UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 13 December 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 13 December 2024 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 2 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 13 December 2024)
• Disease – X
Disease – X
GS Paper 3:
• Space Pollution
Space Pollution
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• Mental Health Crisis
Mental Health Crisis
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• Desert Knight Exercise
Desert Knight Exercise
• One Nation, One Election
One Nation, One Election
• Manganese Contamination
Manganese Contamination
• Salar de Uyuni
Salar de Uyuni
• World Chess Championship 2024
World Chess Championship 2024
• eCourts Mission Mode Project
eCourts Mission Mode Project
Mapping:
• Cameroon
Cameroon
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 13 December 2024
#### GS Paper 2:
Disease – X
Syllabus: Health
- •Source: TH*
Context: The recent outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, claiming over 400 lives, has spotlighted Disease X, a hypothetical pathogen highlighted by the WHO in 2018.
What is Disease X?
• Definition: A placeholder for an unidentified, highly infectious pathogen capable of causing global pandemics.
• Potential Causes: It could stem from viruses, bacteria, fungi, or zoonotic sources.
• Historical Context: Conceptualized after the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak, highlighting gaps in global health responses.
• Uncertainty: Disease X is unpredictable in its emergence, transmission, and impact.
• Severity: Predicted to be 20 times more lethal than SARS-CoV-2.
Features of Disease X:
• Novel Threat: Represents unknown pathogens with potential for rapid global spread.
• Wide Origins: Could be zoonotic, antimicrobial-resistant, or a result of bioterrorism.
• Human Impact: High mortality rates, overwhelming healthcare systems.
• Environmental Links: Driven by deforestation, urbanization, and climate change.
WHO Priority List of Pathogens:
• Purpose: Focus global efforts on diseases with high epidemic potential and insufficient medical countermeasures.
• Pathogens Listed: Includes Ebola, Marburg, Lassa fever, Nipah, Rift Valley fever, Zika, and Disease X.
• Criteria: High mortality, rapid spread, and lack of vaccines or treatments.
Patterns of Emerging Diseases:
• Zoonotic Origins: About 70% of emerging diseases come from animals.
• Environmental Factors: Deforestation, urban sprawl, and intensive agriculture increase risks.
• Globalization: Interconnected travel and trade amplify local outbreaks into pandemics.
• Undiscovered Threats: Over 1.7 million unknown viruses in wildlife could infect humans.
Initiatives to Counter Disease X:
Global Efforts:
• WHO Pandemic Treaty: Aims for global cooperation in preparedness and equitable resource distribution.
• Pandemic Fund: Strengthens health systems in low-income nations.
• mRNA Technology Hub: Enhances vaccine production capacity in developing countries.
• BioHub System: Facilitates global sharing of pathogens and viruses.
• WHO Hub for Pandemic Intelligence: Develops research to bridge gaps in outbreak detection.
Indian Efforts:
• Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP): Tracks outbreaks and monitors trends.
• National Institute of Virology: Conducts research on viral pathogens and zoonotic diseases.
• Biotech Initiatives: Focus on indigenous vaccine development and diagnostic tools.
• Emergency Response Fund: Allocates resources for immediate pandemic responses.
Challenges in Predicting Disease X:
• Unpredictable Emergence: Complex interactions between humans, animals, and the environment.
• Vast Pathogen Pool: Only a fraction of human-infecting pathogens are identified.
• Climate Change: Alters disease transmission dynamics, expanding vector-borne illnesses.
• Technological Gaps: Limited genomic data and inadequate global surveillance systems.
• Resource Inequity: Disparities in healthcare infrastructure between nations.
Way Ahead:
• Strengthen Surveillance: Expand real-time genomic sequencing and AI-driven outbreak prediction tools.
• Global Cooperation: Promote equitable sharing of vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments.
• Public Health Investment: Build robust healthcare infrastructure, particularly in vulnerable regions.
• Education and Awareness: Train healthcare workers and inform communities about emerging threats.
• Research and Development: Focus on universal vaccines and prototype pathogen platforms.
Conclusion:
Disease X represents an inevitable yet unpredictable health threat requiring global preparedness. Strengthened surveillance, equitable resource distribution, and international collaboration are critical to safeguarding humanity against the next pandemic.
Insta Links:
• Pandemic-treaty-and-disease-X
• Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC-2018)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 13 December 2024 GS Paper 3:
Space Pollution
Syllabus: Space and Technology
Source: TH
Context: The rapid expansion of space activities has led to significant environmental challenges, including emissions from rocket launches and the growing issue of orbital debris.
Present Space Pollution Data and Trends:
• Orbital Debris: Over 13,230 satellites remain in orbit, with 10,200 still operational.
• Fragmentation Events: Around 650+ collisions and break-ups have created over 36,860 trackable objects.
• Mass in Orbit: The total mass of space objects exceeds 13,000 tonnes, significantly raising collision risks.
• Growth Rate: Increasing satellite launches by private and public entities exacerbate overcrowding in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
Major Sources of Space Pollution:
• Defunct Satellites: Non-operational satellites remain in orbit, contributing to debris.
• Rocket Stages: Spent stages left in orbit after launches.
• Fragmentation Debris: Pieces from satellite collisions and explosions.
• Satellite Burnup Ash: Metallic residues released during atmospheric re-entry.
Rockets Impact Pollution:
• Emission Composition: Rocket launches release carbon dioxide, black carbon, and water vapor.
• Black Carbon Effects: Absorbs sunlight 500 times more efficiently than CO₂, amplifying warming.
• Ozone Depletion: Chlorine-based propellants disrupt the ozone layer.
• Energy Intensity: Rocket manufacturing consumes large amounts of energy and resources.
Major Initiatives to Counter Space Debris:
- 1.Kessler Syndrome Mitigation (NASA): Studies and strategies to avoid cascading collisions in orbit by limiting debris generation.
- 1.European Space Agency’s (ESA) ClearSpace-1: A robotic mission to remove a single large piece of debris from orbit by 2025.
- 1.Japan’s ELSA-d Mission: A demonstration by Astroscale for capturing and de-orbiting defunct satellites using magnetic capture technology.
- 1.United Nations’ Guidelines for Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities: Non-binding recommendations for safe satellite operations, debris mitigation, and international cooperation.
- 1.Active Debris Removal (ADR) Projects: Development of technologies like nets, harpoons, and lasers to capture or de-orbit debris (e.g., ESA and JAXA).
Dangers of Outer Space Pollution:
• Collision Risks: High-velocity debris can destroy operational satellites, disrupting communication and navigation.
• Climate Monitoring Disruption: Space junk interferes with data collection for weather prediction and disaster management.
• Human Spaceflight Hazards: Threatens missions like those on the International Space Station (ISS).
• Cost Escalation: Avoiding debris through shielding or orbital adjustments increases mission expenses.
Barriers to Space Sustainability:
• Lack of Regulation: No binding international laws govern emissions or debris management.
• Commercial Resistance: Companies prioritize cost-efficiency over sustainable practices.
• Data Sharing Issues: Security and proprietary concerns hinder the creation of a unified debris tracking system.
• Outer Space Treaty Gaps: Absence of enforceable provisions for environmental safeguards.
Way Ahead:
• Regulatory Frameworks: Establish binding agreements through The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) for emissions, debris mitigation, and data-sharing.
• Green Technology Investment: Prioritize reusable rockets, biodegradable satellites, and cleaner fuels.
• Debris Management: Develop Autonomous Debris Removal (ADR) systems and incentivize their adoption.
• Global Collaboration: Foster international cooperation for equitable space access and environmental protection.
• Sustainable Practices: Encourage private actors through financial incentives and penalties for eco-friendly approaches.
Conclusion:
Space exploration must balance technological advancement with environmental responsibility. By implementing stringent regulations, fostering innovation, and encouraging global collaboration, humanity can secure a sustainable future for both the earth and outer space.
Insta Links:
• Space-debris
• International civil aviation laws provide all countries complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above their territory. What do you understand by ‘airspace’? What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this pose and suggest ways to contain the threat. (UPSC-2014)
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 13 December 2024 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Mental Health Crisis
Context: Chief Economic Adviser (CEA) V. Anantha Nageswaran raised concerns about the growing mental health crisis among India’s youth, emphasizing its impact on the nation’s demographic dividend.
Mental Health Crisis Among the Modern Generation
• Key Issues: Excessive screen time and sedentary lifestyles. High consumption of ultra-processed foods. Increased levels of anxiety, depression, and suicidal tendencies.
• Excessive screen time and sedentary lifestyles.
• High consumption of ultra-processed foods.
• Increased levels of anxiety, depression, and suicidal tendencies.
• Factors Contributing to the Crisis: Lack of awareness about mental well-being. Limited access to mental health resources. Societal stigma associated with seeking psychological help.
• Lack of awareness about mental well-being.
• Limited access to mental health resources.
• Societal stigma associated with seeking psychological help.
• Impact: Reduces productivity and focus among the youth. Hampers the potential of India’s demographic dividend. Leads to long-term societal and economic consequences.
• Reduces productivity and focus among the youth.
• Hampers the potential of India’s demographic dividend.
• Leads to long-term societal and economic consequences.
Relevance in UPSC syllabus:
• General Studies Paper I: Social issues and cultural shifts impacting youth mental health.
• General Studies Paper II: Policies and institutional roles in addressing mental health challenges.
• General Studies Paper III: Mental health implications on productivity and economic development.
• Ethics Paper: Ethical responsibilities in tackling mental health issues.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 13 December 2024 Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Desert Knight Exercise
Source: TOI
Context: India, France, and the UAE have initiated the Desert Knight air combat exercise over the Arabian Sea.
About Desert Knight Exercise:
• What It Is: A trilateral air combat exercise designed to enhance military interoperability and combat readiness among the participating nations.
• Nations Involved: India, France, and the UAE.
• Location: Conducted over the Arabian Sea, approximately 350-400 km southwest of Karachi.
• Aim of the Exercise: Strengthen trilateral defence cooperation. Enhance combat skills and interoperability among air forces.
• Strengthen trilateral defence cooperation.
• Enhance combat skills and interoperability among air forces.
Insta Links:
• Desert-knight-21-and-garuda
One Nation, One Election
Source: NIE
Context: The Union Cabinet has approved two bills, including a constitutional amendment, to implement the One Nation, One Election (ONOE) policy.
About One Nation, One Election:
• What It Is: A policy to synchronize elections for the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies to reduce the frequency of elections, streamline governance, and minimize electoral expenditure.
• Articles Involved: Proposed amendments to Articles 82A, 83(2), and 327, including the addition of Article 324A, to facilitate synchronized elections.
• Ramnath Kovind Committee: Formed in September 2023, the committee evaluated the feasibility of ONOE and submitted a detailed 18,626-page report after extensive stakeholder consultations.
• Key Recommendations by the Kovind Panel on One Nation, One Election: Legal Mechanism: Develop a legally-tenable framework to implement synchronized elections. First Stage: Conduct simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and all state legislative assemblies. Second Stage: Synchronize municipal and panchayat elections with Lok Sabha and state assembly polls within 100 days. Appointed Date: President to notify the date of the first Lok Sabha session post-general elections for synchronization. Transitory Measure: State assembly tenures post “appointed date” to end with the next Lok Sabha polls; synchronization ensured thereafter. Fresh Lok Sabha Elections: Held in case of a hung House or no-confidence motion, with tenure limited to the remaining term. Fresh State Assembly Elections: New assemblies to serve until the next Lok Sabha term ends. Single Electoral Roll: Unified voter roll and EPIC cards managed by the Election Commission and state commissions. Logistical Preparations: ECI to plan for sufficient equipment (EVMs, VVPATs), personnel deployment, and security measures. Infrastructure Readiness: Advance preparation by ECI to ensure smooth execution of simultaneous elections.
• Legal Mechanism: Develop a legally-tenable framework to implement synchronized elections.
• First Stage: Conduct simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and all state legislative assemblies.
• Second Stage: Synchronize municipal and panchayat elections with Lok Sabha and state assembly polls within 100 days.
• Appointed Date: President to notify the date of the first Lok Sabha session post-general elections for synchronization.
• Transitory Measure: State assembly tenures post “appointed date” to end with the next Lok Sabha polls; synchronization ensured thereafter.
• Fresh Lok Sabha Elections: Held in case of a hung House or no-confidence motion, with tenure limited to the remaining term.
• Fresh State Assembly Elections: New assemblies to serve until the next Lok Sabha term ends.
• Single Electoral Roll: Unified voter roll and EPIC cards managed by the Election Commission and state commissions.
• Logistical Preparations: ECI to plan for sufficient equipment (EVMs, VVPATs), personnel deployment, and security measures.
• Infrastructure Readiness: Advance preparation by ECI to ensure smooth execution of simultaneous elections.
Insta links:
• High-level-committee-report-on-one-nation-one-election
Manganese Contamination
Source: DTE
Context: A study by the Mahavir Cancer Sansthan in Patna revealed significant manganese (Mn) contamination in water as a contributing factor to rising cancer cases in Bihar’s Gangetic region.
About Manganese Water Contamination:
• What is Manganese? Manganese is a naturally occurring metal found in oxides, carbonates, and silicates. It is essential in trace amounts but toxic in higher concentrations.
• Manganese is a naturally occurring metal found in oxides, carbonates, and silicates. It is essential in trace amounts but toxic in higher concentrations.
• WHO Limits for Manganese in Water The permissible limit for manganese in drinking water is 100 µg/L, as recommended by WHO.
• The permissible limit for manganese in drinking water is 100 µg/L, as recommended by WHO.
• Reasons for Manganese in water: Geogenic Sources: Naturally occurring manganese deposits in sedimentary and igneous rocks leach into groundwater. Industrial Pollution: Discharge from mining, steel, and battery industries contaminates water sources. Agricultural Runoff: Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides introduces manganese into the water table. Erosion and Sedimentation: Natural soil erosion and sedimentation contribute to elevated manganese levels in water.
• Geogenic Sources: Naturally occurring manganese deposits in sedimentary and igneous rocks leach into groundwater.
• Industrial Pollution: Discharge from mining, steel, and battery industries contaminates water sources.
• Agricultural Runoff: Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides introduces manganese into the water table.
• Erosion and Sedimentation: Natural soil erosion and sedimentation contribute to elevated manganese levels in water.
• Health Impacts of Excess Manganese in Water: Neurological Disorders: Overexposure can cause weakness, clumsiness, emotional instability, and difficulty in movement. Carcinogenesis: Chronic exposure is linked to cancer, with the study indicating higher contamination levels in advanced cancer stages.
• Neurological Disorders: Overexposure can cause weakness, clumsiness, emotional instability, and difficulty in movement.
• Carcinogenesis: Chronic exposure is linked to cancer, with the study indicating higher contamination levels in advanced cancer stages.
• Regions Affected India: Elevated Mn levels found in Bihar’s Gangetic plains, West Bengal’s Murshidabad and 24 Parganas, and Tumkur, Karnataka. Global: High Mn levels reported in Nigeria, Bangladesh, China, Japan, and Greece.
• India: Elevated Mn levels found in Bihar’s Gangetic plains, West Bengal’s Murshidabad and 24 Parganas, and Tumkur, Karnataka.
• Global: High Mn levels reported in Nigeria, Bangladesh, China, Japan, and Greece.
Insta links:
• Manganese
Salar de Uyuni
Source: DH
Context: The Salar de Uyuni, the world’s largest salt flat in Bolivia, plays a pivotal role in the global energy transition due to its immense lithium reserves.
• This natural wonder, located in the heart of the ‘lithium triangle’ (Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia), highlights the strategic importance of salt flats in modern energy resources.
About Salar de Uyuni:
• What It Is: Salar de Uyuni is the world’s largest salt flat, spanning 10,582 square kilometers (4,086 sq mi). It is a unique natural landscape formed by salt crusts over a rich brine pool containing significant lithium deposits.
• Location: Situated in the Daniel Campos Province of Potosí, southwest Bolivia, near the crest of the Andes, at an elevation of 3,656 m (11,995 ft) above sea level.
• Formation of Salt Flats: Originates from prehistoric lakes that existed around 40,000 years ago but evaporated over time. Formed by the deposition of minerals, especially salts, left behind as water evaporates. Ridges and flat patterns result from varying depths of salty groundwater in the soil.
• Originates from prehistoric lakes that existed around 40,000 years ago but evaporated over time.
• Formed by the deposition of minerals, especially salts, left behind as water evaporates.
• Ridges and flat patterns result from varying depths of salty groundwater in the soil.
• Other Major Salt Flat Regions: Chile: Salar de Atacama. Argentina: Salinas Grandes. USA: Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah.
• Chile: Salar de Atacama.
• Argentina: Salinas Grandes.
• USA: Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah.
• Special Features: Renowned for its flatness with elevation variations within one meter across the entire surface. Converts into the world’s largest mirror after rainfall, reflecting the sky. Used to calibrate altimeters of Earth observation satellites.
• Renowned for its flatness with elevation variations within one meter across the entire surface.
• Converts into the world’s largest mirror after rainfall, reflecting the sky.
• Used to calibrate altimeters of Earth observation satellites.
Insta links:
• Chiles-Atacama-salt-flat
World Chess Championship 2024
Source: TH
Context: The World Chess Championship 2024 marked a historic moment in chess history as 18-year-old Indian Grandmaster D. Gukesh claimed the title, becoming the youngest World Chess Champion ever.
About World Chess Championship 2024:
• Held At: Singapore, from November 25 to December 12, 2024.
• Played Between: Reigning champion Ding Liren (China) and challenger D. Gukesh (India). Gukesh is also only the 18th world champion in history, which dates back to 1886.
• Gukesh is also only the 18th world champion in history, which dates back to 1886.
• History: Established in 1886, the World Chess Championship began as a contest between Wilhelm Steinitz and Johannes Zukertort. Steinitz emerged as the first official World Chess Champion.
• Steinitz emerged as the first official World Chess Champion.
• Governing Body: The event is now organized by FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), which assumed responsibility in 1948.
• Procedure in Tournament: The championship consisted of 14 classical games with tiebreaks scheduled if necessary. Gukesh won the match 7½–6½ after 14 games.
• The championship consisted of 14 classical games with tiebreaks scheduled if necessary.
• Gukesh won the match 7½–6½ after 14 games.
• FIDE Challenger Selection Process: Ding Liren was the reigning champion, winning in 2023 after Magnus Carlsen declined to defend his title. Gukesh earned his spot by winning the Candidates Tournament held in Toronto in April 2024.
• Ding Liren was the reigning champion, winning in 2023 after Magnus Carlsen declined to defend his title.
• Gukesh earned his spot by winning the Candidates Tournament held in Toronto in April 2024.
• Indian Winners So Far: Viswanathan Anand (5-time World Chess Champion). D. Gukesh (2024 World Chess Champion).
• Viswanathan Anand (5-time World Chess Champion).
• D. Gukesh (2024 World Chess Champion).
About D. Gukesh:
• Birth: Born on May 29, 2006, in Chennai, India.
• Grandmaster Title: Achieved at age 12 years, 7 months, and 17 days, making him the third-youngest Grandmaster.
• Achievements: Youngest undisputed World Chess Champion (18 years old). Gukesh is only the third Asian to win the World championship. Viswanathan Anand, who is now a mentor for Gukesh, was the first, and Ding the second. Youngest to reach a chess rating of 2750. Winner of one team and two individual gold medals at the 45th Chess Olympiad (2024). Bronze medal in team events at the Asian Games 2024.
• Youngest undisputed World Chess Champion (18 years old). Gukesh is only the third Asian to win the World championship. Viswanathan Anand, who is now a mentor for Gukesh, was the first, and Ding the second.
• Gukesh is only the third Asian to win the World championship. Viswanathan Anand, who is now a mentor for Gukesh, was the first, and Ding the second.
• Youngest to reach a chess rating of 2750.
• Winner of one team and two individual gold medals at the 45th Chess Olympiad (2024).
• Bronze medal in team events at the Asian Games 2024.
Insta links:
• Gukesh
eCourts Mission Mode Project
Source: News on Air
Context: Minister of Law and Justice Arjun Ram Meghwal has informed that the eCourts Mission Mode Project is under implementation for the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development of the Indian Judiciary.
About eCourts Project:
• Origin: Conceptualized in 2005 by the eCommittee, Supreme Court of India.
• Launched: 2007, under the Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice.
• Aim: To digitize the judiciary for enhanced judicial productivity. To ensure cost-effective, predictable, and reliable access to justice. To automate processes and enable transparency for all stakeholders.
• To digitize the judiciary for enhanced judicial productivity.
• To ensure cost-effective, predictable, and reliable access to justice.
• To automate processes and enable transparency for all stakeholders.
• Implementing Agency: High Courts of respective jurisdictions.
• Phases: Phase I (2007-2015): Basic computerization, internet connectivity, and establishment of Case Information Systems. Phase II (2015-2023): ICT enablement, video conferencing facilities, citizen-centric services like e-payment gateways and certified online documents. Phase III (2023-2027): Focus on digital and paperless courts, digitization of legacy records, expansion of video conferencing to hospitals and jails.
• Phase I (2007-2015): Basic computerization, internet connectivity, and establishment of Case Information Systems.
• Phase II (2015-2023): ICT enablement, video conferencing facilities, citizen-centric services like e-payment gateways and certified online documents.
• Phase III (2023-2027): Focus on digital and paperless courts, digitization of legacy records, expansion of video conferencing to hospitals and jails.
• Key Features: Citizen-Centric Services: Online certified copies, e-filing, and e-payment gateways. Infrastructure Development: Installation of hardware, LAN, and video conferencing facilities. National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG): Provides real-time case statistics. Capacity Building: Training for judicial officers and staff in digital tools. Process Re-engineering: Improved court procedures for efficiency. Cloud Computing Architecture: Ensures cost-effectiveness and seamless data management.
• Citizen-Centric Services: Online certified copies, e-filing, and e-payment gateways.
• Infrastructure Development: Installation of hardware, LAN, and video conferencing facilities.
• National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG): Provides real-time case statistics.
• Capacity Building: Training for judicial officers and staff in digital tools.
• Process Re-engineering: Improved court procedures for efficiency.
• Cloud Computing Architecture: Ensures cost-effectiveness and seamless data management.
Insta links:
• e-Court project
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 13 December 2024 Mapping:
Cameroon
Source: TH
Context: A group of 47 migrant workers from Jharkhand stranded in Cameroon due to unpaid wages have received partial payment after intervention by Chief Minister of Jharkhand.
About Cameroon:
• Location: Cameroon is situated at the junction of western and central Africa.
• Capital: Yaoundé, located in the south-central region.
• Bordering Nations: Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and the Atlantic Ocean.
• Geography: Diverse landscapes include northern savannas, central highlands, southern coastal plains, and western volcanic mountains (e.g., Mount Cameroon).
• Drainage: Major rivers include Sanaga, Wouri, Nyong (Atlantic-bound), and Benue (flows into Nigeria’s Niger Basin).
• Soil: Rich, fertile soils in the south and vulnerable, fertile soils in the north.
Insta Links:
• Cameroon-launched-mosquirix
Daily Current Affairs + PIB Summary (13 Dec 2024)
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