UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 April 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 April 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 2 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 April (2025)
• Article 142: The Supreme Power or Judicial Overreach?
Article 142: The Supreme Power or Judicial Overreach?
GS Paper 3:
• Decarbonising India’s Logistics Sector
Decarbonising India’s Logistics Sector
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• Harare Declaration
Harare Declaration
• Karnataka Village Level Antiquities Survey
Karnataka Village Level Antiquities Survey
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• NASA Curiosity Rover Discovers New Evidence of Mars’ Warm and Wet Past
NASA Curiosity Rover Discovers New Evidence of Mars’ Warm and Wet Past
• Operation Atalanta
Operation Atalanta
• Kailash Mansarovar Yatra
Kailash Mansarovar Yatra
• Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology
• The First Commercial Sea Shipment of Indian Bhagwa Pomegranates
The First Commercial Sea Shipment of Indian Bhagwa Pomegranates
Mapping:
• Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary
Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 April 2025
#### GS Paper 2 :
Article 142: The Supreme Power or Judicial Overreach?
Syllabus: Judiciary
Source: DD News
Context: The Supreme Court’s invocation of Article 142 in the Tamil Nadu Bill controversy has reignited debates about judicial overreach and constitutional balance between the judiciary, executive, and legislature.
About Article 142:
What is Article 142?
• Allows the Supreme Court to pass any decree or order “necessary for doing complete justice” in any case pending before it.
• Objective: Originally intended as a tool to bridge gaps in law where strict adherence to legal procedures would deny justice.
Constitutional Provision:
• Article 142(1): Enables passing enforceable decrees or orders to ensure complete justice.
• Article 142(2): Empowers the Court to secure attendance, document production, and punishment for contempt across India.
Tamil Nadu Bill Controversy and Judicial Outcome
• Background: In 2024, the Tamil Nadu Governor delayed assent on 11 bills, stalling legislative processes.
• Supreme Court Action: Using Article 142, the Court deemed the bills passed without awaiting Presidential assent.
• Judgement Outcome: Bypassed executive bottlenecks. Raised concerns about the Court assuming quasi-legislative powers. Altered the balance among constitutional authorities by sidelining the Governor and indirectly the President.
• Bypassed executive bottlenecks.
• Raised concerns about the Court assuming quasi-legislative powers.
• Altered the balance among constitutional authorities by sidelining the Governor and indirectly the President.
Article 142 Can Lead to Judicial Overreach:
• Bypassing Executive Authority: Courts enforce decisions directly without waiting for legislative or executive responses (e.g., Tamil Nadu case).
• Erosion of Federalism: Judiciary overrides states and Union’s constitutional roles, affecting Centre-State relations.
• Threat to Separation of Powers: Frequent use makes the judiciary a super-legislature and weakens democratic accountability.
• Undermining Constitutional Remedies: Legislative delays or executive errors could be resolved by other constitutional means instead of judicial enforcement.
Article 142 Does Not Always Lead to Overreach:
• Ensures Complete Justice: Used sparingly to uphold citizens’ rights where no legal remedy exists (e.g., Union Carbide Bhopal gas case 1989).
• Safeguards Fundamental Rights: Helps prevent injustice when rigid application of law would cause harm.
• Temporary Relief: Measures under Article 142 are interim and tailored for specific cases without necessarily setting binding precedents.
• Acts as a Safety Valve: Provides flexibility in exceptional situations where other remedies are inadequate.
Way Ahead:
• Guidelines for Use: Establish a judicial protocol limiting use of Article 142 to rare and truly extraordinary cases.
• Strengthen Legislative Procedures: Ensure quicker executive and legislative action to prevent judicial interventions.
• Encourage Dialogue among Organs: Promote healthy consultation between Judiciary, Legislature, and Executive.
• Parliamentary Oversight: Pass legislation under Article 142(1) to define its boundaries, ensuring checks and balances.
Conclusion:
Article 142 remains a powerful judicial instrument meant for extraordinary situations. However, its overuse risks upsetting India’s delicate constitutional equilibrium. To safeguard democracy, each constitutional organ must respect the boundaries set by the Constitution.
• Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC-2021)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 April 2025 GS Paper 3:
Decarbonising India’s Logistics Sector
Syllabus: Economy
Source: TH
Context: India is prioritizing decarbonisation of its logistics sector as part of the broader Viksit Bharat 2047 vision and its commitment to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070, with pilot projects like electrified highways gaining momentum.
What is Decarbonisation?
• Decarbonisation refers to the process of reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions across sectors by transitioning to cleaner energy sources, increasing energy efficiency, and adopting low-carbon technologies.
• It works by shifting from fossil fuels to renewables (solar, wind), electrifying transport, and using green fuels like hydrogen and LNG, thereby cutting carbon intensity across value chains.
Need for Decarbonising India’s Logistics Sector:
• High Emissions Share: Logistics contributes around 13.5% of India’s total greenhouse gas emissions, with road transport responsible for 88% (IEA, 2020).
• Energy Dependency: Nearly 90% of passenger movement and 70% of freight depend on road transport, increasing carbon footprint.
• Vision 2047 Goals: Achieving inclusive and resilient growth for Viksit Bharat needs a future-ready and eco-friendly logistics network.
• Sustainable Global Competitiveness: Green logistics will boost India’s global trade attractiveness and meet international climate obligations.
Challenges to Decarbonisation:
• Road Freight Dominance: Heavy dependence on trucks, which contribute to 38% of CO₂ emissions (IEA, 2023), makes transition difficult.
• High Transition Costs: Electrification of trucks and infrastructure like e-highways require large upfront investments.
• Inland Waterways and Rail Share: Limited modal share of inland shipping and railways restricts faster low-carbon transitions.
• Warehouse Energy Use: Conventional warehousing is energy-intensive, with low penetration of renewable energy systems.
• Slow Maritime Transition: Clean fuels like LNG, ammonia, and hydrogen adoption in shipping face technological and financial barriers.
Way Ahead:
• Rail Freight Expansion: Enhance railways’ share by expanding electrified routes and freight corridors, following China’s model (50% share).
• E-highways for Trucks: Accelerate projects like the Delhi-Jaipur electric highway pilot to introduce overhead electric wires for trucks.
• Green Shipping: Invest in LNG-powered vessels, solar-assisted boats, and hydrogen fuel initiatives in inland waterways.
• Renewable Warehousing: Promote solar, wind, and geothermal energy adoption in warehouses to reduce operational carbon footprint.
• Policy Push and Incentives: Provide financial incentives for green logistics innovation and create integrated decarbonisation strategies across transport sectors.
Conclusion:
Decarbonising India’s logistics sector is essential not only for climate commitments but also for building a resilient, competitive, and inclusive economy. With strategic investments and faster execution, India can lead the global green logistics transformation by 2047.
• Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (UPSC-2022)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 April 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Harare Declaration
Context: The Climate and Health Africa Conference (CHAC) 2024 concluded in Zimbabwe with the adoption of the Harare Declaration, calling for urgent action to strengthen climate-resilient health systems across Africa.
About Harare Declaration:
• What is the Harare Declaration?
• It is a landmark collective commitment to address the health impacts of climate change in Africa through resilient health systems, stronger research, and inclusive policymaking.
• It is a landmark collective commitment to address the health impacts of climate change in Africa through resilient health systems, stronger research, and inclusive policymaking.
• Objectives:
• Recognize climate change as a public health emergency. Strengthen Africa’s role in shaping its own climate and health responses through scientific, local, and traditional knowledge. Foster collaboration among governments, researchers, civil society, and communities.
• Recognize climate change as a public health emergency.
• Strengthen Africa’s role in shaping its own climate and health responses through scientific, local, and traditional knowledge.
• Foster collaboration among governments, researchers, civil society, and communities.
• Key Features:
• Build Climate-Resilient Health Systems: Upgrade infrastructure, train workforce, and improve healthcare delivery amid climate impacts. Strengthen Research and Surveillance: Invest in studies assessing climate’s health impacts and develop early warning systems. Enhance Community Engagement: Promote inclusion of local and traditional knowledge systems. Promote Equitable Partnerships: Create fair research collaborations and boost African research capacity.
• Build Climate-Resilient Health Systems: Upgrade infrastructure, train workforce, and improve healthcare delivery amid climate impacts.
• Strengthen Research and Surveillance: Invest in studies assessing climate’s health impacts and develop early warning systems.
• Enhance Community Engagement: Promote inclusion of local and traditional knowledge systems.
• Promote Equitable Partnerships: Create fair research collaborations and boost African research capacity.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:
• GS Paper 2 (Governance, International Relations): Role of international declarations in shaping public health and environmental governance. Strengthening global collaborations for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Role of international declarations in shaping public health and environmental governance.
• Strengthening global collaborations for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• GS Paper 3 (Environment, Disaster Management): Climate change and its health impacts on vulnerable populations. Importance of climate-resilient infrastructure and disaster preparedness strategies.
• Climate change and its health impacts on vulnerable populations.
• Importance of climate-resilient infrastructure and disaster preparedness strategies.
• Essay and Ethics Papers: Topics on environmental sustainability, intergenerational equity, and global justice.
• Topics on environmental sustainability, intergenerational equity, and global justice.
Karnataka Village Level Antiquities Survey
Context: Karnataka is set to become the first state in India to complete a village-level antiquities survey, which includes geo-tagging of inscriptions, sculptures, and monuments for conservation and protection.
About Karnataka Village Level Antiquities Survey:
• First-of-its-kind initiative: Karnataka’s Department of Archaeology is conducting a village-level antiquities documentation survey, covering 119 taluks so far.
• Geo-tagging of antiquities: The survey involves geo-tagging inscriptions, sculptures, and monuments, ensuring accurate records and location-based heritage tracking.
• Expansion of protected monuments: A proposal has been submitted to add 110 more monuments to the protected list, with plans to protect 1,000 more.
• Heritage conservation challenges: With over 25,000 monuments, Karnataka faces resource and coordination challenges in heritage protection.
• CSR-based conservation efforts: Initiatives like ‘Adopt a Monument’ aim to involve corporates through CSR funding for monument upkeep.
Relevance to UPSC Exam syllabus:
• GS 1 – Indian culture: Demonstrates grassroots-level efforts in preserving tangible heritage, in line with cultural preservation duties under Article 51A(f) of the Constitution.
• GS 2 – Governance and policy: Reflects federal/state-level innovation in heritage policy, and highlights the role of inter-departmental coordination and CSR in public heritage initiatives.
• GS 3 – Disaster management: Ties in with the theme “heritage under threat from disaster and conflict”, linking cultural preservation with disaster preparedness and governance challenges.
• Ethics/GS 4: Raises ethical issues of intergenerational responsibility and public accountability in preserving national heritage.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 April Facts for Prelims (FFP)
NASA Curiosity Rover Discovers New Evidence of Mars’ Warm and Wet Past
Source: FPJ
Context: NASA’s Curiosity rover has discovered siderite mineral deposits on Mars, offering crucial evidence of the planet’s warmer, wetter, and more habitable ancient environment.
About NASA Curiosity Rover Discovers New Evidence of Mars’ Warm and Wet Past:
• What is Curiosity Rover? Curiosity Rover is NASA’s car-sized robotic rover launched in 2011 under the Mars Science Laboratory mission to explore Gale Crater on Mars. Its primary goal is to study the planet’s climate, geology, and assess whether Mars ever had conditions suitable for microbial life.
• Curiosity Rover is NASA’s car-sized robotic rover launched in 2011 under the Mars Science Laboratory mission to explore Gale Crater on Mars.
• Its primary goal is to study the planet’s climate, geology, and assess whether Mars ever had conditions suitable for microbial life.
• Mission: NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity Rover).
• Launch: November 26, 2011.
• Landing: August 6, 2012.
• Key Place in News:
• Curiosity explored Gale Crater, a 154-km wide impact basin featuring sedimentary layers and evidence of ancient water activity. Rock samples were drilled at three locations between 2022 and 2023.
• Curiosity explored Gale Crater, a 154-km wide impact basin featuring sedimentary layers and evidence of ancient water activity.
• Rock samples were drilled at three locations between 2022 and 2023.
• Major Discovery: Siderite Mineral
• Siderite (iron carbonate) detected in sedimentary rocks. Indicates Mars had a dense, carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere billions of years ago, essential for liquid water stability. Supports the hypothesis that carbon dioxide was locked in Mars’ crust as minerals after atmospheric thinning.
• Siderite (iron carbonate) detected in sedimentary rocks.
• Indicates Mars had a dense, carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere billions of years ago, essential for liquid water stability.
• Supports the hypothesis that carbon dioxide was locked in Mars’ crust as minerals after atmospheric thinning.
• Significance of Discovery:
• Explains the previously missing link between Mars’ ancient greenhouse conditions and the lack of widespread carbonate mineral evidence. Highlights an imbalanced ancient carbon cycle on Mars, contrasting Earth’s balanced cycle maintained by plate tectonics. Offers a major clue toward understanding Mars’ environmental collapse and current sterile conditions.
• Explains the previously missing link between Mars’ ancient greenhouse conditions and the lack of widespread carbonate mineral evidence.
• Highlights an imbalanced ancient carbon cycle on Mars, contrasting Earth’s balanced cycle maintained by plate tectonics.
• Offers a major clue toward understanding Mars’ environmental collapse and current sterile conditions.
Operation Atalanta
Source: ET
Context: Commander of EUNAVFOR ATALANTA (Operation Atalanta), proposed a joint naval exercise with the Indian Navy to strengthen maritime security cooperation in the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea.
About EUNAVFOR ATALANTA (Operation Atalanta):
• What is Operation Atalanta? Operation Atalanta is the European Union’s maritime security operation, launched in 2008, aimed at protecting international shipping routes off the coast of Somalia and the Western Indian Ocean. It operates under the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)
• Operation Atalanta is the European Union’s maritime security operation, launched in 2008, aimed at protecting international shipping routes off the coast of Somalia and the Western Indian Ocean.
• It operates under the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)
• Nations Involved: Core participants: EU member states including Spain, Italy, Germany, France, and others. Supported by associated partners like Norway and Serbia at different points.
• Core participants: EU member states including Spain, Italy, Germany, France, and others.
• Supported by associated partners like Norway and Serbia at different points.
• Objectives: Protect World Food Programme (WFP) vessels delivering aid to Somalia. Deter, prevent, and repress piracy and armed robbery at sea. Monitor fishing activities and support other EU missions in the region.
• Protect World Food Programme (WFP) vessels delivering aid to Somalia.
• Deter, prevent, and repress piracy and armed robbery at sea.
• Monitor fishing activities and support other EU missions in the region.
• Significance: Enhances security along critical shipping lanes such as the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and Gulf of Aden. Strengthens EU’s global maritime presence and supports international efforts for a free, open, sustainable, and inclusive Indian Ocean. Partnership with major naval powers like the Indian Navy ensures greater coordination in anti-piracy operations, humanitarian aid protection, and regional stability.
• Enhances security along critical shipping lanes such as the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and Gulf of Aden.
• Strengthens EU’s global maritime presence and supports international efforts for a free, open, sustainable, and inclusive Indian Ocean.
• Partnership with major naval powers like the Indian Navy ensures greater coordination in anti-piracy operations, humanitarian aid protection, and regional stability.
Kailash Mansarovar Yatra
Source: IE
Context: The Ministry of External Affairs announced the resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra in 2025 after a four-year suspension due to COVID-19 and border tensions.
About Kailash Mansarovar Yatra:
• What It Is? A sacred pilgrimage to Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar in the Ngari Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China. Revered in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and the Bon religion. Believed to be the abode of Lord Shiva in Hindu mythology.
• A sacred pilgrimage to Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar in the Ngari Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China.
• Revered in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and the Bon religion.
• Believed to be the abode of Lord Shiva in Hindu mythology.
• Location: Lake Mansarovar: Freshwater Lake at an elevation of 4,600 metres. Mount Kailash: Sacred peak at 6,638 metres. Situated near the border of India, Nepal, and China.
• Lake Mansarovar: Freshwater Lake at an elevation of 4,600 metres.
• Mount Kailash: Sacred peak at 6,638 metres.
• Situated near the border of India, Nepal, and China.
• Routes for the Yatra: Lipulekh Pass Route (Uttarakhand) Nathu La Pass Route (Sikkim) Nepal Route (Via Nepalgunj)
• Lipulekh Pass Route (Uttarakhand)
• Nathu La Pass Route (Sikkim)
• Nepal Route (Via Nepalgunj)
• Importance of the Yatra: Religious Significance: Sacred pilgrimage offering darshan and circumambulation (parikrama) of Mount Kailash. Cultural Linkages: Enhances historical and spiritual ties between India, Tibet, and Nepal. Strategic Relevance: Boosts people-to-people contact and supports India’s border diplomacy. Tourism Potential: Promotes regional development through eco-spiritual tourism.
• Religious Significance: Sacred pilgrimage offering darshan and circumambulation (parikrama) of Mount Kailash.
• Cultural Linkages: Enhances historical and spiritual ties between India, Tibet, and Nepal.
• Strategic Relevance: Boosts people-to-people contact and supports India’s border diplomacy.
• Tourism Potential: Promotes regional development through eco-spiritual tourism.
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology
Source: TH
Context: The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) and IIT Bombay have launched a pilot project to explore Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, aiming to integrate Electric Vehicles (EVs) into the State’s power grid for enhanced renewable energy management.
About Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology:
• What is V2G Technology?
• Definition: V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) is a system where Electric Vehicles (EVs) communicate with the power grid to return stored energy, enabling two-way electricity flow. Developed by: The concept was first proposed in the late 1990s by Dr. Willett Kempton and researchers at the University of Delaware.
• Definition: V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) is a system where Electric Vehicles (EVs) communicate with the power grid to return stored energy, enabling two-way electricity flow.
• Developed by: The concept was first proposed in the late 1990s by Dr. Willett Kempton and researchers at the University of Delaware.
• How does V2G Work?
• Grid to Vehicle (G2V): EVs charge from the grid when electricity demand is low or renewable generation is high. Vehicle to Grid (V2G): When parked and connected, EVs can discharge power back to the grid during peak demand hours through bi-directional chargers. Smart Charging: Utilizes Time-of-Use (ToU) pricing to optimize charging during renewable energy surplus times and discharging during grid shortages.
• Grid to Vehicle (G2V): EVs charge from the grid when electricity demand is low or renewable generation is high.
• Vehicle to Grid (V2G): When parked and connected, EVs can discharge power back to the grid during peak demand hours through bi-directional chargers.
• Smart Charging: Utilizes Time-of-Use (ToU) pricing to optimize charging during renewable energy surplus times and discharging during grid shortages.
• Significance of V2G Technology
• Grid Stability: Supports grid balance by acting as distributed energy storage, especially during renewable energy fluctuations. Boosts Renewable Energy Use: Stores surplus solar and wind power for nighttime or cloudy periods. Energy Resilience: EVs can serve as emergency power sources during disasters. Economic Incentives: EV owners can earn by supplying electricity back to the grid, seen in models across Europe and the U.S. Decarbonization Push: Helps India align with its net-zero carbon emission target by 2070 by reducing reliance on fossil fuels for electricity needs.
• Grid Stability: Supports grid balance by acting as distributed energy storage, especially during renewable energy fluctuations.
• Boosts Renewable Energy Use: Stores surplus solar and wind power for nighttime or cloudy periods.
• Energy Resilience: EVs can serve as emergency power sources during disasters.
• Economic Incentives: EV owners can earn by supplying electricity back to the grid, seen in models across Europe and the U.S.
• Decarbonization Push: Helps India align with its net-zero carbon emission target by 2070 by reducing reliance on fossil fuels for electricity needs.
The First Commercial Sea Shipment of Indian Bhagwa Pomegranates
Source: PIB
Context: In a major boost to India’s fresh fruit exports, the first commercial sea shipment of Indian Bhagwa Pomegranates successfully arrived in New York.
Recent Consignment of Pomegranates to the USA:
• What it is?
• A landmark commercial sea shipment carrying Indian Bhagwa variety pomegranates arrived on the U.S. East Coast in March.
• Origin: The fruits were sourced from farms affiliated with Kay Bee Exports, Maharashtra, and processed through APEDA’s supported irradiation facility in Navi Mumbai.
• Variety: Bhagwa – known for its deep red color, superior taste, high antioxidant content, and long shelf life (up to 60 days under trial conditions).
• Significance: The successful shipment opens new opportunities for Indian farmers to access premium international markets sustainably through sea freight.
About Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA):
• What it is: The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) is a statutory body promoting agricultural exports.
• Headquarters: New Delhi, India.
• Established: Under the APEDA Act of 1985; operational from 13th February 1986.
• Ministry: Operates under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
• Major Functions:
• Registration of exporters and promotion of scheduled product exports.
• Fixing quality standards and specifications for exports.
• Providing financial assistance for packaging, marketing, and infrastructure development.
• Organizing pre-clearance programs and facilitating international market access.
• Conducting surveys, training, and publishing trade statistics.
• Promoting export-oriented production and sustainability in agricultural exports.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 19 April 2025 Mapping:
Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary
Source: NDTV
Context: Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary (GSWS) in Madhya Pradesh will become the second home for African cheetahs after Kuno National Park (KNP).
• Two South African male cheetahs, Prabhas and Pavak, will be relocated from KNP to GSWS as part of India’s ongoing cheetah reintroduction project.
About Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary:
• Location: Situated in northwestern Madhya Pradesh along the Madhya Pradesh–Rajasthan border. Falls within the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests
• Situated in northwestern Madhya Pradesh along the Madhya Pradesh–Rajasthan border.
• Falls within the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests
• Key Features: Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1974 and expanded in 1983 to cover 62 sq km. The Chambal River bisects the sanctuary into two parts — western side in Nimach district and eastern side in Mandsaur district. Recognized as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.
• Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1974 and expanded in 1983 to cover 62 sq km.
• The Chambal River bisects the sanctuary into two parts — western side in Nimach district and eastern side in Mandsaur district.
• Recognized as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.
• Flora: Forest types: Northern tropical dry deciduous forests. Dry mixed deciduous forests. Dry deciduous scrub. Principal tree species include Khair (Acacia catechu), Salai, Kardhai, Dhawda, Tendu, and Palash.
• Forest types: Northern tropical dry deciduous forests. Dry mixed deciduous forests. Dry deciduous scrub.
• Northern tropical dry deciduous forests.
• Dry mixed deciduous forests.
• Dry deciduous scrub.
• Principal tree species include Khair (Acacia catechu), Salai, Kardhai, Dhawda, Tendu, and Palash.
• Fauna: Herbivores: Chinkara (Indian Gazelle), Nilgai, and Spotted Deer. Carnivores: Indian Leopard, Striped Hyena, and Jackal. Aquatic species: Mugger Crocodile, Otters, Fish species, and Turtles.
• Herbivores: Chinkara (Indian Gazelle), Nilgai, and Spotted Deer.
• Carnivores: Indian Leopard, Striped Hyena, and Jackal.
• Aquatic species: Mugger Crocodile, Otters, Fish species, and Turtles.
• Rivers: The Chambal River flows through the sanctuary, enhancing aquatic biodiversity and dividing the forest landscape.
Daily Current Affairs + PIB Summary (19 Apr 2025)
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