UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21 April 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21 April 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 3 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21 April (2025)
• Heatwaves in India
Heatwaves in India
• Europe is Warming Faster
Europe is Warming Faster
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• Anemia
Anemia
• Bhutan Green Cryptocurrency
Bhutan Green Cryptocurrency
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• Indigenous Stellite Nozzle Divergent for PSLV
Indigenous Stellite Nozzle Divergent for PSLV
• Angstrom-scale Chip
Angstrom-scale Chip
• Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)
• Green Water-Based Method to Recycle Toxic Perovskite Solar Cells
Green Water-Based Method to Recycle Toxic Perovskite Solar Cells
• Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress (CROP)
Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress (CROP)
Mapping:
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21 April 2025
#### GS Paper 3 :
Heatwaves in India
Syllabus: Disaster Management
Source: TH
Context: India witnessed severe heatwaves in March 2025 — 20 days earlier than in 2024 — highlighting the urgent need for short-term and long-term strategies to tackle heat stress and its cascading impacts.
About Heatwaves:
• Definition: A heatwave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, often accompanied by high humidity, significantly impacting human health, agriculture, and ecosystems.
• Key Features: In India, a heatwave is declared when maximum temperature exceeds 40°C in plains and 30°C in hilly areas. It is intensified by factors like humidity, wind speed, and urban heat islands. Global warming and climate change are major contributors to the increased frequency and intensity.
• In India, a heatwave is declared when maximum temperature exceeds 40°C in plains and 30°C in hilly areas.
• It is intensified by factors like humidity, wind speed, and urban heat islands.
• Global warming and climate change are major contributors to the increased frequency and intensity.
Impacts of Heatwaves:
• Health Impacts: Causes heat stress, affecting kidneys, liver, brain, and can lead to death. Vulnerable groups: elderly, women, outdoor workers, poor communities.
• Causes heat stress, affecting kidneys, liver, brain, and can lead to death.
• Vulnerable groups: elderly, women, outdoor workers, poor communities.
• Economic and Livelihood Impacts: Reduces agricultural productivity, kills livestock. Lowers work hours, especially among informal sector workers. Estimated loss: 3%–5% of GDP; in 2023, 6% of India’s work hours were lost due to heat stress.
• Reduces agricultural productivity, kills livestock.
• Lowers work hours, especially among informal sector workers.
• Estimated loss: 3%–5% of GDP; in 2023, 6% of India’s work hours were lost due to heat stress.
• Social Inequity: Disproportionately affects marginalized sections, migrants, women, and the elderly.
• Disproportionately affects marginalized sections, migrants, women, and the elderly.
Challenges associated Heatwave are:
• Inadequate Implementation: Heat Action Plans (HAPs) exist but face poor execution.
• Lack of Comprehensive Data: Incomplete heat-related morbidity and mortality statistics.
• Urban Vulnerabilities: Confined spaces, dense housing amplify risks in poor neighbourhoods.
• Infrastructure Gaps: Insufficient cooling shelters, public water points, and ORS availability.
• Limited Awareness: Public education on heat safety remains patchy.
Way Ahead:
• Short-Term Measures: Strengthen HAPs: Update State and city-level plans factoring in humidity and local vulnerabilities. Early Warning Systems: Adopt Heat Health Alert (HHA) systems using both day and night temperatures. Immediate Public Health Actions: Ensure availability of drinking water, ORS, staggered work hours. Targeted Advisories: Provide localized and socially contextual heat advisories.
• Strengthen HAPs: Update State and city-level plans factoring in humidity and local vulnerabilities.
• Early Warning Systems: Adopt Heat Health Alert (HHA) systems using both day and night temperatures.
• Immediate Public Health Actions: Ensure availability of drinking water, ORS, staggered work hours.
• Targeted Advisories: Provide localized and socially contextual heat advisories.
• Long-Term Measures: Urban Planning Reforms: Promote cool roofing, green spaces, better building materials. Summer Shelters: Establish ‘summer shelters’ for vulnerable populations. Skill Development: Train workforce for heat-resilient construction and urban management. Insurance Coverage: Offer insurance for wage losses during extreme heat events. Policy Integration: Coordinate climate action across sectors for sustainable adaptation.
• Urban Planning Reforms: Promote cool roofing, green spaces, better building materials.
• Summer Shelters: Establish ‘summer shelters’ for vulnerable populations.
• Skill Development: Train workforce for heat-resilient construction and urban management.
• Insurance Coverage: Offer insurance for wage losses during extreme heat events.
• Policy Integration: Coordinate climate action across sectors for sustainable adaptation.
Conclusion:
India’s rising heatwave threat demands a people-centric, equity-focused, and science-based approach combining immediate relief measures and sustainable, long-term urban resilience strategies. Proactive policy action today can avert major public health and economic crises tomorrow.
• “Heat waves have become more frequent and intense in India due to climate change.” Discuss the causes, impact, and mitigation strategies for heat waves in India. (250 words)
Europe is Warming Faster
Syllabus: Environment
Source: IE
Context: The 2024 European State of the Climate Report revealed that Europe is warming about twice as fast as the global average, intensifying extreme weather events across the continent.
What is Europe Warming?
• Europe’s average annual temperature has risen by 2.4°C above pre-industrial levels, compared to the global average of 1.3°C.
• This accelerated warming has led to unprecedented heatwaves, floods, and shorter cold periods across the continent.
Reasons Behind Europe’s Faster Warming:
• Arctic Proximity: A significant part of Europe lies close to the Arctic, which is warming 3–4 times faster than the global average due to ice melt and reduced albedo.
• Reduction in Aerosols: Cleaner air in Europe due to reduced aerosol emissions decreases sunlight reflection, allowing more solar energy absorption and higher temperatures.
• Changes in Atmospheric Circulation: Increased frequency of summer heatwaves due to shifts in atmospheric patterns.
• Higher Sea Surface Temperatures: Warming oceans around Europe add to the atmospheric temperature rise.
• Urban Heat Island Effect: Expanding urban areas trap more heat, worsening local temperature extremes.
• Melting of Glaciers: Similar to Arctic ice loss, glacier melting enhances heat absorption.
Consequences of Europe’s Accelerated Warming:
• Severe Heatwaves: Longer and more intense, impacting human health, agriculture, and biodiversity.
• Increased Flooding and Rainfall Variability: Higher temperatures lead to heavier precipitation events and flooding.
• Economic Strain: Damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and tourism sectors.
• Reduced Cold Days: Fewer freezing days, impacting ecosystems reliant on cold conditions.
• Biodiversity Threats: Altered habitats and species migration patterns across Europe.
Way Ahead:
• Strengthen Climate Action: Accelerate EU Green Deal targets and promote carbon neutrality initiatives.
• Adapt Urban Planning: Expand green spaces, cool roofs, and sustainable infrastructure to counter urban heat islands.
• Enhance Early Warning Systems: Improve forecasting and disaster preparedness for heatwaves and floods.
• Promote Renewable Energy: Reduce dependence on fossil fuels and invest in solar, wind, and hydropower.
• Strengthen International Cooperation: Collaborate globally to limit warming below 1.5°C, as set under the Paris Agreement.
Conclusion:
Europe’s alarming rate of warming demands urgent, bold, and collaborative action on both mitigation and adaptation fronts. A proactive, sustainable strategy is critical to safeguard the continent’s ecosystems, economies, and communities.
• ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC-2017)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21 April 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Anemia
Context: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has highlighted India’s progress under the Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) initiative, showcasing digital innovations and a 6x6x6 strategy to combat widespread anaemia affecting women, children, and adolescents.
About Anemia:
• What it is? Anemia is a health condition where the blood lacks sufficient healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin, mainly caused by iron deficiency, reducing oxygen transport to organs.
• Anemia is a health condition where the blood lacks sufficient healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin, mainly caused by iron deficiency, reducing oxygen transport to organs.
• Key Statistics: 67.1% of children and 59.1% of adolescent girls in India are anemic (NFHS-5, 2019-21). Globally, anemia affects 500 million women (15-49 years) and 269 million children under 5 years. 3 in 4 Indian women have low dietary iron intake.
• 67.1% of children and 59.1% of adolescent girls in India are anemic (NFHS-5, 2019-21).
• Globally, anemia affects 500 million women (15-49 years) and 269 million children under 5 years.
• 3 in 4 Indian women have low dietary iron intake.
• Initiatives by Government: Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB): Launched in 2018 with a 6x6x6 strategy: *6 interventions*: IFA supplementation, deworming, fortified foods, behavior change, digital monitoring, addressing non-nutritional causes. *6 target groups*: Pre-school children, children, adolescents, pregnant women, lactating women, and women of reproductive age. *6 institutional mechanisms*: National to grassroots coordination. Digital Integration: Real-time anemia tracking through mobile tools. Linkages: Integrated with POSHAN Abhiyaan and the School Health Program.
• Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB): Launched in 2018 with a 6x6x6 strategy: *6 interventions*: IFA supplementation, deworming, fortified foods, behavior change, digital monitoring, addressing non-nutritional causes. *6 target groups*: Pre-school children, children, adolescents, pregnant women, lactating women, and women of reproductive age. *6 institutional mechanisms*: National to grassroots coordination.
• *6 interventions*: IFA supplementation, deworming, fortified foods, behavior change, digital monitoring, addressing non-nutritional causes.
• *6 target groups*: Pre-school children, children, adolescents, pregnant women, lactating women, and women of reproductive age.
• *6 institutional mechanisms*: National to grassroots coordination.
• Digital Integration: Real-time anemia tracking through mobile tools.
• Linkages: Integrated with POSHAN Abhiyaan and the School Health Program.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:
• GS Paper 2: Issues relating to Health, Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections. Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors.
• Issues relating to Health, Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections.
• Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors.
• GS Paper 3: Public Health and Nutrition challenges. Technology missions (like digital tracking of anemia control programs).
• Public Health and Nutrition challenges.
• Technology missions (like digital tracking of anemia control programs).
• Essay and Ethics Papers: Importance of inclusive public health efforts and equity in healthcare.
• Importance of inclusive public health efforts and equity in healthcare.
Bhutan Green Cryptocurrency
Context: Bhutan is exploring the mining of green cryptocurrency using hydropower to boost its economy, aiming to reduce youth brain drain and promote sustainable development.
About Bhutan Green Cryptocurrency:
• Definition: Green cryptocurrencies are digital currencies mined using renewable energy sources like hydro, wind, or solar instead of fossil fuels.
• Key Features: Uses 100% hydropower, making mining carbon-neutral. Supports blockchain technology with an eco-friendly footprint. Offers green digital assets to companies aiming to meet Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) targets.
• Uses 100% hydropower, making mining carbon-neutral.
• Supports blockchain technology with an eco-friendly footprint.
• Offers green digital assets to companies aiming to meet Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) targets.
• Significance: Aligns with Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness (GNH) model, emphasizing sustainability. Positions Bhutan as a global hub for green digital finance. Helps leverage existing hydropower assets for economic diversification.
• Aligns with Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness (GNH) model, emphasizing sustainability.
• Positions Bhutan as a global hub for green digital finance.
• Helps leverage existing hydropower assets for economic diversification.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:
• GS Paper 3 – Economic Development: Topics: Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology, environmental sustainability in economic policies.
• Topics: Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology, environmental sustainability in economic policies.
• GS Paper 3 – Science and Technology: Topics: Developments in the application of technology in daily life, innovation in sustainable technologies.
• Topics: Developments in the application of technology in daily life, innovation in sustainable technologies.
• Essay Paper: Potential for themes like “Technology and Sustainability” or “Innovation for Inclusive Growth”.
• Potential for themes like “Technology and Sustainability” or “Innovation for Inclusive Growth”.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21 April Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Indigenous Stellite Nozzle Divergent for PSLV
Source: News on Air
Context: ISRO has successfully tested an indigenous Stellite (KC20WN) alloy nozzle divergent for the PSLV’s fourth stage, replacing imported Columbium (C103) and achieving a 90% cost reduction.
About Indigenous Stellite Nozzle Divergent for PSLV:
• What is a Divergent Nozzle?
• The divergent nozzle is the flared section of a rocket engine that accelerates exhaust gases to generate thrust. It experiences extreme thermal and mechanical stress during rocket operation, often exceeding 1100°C.
• The divergent nozzle is the flared section of a rocket engine that accelerates exhaust gases to generate thrust.
• It experiences extreme thermal and mechanical stress during rocket operation, often exceeding 1100°C.
• Why is the Divergent Nozzle Important?
• It controls thrust direction and speed, crucial for stabilizing and guiding the rocket during ascent. Material failure here can lead to mission-critical losses.
• It controls thrust direction and speed, crucial for stabilizing and guiding the rocket during ascent.
• Material failure here can lead to mission-critical losses.
• Old Material Used: Columbium (C103), a rare, heat-resistant metal, previously imported, was used in PSLV’s fourth-stage nozzle.
• New Material Developed:
• Stellite (KC20WN), a cobalt-based alloy enriched with Chromium, Nickel, Tungsten, and Iron. Developed and tested indigenously at ISRO’s Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri.
• Stellite (KC20WN), a cobalt-based alloy enriched with Chromium, Nickel, Tungsten, and Iron.
• Developed and tested indigenously at ISRO’s Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri.
• Significance of Using Stellite:
• Self-reliance: Eliminates dependence on costly foreign imports. Cost Efficiency: Achieves up to 90% cost savings compared to Columbium-based nozzles. Strategic Autonomy: Strengthens India’s aerospace supply chain and boosts Atmanirbhar Bharat in space technology. Future Missions: Paves the way for indigenous components in launch vehicles, satellites, and deep-space missions.
• Self-reliance: Eliminates dependence on costly foreign imports.
• Cost Efficiency: Achieves up to 90% cost savings compared to Columbium-based nozzles.
• Strategic Autonomy: Strengthens India’s aerospace supply chain and boosts Atmanirbhar Bharat in space technology.
• Future Missions: Paves the way for indigenous components in launch vehicles, satellites, and deep-space missions.
Angstrom-scale Chip
Source: ToI
Context: A team from IISc has submitted a proposal to the government to develop angstrom-scale semiconductor chips using 2D materials, aiming to position India as a leader in next-generation chip technologies.
About Angstrom-scale Chip:
• What is an Angstrom-scale Chip? Angstrom-scale chips refer to semiconductor devices built at the atomic scale, where one angstrom equals 1 nanometres. These chips are about one-tenth the size of the current smallest chips (3 nm nodes).
• Angstrom-scale chips refer to semiconductor devices built at the atomic scale, where one angstrom equals 1 nanometres.
• These chips are about one-tenth the size of the current smallest chips (3 nm nodes).
• Developed By: Proposed and developed by scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru. Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) and Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY).
• Proposed and developed by scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.
• Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) and Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY).
• Characteristics of 2D Materials Used:
• Materials: Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs).
• Properties: Ultra-thin atomic layers with high electrical conductivity. Superior strength, flexibility, and thermal stability. Enables high-speed processing with lower power consumption.
• Ultra-thin atomic layers with high electrical conductivity.
• Superior strength, flexibility, and thermal stability.
• Enables high-speed processing with lower power consumption.
• Applications: Next-generation semiconductors for electronics and computing. Flexible electronics, wearable devices, and quantum computing. Enabling heterogeneous integration in chip designs, crucial for AI, 5G/6G communications, and space technologies.
• Next-generation semiconductors for electronics and computing.
• Flexible electronics, wearable devices, and quantum computing.
• Enabling heterogeneous integration in chip designs, crucial for AI, 5G/6G communications, and space technologies.
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)
Source: DH
Context: The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) clarified that no decision has been made to implement GNSS-based tolling from May 1, 2025.
• Instead, an Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)-FASTag-based barrier-less toll system will be introduced at selected plazas.
About Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR):
• Definition: ANPR uses high-performance cameras to capture and read vehicle number plates, enabling automatic identification without manual intervention.
• Charging Mechanism: Vehicles will be charged based on number plate recognition and FASTag validation. No stopping required at toll plazas. Violators will receive e-notices, and non-payment can lead to FASTag suspension or penalties under VAHAN database norms.
• Vehicles will be charged based on number plate recognition and FASTag validation.
• No stopping required at toll plazas.
• Violators will receive e-notices, and non-payment can lead to FASTag suspension or penalties under VAHAN database norms.
What is GNSS and How Does It Work?
• Definition: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a barrier-free tolling method that uses satellite tracking to monitor a vehicle’s movement and calculate toll charges based on distance traveled.
• Working: GNSS integrates GPS or other satellite systems. Toll amounts are automatically deducted from linked bank accounts. Eliminates need for toll booths or manual interaction.
• GNSS integrates GPS or other satellite systems.
• Toll amounts are automatically deducted from linked bank accounts.
• Eliminates need for toll booths or manual interaction.
How GNSS Differs from FASTag?
Benefits of GNSS and ANPR:
• Seamless Travel: No stopping at toll plazas, saving time and reducing congestion.
• Reduced Errors: Satellite tracking reduces human and technical errors.
• Flexible Payment: GNSS allows both prepaid and postpaid modes.
• Enhanced Enforcement: E-notices and penalties ensure compliance under ANPR.
• Improved Accuracy: Real-time distance-based toll calculation in GNSS ensures fair tolling.
Green Water-Based Method to Recycle Toxic Perovskite Solar Cells
Source: TH
Context: Scientists have developed a green water-based method to recycle toxic perovskite solar cells, recovering about 99% of the materials and retaining almost full efficiency even after five cycles.
About Perovskite Solar Cells:
• Definition: Perovskite solar cells are a class of photovoltaic devices that use perovskite-structured compounds, typically containing lead, as the light-harvesting active layer.
• Key Characteristics: High power conversion efficiency achieved rapidly compared to traditional silicon-based PVs. Lightweight and low-cost fabrication. Flexibility in application (can be made semi-transparent or integrated into flexible surfaces). Major challenge: shorter lifespan and presence of toxic materials like lead.
• High power conversion efficiency achieved rapidly compared to traditional silicon-based PVs.
• Lightweight and low-cost fabrication.
• Flexibility in application (can be made semi-transparent or integrated into flexible surfaces).
• Major challenge: shorter lifespan and presence of toxic materials like lead.
• Working Principle: Perovskite materials absorb sunlight and create electron-hole pairs. Charge carriers are transported to electrodes through layers of conductive materials, generating electricity.
• Perovskite materials absorb sunlight and create electron-hole pairs.
• Charge carriers are transported to electrodes through layers of conductive materials, generating electricity.
About Green Water-Based Method to Recycle Toxic Perovskite Solar Cells:
• Previous Recycling Challenge: Earlier methods used toxic organic solvents like dimethylformamide to dissolve layers, raising environmental concerns.
• Earlier methods used toxic organic solvents like dimethylformamide to dissolve layers, raising environmental concerns.
• New Water-Based Recycling Approach: A water solution with sodium acetate, sodium iodide, and hypophosphorous acid was used. Sodium acetate binds with lead ions, making them soluble. Sodium iodide and hypophosphorous acid help regenerate pure perovskite crystals. Significance: Major advancement for circular economy goals in solar energy. Minimizes hazardous waste and enhances material sustainability. Lays the foundation for scalable commercial use of perovskite solar technology.
• A water solution with sodium acetate, sodium iodide, and hypophosphorous acid was used.
• Sodium acetate binds with lead ions, making them soluble.
• Sodium iodide and hypophosphorous acid help regenerate pure perovskite crystals.
• Significance: Major advancement for circular economy goals in solar energy. Minimizes hazardous waste and enhances material sustainability. Lays the foundation for scalable commercial use of perovskite solar technology.
• Major advancement for circular economy goals in solar energy.
• Minimizes hazardous waste and enhances material sustainability.
• Lays the foundation for scalable commercial use of perovskite solar technology.
Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress (CROP)
Source: TH
Context: ISRO’s satellites, under the CROP framework, have forecasted India’s wheat production at 122.724 million tonnes across eight major wheat-growing States for the Rabi season 2024-25.
About Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress (CROP):
• What it is? A semi-automated, scalable remote sensing framework developed to monitor crop sowing, growth, and harvesting stages in near real-time.
• Developed by: National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
• Objective: To enable systematic, timely, and scalable monitoring of agricultural crops using satellite data. To provide accurate crop condition assessments supporting early agricultural planning and food security strategies.
• To enable systematic, timely, and scalable monitoring of agricultural crops using satellite data.
• To provide accurate crop condition assessments supporting early agricultural planning and food security strategies.
• Features: Satellite Sources: Utilizes Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from satellites like EOS-04 (RISAT-1A), EOS-06 (Oceansat-3), and Resourcesat-2A. Spatial Mapping: Monitors wheat distribution across 8 lakh hectares in major wheat-producing states. Crop Simulation Models: Integrates sowing dates, crop area, and in-season condition using 5×5 km spatial resolution. Multi-Source Data Fusion: Enhances estimation precision by combining optical and radar observations.
• Satellite Sources: Utilizes Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from satellites like EOS-04 (RISAT-1A), EOS-06 (Oceansat-3), and Resourcesat-2A.
• Spatial Mapping: Monitors wheat distribution across 8 lakh hectares in major wheat-producing states.
• Crop Simulation Models: Integrates sowing dates, crop area, and in-season condition using 5×5 km spatial resolution.
• Multi-Source Data Fusion: Enhances estimation precision by combining optical and radar observations.
• Significance: Boosts Agri-Policy Making: Supports the Ministry of Agriculture in real-time agricultural monitoring. Improves Food Security: Early yield estimation helps manage food stock and procurement planning. Disaster Management: Aids in drought, flood, and pest impact assessments. Advances Technology Use: Promotes space-based precision agriculture and remote sensing integration in farm management.
• Boosts Agri-Policy Making: Supports the Ministry of Agriculture in real-time agricultural monitoring.
• Improves Food Security: Early yield estimation helps manage food stock and procurement planning.
• Disaster Management: Aids in drought, flood, and pest impact assessments.
• Advances Technology Use: Promotes space-based precision agriculture and remote sensing integration in farm management.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS –21 April 2025 Mapping:
Source: TH
Context: Syria received its first wheat shipment at Latakia port since the ouster of former President Bashar al-Assad in December 2024, signaling efforts to rebuild its food security amidst economic recovery.
About Syria:
• Location: Southwest Asia, eastern Mediterranean coast.
• Capital:
• Neighbouring Nations: Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon.
• Geological Features Mountains: Al-Anṣariyyah Mountains: Border the coastal plain, highest point ~1,562 meters. Other notable ranges: Mount Al-Durūz, Abū Rujmayn, Bishrī Mountains. Rivers: Euphrates River: Originates in Turkey, Syria’s principal water source; Lake Al-Asad formed by Euphrates Dam. Orontes River: Flows northward through Ghāb Depression into the Mediterranean. Yarmouk River: Forms part of Syria-Jordan border. Plains and Deserts: Syrian Desert: Dominates the southeastern region; primarily rocky and gravelly terrain. Lakes: Al-Jabbūl Lake: Largest seasonal Salt Lake. Other lakes: Lake Qattinah, Lake Muzayrīb, Lake Khātūniyyah.
• Mountains: Al-Anṣariyyah Mountains: Border the coastal plain, highest point ~1,562 meters. Other notable ranges: Mount Al-Durūz, Abū Rujmayn, Bishrī Mountains.
• Al-Anṣariyyah Mountains: Border the coastal plain, highest point ~1,562 meters.
• Other notable ranges: Mount Al-Durūz, Abū Rujmayn, Bishrī Mountains.
• Rivers: Euphrates River: Originates in Turkey, Syria’s principal water source; Lake Al-Asad formed by Euphrates Dam. Orontes River: Flows northward through Ghāb Depression into the Mediterranean. Yarmouk River: Forms part of Syria-Jordan border.
• Euphrates River: Originates in Turkey, Syria’s principal water source; Lake Al-Asad formed by Euphrates Dam.
• Orontes River: Flows northward through Ghāb Depression into the Mediterranean.
• Yarmouk River: Forms part of Syria-Jordan border.
• Plains and Deserts: Syrian Desert: Dominates the southeastern region; primarily rocky and gravelly terrain.
• Syrian Desert: Dominates the southeastern region; primarily rocky and gravelly terrain.
• Lakes: Al-Jabbūl Lake: Largest seasonal Salt Lake. Other lakes: Lake Qattinah, Lake Muzayrīb, Lake Khātūniyyah.
• Al-Jabbūl Lake: Largest seasonal Salt Lake.
• Other lakes: Lake Qattinah, Lake Muzayrīb, Lake Khātūniyyah.
Daily Current Affairs + PIB Summary (21 Apr 2025)
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