance of Charaka and Sushruta in Medicine:
• Foundation of Ayurveda: Their treatises form the core of Bruhat Trayi, the triad of classical texts shaping Indian medicine.
• Scientific Embryology: Both offered remarkably advanced insights into fetal development, verified in modern science.
• Surgical Innovations: Sushruta’s surgical methods and tools predate modern surgical systems and influenced Arab and European medicine.
• Pediatric Focus: Their work on Kaumarbhritya laid a foundation for child health, from neonatal rituals to therapeutic interventions.
• Global Impact: Translations into Arabic (e.g. Kitab-i-Susrud) contributed to global knowledge and intercultural exchange in medicine.
Conclusion:
Charaka and Sushruta exemplify India’s profound medical legacy that blended scientific rigour with moral ethics. Their contributions remain timeless, forming a bridge between traditional wisdom and modern healthcare. As Swami Vivekananda once said, “We must not only revive the knowledge of our ancestors but also make it global in appeal.”
• Underline the changes in the field of economy and society from Rig Vedic to later Vedic period. (UPSC-2024)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 24 May 2025 GS Paper 3:
Overfishing — The Threat to Ocean Wealth
Syllabus: Environment
Source: TH
Context: On the occasion of the International Day for Biological Diversity, concerns over overfishing in India’s marine ecosystems have resurfaced, with experts highlighting threats to ocean biodiversity, small fisher livelihoods, and future food security.
About Overfishing — The Threat to Ocean Wealth:
What is Overfishing?
• Overfishing occurs when fish are harvested faster than they can naturally replenish, pushing populations beyond recovery.
• Global Concern: As per FAO, one-third of all global fish stocks are overexploited, with bycatch and illegal fishing amplifying the crisis.
• India’s Marine Context: Despite harvesting 3–4 million tonnes annually, 90% of India’s fishers (small-scale) catch only 10% of the output, with 75% living below the poverty line.
Causes of Overfishing:
• Overcapacity of Vessels: India’s mechanised fleets and trawlers overexploit resources—sometimes removing 10 kg of bycatch per 1 kg of shrimp.
• Destructive Fishing Gear: Small-mesh nets (<25 mm) allow juvenile fish into catch, hindering stock regeneration.
• Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing: Global illegal fishing nets up to $36.4 billion/year, undermining legal and sustainable efforts.
• Inconsistent Regulations: Each Indian coastal state has its own Marine Fisheries Regulation Act, enabling regulatory evasion.
• Harmful Subsidies: Subsidised fuel and trawler infrastructure incentivise overfishing even in unprofitable conditions.
Impacts of Overfishing:
• On Marine Ecosystems:
• Biodiversity Loss: Trawling destroys reef habitats and food chains (e.g., sardine and mackerel stocks have plummeted). Species Extinction: Overfishing endangers sharks, rays, and turtles, one-third are at risk of extinction.
• Biodiversity Loss: Trawling destroys reef habitats and food chains (e.g., sardine and mackerel stocks have plummeted).
• Species Extinction: Overfishing endangers sharks, rays, and turtles, one-third are at risk of extinction.
• On Human Livelihoods:
• Economic Insecurity: Small-scale fishers bear high fuel debts with low returns FMFO (fish-meal/oil) industry worsens this imbalance. Food Security: Millions in coastal areas rely on fish protein. Depleting stocks threaten nutrition and jobs.
• Economic Insecurity: Small-scale fishers bear high fuel debts with low returns FMFO (fish-meal/oil) industry worsens this imbalance.
• Food Security: Millions in coastal areas rely on fish protein. Depleting stocks threaten nutrition and jobs.
• Environmental Degradation:
• Dead Zones & Imbalances: Bycatch discards and overexploitation destabilise marine food webs and lead to ecological collapses (e.g., Canada’s cod crash, 1992).
• Dead Zones & Imbalances: Bycatch discards and overexploitation destabilise marine food webs and lead to ecological collapses (e.g., Canada’s cod crash, 1992).
Solutions to Overfishing:
• Quota Management System (QMS): Adapt New Zealand’s model for India’s trawl fleet. Link catch limits to scientific stock assessments.
• Minimum Legal Size (MLS) Enforcement: Kerala’s MLS for threadfin bream improved catches by 41% in one season.
• Harmonised National Framework: Uniform fishing laws across states — gear rules, closed seasons, MLS — are critical.
• FMFO Regulation: Cap quotas, redirect bycatch for domestic aquaculture, and mandate onboard juvenile release.
• Community Co-Management: Empower fisher cooperatives to manage Marine Protected Areas and local sanctuaries.
• Consumer Awareness & Incentives: Promote sustainable seafood and reject illegally sized fish to curb market demand.
Conclusion:
Unchecked overfishing threatens marine biodiversity, coastal economies, and food security. India must embrace science-based quotas, uniform regulations, and community-driven stewardship to ensure sustainable oceans. Action today will safeguard ocean wealth for tomorrow’s generations.
• WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in a profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food security. (UPSC-2014)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 24 May 2025 GS Paper 4:
Patriotism in Civilians
Syllabus: Applied Ethics
Source: IE
Context: With Operation Sindoor and the recent arrests of YouTubers accused of espionage, public discourse has been reignited around the themes of patriotism in civilians, nationalism, and sacrifice.
About Patriotism in Civilians:
What is Patriotism?
• Patriotism is a deep emotional and moral commitment towards one’s country, often expressed as love, loyalty, and sacrifice for national welfare.
• Key Features: Special affection and concern for one’s country. Personal identification with national values and ethos. Willingness to sacrifice personal gain for the greater good of the nation. Rooted in gratitude and a sense of belonging to a shared history and future.
• Special affection and concern for one’s country.
• Personal identification with national values and ethos.
• Willingness to sacrifice personal gain for the greater good of the nation.
• Rooted in gratitude and a sense of belonging to a shared history and future.
E.g., Indian soldiers during Operation Sindoor embody this spirit by risking lives for national security.
Ethical Theories on Patriotism
• Stephen Nathanson’s View: Patriotism involves special concern and identification with one’s country—not blind devotion but morally bounded loyalty.
• Simon Keller’s Critique: Argues that patriotism often involves belief bias and emotional partiality, lacking rational moral grounds—thus ethically fragile.
• Marcia Baron’s Liberal Patriotism: Advocates a balanced moral view—one can prioritize national interests while upholding universal human values.
• Alasdair MacIntyre’s Robust Patriotism: Views patriotism as a central moral virtue rooted in community identity, but may risk overriding moral scrutiny.
• Ethical Patriotism (Igor Primoratz): Emphasizes a morally accountable patriotism, where concern lies in upholding justice, equity, and moral leadership of the nation.
Patriotism vs Nationalism:
• Patriotism:
• Defensive, value-driven loyalty to the country’s ideals and people. Encourages critical introspection and supports universal principles like justice, equality, and human rights. Strengthens democratic participation by fostering civic responsibility, public service, and peaceful coexistence.
• Defensive, value-driven loyalty to the country’s ideals and people.
• Encourages critical introspection and supports universal principles like justice, equality, and human rights.
• Strengthens democratic participation by fostering civic responsibility, public service, and peaceful coexistence.
• Nationalism:
• Aggressive, power-centric loyalty to a nation, often exclusive. Tends to promote us-vs-them thinking, suppress dissent, and justify authoritarianism. Fuels militarism, xenophobia, and intolerance, undermining pluralism and global cooperation.
• Aggressive, power-centric loyalty to a nation, often exclusive.
• Tends to promote us-vs-them thinking, suppress dissent, and justify authoritarianism.
• Fuels militarism, xenophobia, and intolerance, undermining pluralism and global cooperation.
Civilian Patriotism & Its Significance:
• Moral Citizenship: Civilians express patriotism by upholding constitutional values through voting, tax compliance, and social harmony.
• Ethical Patriotism: Following Mission LiFE, citizens adopt eco-friendly habits, lawfulness, and civic duties as acts of national service.
• Institutional Backbone: Teachers, doctors, civil servants, and grassroots workers uphold the moral and developmental pillars of the state.
• Silent Sacrifices: Contributions of ISRO scientists, healthcare heroes during COVID-19, and disaster responders exemplify non-militaristic patriotism.
• Social Capital Builders: Civilians nurture unity in diversity, strengthen democratic ethos, and safeguard national integrity in daily life.
Conclusion:
“The love of one’s country is a splendid thing. But why should love stop at the border?” – Pablo Casals. Patriotism is not just wearing a uniform, it’s the moral courage to stand for justice, serve others, and nurture the nation’s soul.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 24 May 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Energy and Climate Change Report
Context: A joint analysis by CEEW and AEEE, published in Energy and Climate Change, reveals that India is on track to surpass its 2030 climate target of reducing emissions intensity by 45% from 2005 levels.
About Energy and Climate Change Report:
• Published by: Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) and Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE).
• Key Findings on India: India could achieve 48–57% reduction in emissions intensity by 2030 vs. 2005 levels. Behavioural changes under Mission LiFE could reduce emissions by up to 10% by 2050. Non-fossil fuel share in power capacity could reach 60–68% by 2035. Carbon pricing, tariff reforms, and clean tech investments are essential for India’s 2070 net-zero goal. High growth may raise total emissions but maintain declining emissions intensity due to efficiency and renewable.
• India could achieve 48–57% reduction in emissions intensity by 2030 vs. 2005 levels.
• Behavioural changes under Mission LiFE could reduce emissions by up to 10% by 2050.
• Non-fossil fuel share in power capacity could reach 60–68% by 2035.
• Carbon pricing, tariff reforms, and clean tech investments are essential for India’s 2070 net-zero goal.
• High growth may raise total emissions but maintain declining emissions intensity due to efficiency and renewable.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:
• GS Paper 3 – Environment and Ecology: Climate change, environmental conservation, and India’s international commitments (NDCs). Understanding energy policy and emissions pathways relevant for topics on sustainable development.
• Climate change, environmental conservation, and India’s international commitments (NDCs).
• Understanding energy policy and emissions pathways relevant for topics on sustainable development.
• GS Paper 2 – Governance & Policy: Government initiatives like Mission LiFE and international collaboration on climate action. Role of civil society and think-tanks in shaping environmental governance.
• Government initiatives like Mission LiFE and international collaboration on climate action.
• Role of civil society and think-tanks in shaping environmental governance.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 24 May Facts for Prelims (FFP)
10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog
Source: PIB
Context: The 10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog, themed ‘Viksit Rajya for Viksit Bharat@2047’, will be chaired by Prime Minister of India at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, to strengthen Centre-State cooperation for national development.
About NITI Aayog Governing Council:
• What It Is? The Governing Council is the apex policy-formulating body of NITI Aayog that fosters cooperative federalism by bringing together the Centre and States.
• The Governing Council is the apex policy-formulating body of NITI Aayog that fosters cooperative federalism by bringing together the Centre and States.
• Members: Chairperson: Prime Minister of India Ex-Officio Members: Union Ministers Permanent Members: Chief Ministers of all States and UTs with legislature Lt Governors of UTs Vice Chairperson, Full-Time Members of NITI Aayog Special Invitees as nominated
• Chairperson: Prime Minister of India
• Ex-Officio Members: Union Ministers
• Permanent Members: Chief Ministers of all States and UTs with legislature
• Lt Governors of UTs
• Vice Chairperson, Full-Time Members of NITI Aayog
• Special Invitees as nominated
• Functions: Discuss national development issues and align State visions with national goals Promote coordination on inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues Review progress on flagship initiatives like Viksit Bharat@2047 Provide a platform for collective policy formulation and decentralised planning Coordinate follow-ups and implementation of meeting outcomes
• Discuss national development issues and align State visions with national goals
• Promote coordination on inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues
• Review progress on flagship initiatives like Viksit Bharat@2047
• Provide a platform for collective policy formulation and decentralised planning
• Coordinate follow-ups and implementation of meeting outcomes
About NITI Aayog:
• Established: January 1, 2015, replacing the Planning Commission
• Headquarters: New Delhi, India
• Key Members: Chairperson: Prime Minister of India Vice Chairperson: Appointed by PM Full-time Members: Experts in economics, governance, technology Ex-officio Members: Union Ministers nominated by PM CEO: Appointed by the Prime Minister
• Chairperson: Prime Minister of India
• Vice Chairperson: Appointed by PM
• Full-time Members: Experts in economics, governance, technology
• Ex-officio Members: Union Ministers nominated by PM
• CEO: Appointed by the Prime Minister
• Core Functions: Act as a policy think tank for the Government of India Foster cooperative and competitive federalism Monitor and evaluate implementation of national schemes Promote innovation, digitisation, and evidence-based governance Formulate long-term strategic plans like Strategy for New India @75. Facilitate knowledge sharing between states and global best practices
• Act as a policy think tank for the Government of India
• Foster cooperative and competitive federalism
• Monitor and evaluate implementation of national schemes
• Promote innovation, digitisation, and evidence-based governance
• Formulate long-term strategic plans like Strategy for New India @75.
• Facilitate knowledge sharing between states and global best practices
Mallakhamb
Source: ANI
Context: Mallakhamb was showcased at the Khelo India Beach Games 2025 in Diu, marking the first time the traditional sport was held on a beach setting.
About Mallakhamb:
• What is Mallakhamb?
• Mallakhamb (literally meaning wrestling pole) is an ancient Indian sport where athletes perform aerial yoga and gymnastic postures on a vertical wooden pole or rope. Purpose: Originally designed as a training aid for wrestlers and warriors to improve agility, strength, flexibility, and martial readiness.
• Mallakhamb (literally meaning wrestling pole) is an ancient Indian sport where athletes perform aerial yoga and gymnastic postures on a vertical wooden pole or rope.
• Purpose: Originally designed as a training aid for wrestlers and warriors to improve agility, strength, flexibility, and martial readiness.
• Historical Background:
• Ancient Roots: Traces of mallakhamb date back to Chandraketugarh pottery (1st–2nd century BCE) and epics like the Ramayana. Manasollasa (12th century) by King Someshvara III contains the earliest literary mention. Maratha Revival: Revived in the 18th century by Balambhatta Dada Deodhar, trainer to Peshwa Bajirao II. Practised by figures like Rani Lakshmibai and Tantia Tope. Modern Recognition: Demonstrated at Berlin 1936 Olympics. Included in National Gymnastics Championships (1958) and became a standalone sport in 1962 (Gwalior). Mallakhamb Federation of India formed in 1981. Featured in Khelo India Youth Games since 2022.
• Ancient Roots: Traces of mallakhamb date back to Chandraketugarh pottery (1st–2nd century BCE) and epics like the Ramayana. Manasollasa (12th century) by King Someshvara III contains the earliest literary mention.
• Manasollasa (12th century) by King Someshvara III contains the earliest literary mention.
• Maratha Revival: Revived in the 18th century by Balambhatta Dada Deodhar, trainer to Peshwa Bajirao II. Practised by figures like Rani Lakshmibai and Tantia Tope.
• Modern Recognition: Demonstrated at Berlin 1936 Olympics. Included in National Gymnastics Championships (1958) and became a standalone sport in 1962 (Gwalior). Mallakhamb Federation of India formed in 1981. Featured in Khelo India Youth Games since 2022.
• Demonstrated at Berlin 1936 Olympics.
• Included in National Gymnastics Championships (1958) and became a standalone sport in 1962 (Gwalior).
• Mallakhamb Federation of India formed in 1981.
• Featured in Khelo India Youth Games since 2022.
• Key Features of the Game:
• Types: Pole Mallakhamb: Performed on a sheesham wood pole. Rope Mallakhamb: Performed on a hanging rope. Hanging Mallakhamb: Suspended from a height. Elements: Blends yoga, wrestling, and gymnastics. Involves inversions, balance poses, and dynamic transitions. Physical Demands: Builds core strength, mental focus, and neuromuscular coordination.
• Types: Pole Mallakhamb: Performed on a sheesham wood pole. Rope Mallakhamb: Performed on a hanging rope. Hanging Mallakhamb: Suspended from a height.
• Pole Mallakhamb: Performed on a sheesham wood pole.
• Rope Mallakhamb: Performed on a hanging rope.
• Hanging Mallakhamb: Suspended from a height.
• Elements: Blends yoga, wrestling, and gymnastics. Involves inversions, balance poses, and dynamic transitions.
• Blends yoga, wrestling, and gymnastics.
• Involves inversions, balance poses, and dynamic transitions.
• Physical Demands: Builds core strength, mental focus, and neuromuscular coordination.
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)
Source: DD News
Context: Union Minister inaugurated Sagar Bhavan and Polar Bhavan at National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Goa, marking its 25th anniversary.
About National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR):
• What is NCPOR? NCPOR is India’s premier R&D institute for polar and ocean sciences, spearheading the Indian Antarctic, Arctic, and Southern Ocean research programs.
• NCPOR is India’s premier R&D institute for polar and ocean sciences, spearheading the Indian Antarctic, Arctic, and Southern Ocean research programs.
• Establishment: Founded on 25 May 1998 as the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR). Renamed NCPOR later.
• Headquarters of NCPOR: Vasco da Gama, Goa, India.
• Parent Ministry: Functions under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India.
• Key Functions of NCPOR:
• Polar Research Leadership: Coordinates India’s scientific missions in Antarctica (Maitri, Bharati), Arctic (Himadri), and the Southern Ocean. Ocean Exploration: Leads deep-sea drilling, EEZ geoscientific surveys, and exploration of gas hydrates and metal sulphides. Scientific Logistics: Manages annual Indian Polar Expeditions, polar infrastructure, and research vessels like ORV Sagar Kanya. Data Management & Outreach: Hosts India’s Antarctic Data Centre, conducts climate modelling, and is setting up the first Polar and Ocean Museum. Global Collaboration: Participates in international polar science networks, Arctic policy dialogues, and climate monitoring programs.
• Polar Research Leadership: Coordinates India’s scientific missions in Antarctica (Maitri, Bharati), Arctic (Himadri), and the Southern Ocean.
• Ocean Exploration: Leads deep-sea drilling, EEZ geoscientific surveys, and exploration of gas hydrates and metal sulphides.
• Scientific Logistics: Manages annual Indian Polar Expeditions, polar infrastructure, and research vessels like ORV Sagar Kanya.
• Data Management & Outreach: Hosts India’s Antarctic Data Centre, conducts climate modelling, and is setting up the first Polar and Ocean Museum.
• Global Collaboration: Participates in international polar science networks, Arctic policy dialogues, and climate monitoring programs.
• Infrastructure Milestones:
• Polar Bhavan: Largest facility (11,378 sq m), houses climate visualization tools (Science on Sphere), labs, and accommodations. Sagar Bhavan: Hosts ultra-low temperature labs, Class 1000 clean rooms, and ice core preservation units for polar sample studies.
• Polar Bhavan: Largest facility (11,378 sq m), houses climate visualization tools (Science on Sphere), labs, and accommodations.
• Sagar Bhavan: Hosts ultra-low temperature labs, Class 1000 clean rooms, and ice core preservation units for polar sample studies.
New Development Bank (NDB)
Source: LM
Context: Algeria has officially joined the New Development Bank (NDB), becoming a full member after submitting its instrument of accession on May 19, 2025.
About New Development Bank (NDB):
• What is NDB?
• A multilateral development bank established by BRICS nations to mobilise funds for infrastructure and sustainable development. Functions as an alternative to Western-dominated institutions like the World Bank and IMF.
• A multilateral development bank established by BRICS nations to mobilise funds for infrastructure and sustainable development.
• Functions as an alternative to Western-dominated institutions like the World Bank and IMF.
• Established: July 21, 2015 (Agreement signed on July 15, 2014 at BRICS Fortaleza Summit).
• Headquarters: Shanghai, China
• Regional Offices: South Africa and Brazil
• Membership:
• Founding Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS). New Members (expanding base): Bangladesh, UAE, Egypt, Uruguay, and Algeria (2025). Membership is open to all UN member states, provided BRICS retain 55% minimum shareholding.
• Founding Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS).
• New Members (expanding base): Bangladesh, UAE, Egypt, Uruguay, and Algeria (2025).
• Membership is open to all UN member states, provided BRICS retain 55% minimum shareholding.
• Objectives: Mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and emerging economies. Complement efforts of existing global and regional financial institutions. Support projects in areas like clean energy, transport, urban development, and social infrastructure.
• Mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and emerging economies.
• Complement efforts of existing global and regional financial institutions.
• Support projects in areas like clean energy, transport, urban development, and social infrastructure.
• NDB Governance Structure:
• Board of Governors: Comprises Finance Ministers of BRICS nations. Board of Directors: Oversees strategic decision-making. Presidency: Rotates among BRICS and currently held by Dilma Rousseff (Brazil). Voting Power: Based on equity contribution and BRICS collectively hold controlling stake. Capital Structure: Initial authorized capital: USD 100 billion Initial subscribed capital: USD 50 billion
• Board of Governors: Comprises Finance Ministers of BRICS nations.
• Board of Directors: Oversees strategic decision-making.
• Presidency: Rotates among BRICS and currently held by Dilma Rousseff (Brazil).
• Voting Power: Based on equity contribution and BRICS collectively hold controlling stake.
• Capital Structure: Initial authorized capital: USD 100 billion Initial subscribed capital: USD 50 billion
• Initial authorized capital: USD 100 billion
• Initial subscribed capital: USD 50 billion
• Functions & Features:
• Core Objective: Fund infrastructure, clean energy, water, sanitation, agriculture, public health, education, and sustainable development. Performance: Over 120 projects worth $40+ billion approved globally (as of 2025). India has received funding for 18 projects worth USD 6.9 billion. Global Ratings: ‘AA+’ by S&P and Fitch ‘AAA’ by JCR and ACRA Emergency Response: Provided COVID-19 assistance under its Emergency Assistance Facility.
• Core Objective: Fund infrastructure, clean energy, water, sanitation, agriculture, public health, education, and sustainable development.
• Performance: Over 120 projects worth $40+ billion approved globally (as of 2025). India has received funding for 18 projects worth USD 6.9 billion.
• Global Ratings: ‘AA+’ by S&P and Fitch ‘AAA’ by JCR and ACRA
• ‘AA+’ by S&P and Fitch
• ‘AAA’ by JCR and ACRA
• Emergency Response: Provided COVID-19 assistance under its Emergency Assistance Facility.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
Source: HT
Context: India is submitting a dossier to the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), urging the re-listing of Pakistan in the grey list due to non-compliance with previous commitments on terror financing and money laundering.
About Financial Action Task Force (FATF):
• What is FATF? The FATF is an intergovernmental watchdog established to set and enforce global standards to combat money laundering, terror financing, and the financing of weapons of mass destruction.
• The FATF is an intergovernmental watchdog established to set and enforce global standards to combat money laundering, terror financing, and the financing of weapons of mass destruction.
• Established: 1989, during the G7 Summit in Paris
• Headquarters: Paris, France
• Members: 39 countries including India, USA, UK, France, China, Saudi Arabia, and the EU
• Global Reach: 200+ countries committed through FATF and FATF-style regional bodies (FSRBs)
• India’s Membership: Full member since 2010.
• Objectives and Functions: Set Standards: Issue 40 internationally accepted AML/CFT recommendations Monitor Compliance: Conduct peer reviews to assess legal, regulatory, and operational frameworks Research & Awareness: Identify emerging threats, typologies in financial crimes Promote Global Coordination: Align national efforts with FATF’s standards for unified global action
• Set Standards: Issue 40 internationally accepted AML/CFT recommendations
• Monitor Compliance: Conduct peer reviews to assess legal, regulatory, and operational frameworks
• Research & Awareness: Identify emerging threats, typologies in financial crimes
• Promote Global Coordination: Align national efforts with FATF’s standards for unified global action
• FATF Listing Categories
• Grey List (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring): Nations with strategic deficiencies but committed to corrective actions Leads to enhanced scrutiny, lower FDI inflows, reputational damage E.g., Pakistan (2018–2022), currently 24 nations listed Black List (High-Risk Jurisdictions): Nations with severe and ongoing non-compliance Subject to economic sanctions, denied access to global financial systems Current: North Korea, Iran, Myanmar
• Grey List (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring): Nations with strategic deficiencies but committed to corrective actions Leads to enhanced scrutiny, lower FDI inflows, reputational damage E.g., Pakistan (2018–2022), currently 24 nations listed
• Nations with strategic deficiencies but committed to corrective actions
• Leads to enhanced scrutiny, lower FDI inflows, reputational damage
• E.g., Pakistan (2018–2022), currently 24 nations listed
• Black List (High-Risk Jurisdictions): Nations with severe and ongoing non-compliance Subject to economic sanctions, denied access to global financial systems Current: North Korea, Iran, Myanmar
• Nations with severe and ongoing non-compliance
• Subject to economic sanctions, denied access to global financial systems
• Current: North Korea, Iran, Myanmar
• Conditions for Inclusion:
• Failure to act on terror funding, money laundering, and proliferation financing Non-cooperation during FATF reviews and refusal to implement action plans Weak or ineffective national legal and enforcement frameworks
• Failure to act on terror funding, money laundering, and proliferation financing
• Non-cooperation during FATF reviews and refusal to implement action plans
• Weak or ineffective national legal and enforcement frameworks
• Consequences of Being Listed:
• Grey List: Reduction in foreign investment and credit rating. Loss of developmental aid from IMF, World Bank, ADB. Black List: Full-fledged financial sanctions, cutoff from international financial markets. Strict scrutiny by banks and global institutions.
• Grey List: Reduction in foreign investment and credit rating. Loss of developmental aid from IMF, World Bank, ADB.
• Reduction in foreign investment and credit rating.
• Loss of developmental aid from IMF, World Bank, ADB.
• Black List: Full-fledged financial sanctions, cutoff from international financial markets. Strict scrutiny by banks and global institutions.
• Full-fledged financial sanctions, cutoff from international financial markets.
• Strict scrutiny by banks and global institutions.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 24 May 2025 Mapping:
Source: DD News
Context: The United States has announced sanctions on Sudan after determining the Sudanese government used chemical weapons in 2024 during its civil war with the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF).
About Sudan:
• Location: Northeastern Africa, straddling the Sahel and Sahara regions.
• Capital: Khartoum, situated at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers.
• Bordering Nations: Egypt, Red Sea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, and Libya.
• Contemporary Conflicts:
• Civil War (2023–Present): Conflict between Sudanese Army and RSF, triggering ethnic violence, famine, and displacement of 13 million people. Sanctions & Human Rights: Accusations include genocide, use of chlorine-based chemical weapons, and systemic border violence.
• Civil War (2023–Present): Conflict between Sudanese Army and RSF, triggering ethnic violence, famine, and displacement of 13 million people.
• Sanctions & Human Rights: Accusations include genocide, use of chlorine-based chemical weapons, and systemic border violence.
• Geographical Features of Sudan:
• Rivers: Dominated by the Nile River system, especially where the White Nile meets the Blue Nile at Khartoum. Mountains: Includes Marrah Mountains (west), Red Sea Hills (east), and Nuba Mountains (south-central). Deserts: Northern Sudan is largely Sahara Desert with mobile sand dunes (ergs) and bare rocky terrain. Soils & Plains: Fertile alluvial plains near rivers; central Sudan is known for heavy cracking clays like those in the Gezira region.
• Rivers: Dominated by the Nile River system, especially where the White Nile meets the Blue Nile at Khartoum.
• Mountains: Includes Marrah Mountains (west), Red Sea Hills (east), and Nuba Mountains (south-central).
• Deserts: Northern Sudan is largely Sahara Desert with mobile sand dunes (ergs) and bare rocky terrain.
• Soils & Plains: Fertile alluvial plains near rivers; central Sudan is known for heavy cracking clays like those in the Gezira region.
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