UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 14 February 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 14 February 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 2 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 14 February (2025)
• Status of Devolution to Panchayats in States
Status of Devolution to Panchayats in States
• India-U.S. Relations
India-U.S. Relations
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• Midday Meal Scheme and Egg
Midday Meal Scheme and Egg
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025
Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025
• Matsya 6000
Matsya 6000
• Public Accounts Committee (PAC)
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)
• India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEEC)
India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEEC)
• S.-India COMPACT Initiative
S.-India COMPACT Initiative
• Bird Flu
Bird Flu
Mapping:
• Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano
Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 14 February 2025
#### GS Paper 2 :
Status of Devolution to Panchayats in States
Syllabus: Polity
Source: PIB
Context: The Union Minister of State, released the “Status of Devolution to Panchayats in States” report in New Delhi, highlighting an increase in Panchayat devolution from 39.9% to 43.9% (2013-14 to 2021-22).
Key Data Insights on Present Panchayat Devolution:
• Karnataka secured the highest rank with a Devolution Index score of 72.23, followed by Kerala (70.59) and Tamil Nadu (68.38). Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal are categorized as high devolution states (>55 score). Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha fall under the medium devolution category (50-55 score). Assam, Bihar, Sikkim, and Uttarakhand scored between 43.89 and 50, indicating moderate devolution progress. 12 states and UTs, including Jharkhand, Punjab, Goa, and Arunachal Pradesh, ranked below the national average (43.89), marking them as low-performing states in panchayat empowerment.
• Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal are categorized as high devolution states (>55 score).
• Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha fall under the medium devolution category (50-55 score).
• Assam, Bihar, Sikkim, and Uttarakhand scored between 43.89 and 50, indicating moderate devolution progress.
• 12 states and UTs, including Jharkhand, Punjab, Goa, and Arunachal Pradesh, ranked below the national average (43.89), marking them as low-performing states in panchayat empowerment.
• Financial devolution saw an improvement from 32.05 (2013-14) to 37.04 (2023-24), but functional devolution declined from 35.34 to 29.18 in the same period.
• Capacity enhancement index increased from 44.01 to 54.63, indicating a stronger push for training and institutional support.
• Top Performers in Specific Dimensions: Finances & Accountability: Karnataka Functions: Tamil Nadu Framework & Institutional Setup: Kerala Training & Capacity Building: Telangana Role in Government Schemes: Uttar Pradesh
• Finances & Accountability: Karnataka
• Functions: Tamil Nadu
• Framework & Institutional Setup: Kerala
• Training & Capacity Building: Telangana
• Role in Government Schemes: Uttar Pradesh
Positives in the Report:
• Strengthened Financial Support: Panchayats benefited from timely 15th Finance Commission grants, improving fiscal autonomy.
• Enhanced Panchayat Capacities: States such as Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat led in training programs and institutional support for Panchayats.
• Improved Digital & Administrative Infrastructure: States like Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, and Assam advanced in e-Governance adoption, online audits, and record-keeping.
• Higher Role in Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSSs): Panchayats showed greater engagement in key schemes like MGNREGA, PMAY, ICDS, and NHM.
• Increased Gender & Social Inclusion: Many states increased women’s reservation to 50%, fostering better participation in local governance.
Challenges in Panchayat Devolution:
• Declining Functional Devolution: States are not transferring sufficient administrative powers to Panchayats despite financial devolution.
• Weak State Finance Commissions (SFCs): Several states delay SFC reports, affecting timely fund allocations and fiscal autonomy.
• Limited Own Revenue Generation: Panchayats rely heavily on state and central transfers due to weak taxation powers at the local level.
• Inadequate Human Resources: Shortage of Panchayat functionaries, with one secretary often managing multiple Panchayats, hinders efficient governance.
• Parallel Bodies Overlapping Panchayat Functions: Multiple line departments & parastatal bodies bypass Panchayats, weakening decentralization.
• Weak Transparency & Accountability: Inadequate social audits, low RTI compliance, and ineffective grievance redressal mechanisms undermine governance.
Way Forward:
• Strengthen Functional Devolution: Ensure activity mapping is completed, delegating real decision-making power to Panchayats.
• Revamp State Finance Commissions (SFCs): Institutionalize regular assessments, ensuring states implement SFC recommendations without delay.
• Enhance Own Revenue Mobilization: Empower Panchayats with property tax collection, ensuring financial self-sufficiency.
• Address Manpower Shortages: Establish Panchayat Service Commissions for structured hiring of skilled personnel.
• Improve Digital Infrastructure: Expand e-Governance, real-time audits, and digital public financial management systems (PFMS).
• Integrate Panchayats into CSSs: Amend guidelines to ensure Gram Panchayats manage and implement key welfare schemes.
• Strengthen Accountability Measures: Enhance RTI implementation, transparency in budgeting, and social audit mechanisms.
Conclusion:
Panchayat devolution has improved in financial transfers and capacity-building, but functional devolution remains a critical gap. Strengthening autonomy, financial independence, and governance mechanisms will be key to realizing true decentralized democracy. States must expedite structural reforms to ensure Panchayats function as genuine institutions of self-government.
• To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (UPSC-2022)
India-U.S. Relations
Syllabus: International Relations
Source: PIB
Context: Prime Minister of India met U.S. President during an official working visit to Washington, D.C., in February 2025, reaffirming the India-U.S. Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership.
Key Outcomes of India-U.S. Summit:
• Defense & Security Cooperation:
• New 10-Year Framework for Major Defense Partnership to enhance interoperability and co-production of defense systems. Expansion of defense sales, including Javelin Anti-Tank Missiles, Stryker Infantry Combat Vehicles, and six additional P-8I maritime patrol aircraft. Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA) launched to co-develop AI-based counter-UAS and maritime defense systems. Streamlining arms transfer regulations (ITAR) to improve technology exchange and joint production. Strengthening military exercises like “Tiger Triumph” and advancing logistics, intelligence sharing, and humanitarian assistance cooperation.
• New 10-Year Framework for Major Defense Partnership to enhance interoperability and co-production of defense systems.
• Expansion of defense sales, including Javelin Anti-Tank Missiles, Stryker Infantry Combat Vehicles, and six additional P-8I maritime patrol aircraft.
• Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA) launched to co-develop AI-based counter-UAS and maritime defense systems.
• Streamlining arms transfer regulations (ITAR) to improve technology exchange and joint production.
• Strengthening military exercises like “Tiger Triumph” and advancing logistics, intelligence sharing, and humanitarian assistance cooperation.
• Trade & Economic Partnership
• Mission 500: Target set to double bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030. Agreement to negotiate a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) by late 2025 to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers. Enhanced market access for U.S. agricultural goods and Indian labor-intensive exports. Increased U.S.-India investments in manufacturing, greenfield industries, and supply chain diversification.
• Mission 500: Target set to double bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030.
• Agreement to negotiate a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) by late 2025 to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers.
• Enhanced market access for U.S. agricultural goods and Indian labor-intensive exports.
• Increased U.S.-India investments in manufacturing, greenfield industries, and supply chain diversification.
• Energy & Civil Nuclear Cooperation:
• Expansion of energy trade: U.S. to supply crude oil, LNG, and hydrocarbons to India for energy security. Nuclear Collaboration: U.S. and India to jointly develop U.S.-designed nuclear reactors, with India amending the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA).
• Expansion of energy trade: U.S. to supply crude oil, LNG, and hydrocarbons to India for energy security.
• Nuclear Collaboration: U.S. and India to jointly develop U.S.-designed nuclear reactors, with India amending the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA).
• Technology & Innovation:
• Launch of U.S.-India TRUST initiative to advance AI, semiconductors, quantum computing, and space technology. Strengthening supply chains for critical minerals, pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials. NASA-ISRO collaboration: Plans for an Indian astronaut on ISS and the NISAR satellite mission.
• Launch of U.S.-India TRUST initiative to advance AI, semiconductors, quantum computing, and space technology.
• Strengthening supply chains for critical minerals, pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials.
• NASA-ISRO collaboration: Plans for an Indian astronaut on ISS and the NISAR satellite mission.
• Multilateral & Strategic Cooperation:
• Strengthened Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean security cooperation through joint maritime patrols, airlift capacities, and military exercises. Terrorism and security cooperation: U.S. approved extradition of Tahawwur Rana and called on Pakistan to act against terror groups like LeT and JeM. India to take a leadership role in the Combined Maritime Forces naval task force for Arabian Sea security.
• Strengthened Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean security cooperation through joint maritime patrols, airlift capacities, and military exercises.
• Terrorism and security cooperation: U.S. approved extradition of Tahawwur Rana and called on Pakistan to act against terror groups like LeT and JeM.
• India to take a leadership role in the Combined Maritime Forces naval task force for Arabian Sea security.
Significance of India-U.S. Summit
• Strengthened Defense Ties: Enhances India’s role as a Major Defense Partner, enabling technology transfers and co-production for Indo-Pacific security.
• Economic & Trade Expansion: Mission 500 boosts trade, reduces reliance on China, and expands U.S. investments in semiconductors and pharma.
• Energy & Climate Cooperation: Strengthens energy security via U.S. crude, LNG, and nuclear power, supporting clean energy transition.
• Technology & Digital Growth: Advances AI, semiconductors, and space tech, while improving cybersecurity and digital infrastructure.
• Geopolitical Stability: Counters China’s BRI, strengthens Indo-Pacific security, and reinforces counterterrorism efforts against Pakistan.
Challenges in India-U.S. Relations:
• Trade Barriers: High tariffs and delays in Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) impact market access and trade expansion.
• Technology Transfer Issues: Stringent U.S. export controls (ITAR) limit India’s access to advanced defense and AI technologies.
• Nuclear Liability Concerns: CLNDA liability issues slow U.S.-India nuclear reactor collaborations, needing policy amendments.
• Visa & Mobility Restrictions: Work visa hurdles affect Indian professionals, requiring a mutually beneficial mobility framework.
• Geopolitical Constraints: U.S.-China tensions and India’s strategic autonomy may create diplomatic friction in global conflicts.
Way Forward:
• Defense Technology Transfers: Streamline ITAR regulations and fast-track Reciprocal Defense Procurement (RDP) agreement.
• Trade & Economic Diversification: Finalize BTA by 2025, expand green energy and high-tech manufacturing ties.
• Nuclear & Energy Security: Amend CLNDA for nuclear projects and strengthen oil reserve collaborations.
• Technology & AI Cooperation: Enhance AI, semiconductors, and quantum research while expanding cybersecurity.
• Counterterrorism & Security: Strengthen Indo-Pacific naval patrols and enhance joint counterterrorism initiatives.
Conclusion:
The India-U.S. Comprehensive Strategic Partnership is evolving with deeper defense, trade, energy, and technology ties. Initiatives like COMPACT, TRUST, and Mission 500 enhance regional security and economic growth. Overcoming trade barriers, tech transfer limits, and visa issues is key to long-term success.
PYQ:
• How will the I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? (UPSC-2022)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 14 February 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Midday Meal Scheme and Egg
Context: The Maharashtra government has withdrawn ₹50 crore funding for eggs and millet-based dishes in the Mid-Day Meal (PM-POSHAN) scheme, raising concerns over child nutrition and malnourishment.
About Role of Egg in Nutrition for School Students:
• High Protein Source: Provides 6 gm of protein per egg, helping meet the 12-20 gm daily protein requirement under the National Food Security Act (2013).
• Rich in Micronutrients: Contains Vitamin D, B12, Iron, and Choline, essential for brain development and immunity.
• Combatting Malnutrition: Helps address stunting (36%) and underweight cases (35%) among children in Maharashtra (NITI Aayog, 2019).
Impact of Removing Eggs from Midday Meals
• Increased Nutritional Deficiency: Removal deprives children of essential proteins and vitamins, leading to growth issues and cognitive delays.
• Worsening Malnourishment: Maharashtra’s child nutrition indicators remain stagnant since 2015-16, making the cutback detrimental to progress.
• Financial Burden on Families: Eggs are costly for low-income groups, especially amid 8%+ food inflation (2023-24, NSO data).
• Equity in Nutrition: With 16 other states providing eggs, Maharashtra’s move creates inequality in child nutrition across India.
• Contradiction to Government Policies: PM-POSHAN aims to improve food security, yet the cut contradicts the program’s objectives.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:
• GS Paper 2 – Governance & Welfare Schemes:
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme & PM-POSHAN: Centrally Sponsored Scheme where 60% funds come from the Centre, 40% from States. Right to Food & National Food Security Act (2013): Legal obligation of government to ensure minimum nutritional intake.
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme & PM-POSHAN: Centrally Sponsored Scheme where 60% funds come from the Centre, 40% from States.
• Right to Food & National Food Security Act (2013): Legal obligation of government to ensure minimum nutritional intake.
• GS Paper 3 – Health & Nutrition
• Malnutrition Concerns: Direct impact on stunting, wasting, and underweight prevalence. Role of Diet in Public Health: Impact of micronutrient deficiency on cognitive and physical development.
• Malnutrition Concerns: Direct impact on stunting, wasting, and underweight prevalence.
• Role of Diet in Public Health: Impact of micronutrient deficiency on cognitive and physical development.
• Ethics (GS Paper 4)
• Ethical Responsibility of the State: The government’s moral duty to ensure food security and children’s well-being.
• Ethical Responsibility of the State: The government’s moral duty to ensure food security and children’s well-being.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 14 February 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025
Source: TOI
Context: The Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025 was released, highlighting the increasing global impact of extreme weather events and the need for stronger climate action.
• India ranked sixth among the most affected countries (1993-2022) due to extreme weather events, despite improving its short-term ranking to 49th in 2022.
About Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2025:
• What is the Climate Risk Index?
• The Climate Risk Index (CRI) ranks countries based on their vulnerability to extreme weather events. It assesses the human and economic losses due to climate-induced disasters.
• The Climate Risk Index (CRI) ranks countries based on their vulnerability to extreme weather events.
• It assesses the human and economic losses due to climate-induced disasters.
• Released by and Frequency:
• Published by Germanwatch, an environmental think tank. Annual publication since 2006, with data covering the past 30 years.
• Published by Germanwatch, an environmental think tank.
• Annual publication since 2006, with data covering the past 30 years.
• Aim of CRI:
• To provide a comparative analysis of the impact of extreme weather events. To guide global climate policies and risk mitigation efforts. To highlight the most affected nations and emphasize the urgency of climate resilience.
• To provide a comparative analysis of the impact of extreme weather events.
• To guide global climate policies and risk mitigation efforts.
• To highlight the most affected nations and emphasize the urgency of climate resilience.
• CRI Methodology and Criteria:
The CRI ranks countries based on:
• Fatalities (direct and indirect deaths due to extreme weather). Affected population (injured, displaced, and impacted people). Economic losses (damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and GDP). Number of extreme weather events (floods, storms, heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, etc.). Long-term impact assessment (1993-2022) and short-term impact (2022 alone).
• Fatalities (direct and indirect deaths due to extreme weather).
• Affected population (injured, displaced, and impacted people).
• Economic losses (damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and GDP).
• Number of extreme weather events (floods, storms, heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, etc.).
• Long-term impact assessment (1993-2022) and short-term impact (2022 alone).
• Key data insights from report: Most Affected Countries (1993-2022):
• Most Affected Countries (1993-2022):
• Dominica, China, and Honduras ranked as the worst-affected nations. India, Myanmar, Italy, and Vanuatu also feature among the top 10.
• Dominica, China, and Honduras ranked as the worst-affected nations. India, Myanmar, Italy, and Vanuatu also feature among the top 10.
• Dominica, China, and Honduras ranked as the worst-affected nations.
• India, Myanmar, Italy, and Vanuatu also feature among the top 10.
• Most Affected Countries in 2022:
• Pakistan, Belize, and Italy suffered the most damage. Heatwaves, storms, and floods were the primary causes of destruction.
• Pakistan, Belize, and Italy suffered the most damage. Heatwaves, storms, and floods were the primary causes of destruction.
• Pakistan, Belize, and Italy suffered the most damage.
• Heatwaves, storms, and floods were the primary causes of destruction.
• Top Disasters by Impact (1993-2022):
• Storms (35%) caused the highest economic losses (~$2.33 trillion). Heatwaves (30%) caused significant fatalities. Floods (27%) affected the most people.
• Storms (35%) caused the highest economic losses (~$2.33 trillion). Heatwaves (30%) caused significant fatalities. Floods (27%) affected the most people.
• Storms (35%) caused the highest economic losses (~$2.33 trillion).
• Heatwaves (30%) caused significant fatalities.
• Floods (27%) affected the most people.
• India’s Performance in CRI 2025: Long-term ranking (1993-2022): India ranked 6th globally among the worst-affected nations. Over 400 extreme weather events reported in 30 years. 80,000+ deaths and $180 billion in losses due to climate disasters. Short-term ranking (2022): India ranked 49th in 2022, showing improvement from 7th in 2019. Severe floods, cyclones, and heatwaves remained major climate threats.
• Long-term ranking (1993-2022): India ranked 6th globally among the worst-affected nations. Over 400 extreme weather events reported in 30 years. 80,000+ deaths and $180 billion in losses due to climate disasters.
• India ranked 6th globally among the worst-affected nations.
• Over 400 extreme weather events reported in 30 years.
• 80,000+ deaths and $180 billion in losses due to climate disasters.
• Short-term ranking (2022): India ranked 49th in 2022, showing improvement from 7th in 2019. Severe floods, cyclones, and heatwaves remained major climate threats.
• India ranked 49th in 2022, showing improvement from 7th in 2019.
• Severe floods, cyclones, and heatwaves remained major climate threats.
Matsya 6000
Source: DD News
Context: India’s first manned submersible, Matsya 6000, is set to be launched by 2026 under the Deep Ocean Mission, as confirmed by Union Minister.
• Only five nations (US, France, China, Russia, Japan) have developed manned deep-sea submersibles.
About Matsya 6000:
• What is Matsya 6000?
• Matsya 6000 is a deep-sea manned submersible designed for underwater exploration. Developed under the Samudrayaan Project, part of the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM). Built by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai.
• Matsya 6000 is a deep-sea manned submersible designed for underwater exploration.
• Developed under the Samudrayaan Project, part of the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM).
• Built by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai.
• Ministry and Budget:
• Implemented by the Ministry of Earth Sciences. Part of the ₹4,077 crore Deep Ocean Mission aimed at deep-sea exploration.
• Implemented by the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
• Part of the ₹4,077 crore Deep Ocean Mission aimed at deep-sea exploration.
• Aim and Objectives:
• Explore deep-sea biodiversity and marine ecosystems. Survey mineral resources such as cobalt, manganese, and copper. Support oceanic research and promote marine tourism and literacy. Enhance India’s technological capabilities in manned deep-sea exploration.
• Explore deep-sea biodiversity and marine ecosystems.
• Survey mineral resources such as cobalt, manganese, and copper.
• Support oceanic research and promote marine tourism and literacy.
• Enhance India’s technological capabilities in manned deep-sea exploration.
• Key Features of Matsya 6000:
• Deep-sea Capability: Designed to operate at 6,000 meters depth for up to 12-16 hours. Emergency endurance of 96 hours for crew safety. Structural Design: 2.1m diameter titanium sphere to house three crew members. Constructed from 80mm thick titanium alloy for high-pressure resistance. Advanced Navigation & Communication Systems: Equipped with Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) Acoustic Positioning System for real-time tracking. Voice and data communication systems to stay connected with the surface ship. Safety and Redundancy: Triple redundancy in buoyancy, power, and life support systems. Syntactic foam flotation device ensures automatic resurfacing.
• Deep-sea Capability: Designed to operate at 6,000 meters depth for up to 12-16 hours. Emergency endurance of 96 hours for crew safety.
• Designed to operate at 6,000 meters depth for up to 12-16 hours.
• Emergency endurance of 96 hours for crew safety.
• Structural Design: 2.1m diameter titanium sphere to house three crew members. Constructed from 80mm thick titanium alloy for high-pressure resistance.
• 2.1m diameter titanium sphere to house three crew members.
• Constructed from 80mm thick titanium alloy for high-pressure resistance.
• Advanced Navigation & Communication Systems: Equipped with Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) Acoustic Positioning System for real-time tracking. Voice and data communication systems to stay connected with the surface ship.
• Equipped with Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) Acoustic Positioning System for real-time tracking.
• Voice and data communication systems to stay connected with the surface ship.
• Safety and Redundancy: Triple redundancy in buoyancy, power, and life support systems. Syntactic foam flotation device ensures automatic resurfacing.
• Triple redundancy in buoyancy, power, and life support systems.
• Syntactic foam flotation device ensures automatic resurfacing.
• Functions of Matsya 6000:
• Deep-sea Exploration: Survey hydrothermal vents and methane seeps for chemosynthetic biodiversity. Investigate seafloor composition and marine ecosystem health. Resource Assessment: Identify deep-sea mineral resources like cobalt, manganese, and rare earth elements. Assess the feasibility of deep-sea mining and sustainable extraction. Scientific Research and Technological Advancement: Aid in marine archaeology and underwater engineering innovations. Provide insights into climate change impact on marine biodiversity.
• Deep-sea Exploration: Survey hydrothermal vents and methane seeps for chemosynthetic biodiversity. Investigate seafloor composition and marine ecosystem health.
• Survey hydrothermal vents and methane seeps for chemosynthetic biodiversity.
• Investigate seafloor composition and marine ecosystem health.
• Resource Assessment: Identify deep-sea mineral resources like cobalt, manganese, and rare earth elements. Assess the feasibility of deep-sea mining and sustainable extraction.
• Identify deep-sea mineral resources like cobalt, manganese, and rare earth elements.
• Assess the feasibility of deep-sea mining and sustainable extraction.
• Scientific Research and Technological Advancement: Aid in marine archaeology and underwater engineering innovations. Provide insights into climate change impact on marine biodiversity.
• Aid in marine archaeology and underwater engineering innovations.
• Provide insights into climate change impact on marine biodiversity.
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)
Source: DH
Context: The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) has raised concerns over excessive toll collection on National Highways and the failure of toll operators to provide passenger amenities as per agreements.
About Public Accounts Committee (PAC):
• Establishment:
• Introduced in 1921 after the Government of India Act, 1919 (Montford Reforms). Constituted annually under Rule 308 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha.
• Introduced in 1921 after the Government of India Act, 1919 (Montford Reforms).
• Constituted annually under Rule 308 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha.
• Composition and Membership:
• Comprises 22 members: 15 members elected from Lok Sabha by the Speaker. 7 members elected from Rajya Sabha by the Chairman. Tenure: One year. Ministers are not eligible to be members.
• Comprises 22 members: 15 members elected from Lok Sabha by the Speaker. 7 members elected from Rajya Sabha by the Chairman.
• 15 members elected from Lok Sabha by the Speaker.
• 7 members elected from Rajya Sabha by the Chairman.
• Tenure: One year.
• Ministers are not eligible to be members.
• Appointment of Chairman:
• Appointed by the Lok Sabha Speaker. By convention, the chairman belongs to the opposition party.
• Appointed by the Lok Sabha Speaker.
• By convention, the chairman belongs to the opposition party.
• Functions and Responsibilities:
• Examines government expenditures to ensure funds allocated by Parliament are used within the approved scope of demand. Scrutinizes: Appropriation accounts and finance accounts of the government. CAG Reports on revenue, expenditure, and autonomous bodies. Evaluates cases of overspending, misallocation, and financial irregularities. Holds the executive accountable for financial discipline.
• Examines government expenditures to ensure funds allocated by Parliament are used within the approved scope of demand.
• Scrutinizes: Appropriation accounts and finance accounts of the government. CAG Reports on revenue, expenditure, and autonomous bodies.
• Appropriation accounts and finance accounts of the government.
• CAG Reports on revenue, expenditure, and autonomous bodies.
• Evaluates cases of overspending, misallocation, and financial irregularities.
• Holds the executive accountable for financial discipline.
India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEEC)
Source: IT
Context: India and France reaffirmed commitment to implementing the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) during Prime Minister visit to France.
About India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC):
• What is IMEEC?
• A multimodal connectivity initiative linking India, the Middle East, and Europe through sea and land routes. Alternative trade route bypassing the Suez Canal and reducing dependency on China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
• A multimodal connectivity initiative linking India, the Middle East, and Europe through sea and land routes.
• Alternative trade route bypassing the Suez Canal and reducing dependency on China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
• Participating Nations: India, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, France, Germany, Italy, and the European Union.
• Launched In:
• Announced during the G20 Summit in New Delhi in September, 2023. Intergovernmental Framework Agreement (IGFA) signed between India and UAE on February, 2024.
• Announced during the G20 Summit in New Delhi in September, 2023.
• Intergovernmental Framework Agreement (IGFA) signed between India and UAE on February, 2024.
• Aim & Objectives:
• Boost trade efficiency by reducing transport time between Asia and Europe. Enhance connectivity across key economic hubs in the Middle East and Europe. Strengthen supply chain security by offering an alternative route to global trade. Support clean energy initiatives by facilitating green hydrogen and renewable energy trade. Promote digital integration through secure high-speed data connectivity.
• Boost trade efficiency by reducing transport time between Asia and Europe.
• Enhance connectivity across key economic hubs in the Middle East and Europe.
• Strengthen supply chain security by offering an alternative route to global trade.
• Support clean energy initiatives by facilitating green hydrogen and renewable energy trade.
• Promote digital integration through secure high-speed data connectivity.
• Key Features & Functions:
• Two Corridors: Eastern Corridor: Connects India to the Gulf (UAE & Saudi Arabia) via sea. Northern Corridor: Links the Gulf to Europe (France, Germany, Italy) via rail and sea. Digital & Logistics Integration: A logistics platform will manage trade, containers, bulk cargo, and digital transactions. $600 Billion Mobilization: Target by 2027 to address infrastructure gaps. Trade Route Diversification: Bypasses geopolitical risks, including conflicts affecting the Suez Canal and Red Sea region.
• Two Corridors: Eastern Corridor: Connects India to the Gulf (UAE & Saudi Arabia) via sea. Northern Corridor: Links the Gulf to Europe (France, Germany, Italy) via rail and sea.
• Eastern Corridor: Connects India to the Gulf (UAE & Saudi Arabia) via sea.
• Northern Corridor: Links the Gulf to Europe (France, Germany, Italy) via rail and sea.
• Digital & Logistics Integration: A logistics platform will manage trade, containers, bulk cargo, and digital transactions.
• $600 Billion Mobilization: Target by 2027 to address infrastructure gaps.
• Trade Route Diversification: Bypasses geopolitical risks, including conflicts affecting the Suez Canal and Red Sea region.
U.S.-India COMPACT Initiative
Source: FE
Context: India and the U.S. launched the U.S.-India COMPACT initiative to strengthen defense, trade, and technology cooperation, marking a new milestone in bilateral relations.
About U.S.-India COMPACT Initiative:
• What is the U.S.-India COMPACT Initiative? The S.-India COMPACT (Catalyzing Opportunities for Military Partnership, Accelerated Commerce & Technology) for the 21st Century is a strategic framework launched to enhance defense, trade, and technology cooperation between India and the United States.
• The S.-India COMPACT (Catalyzing Opportunities for Military Partnership, Accelerated Commerce & Technology) for the 21st Century is a strategic framework launched to enhance defense, trade, and technology cooperation between India and the United States.
• Nations Involved: India & United States of America (USA)
• Aim of the Initiative:
• To strengthen the U.S.-India Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership across key sectors. To deepen defense collaboration, co-production, and technology exchange. To expand bilateral trade, aiming for $500 billion by 2030 (Mission-500). To advance innovation and technological cooperation, especially in AI, cybersecurity, semiconductors, and space exploration.
• To strengthen the U.S.-India Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership across key sectors.
• To deepen defense collaboration, co-production, and technology exchange.
• To expand bilateral trade, aiming for $500 billion by 2030 (Mission-500).
• To advance innovation and technological cooperation, especially in AI, cybersecurity, semiconductors, and space exploration.
• Key Features & Functions:
• Defense & Security Cooperation: Establishes a 10-year U.S.-India Defense Partnership Framework (2025-2035), including reciprocal defense procurement, technology transfer, and military exercises. Economic & Trade Expansion: Mission-500 aims to double bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030, supported by a multi-sector trade agreement by 2025. Technology & Innovation: Launch of the TRUST Initiative to boost AI, space, quantum computing, and semiconductor manufacturing. Energy & Climate Action: Collaboration in nuclear energy, LNG trade, and clean hydrogen projects to enhance energy security. Strategic Geopolitical Engagement: Enhances Indo-Pacific security, counterterrorism efforts, and economic corridors like IMEEC.
• Defense & Security Cooperation: Establishes a 10-year U.S.-India Defense Partnership Framework (2025-2035), including reciprocal defense procurement, technology transfer, and military exercises.
• Economic & Trade Expansion: Mission-500 aims to double bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030, supported by a multi-sector trade agreement by 2025.
• Technology & Innovation: Launch of the TRUST Initiative to boost AI, space, quantum computing, and semiconductor manufacturing.
• Energy & Climate Action: Collaboration in nuclear energy, LNG trade, and clean hydrogen projects to enhance energy security.
• Strategic Geopolitical Engagement: Enhances Indo-Pacific security, counterterrorism efforts, and economic corridors like IMEEC.
Bird Flu
Source: NIE
Context: The Jharkhand health department has issued an alert on bird flu (H5N1) outbreak after its detection at Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi.
About Bird Flu (Avian Influenza):
• What is Bird Flu?
• Bird Flu (Avian Influenza) is an infectious disease caused by Influenza A viruses, primarily affecting birds but capable of spreading to humans. It has high zoonotic potential, meaning it can transfer from animals to humans, posing a pandemic risk if mutations enable human-to-human transmission.
• Bird Flu (Avian Influenza) is an infectious disease caused by Influenza A viruses, primarily affecting birds but capable of spreading to humans.
• It has high zoonotic potential, meaning it can transfer from animals to humans, posing a pandemic risk if mutations enable human-to-human transmission.
• Causes of Bird Flu:
• Influenza A viruses (H5N1, H7N9, H5N6, H9N2) are the primary causes. Human infections occur due to direct contact with infected birds, contaminated environments, or poultry products. Rare cases of human-to-human transmission have been reported but are not widespread.
• Influenza A viruses (H5N1, H7N9, H5N6, H9N2) are the primary causes.
• Human infections occur due to direct contact with infected birds, contaminated environments, or poultry products.
• Rare cases of human-to-human transmission have been reported but are not widespread.
• Vectors (Transmission Routes):
• Infected Birds: Direct exposure to saliva, mucus, droppings, or contaminated surfaces. Airborne Transmission: Inhaling contaminated dust particles in poultry farms. Contaminated Surfaces: Touching infected feathers, water, or equipment used in poultry farming. Animal Products: Improper handling of raw meat, eggs, and dairy products (cooking neutralizes the virus).
• Infected Birds: Direct exposure to saliva, mucus, droppings, or contaminated surfaces.
• Airborne Transmission: Inhaling contaminated dust particles in poultry farms.
• Contaminated Surfaces: Touching infected feathers, water, or equipment used in poultry farming.
• Animal Products: Improper handling of raw meat, eggs, and dairy products (cooking neutralizes the virus).
• Types of Bird Flu:
• Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI): Deadly for poultry and carries higher risk to humans (e.g., H5N1, H7N9). Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI): Milder in birds but can mutate into a more virulent form (e.g., H9N2). Most Common Strains Infecting Humans: H5N1 – Detected in Jharkhand outbreak, known for high fatality rates in humans. H7N9 – Caused severe outbreaks in China with significant mortality. H9N2 – Milder infections, but potential pandemic concern.
• Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI): Deadly for poultry and carries higher risk to humans (e.g., H5N1, H7N9).
• Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI): Milder in birds but can mutate into a more virulent form (e.g., H9N2).
• Most Common Strains Infecting Humans: H5N1 – Detected in Jharkhand outbreak, known for high fatality rates in humans. H7N9 – Caused severe outbreaks in China with significant mortality. H9N2 – Milder infections, but potential pandemic concern.
• H5N1 – Detected in Jharkhand outbreak, known for high fatality rates in humans.
• H7N9 – Caused severe outbreaks in China with significant mortality.
• H9N2 – Milder infections, but potential pandemic concern.
• Treatment & Prevention: Antiviral Drugs: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) & Zanamivir (Relenza) reduce severity if taken early. Supportive Care: Oxygen therapy, IV fluids, and mechanical ventilation in severe case. Vaccination: No widely available human vaccine, but research continues. Quarantine & Surveillance: Close monitoring of high-risk individuals and poultry culling in infected zones. Protective Measures: Wearing masks, gloves, and PPE kits, especially for poultry workers.
• Antiviral Drugs: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) & Zanamivir (Relenza) reduce severity if taken early.
• Supportive Care: Oxygen therapy, IV fluids, and mechanical ventilation in severe case.
• Vaccination: No widely available human vaccine, but research continues.
• Quarantine & Surveillance: Close monitoring of high-risk individuals and poultry culling in infected zones. Protective Measures: Wearing masks, gloves, and PPE kits, especially for poultry workers.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 14 February 2025 Mapping:
Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano
Source: TOI
Context: Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano erupted again, sending lava over 300 feet high into the air, marking its ninth eruption episode since December 2024.
About Kilauea Volcano:
• Location of Kilauea Volcano:
• Situated on the southeastern shore of Hawaii’s Big Island, approximately 200 miles southeast of Honolulu. Part of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, formed by the Hawaiian hotspot.
• Situated on the southeastern shore of Hawaii’s Big Island, approximately 200 miles southeast of Honolulu.
• Part of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, formed by the Hawaiian hotspot.
• Features of Kilauea Volcano
• Type: Shield volcano, known for effusive lava flows rather than explosive eruptions. Age: Estimated to be 210,000 to 280,000 years old, emerging above sea level around 100,000 years ago. Structure: Large caldera (Halemaʻumaʻu Crater) at its summit.
• Type: Shield volcano, known for effusive lava flows rather than explosive eruptions.
• Age: Estimated to be 210,000 to 280,000 years old, emerging above sea level around 100,000 years ago.
• Structure: Large caldera (Halemaʻumaʻu Crater) at its summit.
• Large caldera (Halemaʻumaʻu Crater) at its summit.
• Other Major Volcanoes in the Hawaiian Region:
• Mauna Loa: Largest active volcano on Earth by volume. Shares magma plumbing system with Kilauea. Last erupted in November 2022 after a 38-year dormancy. Mauna Kea: Tallest mountain (from base to peak) in the world at 33,500 feet (10,210 m). Considered dormant, with its last eruption around 4,500 years ago. Hualālai: Third most active volcano on Hawaiian Big Island. Last erupted in 1801, with future eruptions predicted. Lo‘ihi Seamount: Underwater volcano southeast of Big Island, emerging as the next Hawaiian island in the coming millennia.
• Mauna Loa: Largest active volcano on Earth by volume. Shares magma plumbing system with Kilauea. Last erupted in November 2022 after a 38-year dormancy.
• Largest active volcano on Earth by volume.
• Shares magma plumbing system with Kilauea.
• Last erupted in November 2022 after a 38-year dormancy.
• Mauna Kea: Tallest mountain (from base to peak) in the world at 33,500 feet (10,210 m). Considered dormant, with its last eruption around 4,500 years ago.
• Tallest mountain (from base to peak) in the world at 33,500 feet (10,210 m).
• Considered dormant, with its last eruption around 4,500 years ago.
• Hualālai: Third most active volcano on Hawaiian Big Island. Last erupted in 1801, with future eruptions predicted.
• Third most active volcano on Hawaiian Big Island.
• Last erupted in 1801, with future eruptions predicted.
• Lo‘ihi Seamount: Underwater volcano southeast of Big Island, emerging as the next Hawaiian island in the coming millennia.
• Underwater volcano southeast of Big Island, emerging as the next Hawaiian island in the coming millennia.
Daily Current Affairs + PIB Summary 14 Feb 2025
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