UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 December 2025

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 December 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles

InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.

Table of Contents

GS Paper 2:

• India–Oman CEPA

India–Oman CEPA

GS Paper 3:

• Nuclear Energy and the SHANTI Bill: Promise, Peril and Policy Choices

Nuclear Energy and the SHANTI Bill: Promise, Peril and Policy Choices

Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):

• Artificial Intelligence in Judiciary

Artificial Intelligence in Judiciary

Facts for Prelims (FFP):

• DHRUV64 Microprocessor

DHRUV64 Microprocessor

• Erivan Anomalous Blue

Erivan Anomalous Blue

• New Logo for Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)

New Logo for Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)

• El Niño

El Niño

• Agentic AI

Agentic AI

Mapping:

• Andhra’s Rare Earth Corridor

Andhra’s Rare Earth Corridor

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 December 2025

GS Paper 2:

India–Oman CEPA

Source: ET

Subject: International Relations

Context: India and Oman signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) marking India’s second major trade pact in West Asia after the UAE.

About India–Oman CEPA:

What it is?

• A Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) aimed at deepening trade, services, investment and mobility between India and Oman.

• It is Oman’s first bilateral trade agreement since the US FTA (2006).

Key features of India–Oman CEPA:

• Zero-duty market access: Oman has eliminated customs duties on 98.08% of its tariff lines, covering 99.38% of India’s exports, making Indian goods significantly more price-competitive.

• Boost to labour-intensive sectors: Sectors like textiles, leather, gems & jewellery, engineering goods, pharmaceuticals and automobiles gain from full tariff elimination, supporting jobs, MSMEs and export-led growth.

• Wide services liberalisation: Oman has opened 127 services sub-sectors, including IT, professional services, R&D, education and healthcare, creating high-value opportunities for Indian service providers.

• Enhanced mobility for professionals (Mode 4): The quota for intra-corporate transferees rises from 20% to 50%, while contractual service suppliers can stay up to two years, extendable further, improving workforce mobility.

• 100% FDI in services: Indian companies are allowed full foreign ownership in major services sectors in Oman, enabling long-term commercial presence and regional expansion.

• AYUSH and traditional medicine access: For the first time globally, a country has committed to traditional medicine across all modes, opening the Gulf market for India’s AYUSH and wellness sectors.

• Faster pharmaceutical approvals: Acceptance of approvals by USFDA, EMA and UKMHRA reduces regulatory delays and costs, speeding up Indian pharma exports to Oman.

Oman deal and India’s West Asia trade strategy:

• Market diversification beyond the West: The Oman CEPA helps India reduce overdependence on the US and EU, where exports face higher tariffs and carbon-linked barriers like CBAM.

E.g. EU’s carbon tax has raised compliance costs for Indian steel and cement exporters, making West Asia a safer alternative market.

• Oman as a gateway economy: Oman’s location near the Strait of Hormuz allows Indian goods to access West Asia, East Africa and trans-shipment hubs efficiently.

E.g. Ports like Duqm and Sohar can serve as re-export bases for Indian engineering and consumer goods.

• Strategic foothold within GCC: With FTAs with UAE (2022) and Oman (2025), India gains leverage despite stalled India–GCC negotiations.

E.g. Two bilateral pacts help India avoid tariff disadvantages in Gulf markets dominated by EU and East Asian exporters.

• Services-led trade expansion: The deal strengthens India’s core strength in IT, healthcare, education and professional services, sectors less affected by tariff barriers.

E.g. Oman’s services imports are USD 12.5 billion, while India’s share is only 5.3%, indicating untapped potential.

• Energy-security complementarity: India secures stable access to crude oil, LNG, fertilisers and petrochemical inputs, vital for domestic energy and agriculture.

E.g. Oman remains a reliable LNG supplier amid global energy volatility after the Ukraine conflict.

Challenges associated with the Oman CEPA:

• Limited market size: Oman’s domestic market is small, which may restrict large-scale export growth beyond niche and re-export segments.

E.g. Oman’s annual imports are around USD 40 billion, far smaller than UAE or Saudi Arabia.

• Competitiveness and quality gaps: Indian exporters must upgrade quality, packaging and branding to sustain long-term market presence.

E.g. Gulf consumers increasingly prefer premium and certified products.

• Implementation and NTB risks: Actual gains depend on smooth implementation of services mobility and non-tariff barrier

E.g. Delays in professional visa processing can dilute Mode 4 benefits.

• Regional geopolitical volatility: West Asia remains exposed to conflicts, energy shocks and shipping disruptions.

E.g. Red Sea tensions have recently raised freight and insurance costs.

• Fragmentation of GCC trade policy: Multiple bilateral FTAs may complicate the path to a comprehensive India–GCC trade agreement.

E.g. Different rules of origin can increase compliance burden for exporters.

Way ahead:

• Develop Oman as a re-export hub: Position Oman as a logistics and redistribution centre for Indian goods entering Africa and the Middle East.

E.g. Leveraging Duqm port under India–Oman industrial cooperation.

• Move up the value chain: Shift focus from raw exports to value-added manufacturing and brand-led exports.

E.g. Engineering goods and finished jewellery instead of raw materials.

• Deepen services and skills integration: Fast-track mutual recognition agreements and professional mobility frameworks.

E.g. Easier entry for Indian doctors, architects and IT professionals.

• Align with domestic growth schemes: Integrate CEPA benefits with PLI schemes, MSME clusters and skilling initiatives.

E.g. PLI-supported auto and electronics exports to Gulf markets.

• Use bilateral success to revive GCC talks: Leverage Oman and UAE pacts to rebuild momentum for an India–GCC FTA.

E.g. Demonstrating mutual gains to other GCC members.

Conclusion:

The India–Oman CEPA strengthens India’s West Asia trade pivot at a time of rising protectionism in the West. By combining tariff-free goods access, deep services commitments and professional mobility, the deal enhances India’s export resilience. If effectively implemented, it can transform Oman into a strategic economic bridge linking India to the wider Gulf and Africa.

Q. “India’s outreach to West Asia increasingly blends economic pragmatism with strategic balancing.” Assess how such engagements strengthen India’s role in the region. (10 M)

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 December 2025 GS Paper 3:

Nuclear Energy and the SHANTI Bill: Promise, Peril and Policy Choices

Source: PRS

Subject: Nuclear Energy

Context: Parliament has passed the Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) Bill, 2025, marking a major overhaul of India’s nuclear governance framework.

About Nuclear Energy and the SHANTI Bill: Promise, Peril and Policy Choices

What is the SHANTI Bill?

• The SHANTI Bill, 2025 replaces the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010.

• It provides a new legal framework to expand nuclear power, permit private participation, and restructure liability and regulation in the nuclear sector.

Key features of the Bill:

• Opening nuclear sector to non-government entities: The Bill allows licences for building, owning and operating nuclear plants to private companies, joint ventures and other permitted persons, under government licensing and regulatory oversight.

• Tiered liability framework: It introduces graded operator liability caps ranging from ₹100 crore to ₹3,000 crore based on reactor capacity, with excess liability borne by the central government.

• Removal of supplier liability for defects: The operator’s right of recourse against suppliers for defective equipment or materials is removed, retaining recourse only for contractual or deliberate acts.

• Statutory status to AERB: The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) is granted statutory recognition, tasked with ensuring nuclear and radiation safety.

• Expanded territorial coverage of claims: Compensation claims may now extend to nuclear damage in foreign territories, subject to specified conditions.

• New appellate mechanism: The Bill establishes an Atomic Energy Redressal Advisory Council, with further appeals lying before the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity.

Need for the SHANTI Bill:

• Rising energy demand and decarbonisation goals: India’s growing economy and digitalisation require massive energy expansion, while net-zero commitments demand low-carbon baseload sources like nuclear.

• Limitations of renewables alone: Solar and wind are intermittent, land-intensive and storage-dependent; nuclear provides reliable baseload power for a decarbonised grid.

• Public sector capacity constraints: NPCIL and DAE face financial and execution limits in scaling up nuclear capacity to 100 GW without private capital and expertise.

• Global best practices and investment flows: Opening the sector aligns India with global nuclear markets and enables access to technology, finance and supply chains.

Issues associated with the SHANTI Bill:

• Dilution of liability and public safety concerns: Low liability caps and removal of supplier liability risk socialising catastrophic costs, contrary to the polluter pays principle.

• Lessons from Bhopal and Fukushima ignored: Past industrial disasters underline the need for strong accountability, which critics argue the Bill weakens.

• Regulatory independence questioned: Despite statutory status, AERB remains executive-controlled, raising concerns of regulatory capture.

• Radioactive waste and decommissioning gaps: The Bill lacks a clear funding and responsibility framework for long-term waste management and decommissioning.

• Labour and environmental justice risks: Private participation may increase reliance on contract labour, heightening occupational and environmental risks.

• Energy sovereignty concerns: Higher foreign participation could deepen technology dependence, weakening India’s indigenous nuclear trajectory.

Way ahead:

• Strengthen liability and accountability mechanisms: Revisit liability caps, restore meaningful supplier accountability, and introduce explicit criminal negligence provisions.

• Ensure truly independent regulation: Reform appointment processes and empower AERB with autonomy, transparency and parliamentary oversight.

• Create a nuclear waste and decommissioning fund: Mandate fully funded, ring-fenced mechanisms to manage intergenerational radioactive waste burdens.

• Balance nuclear expansion with renewables: Adopt a diversified energy strategy, prioritising grid modernisation, storage and energy efficiency alongside nuclear.

• Enhance public consultation and trust: Institutionalise community participation, environmental safeguards and transparency in nuclear siting and operations.

Conclusion:

The SHANTI Bill, 2025 represents a transformative shift in India’s nuclear energy governance, driven by decarbonisation and development goals. While it can unlock investment and accelerate capacity expansion, weakened liability, regulatory risks and safety concerns remain significant. A balanced approach—combining nuclear growth with strong accountability, public trust and renewable integration—is essential for sustainable energy security.

Q. Discuss the role of geographic factors in determining the suitability of regions for nuclear power projects, with examples from India. (10 M)

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 December 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)

Artificial Intelligence in Judiciary

Context: The Government informed Parliament that Artificial Intelligence (AI)–based tools are being integrated into e-Courts software applications to improve judicial efficiency and access to justice.

About Artificial Intelligence in Judiciary:

What it is?

• Artificial Intelligence in the judiciary refers to the use of AI technologies such as Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and speech recognition to support judicial administration, legal research, case management and citizen services.

• AI is used as a decision-support and efficiency-enhancing tool, not as a substitute for judicial decision-making.

Key initiatives taken

• Legal Research Analysis Assistant (LegRAA): An AI-based tool developed under the eCommittee of the Supreme Court to assist judges in legal research, document analysis and judicial decision support.

• Digital Courts 2.1: A paperless court application providing integrated judgment databases, annotated document management and automated drafting templates, along with voice-to-text (SHRUTI) and translation (PANINI)

• SUPACE (Supreme Court Portal Assistance in Court Efficiency): An experimental AI tool aimed at understanding factual matrices of cases and enabling intelligent precedent searches.

• Nyaya Shruti & e-Sakshya (ICJS): AI-enabled platforms for virtual testimonies, video conferencing and digital recording of evidence, improving speed and transparency in criminal justice.

Relevance for UPSC examination:

• GS Paper II – Polity & Governance Judicial reforms, access to justice, e-governance, digital courts Role of technology in strengthening institutional efficiency and transparency

• Judicial reforms, access to justice, e-governance, digital courts

• Role of technology in strengthening institutional efficiency and transparency

• GS Paper III – Science & Technology: Applications of AI in public institutions Ethical, legal and governance aspects of emerging technologies

• Applications of AI in public institutions

• Ethical, legal and governance aspects of emerging technologies

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 December 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP)

DHRUV64 Microprocessor

Source: TP

Subject: Science and Technology

Context: India launched DHRUV64, its first indigenously designed 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core microprocessor, marking a major milestone in the country’s semiconductor self-reliance journey.

• The launch strengthens India’s efforts under the Digital India RISC-V (DIR-V) Programme to reduce dependence on imported processors.

About DHRUV64 Microprocessor:

What it is?

• DHRUV64 is India’s first 64-bit, 1.0 GHz dual-core microprocessor, fully designed domestically and based on the RISC-V open-source architecture.

• It is suitable for both strategic and commercial applications.

Developed by:

• Designed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC).

• Developed under the Microprocessor Development Programme (MDP), guided by MeitY.

• To build a trusted, indigenous processor ecosystem.

• To support Atmanirbhar Bharat in semiconductors and reduce reliance on foreign chips.

• To enable low-cost prototyping, research, and startup innovation within India.

Key features:

• GHz clock speed with 64-bit dual-core architecture.

• Enhanced efficiency, multitasking, and reliability.

• High compatibility with external hardware systems.

• Designed for applications in 5G, automotive electronics, industrial automation, IoT, and consumer electronics.

• Fabricated as the third chip under DIR-V, after THEJAS32 and THEJAS64.

Significance:

• Strengthens national security and technological sovereignty in critical electronics.

• Provides a domestic platform for startups, academia, and industry to design and test products.

• Accelerates future indigenous processors like DHANUSH64 and DHANUSH64+ SoCs.

Erivan Anomalous Blue

Source: DTE

Subject: Environment

Context: Armenia has unveiled the official logo of COP17 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), featuring the Erivan Anomalous Blue (Polyommatus eriwanensis), a rare endemic butterfly.

About Erivan Anomalous Blue (Polyommatus eriwanensis):

• What it is?

• Polyommatus eriwanensis, commonly known as the Erivan Anomalous Blue, is a blue butterfly species endemic to Armenia. It is named after Yerevan (Erivan) and is found only in southern Transcaucasia.

• Polyommatus eriwanensis, commonly known as the Erivan Anomalous Blue, is a blue butterfly species endemic to Armenia.

• It is named after Yerevan (Erivan) and is found only in southern Transcaucasia.

• Habitat:

• Inhabits calcareous grasslands in Armenia. Found at elevations of 1,200–2,200 metres above sea level. One generation per year; adults are active from mid-June to mid-July. The larval host plant is still unknown, limiting ecological assessment.

• Inhabits calcareous grasslands in Armenia.

• Found at elevations of 1,200–2,200 metres above sea level.

• One generation per year; adults are active from mid-June to mid-July.

• The larval host plant is still unknown, limiting ecological assessment.

• IUCN status:

• Not listed in the Global or European IUCN Red Lists. Listed as Endangered in the Red Book of Animals of Armenia (2010). Distribution partly overlaps with Khosrov Forest State Reserve and Gnishik Protected Landscape.

• Not listed in the Global or European IUCN Red Lists.

• Listed as Endangered in the Red Book of Animals of Armenia (2010).

• Distribution partly overlaps with Khosrov Forest State Reserve and Gnishik Protected Landscape.

• Key characteristics:

• Endemic and range-restricted, making it highly sensitive to environmental change. Butterflies act as indicator species, reflecting ecosystem health. Population trends and density remain uncertain due to identification challenges and unknown host plant.

• Endemic and range-restricted, making it highly sensitive to environmental change.

• Butterflies act as indicator species, reflecting ecosystem health.

• Population trends and density remain uncertain due to identification challenges and unknown host plant.

About COP17 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):

• What it is?

• The 17th Conference of the Parties (COP17) under the Convention on Biological Diversity, a UN treaty adopted in 1992. Serves as the supreme decision-making body for global biodiversity governance.

• The 17th Conference of the Parties (COP17) under the Convention on Biological Diversity, a UN treaty adopted in 1992.

• Serves as the supreme decision-making body for global biodiversity governance.

• Host: Yerevan, Armenia

• Scheduled for October 2026

• Scheduled for October 2026

• Theme: “Taking action for nature”

• Logo significance:

• Features the Erivan Anomalous Blue butterfly, symbolising local biodiversity linked to global goals. Uses 23 blended colours, representing the interdependence of the 23 biodiversity targets.

• Features the Erivan Anomalous Blue butterfly, symbolising local biodiversity linked to global goals.

• Uses 23 blended colours, representing the interdependence of the 23 biodiversity targets.

New Logo for Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)

Source: PIB

Subject: Economy

Context: The Government of India and NABARD have unveiled a common logo for all Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) under the “One RRB, One Logo” initiative.

About New Logo for Regional Rural Banks (RRBs):

What it is?

• A single, common logo adopted by all 28 RRBs across India.

• Aims to create a unified, modern, and easily recognisable brand identity for RRBs after consolidation.

Key features and symbolism:

• Upward arrow (Progress): Represents growth, development, and advancement of rural economies.

• Hands (Nurturing): Symbolise care, support, and assistance to rural communities.

• Flame (Enlightenment): Denotes knowledge, empowerment, and financial awareness.

• Colours: Dark blue: Trust, stability, and finance Green: Life, agriculture, and growth

• Dark blue: Trust, stability, and finance

• Green: Life, agriculture, and growth

• Reflects the core values of financial inclusion, rural development, and empowerment.

About Regional Rural Banks (RRBs):

What they are?

• Specialised banking institutions created to provide credit and banking services in rural and semi-urban areas.

• Designed as a hybrid model, combining the local familiarity of cooperatives with the professional banking expertise of commercial banks.

Established in:

• 1975 through an Ordinance, later enacted as the Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976.

• Ownership structure: Central Government (50%), State Government (15%), Sponsor Bank (35%).

• Regulated by RBI and supervised by NABARD.

Evolution and consolidation:

• Initial setup: 5 RRBs in 1975.

• Progressive amalgamation under “One State, One RRB” policy: 196 RRBs → 28 RRBs (by 2025).

• 196 RRBs → 28 RRBs (by 2025).

• Recent phase (2025): 26 RRBs merged across 11 States/UTs to improve scale, efficiency, and viability.

Key functions:

• Provide institutional credit to: Small and marginal farmers Agricultural labourers Artisans SHGs and small entrepreneurs

• Small and marginal farmers

• Agricultural labourers

• SHGs and small entrepreneurs

• Support agriculture, allied activities, MSMEs, and rural livelihoods.

• Act as a key instrument for financial inclusion, DBT delivery, and rural development schemes.

El Niño

Source: DTE

Subject: Geography

Context: Climate models and ocean observations show early signals of a possible El Niño return in 2026, as warming in the equatorial Pacific weakens La Niña conditions.

About El Niño:

• What it is?

• El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), marked by abnormal warming of surface waters in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific Ocean. It occurs irregularly every 2–7 years and tends to raise global average temperatures.

• El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), marked by abnormal warming of surface waters in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific Ocean.

• It occurs irregularly every 2–7 years and tends to raise global average temperatures.

• How it forms?

• Trade winds weaken along the equator, allowing warm surface waters to shift eastward from the western Pacific toward South America. The thermocline deepens in the eastern Pacific, suppressing upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water. This alters atmospheric circulation, linking oceanic warming with pressure changes known as the Southern Oscillation.

• Trade winds weaken along the equator, allowing warm surface waters to shift eastward from the western Pacific toward South America.

• The thermocline deepens in the eastern Pacific, suppressing upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water.

• This alters atmospheric circulation, linking oceanic warming with pressure changes known as the Southern Oscillation.

• Indicators:

• Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the Niño regions. Subsurface ocean heat build-up (warm water pools at 100–250 m depth). Oceanic Niño Index (ONI): SST anomalies of ≥ +0.5°C (or +0.9°F) for at least five consecutive three-month periods. Weakening or reversal of Walker Circulation and trade winds.

• Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the Niño regions.

• Subsurface ocean heat build-up (warm water pools at 100–250 m depth).

• Oceanic Niño Index (ONI): SST anomalies of ≥ +0.5°C (or +0.9°F) for at least five consecutive three-month periods.

• Weakening or reversal of Walker Circulation and trade winds.

• Factors affecting El Niño:

• Strength and persistence of trade winds. Subsurface heat content of the Pacific Ocean. Interaction between ocean temperatures and atmospheric pressure systems. Natural climate variability and long-term global warming, which can amplify impacts.

• Strength and persistence of trade winds.

• Subsurface heat content of the Pacific Ocean.

• Interaction between ocean temperatures and atmospheric pressure systems.

• Natural climate variability and long-term global warming, which can amplify impacts.

• Implications:

• Global warming boost, often making El Niño years among the hottest on record. India: Increased risk of weaker monsoons and droughts. South America: Heavy rainfall, floods and coastal erosion. Australia & Southeast Asia: Droughts, heatwaves and wildfires.

• Global warming boost, often making El Niño years among the hottest on record.

• India: Increased risk of weaker monsoons and droughts.

• South America: Heavy rainfall, floods and coastal erosion.

• Australia & Southeast Asia: Droughts, heatwaves and wildfires.

Agentic AI

Source: WEF

Subject: Science and Technology

Context: Agentic AI is rapidly gaining traction in the market as businesses adopt autonomous, goal-driven AI agents to automate complex workflows with minimal human oversight.

About Agentic AI:

What it is?

• Agentic AI refers to autonomous, goal-oriented AI systems capable of completing tasks independently with limited human oversight.

• It consists of AI agents—often powered by large language models (LLMs)—that can reason, make decisions and take actions in dynamic environments.

• In multi-agent systems, different agents handle specialised subtasks coordinated through AI orchestration.

How Agentic AI works?

• Perceives the environment: The system gathers real-time information from users, sensors, databases, APIs or the internet to understand the current situation.

• Understands and reasons: It analyses the collected data using language, vision or pattern recognition to interpret context and identify what needs to be done.

• Sets goals and plans: Based on user instructions or predefined objectives, the AI decides clear goals and plans a sequence of steps to achieve them.

• Decides and acts: The AI evaluates different possible actions, selects the best option and executes it by using tools, software, APIs or connected systems.

• Learns and coordinates: It reviews outcomes, learns from feedback and coordinates with other AI agents to improve future performance and complete tasks efficiently.

Key features

• Autonomy: Performs multi-step tasks without continuous human intervention.

• Proactivity: Can initiate actions, monitor systems and respond to changing conditions.

• Tool-use capability: Interacts with external tools, databases and applications.

• Specialisation: Agents can be task-specific or organised hierarchically or horizontally.

• Adaptability: Learns from experience and improves performance over time.

• Natural interaction: Operates through natural language, reducing dependence on complex user interfaces.

Significance:

• Enables end-to-end automation of complex workflows beyond simple content generation.

• Boosts productivity and efficiency by reducing human cognitive and operational load.

• Supports advanced applications in enterprise operations, software development, robotics, healthcare, finance and logistics.

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 December 2025 Mapping:

Andhra’s Rare Earth Corridor

Source: TOI

Subject: Mapping

Context: Andhra Pradesh has emerged as a strategic focus due to its rich rare earth element (REE) reserves along its coastline, crucial for clean energy, defence and semiconductor sectors.

About Andhra’s Rare Earth Corridor:

What it is?

• A continuous belt of rare earth–rich beach sand deposits containing monazite and other heavy minerals.

• Considered one of India’s most valuable underutilised critical mineral zones.

Located in:

• Along Andhra Pradesh’s 974 km coastline, from Srikakulam to Nellore.

• Key sites include Bhimunipatnam, Kalingapatnam, Kakinada, Narsapur, Machilipatnam, Chirala, Vodarevu, Ramayapatnam and Dugarajapatnam.

Key features:

• Rich in monazite, containing 55–60% rare earth oxides and 8–10% thorium.

• Holds a complete suite of light rare earth elements such as neodymium, praseodymium, lanthanum and cerium.

• Andhra Pradesh is estimated to possess 30–35% of India’s monazite reserves.

• Supported by expanding infrastructure such as IREL’s monazite processing plant at Gudur (Nellore) and beach sand separation units.

• Backed by policy support through PLI schemes, National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) and mining waste recovery initiatives.

Applications:

• Clean energy: Permanent magnets for electric vehicles, wind turbines and solar technologies.

• Defence and space: Missile guidance systems, satellites and advanced optics.

• Electronics and semiconductors: Chips, fibre optics and superconductors.

• Nuclear energy: Thorium for next-generation nuclear reactors.

• Medical technologies: Imaging systems and diagnostic equipment.

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