UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 20 August 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 20 August 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 2 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 20 August (2025)
• Creamy Layer Equivalence in OBC Quota
Creamy Layer Equivalence in OBC Quota
GS Paper 3:
• India’s Green Hydrogen Potential: FICCI–EY 2025 Report
India’s Green Hydrogen Potential: FICCI–EY 2025 Report
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• Anna-Chakra Supply Chain Optimisation Tool
Anna-Chakra Supply Chain Optimisation Tool
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2025
The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2025
• Brain-Eating Amoeba
Brain-Eating Amoeba
• Soaps and Detergents
Soaps and Detergents
• World Orangutan Day 2025
World Orangutan Day 2025
• Nepal declared free of rubella
Nepal declared free of rubella
• Saltwater Crocodile
Saltwater Crocodile
Mapping:
• Mithi River
Mithi River
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 20 August 2025
#### GS Paper 2:
Creamy Layer Equivalence in OBC Quota: Ensuring Uniformity in Reservation Benefits
Syllabus: Polity
Source: IE
Context: The Centre is considering introducing “equivalence” in applying the creamy layer condition for OBC reservation across central/state institutions, PSUs, universities, and aided bodies to remove anomalies and ensure fairness.
About Creamy Layer Equivalence in OBC Quota: Ensuring Uniformity in Reservation Benefits:
Background: The Concept of Creamy Layer
• Originates from Indra Sawhney vs Union of India (1992), where the Supreme Court upheld OBC reservations but excluded the affluent section (“creamy layer”).
• DoPT Circular, 1993: Listed children of high officials, professionals, and property owners as ineligible. Introduced income/wealth tests.
• 2004 Clarification: Expanded rules for non-government sectors, using income thresholds (later revised to ₹8 lakh in 2017)
The Problem: Anomalies in Implementation
• Different treatment of similar positions across government, PSUs, and aided institutions.
• Example: Children of university professors get OBC benefits, while children of aided-college teachers of equivalent rank are excluded.
• PSU staff treated differently at central and state levels.
• Over 100 civil service aspirants (2016–24 batches) disqualified after being classified as “creamy layer” despite earlier acceptance of their caste certificates.
Proposed Reform: Ensuring Equivalence
• University Teachers: From Assistant Professor upward = Creamy Layer (equivalent to Group A entry).
• Autonomous/Statutory Bodies: Posts aligned with central/state pay scales.
• State PSUs: Executive-level posts equated to creamy layer (with income exemption ≤ ₹8 lakh).
• Govt-Aided Institutions: To follow service conditions/pay equivalence of central or state government.
• Private Sector: No equivalence due to vast variation; only income/wealth criteria apply.
Significance of the Move:
• Fairness & Uniformity: Removes arbitrary exclusion/inclusion among candidates of similar socio-economic status.
• Correcting Anomalies: Helps beneficiaries like children of aided-institution staff who were unfairly excluded.
• Social Justice: Strengthens credibility of OBC reservations as a tool for equity.
• Legal & Administrative Clarity: Avoids multiple interpretations by state and central bodies.
• Political Sensitivity: Ensures trust of OBC communities in reservation policies.
Challenges Ahead:
• Resistance from Interest Groups: Those set to lose benefits may oppose.
• Complexity in Defining Equivalence: Wide diversity in PSU, aided, and university posts.
• Private Sector Ambiguity: Income test alone may fail to capture real affluence.
• Judicial Scrutiny: Reform must withstand constitutional tests of equity and non-discrimination.
• Periodic Income Revision: Ceiling of ₹8 lakh (2017) may soon become outdated.
Way Forward:
• Transparent Criteria: Clear DoPT guidelines with rational basis for equivalence.
• Dynamic Review: Regular revision of income ceiling and categories.
• Data-Backed Policy: Use surveys on OBC socio-economic mobility to calibrate rules.
• Judicial Backing: Seek SC validation to avoid prolonged litigations.
• Balanced Approach: Preserve benefits for truly disadvantaged OBCs while excluding elites.
Conclusion:
The proposed equivalence in creamy layer norms is not merely a bureaucratic reform—it is a step towards restoring trust, fairness, and rationality in India’s reservation system. By addressing anomalies, it strengthens the constitutional vision of social justice, while ensuring that benefits reach the genuinely disadvantaged sections among OBCs.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 20 August 2025 GS Paper 3:
India’s Green Hydrogen Potential: FICCI–EY 2025 Report
Syllabus: Climate and Energy
Source: DTE
Context: A recent joint report by FICCI & EY highlighted that India can capture 10% of the global green hydrogen market by addressing economic and infrastructural challenges.
• The report urges redirecting fossil fuel subsidies and introducing an industry use mandate to create reliable domestic demand.
About Green Hydrogen
What is Green Hydrogen?
• Produced by electrolysis of water using renewable energy → hydrogen + oxygen.
• Zero-emission fuel with applications in steel, mobility, fertilisers, and shipping.
• Crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving net-zero goals.
India’s Current Efforts
• National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023) Outlay: ₹19,744 crore. Target: 5 million tonnes (MMT) production capacity annually by 2030. Requires 125 GW renewable capacity, electrolyser manufacturing, and water logistics.
• Outlay: ₹19,744 crore.
• Target: 5 million tonnes (MMT) production capacity annually by 2030.
• Requires 125 GW renewable capacity, electrolyser manufacturing, and water logistics.
• Pilot Projects Five pilot projects funded with ₹208 crore. Deployment of 37 hydrogen-powered vehicles (15 fuel cell, 22 hydrogen ICE). 9 refuelling stations to be operational in 18–24 months.
• Five pilot projects funded with ₹208 crore.
• Deployment of 37 hydrogen-powered vehicles (15 fuel cell, 22 hydrogen ICE).
• 9 refuelling stations to be operational in 18–24 months.
• Cost Trends Current cost: $4–4.5/kg. Projected by 2030: $3–3.75/kg (due to cheap renewable power, tax incentives, and efficiency gains).
• Current cost: $4–4.5/kg.
• Projected by 2030: $3–3.75/kg (due to cheap renewable power, tax incentives, and efficiency gains).
Challenges
• High Early-Stage Costs: Green hydrogen costs are ~2x grey hydrogen, due to transmission losses, capex gaps, and efficiency issues.
• Fossil Fuel Incentives: Subsidies for carbon-intensive fuels distort markets, making hydrogen adoption less competitive.
• Infrastructure Deficit: Need for large-scale renewable integration, water logistics, storage, and pipelines.
• Demand Uncertainty: Industry adoption is limited; investors hesitate without guaranteed offtake.
• Global Competition: EU, Japan, South Korea already investing heavily in hydrogen import corridors.
Recommendations from Report
• Redirect Subsidies: Shift financial incentives from fossil fuels to renewables and hydrogen projects.
• Industry Use Mandate: Introduce green hydrogen purchase obligations across industrial sectors (steel, fertiliser, shipping).
• Carbon Pricing Mechanism: Implement carbon tax to make green hydrogen more competitive against fossil fuels.
• Demand Aggregation: Structured procurement + payment security mechanisms to ensure competitive prices and reliable contracts.
• Export Strategy: Position India to export 10 MMT annually to EU, Japan, South Korea.
• Innovation & Research: Boost domestic electrolyser production, scale startups, and incentivise private sector R&D.
Global Context
• Market Size: $8.78 bn (2024) → projected $199.22 bn (2034) at 41.5% CAGR.
• India’s Market Projection: $2.81 bn by 2030, CAGR 56% (2024–30).
• Global concern: 14.3 million zero-dose children (2024) indicate immunity gaps, but for hydrogen, analogy is adoption gaps across developing nations.
Conclusion
India has the strategic potential to emerge as a green hydrogen leader, leveraging its vast renewable base, low-cost power, and geographic advantages. But success will depend on redirecting fossil fuel subsidies, creating domestic demand mandates, scaling infrastructure, and ensuring global partnerships. With timely reforms, India could secure a 10% global market share by 2030, becoming a cornerstone in the global clean energy transition.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 20 August 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Anna-Chakra Supply Chain Optimisation Tool
Context: The Centre has rolled out the “Anna-Chakra” Supply Chain Optimisation Tool in 30 States/UTs under the Public Distribution System (PDS).
About Anna-Chakra Supply Chain Optimisation Tool:
• What it is?
• A digital optimisation platform for efficient movement of foodgrains under the PDS.
• A digital optimisation platform for efficient movement of foodgrains under the PDS.
• Aim: To minimise costs, reduce leakages, and ensure timely delivery of foodgrains.
• Features:
• Route Optimisation – Uses algorithms to cut fuel use and time. Cost Efficiency – Estimated savings of ₹250 crore annually in transport. Climate Alignment – Reduces carbon emissions, supporting India’s climate commitments.
• Route Optimisation – Uses algorithms to cut fuel use and time.
• Cost Efficiency – Estimated savings of ₹250 crore annually in transport.
• Climate Alignment – Reduces carbon emissions, supporting India’s climate commitments.
• Significance:
• Economic: Annual savings free up funds for welfare schemes. Social Justice: Strengthens food security for vulnerable households. Technological Governance: Showcases use of AI/algorithms in public policy.
• Economic: Annual savings free up funds for welfare schemes.
• Social Justice: Strengthens food security for vulnerable households.
• Technological Governance: Showcases use of AI/algorithms in public policy.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus
• GS Paper II (Governance): Demonstrates e-governance, digital tools, and cooperative federalism in welfare delivery.
• GS Paper III (Economy): Highlights cost optimisation, efficiency in logistics, and sustainable infrastructure in PDS.
• Ethics (GS Paper IV): Case study on transparency, accountability, and efficient public service delivery.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 20 August 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP):
The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2025
Source: EET
Context: Parliament has passed the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2025, aiming to liberalise and modernise India’s mineral sector.
About The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2025:
What it is?
• A legislation amending the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
• Focuses on critical and strategic minerals essential for India’s economic security and green transition.
• To liberalise and modernise India’s mining framework.
• Ensure domestic availability of critical and strategic minerals.
• Promote transparency, sustainability, and global competitiveness in the mining sector.
Key Features:
• Inclusion of multiple minerals in a lease – Leaseholders can add other minerals, including lithium, cobalt, and gold, with relaxed payment rules for critical minerals.
• National Mineral Exploration and Development Trust (NMEDT) – Expanded mandate to fund exploration and development both domestically and overseas; contribution rate raised to 3% of royalty.
• Removal of sale cap for captive mines – Captive mines can now sell 100% of production after meeting end-use requirements.
• Extension for deep-seated minerals – Allows expansion of mining lease area (10–30%) for minerals found deeper than 200 metres.
• Mineral exchanges – Enables creation of regulated electronic trading platforms for transparent mineral and metal trading.
• Community participation – Ensures local welfare, balancing development with sustainability.
Significance of the MMDR Amendment Bill, 2025
• Securing Critical Minerals – Reduces import dependence on lithium, cobalt, nickel, and other strategic minerals vital for EVs, batteries, and clean energy.
• Boost to Mining & Economy – Liberalised norms, mineral exchanges, and expanded lease options improve transparency, attract investments, and create jobs.
Brain-Eating Amoeba
Source: Indian Express
Context: Three new cases of the rare and deadly brain-eating amoeba (Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis – PAM) have been reported in Kerala, including the death of a nine-year-old child, raising public health concerns.
About Brain-Eating Amoeba:
• What it is?
• A free-living, single-celled organism (Naegleria fowleri) that causes Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but fatal brain infection.
• A free-living, single-celled organism (Naegleria fowleri) that causes Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but fatal brain infection.
• Vector & Transmission:
• It enters the body through the nose while swimming or bathing in contaminated freshwater. It then migrates to the brain, destroying brain tissue. Not spread by drinking water and not person-to-person contagious.
• It enters the body through the nose while swimming or bathing in contaminated freshwater.
• It then migrates to the brain, destroying brain tissue.
• Not spread by drinking water and not person-to-person contagious.
• Where it is Found:
• Warm freshwater bodies: lakes, rivers, poorly maintained swimming pools, splash pads. Survives in warm environments up to 46°C (115°F). Also detected in soil and dust in some cases.
• Warm freshwater bodies: lakes, rivers, poorly maintained swimming pools, splash pads.
• Survives in warm environments up to 46°C (115°F).
• Also detected in soil and dust in some cases.
• Symptoms:
• Early stage: Headache, fever, nausea, vomiting. Later stage: Stiff neck, confusion, seizures, hallucinations, coma. Rapid progression often leads to death within 5–18 days of symptom onset.
• Early stage: Headache, fever, nausea, vomiting.
• Later stage: Stiff neck, confusion, seizures, hallucinations, coma.
• Rapid progression often leads to death within 5–18 days of symptom onset.
• Treatment:
• No single effective cure identified. Current treatment: Combination therapy with antifungals and antibiotics (e.g., Amphotericin B, Miltefosine, Fluconazole, Azithromycin). Survival rate is extremely low worldwide (around 3%), though Kerala has reported better outcomes due to early detection.
• No single effective cure identified.
• Current treatment: Combination therapy with antifungals and antibiotics (e.g., Amphotericin B, Miltefosine, Fluconazole, Azithromycin).
• Survival rate is extremely low worldwide (around 3%), though Kerala has reported better outcomes due to early detection.
Soaps and Detergents
Source: TH
Context: Soaps and detergents are back in discussion due to growing focus on eco-friendly cleaning products and concerns over the environmental impact of synthetic surfactants.
About Soap and Detergents:
• What They Are?
• Soap: Sodium (Na) or potassium (K) salts of fatty acids, derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. Formula: RCOONa / RCOOK. Detergents: Synthetic cleaning agents made mainly from petrochemicals, with added surfactants, bleaches, and fragrances.
• Soap: Sodium (Na) or potassium (K) salts of fatty acids, derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. Formula: RCOONa / RCOOK.
• Detergents: Synthetic cleaning agents made mainly from petrochemicals, with added surfactants, bleaches, and fragrances.
• Chemicals Used:
• For Soap: Vegetable oils/fats (coconut, palm, olive, soybean) Caustic soda (NaOH) or caustic potash (KOH) Additives: perfumes (sandalwood oil, synthetic scents), colours, fillers (talc, sodium silicate), surfactants (sodium lauryl sulphate), antibacterial/antifungal agents (neem oil, triclosan). For Detergents: Surfactants (linear alkyl benzene sulphonate, sodium lauryl sulphate) Builders (sodium carbonate, phosphates) Enzymes, bleaches, dyes, perfumes
• For Soap: Vegetable oils/fats (coconut, palm, olive, soybean) Caustic soda (NaOH) or caustic potash (KOH) Additives: perfumes (sandalwood oil, synthetic scents), colours, fillers (talc, sodium silicate), surfactants (sodium lauryl sulphate), antibacterial/antifungal agents (neem oil, triclosan).
• Vegetable oils/fats (coconut, palm, olive, soybean)
• Caustic soda (NaOH) or caustic potash (KOH)
• Additives: perfumes (sandalwood oil, synthetic scents), colours, fillers (talc, sodium silicate), surfactants (sodium lauryl sulphate), antibacterial/antifungal agents (neem oil, triclosan).
• For Detergents: Surfactants (linear alkyl benzene sulphonate, sodium lauryl sulphate) Builders (sodium carbonate, phosphates) Enzymes, bleaches, dyes, perfumes
• Surfactants (linear alkyl benzene sulphonate, sodium lauryl sulphate)
• Builders (sodium carbonate, phosphates)
• Enzymes, bleaches, dyes, perfumes
• How They Are Manufactured? Soap-making (modern process):
• Soap-making (modern process):
• Conversion: Vegetable oils → fatty acids (using high-temp hydrolysis). Reaction: Fatty acids + NaOH → soap + water. Drying: Excess water removed, producing soap “noodles.” Blending: Noodles mixed with perfume, colours, fillers, surfactants, additives. Shaping: Extruded, cut, stamped into bars/cakes. Packaging: Wrapped and shipped.
• Conversion: Vegetable oils → fatty acids (using high-temp hydrolysis).
• Reaction: Fatty acids + NaOH → soap + water.
• Drying: Excess water removed, producing soap “noodles.”
• Blending: Noodles mixed with perfume, colours, fillers, surfactants, additives.
• Shaping: Extruded, cut, stamped into bars/cakes.
• Packaging: Wrapped and shipped.
• Detergent-making:
• Sulphonation: Hydrocarbons treated with sulphuric acid → surfactant base. Neutralisation: Surfactant neutralised with alkali (NaOH). Mixing: Builders (phosphates, carbonates), enzymes, perfumes, dyes added. Spray-drying / agglomeration: Powder detergents formed. Packaging: Packed into sachets, boxes, or bottles.
• Sulphonation: Hydrocarbons treated with sulphuric acid → surfactant base.
• Neutralisation: Surfactant neutralised with alkali (NaOH).
• Mixing: Builders (phosphates, carbonates), enzymes, perfumes, dyes added.
• Spray-drying / agglomeration: Powder detergents formed.
• Packaging: Packed into sachets, boxes, or bottles.
Difference Between Soaps and Detergents:
Feature | Soap | Detergent
Base material | Natural oils/fats (animal/plant) | Synthetic petrochemicals
Key chemical | Sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid | Surfactants (sulphonates, sulphates)
Cleaning efficiency | Works best in soft water | Works in both soft & hard water
Eco-impact | Biodegradable, environment-friendly | Some surfactants cause water pollution
Forms | Bars, liquid soaps | Powder, liquid, gels
World Orangutan Day 2025
Source: DTE
Context: August 19 is observed as World Orangutan Day to raise awareness on the conservation of orangutans threatened by habitat loss and the illegal pet trade.
About World Orangutan Day
• Celebrated since: 2013, initiated by conservation groups.
• Date: 19th August every year.
• Message (2025 focus): save the orangutans, save the rainforest, save the planet.
• Objective: Raise awareness about threats like logging, palm oil plantations, poaching, and the illegal pet trade.
About Orangutans
What They Are?
• Great apes found in Asia, closest living relatives of humans after chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas.
• Share 97% DNA with humans.
• Name derived from Malay: Orang = person, Hutan = forest → “person of the forest.”
• Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
• Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii)
• Tapanuli Orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) – discovered in 2017, the rarest with <1,000 individuals.
Habitat Distribution
• Present only on the islands of Sumatra (Indonesia) and Borneo (shared by Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei).
• Live in tropical rainforests, mostly arboreal, spending majority of life on trees.
Unique Features
• Arboreal lifestyle – longest arms among primates for swinging through trees.
• Tool use – use sticks to extract insects or honey.
• Intelligence & emotions – exhibit memory, planning, empathy, and jealousy.
• Slow reproduction – females give birth only once every 6–8 years, making population recovery very slow.
• Primarily frugivorous (fruits make up 60–90% of diet).
• Also eat leaves, bark, insects, and occasionally bird eggs.
Conservation Status
• Bornean Orangutan – Critically Endangered (IUCN).
• Sumatran Orangutan – Critically Endangered (IUCN).
• Tapanuli Orangutan – Critically Endangered (IUCN, fewer than 1,000 left).
• Major threats: deforestation, palm oil plantations, illegal hunting, pet trade, climate change.
Nepal declared free of rubella
Source: DTE
Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) declared Nepal free of rubella as a public health problem on August 18, 2025, making it the first country in WHO’s Southeast Asia Region to achieve this milestone.
About Rubella
What It Is?
• Also called German measles, rubella is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the rubella virus.
• It spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
• Particularly dangerous during pregnancy, as it can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in infants.
Symptoms
• Mild fever, rashes starting on the face and spreading across the body.
• Swollen lymph nodes, joint pain, conjunctivitis, and general malaise.
• Many infections are asymptomatic, complicating detection.
Treatment
• No specific antiviral treatment is available.
• Supportive care includes rest, hydration, and fever management.
• Prevention is through immunisation with MMR vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella).
India’s Status
• India still reports sporadic rubella cases but has made elimination a national health priority.
• The Measles-Rubella (MR) campaign, launched in 2017, aims to vaccinate all children aged 9 months to 15 years.
• Target: Elimination of measles and rubella by 2023–24, aligned with WHO’s South-East Asia Regional goals.
Saltwater Crocodile
Source: The Hindu
Context: The population of saltwater crocodiles in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (SBR) has risen in 2025, with 213 direct sightings recorded, showing growth across all age groups, especially hatchlings — a rare occurrence in this terrain.
About Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)
What It Is
• The largest living reptile and apex predator in aquatic ecosystems.
• Known as a hypercarnivorous species, crucial for maintaining ecological balance by consuming carcasses and regulating prey populations.
Habitat & Distribution in India
• Found in the Sundarbans (West Bengal), swamplands and rivers of Odisha, and coastal areas of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
• Adaptable to both freshwater and saline water, though rising salinity from climate change poses a threat.
Unique Features
• Size: Largest of all crocodilians, males can exceed 6 metres.
• Apex predator: Can prey on fish, birds, and mammals, including large ungulates.
• Tolerant species: Survives across varying salinity levels and tidal environments.
Population in Sundarbans (2025 Survey)
• Estimated Range: 220–242 individuals.
• Direct Sightings: 213 (125 adults, 88 juveniles, 23 hatchlings).
• Comparison with 2024: Significant increase (from 71 adults, 41 juveniles, 2 hatchlings).
• Encounter Rate: 0.18 per km (≈1 crocodile per 5.5 km).
• Preferred Habitat: Creeks/rivers with tide widths below 180 metres.
Conservation Efforts
• Bhagabatpur Crocodile Project (1976–2022): A pioneering conservation and breeding centre in South 24 Parganas. Released 577 crocodiles into the wild over four decades.
• Released 577 crocodiles into the wild over four decades.
• Systematic surveys, GPS mapping, habitat studies to monitor populations.
• Continued conservation is critical, as climate change and rising salinity may threaten habitats.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 20 August 2025 Mapping:
Mithi River
Source: HT
Context: Mumbai witnessed 300 mm of rainfall in 24 hours, causing severe waterlogging. The Mithi River swelled to 3.9 metres, forcing evacuation of 400 residents from low-lying areas.
About Mithi River:
• What it is? A seasonal river in Mumbai, acting as a natural stormwater drain, but heavily degraded due to pollution and encroachment.
• A seasonal river in Mumbai, acting as a natural stormwater drain, but heavily degraded due to pollution and encroachment.
• Location: Flows through Mumbai’s suburbs including Powai, Saki Naka, Kurla, Kalina, Vakola, Bandra Kurla Complex, Dharavi, and Mahim.
• Origin: Begins from the overflow of Vihar Lake and also receives water from Powai Lake about 2 km downstream.
• Mouth: Empties into the Arabian Sea at Mahim Creek, after a stretch of ~18 km.
• Features:
• Average width: 5 m in upper reaches, widened up to 70 m near Mahim after the 2005 floods. Pollution hotspot due to raw sewage, industrial effluents, garbage dumping, and encroachments. Ecologically degraded, reducing its flood-carrying capacity and increasing flood risks during heavy rainfall.
• Average width: 5 m in upper reaches, widened up to 70 m near Mahim after the 2005 floods.
• Pollution hotspot due to raw sewage, industrial effluents, garbage dumping, and encroachments.
• Ecologically degraded, reducing its flood-carrying capacity and increasing flood risks during heavy rainfall.
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