UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 July 2025

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 July 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles

InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.

GS Paper 3 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 July (2025)

• 8 Years of GST

8 Years of GST

• GI Tag Issue – Kolhapuri Chappal

GI Tag Issue – Kolhapuri Chappal

Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):

• Secondary Pollutant

Secondary Pollutant

Facts for Prelims (FFP):

• Sea Ship Observer Mission

Sea Ship Observer Mission

• Altermagnet

Altermagnet

• GOSAT-GW Satellite

GOSAT-GW Satellite

• Akash Air Defence System

Akash Air Defence System

• Begonia nyishiorum

Begonia nyishiorum

• Kombucha

Kombucha

Mapping:

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 July 2025

#### GS Paper 3:

8 Years of GST

Syllabus: Economy

Source: BS

Context: India marks 8 years of Goods and Services Tax (GST) implementation, with automation significantly improving IGST refund processing for exporters.

About 8 Years of GST:

What is GST?

• A comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based indirect tax that subsumes major central and state taxes (excise, VAT, service tax).

• Aims to create a unified national market with seamless input tax credit and reduced tax cascading.

Launched On: 1st July 2017, following the enactment of the Constitution (101st Amendment) Act, 2016.

Key Features:

• Dual GST Model: Centre levies CGST; States levy SGST.

• One Nation, One Tax: Unified indirect tax structure for goods and services.

• Technology-Driven: Uses GSTN for registration, return filing, and compliance.

• Input Tax Credit: Allows credit of input tax across the supply chain.

• Zero-Rated Exports: Ensures no tax burden on exports (via refund or LUT mechanisms).

Achievements in 8 Years:

• Widened Tax Base: GST taxpayer base grew to over 1.45 crore by 2025.

• Revenue Milestone: Monthly GST collections averaged ₹1.65 lakh crore in FY25, with a record high of ₹2.10 lakh crore in April 2025.

• Improved Refund Processing: IGST refunds now processed within one week via Customs ICEGATE portal and ₹1.18 lakh crore refunded in FY25.

• Ease of Doing Business: Automation has reduced refund time, improving export competitiveness.

• Common National Market: Reduced tax barriers and logistics costs across states.

Shortcomings of GST:

• Refund Delays under GST Officers: Refunds filed via GST portal can take up to 90 days, unlike automated IGST refunds (within 7 days).

• Tech-Compliance Gaps: Disparities between Customs and GST systems hamper seamless verification.

• Complexity in Return Filing: Technical glitches and reconciliation issues persist for small businesses.

• Compliance Burden: Frequent notifications, rate changes, and portal issues increase procedural complexity.

• Limited Fiscal Autonomy for States: States express concerns over revenue dependence on Centre.

Way Forward:

• Integrate GST and Customs Systems: Real-time data sharing to expedite cross-platform refund processing.

• Enhance Automation for All Refunds: Extend automated workflows to GST officer-led refunds.

• Simplify Compliance for MSMEs: Introduce graded reporting and single-page returns for small taxpayers.

• Strengthen GST Appellate Mechanisms: Ensure timely disposal of disputes for improved taxpayer confidence.

• Institutionalise GST 2.0: Review rate structure, expand tax base (including fuel/alcohol), and stabilize tax governance.

Conclusion:

Eight years of GST represent a transformational journey in India’s indirect tax regime. While automation has streamlined exporter refunds, systemic and procedural gaps need urgent attention. To unlock its full potential, GST must evolve into a more agile, transparent, and taxpayer-friendly system.

GI Tag Issue – Kolhapuri Chappal

Syllabus: Intellectual Property

Source: TH

Context: Luxury brand Prada showcased Kolhapuri chappal-inspired footwear in Milan (June 2025), triggering a debate on cultural misappropriation of India’s GI-tagged heritage products.

About GI Tag Issue – Kolhapuri chappal:

What is a GI Tag?

• A Geographical Indication (GI) is a form of intellectual property right used to identify products that originate from a specific location and have unique qualities, reputation, or characteristics tied to that place.

Established Under:

• The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, which came into force in 2003 following India’s TRIPS obligations.

Objective:

• To legally protect regional goods, prevent unauthorised usage, support rural artisans and farmers, and enhance the global visibility of traditional products.

Key Features:

• Public Property: GI belongs to producer groups or communities, not individuals or firms.

• Non-Transferable: Cannot be sold or licensed like trademarks.

• 10-Year Protection (Renewable): GI tags are valid for 10 years and can be renewed indefinitely.

• Cultural Linkage: Protects traditional skills, knowledge, and identity of regions.

• Legal Enforcement: Prohibits unauthorised use and provides penalties for infringement.

Recent Issue: Kolhapuri Chappals Misused by Prada

• Prada’s Spring/Summer 2026 collection showcased footwear closely resembling GI-tagged Kolhapuri chappals.

• Despite the GI tag in India, no automatic international GI protection exists, highlighting the territorial limitations of GI laws.

Shortcomings of the GI Regime:

• No Global GI Protection: GI rights are territorial, and there is no universal GI law to prevent misuse abroad.

• Weak Enforcement: Cross-border infringements like Prada or Basmati cases show limited legal recourse internationally.

• Lack of Awareness: Many producer communities remain unaware or under-supported to enforce their rights.

• Database Gaps: No centralised global searchable GI database, making brand due diligence difficult.

• Slow Recognition Process: Registration and recognition of GIs in other jurisdictions is often costly and time-consuming.

Historical Examples of Misappropriation

• Basmati Patent Case (1997): US firm Ricetec tried to patent rice lines; India successfully contested it.

• Turmeric Patent (1995): Revoked after CSIR proved prior traditional use.

• Neem Case (2000): European patent on neem-based antifungal use cancelled due to prior knowledge in Ayurveda

Significance of GI Tags:

• Cultural Preservation: Safeguards traditional craftsmanship and community knowledge systems.

• Economic Upliftment: Enhances rural income by allowing local producers to command premium prices.

• Consumer Confidence: Offers authenticity assurance and deters counterfeit markets.

• Boosts Exports & Tourism: Darjeeling Tea, Pashmina, and Mysore Silk are globally recognised brands thanks to GI status.

• Supports Self-Reliance: Aligns with Aatmanirbhar Bharat by empowering local production ecosystems.

Conclusion:

GI tags are vital in preserving cultural heritage, promoting indigenous economies, and ensuring global brand identity. However, international enforcement gaps limit their effectiveness against cultural misappropriation. A multilateral GI framework, community awareness, and global recognition are essential to safeguard India’s traditional legacy.

• In a globalized world, Intellectual Property Rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms—Copyrights, Patents and Trade Secrets. (UPS – 2014)

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 July 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)

Secondary Pollutant

Context: A recent study by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) reveals that secondary pollutants, especially ammonium sulphate, account for nearly 34% of PM2.5 pollution in India.

About Secondary Pollutant:

• What are Secondary Pollutants?

• Secondary pollutants are not directly emitted but are formed in the atmosphere when primary pollutants (like SO₂, NOx, NH₃) undergo chemical reactions. Ammonium sulphate forms from the reaction between sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and ammonia (NH₃), both prevalent in India due to coal combustion and fertilizer use.

• Secondary pollutants are not directly emitted but are formed in the atmosphere when primary pollutants (like SO₂, NOx, NH₃) undergo chemical reactions.

• Ammonium sulphate forms from the reaction between sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and ammonia (NH₃), both prevalent in India due to coal combustion and fertilizer use.

• Key Trends from CREA Study:

• Ammonium sulphate contributes ~34% to PM2.5 mass on average across India. Thermal power plants contribute over 60% of SO₂ emissions, the main precursor. Concentration of ammonium sulphate is 2.5× higher within 10 km of coal plants. 114 of 130 NCAP cities show over 30% PM2.5 levels due to ammonium sulphate. Other secondary pollutants like ammonium nitrate also contribute up to 50% of PM2.5.

• Ammonium sulphate contributes ~34% to PM2.5 mass on average across India.

• Thermal power plants contribute over 60% of SO₂ emissions, the main precursor.

• Concentration of ammonium sulphate is 2.5× higher within 10 km of coal plants.

• 114 of 130 NCAP cities show over 30% PM2.5 levels due to ammonium sulphate.

• Other secondary pollutants like ammonium nitrate also contribute up to 50% of PM2.5.

• Health & Environmental Impact:

• Leads to chronic respiratory issues, cardiovascular problems, and premature deaths. Contributes to regional and transboundary air pollution. Indicates ineffective enforcement of flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) systems in coal plants (only 8% installed).

• Leads to chronic respiratory issues, cardiovascular problems, and premature deaths.

• Contributes to regional and transboundary air pollution.

• Indicates ineffective enforcement of flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) systems in coal plants (only 8% installed).

Relevance in UPSC Syllabus

• GS Paper 3 – Environment

• Pollution & Health Hazards: Highlights the growing burden of PM2.5 from secondary pollutants and its impact on public health, especially in urban areas. Environmental Impact Assessment: Emphasizes the need for FGD systems in thermal power plants and monitoring of precursor emissions.

• Pollution & Health Hazards: Highlights the growing burden of PM2.5 from secondary pollutants and its impact on public health, especially in urban areas.

• Environmental Impact Assessment: Emphasizes the need for FGD systems in thermal power plants and monitoring of precursor emissions.

• GS Paper 2 – Governance & Policy

• Government Policies & Interventions: Evaluates the effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms like NCAP and SO₂ control mandates in coal-fired plants. Health & Welfare Schemes: Links air quality degradation to public health outcomes, reinforcing the need for integrated environmental-health governance.

• Government Policies & Interventions: Evaluates the effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms like NCAP and SO₂ control mandates in coal-fired plants.

• Health & Welfare Schemes: Links air quality degradation to public health outcomes, reinforcing the need for integrated environmental-health governance.

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 July 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP):

Sea Ship Observer Mission

Source: NIE

Context: India, along with Japan, the US, and Australia, has launched the first-ever ‘QUAD at Sea Ship Observer Mission’ under the Wilmington Declaration to boost maritime coordination in the Indo-Pacific.

About Sea Ship Observer Mission:

• What is it? A multilateral maritime cooperation initiative enabling observer-level cross-embarkation of officers from QUAD nations on each other’s coast guard vessels.

• A multilateral maritime cooperation initiative enabling observer-level cross-embarkation of officers from QUAD nations on each other’s coast guard vessels.

• Launched by:

• QUAD Coast Guards under the Wilmington Declaration of the QUAD Leaders’ Summit (2024)

• Countries Involved:

• India – Indian Coast Guard (ICG) Japan – Japan Coast Guard (JCG) United States – US Coast Guard (USCG) Australia – Australian Border Force (ABF)

• India – Indian Coast Guard (ICG)

• Japan – Japan Coast Guard (JCG)

• United States – US Coast Guard (USCG)

• Australia – Australian Border Force (ABF)

• Objectives:

• Strengthen Maritime Interoperability: Ensure smoother coordination in real-time maritime operations. Boost Maritime Domain Awareness: Enhance collective monitoring of Indo-Pacific Sea lanes. Support Rules-Based Order: Promote adherence to international maritime law and peaceful dispute resolution. Promote Gender Inclusion: Women officers from each nation are included in the mission. Deepen QUAD Maritime Synergy: Lay groundwork for a future ‘QUAD Coast Guard Handshake’.

• Strengthen Maritime Interoperability: Ensure smoother coordination in real-time maritime operations.

• Boost Maritime Domain Awareness: Enhance collective monitoring of Indo-Pacific Sea lanes.

• Support Rules-Based Order: Promote adherence to international maritime law and peaceful dispute resolution.

• Promote Gender Inclusion: Women officers from each nation are included in the mission.

• Deepen QUAD Maritime Synergy: Lay groundwork for a future ‘QUAD Coast Guard Handshake’.

• Key Features:

• First cross-deployment of officers among QUAD Coast Guards. Promotes humanitarian assistance, disaster response, and capacity-building. Supports India’s strategic maritime outlook via SAGAR and the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI). Symbolizes collective regional preparedness amid complex maritime threats.

• First cross-deployment of officers among QUAD Coast Guards.

• Promotes humanitarian assistance, disaster response, and capacity-building.

• Supports India’s strategic maritime outlook via SAGAR and the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).

• Symbolizes collective regional preparedness amid complex maritime threats.

Altermagnet

Source: PIB

Context: Scientists at the S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences have discovered a rare direction-dependent conduction polarity (DDCP) in Chromium Antimonide (CrSb), a newly discovered altermagnet.

• This is the first known altermagnet to show both p-type and n-type conduction within a single crystal based on direction

About Altermagnet:

• What are Altermagnets?

• Altermagnets are a novel class of magnetic materials that combine the internal spin ordering of antiferromagnets with the functional advantages of ferromagnets, yet exhibit zero net magnetization externally. Their hidden magnetic symmetry enables unique control over electron spin and transport without external magnetic signatures.

• Their hidden magnetic symmetry enables unique control over electron spin and transport without external magnetic signatures.

• Discovered By: This specific behaviour in CrSb was discovered by N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.

• Key Characteristics:

• Zero Net Magnetism: Despite magnetic ordering, they show no external magnetic field like regular magnets. High Spin Splitting: Internal electron spin energy levels differ greatly—30× room temperature in CrSb. High Thermal Stability: CrSb remains magnetic at temperatures twice that of room temperature, making it viable for industrial electronics. DDCP (Direction-Dependent Conduction Polarity): CrSb shows n-type behaviour along layers and p-type behaviour across layers, a first among known magnetic materials. Single-Crystalline Purity: High-quality crystals allow precise measurement of anisotropic conduction.

• Zero Net Magnetism: Despite magnetic ordering, they show no external magnetic field like regular magnets.

• High Spin Splitting: Internal electron spin energy levels differ greatly—30× room temperature in CrSb.

• High Thermal Stability: CrSb remains magnetic at temperatures twice that of room temperature, making it viable for industrial electronics.

• DDCP (Direction-Dependent Conduction Polarity): CrSb shows n-type behaviour along layers and p-type behaviour across layers, a first among known magnetic materials.

• Single-Crystalline Purity: High-quality crystals allow precise measurement of anisotropic conduction.

• How it Happens?

• In CrSb, when electric current flows within the crystal layers, electrons carry charge (n-type). When current flows across the layers, holes (absence of electrons) take over (p-type). This unusual conduction behaviour arises from asymmetric spin and charge distribution in the crystal structure.

• In CrSb, when electric current flows within the crystal layers, electrons carry charge (n-type).

• When current flows across the layers, holes (absence of electrons) take over (p-type).

• This unusual conduction behaviour arises from asymmetric spin and charge distribution in the crystal structure.

• Applications:

• Spintronics: Enables manipulation of electron spin rather than charge, paving the way for ultra-fast, low-energy memory devices. Compact Electronics: Acts as both p-type and n-type, removing the need for separate materials or doping. Thermoelectric: Enhances energy efficiency in power conversion systems. Simplified Manufacturing: Obviates heterostructures or junctions, reducing cost and complexity. Sustainable Tech: CrSb is non-toxic and earth-abundant, aligning with green electronics initiatives.

• Spintronics: Enables manipulation of electron spin rather than charge, paving the way for ultra-fast, low-energy memory devices.

• Compact Electronics: Acts as both p-type and n-type, removing the need for separate materials or doping.

• Thermoelectric: Enhances energy efficiency in power conversion systems.

• Simplified Manufacturing: Obviates heterostructures or junctions, reducing cost and complexity.

• Sustainable Tech: CrSb is non-toxic and earth-abundant, aligning with green electronics initiatives.

GOSAT-GW Satellite

Source: WION

Context: Japan successfully launched the GOSAT-GW climate monitoring satellite aboard its H-2A rocket, marking the rocket’s 50th and final mission before its retirement.

About GOSAT-GW Satellite:

• What is GOSAT-GW?

• GOSAT-GW stands for Global Observing Satellite for Greenhouse Gases and Water Cycle. It is the third satellite in Japan’s GOSAT series dedicated to monitoring greenhouse gases and water cycle data on a global scale.

• GOSAT-GW stands for Global Observing Satellite for Greenhouse Gases and Water Cycle.

• It is the third satellite in Japan’s GOSAT series dedicated to monitoring greenhouse gases and water cycle data on a global scale.

• Developed By: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

• In collaboration with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI), which handled launch operations.

• Launched Through:

• H-2A rocket, a liquid-fuel launcher with solid-fuel boosters, from the Tanegashima Space Centre.

• Objectives:

• Monitor Greenhouse Gases: Collect data on carbon dioxide, methane, and other climate-impacting gases. Study Global Water Cycles: Measure Sea surface temperature, cloud cover, and precipitation trends. Support Climate Policy: Provide accurate, high-resolution data to global stakeholders including NOAA (USA).

• Monitor Greenhouse Gases: Collect data on carbon dioxide, methane, and other climate-impacting gases.

• Study Global Water Cycles: Measure Sea surface temperature, cloud cover, and precipitation trends.

• Support Climate Policy: Provide accurate, high-resolution data to global stakeholders including NOAA (USA).

• Key Features:

• High-Resolution Observation: Delivers enhanced spatial and temporal accuracy for climate variables. Real-Time Global Data Sharing: Expected to begin data transmission within one year of deployment. Dual Focus: Simultaneously monitors both greenhouse gases and hydrological parameters—unique among satellites. International Access: Open data access model enhances global climate transparency and collaboration.

• High-Resolution Observation: Delivers enhanced spatial and temporal accuracy for climate variables.

• Real-Time Global Data Sharing: Expected to begin data transmission within one year of deployment.

• Dual Focus: Simultaneously monitors both greenhouse gases and hydrological parameters—unique among satellites.

• International Access: Open data access model enhances global climate transparency and collaboration.

• Significance:

• Advances Climate Science: Strengthens Earth system observation capacity amid rising climate risks. Promotes Global Cooperation: Supports international frameworks like the Paris Agreement through data sharing. Marks a Space Technology Milestone: Concludes H-2A’s successful legacy and transitions to the cost-efficient H3 launcher. Boosts Japan’s Commercial Space Profile: Demonstrates commitment to reliable, low-cost launch services for global clients. Strengthens National Security & Space Autonomy: Ensures Japan maintains independent space-based environmental surveillance.

• Advances Climate Science: Strengthens Earth system observation capacity amid rising climate risks.

• Promotes Global Cooperation: Supports international frameworks like the Paris Agreement through data sharing.

• Marks a Space Technology Milestone: Concludes H-2A’s successful legacy and transitions to the cost-efficient H3 launcher.

• Boosts Japan’s Commercial Space Profile: Demonstrates commitment to reliable, low-cost launch services for global clients.

• Strengthens National Security & Space Autonomy: Ensures Japan maintains independent space-based environmental surveillance.

Akash Air Defence System

Source: ANI

Context: Ahead of the 17th BRICS Summit, Brazil has expressed interest in purchasing India’s Akash Air Defence System, following its successful deployment in Operation Sindoor.

About Akash Air Defence System:

• What is It?

• Akash is a medium-range, mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed to neutralize aerial threats in both defensive and offensive operations. It is designed to protect vulnerable points and areas from enemy aircraft, drones, and missiles.

• Akash is a medium-range, mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed to neutralize aerial threats in both defensive and offensive operations.

• It is designed to protect vulnerable points and areas from enemy aircraft, drones, and missiles.

• Developed By: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), in collaboration with Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) under the Make in India initiative.

• Objectives:

• Enhance India’s layered air defence by filling the gap between short and long-range interceptors. Intercept and destroy aerial threats like helicopters, fighter aircraft, cruise missiles, and UAVs. Ensure rapid deployment for field and strategic protection, especially in sensitive zones. Enable autonomous and group target engagement during simultaneous aerial attacks. Offer export potential to boost India’s defence diplomacy and indigenous manufacturing.

• Enhance India’s layered air defence by filling the gap between short and long-range interceptors.

• Intercept and destroy aerial threats like helicopters, fighter aircraft, cruise missiles, and UAVs.

• Ensure rapid deployment for field and strategic protection, especially in sensitive zones.

• Enable autonomous and group target engagement during simultaneous aerial attacks.

• Offer export potential to boost India’s defence diplomacy and indigenous manufacturing.

• Key Features:

• Range: 4.5 km to 25 km Altitude Coverage: 100 m to 20 km Speed: Supersonic (Mach 1.8 to 2.5) Guidance System: Command guidance with integrated radar Mobility: Mounted on road/rail mobile platforms Fire Control: Fully automatic operation with quick reaction capability Communication: Encrypted, secure links between combat elements Electronic Protection: In-built ECCM (Electronic Counter-Counter Measures) and high jamming immunity IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) enabled for operational safety

• Range: 4.5 km to 25 km

• Altitude Coverage: 100 m to 20 km

• Speed: Supersonic (Mach 1.8 to 2.5)

• Guidance System: Command guidance with integrated radar

• Mobility: Mounted on road/rail mobile platforms

• Fire Control: Fully automatic operation with quick reaction capability

• Communication: Encrypted, secure links between combat elements

• Electronic Protection: In-built ECCM (Electronic Counter-Counter Measures) and high jamming immunity IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) enabled for operational safety

• IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) enabled for operational safety

• Significance:

• Proven Operational Record: Successfully neutralized threats during Operation Sindoor, showcasing real-time efficacy. Strategic Export Potential: Brazil’s interest signals growing demand for Indian defence products in South America. Self-Reliance in Defence: Aligns with Aatmanirbhar Bharat and boosts India’s stature as a defence exporter. Versatile Platform: Suitable for battlefield, coastal, and critical infrastructure defence. Strengthens Global Partnerships: Facilitates joint R&D, training, and manufacturing partnerships with emerging economies.

• Proven Operational Record: Successfully neutralized threats during Operation Sindoor, showcasing real-time efficacy.

• Strategic Export Potential: Brazil’s interest signals growing demand for Indian defence products in South America.

• Self-Reliance in Defence: Aligns with Aatmanirbhar Bharat and boosts India’s stature as a defence exporter.

• Versatile Platform: Suitable for battlefield, coastal, and critical infrastructure defence.

• Strengthens Global Partnerships: Facilitates joint R&D, training, and manufacturing partnerships with emerging economies.

Begonia nyishiorum

Source: NIE

Context: A new flowering plant species, Begonia nyishiorum, has been discovered in East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, highlighting the rich unexplored biodiversity of the Eastern Himalayas.

About Begonia nyishiorum:

• What It Is?

• Begonia nyishiorum is a newly identified flowering plant species, belonging to the Begoniaceae family. It is endemic to Arunachal Pradesh and not found anywhere else in the world. The species has been named in honour of the Nyishi tribe, the largest indigenous community of Arunachal Pradesh.

• Begonia nyishiorum is a newly identified flowering plant species, belonging to the Begoniaceae family.

• It is endemic to Arunachal Pradesh and not found anywhere else in the world.

• The species has been named in honour of the Nyishi tribe, the largest indigenous community of Arunachal Pradesh.

• Natural Habitat:

• Found on moist, shaded mountain slopes between 1,500–3,000 metres elevation. Located in two high-altitude forest sites in East Kameng, some covered in early winter snow. Grows in pristine, undisturbed ecosystems protected by local communities.

• Found on moist, shaded mountain slopes between 1,500–3,000 metres elevation.

• Located in two high-altitude forest sites in East Kameng, some covered in early winter snow.

• Grows in pristine, undisturbed ecosystems protected by local communities.

• Key Features:

• Unique Crimson-Fringed Petioles: Light green stalks sheathed in dense, crimson fringes – a trait unseen in any Asian begonia. High-Altitude Adaptation: Thrives in sub-zero conditions and steep slopes. Distinctive Indumentum: Dense hair-like covering not recorded in over 2,150 global begonia species. Limited Distribution: Currently known only from two specific forest patches in Arunachal. Culturally Named: Named nyishiorum to honour the Nyishi tribe’s role in forest stewardship.

• Unique Crimson-Fringed Petioles: Light green stalks sheathed in dense, crimson fringes – a trait unseen in any Asian begonia.

• High-Altitude Adaptation: Thrives in sub-zero conditions and steep slopes.

• Distinctive Indumentum: Dense hair-like covering not recorded in over 2,150 global begonia species.

• Limited Distribution: Currently known only from two specific forest patches in Arunachal.

• Culturally Named: Named nyishiorum to honour the Nyishi tribe’s role in forest stewardship.

• Significance:

• Highlights Arunachal’s Biodiversity: Reaffirms the state’s status as a biodiversity hotspot and cradle of Himalayan plant evolution. Conservation Priority: Adds urgency to preserve unexplored high-elevation forests from human encroachment. Global Recognition: Enhances India’s visibility in global botanical taxonomy and conservation science.

• Highlights Arunachal’s Biodiversity: Reaffirms the state’s status as a biodiversity hotspot and cradle of Himalayan plant evolution.

• Conservation Priority: Adds urgency to preserve unexplored high-elevation forests from human encroachment.

• Global Recognition: Enhances India’s visibility in global botanical taxonomy and conservation science.

Kombucha

Source: TH

Context: A new study in The Journal of Nutrition has revealed that kombucha, a fermented tea drink, can positively modulate gut microbiota in individuals with obesity.

About Kombucha:

• What is It? Kombucha is a fermented, lightly effervescent tea-based beverage traditionally consumed for its digestive and probiotic benefits. It is classified as a functional food due to its potential to support gut, metabolic, and immune health.

• Kombucha is a fermented, lightly effervescent tea-based beverage traditionally consumed for its digestive and probiotic benefits.

• It is classified as a functional food due to its potential to support gut, metabolic, and immune health.

• Composition: Made from sweetened black or green tea, fermented using SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast). Contains: Probiotics (live bacteria and yeast) Polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids) Organic acids, vitamins, and antioxidants Trace alcohol due to fermentation Key Characteristics: Effervescent (naturally carbonated) and tangy in flavor. Shelf-stable probiotic source, depending on Adaptable to local microbiota; effects may vary across populations. Often marketed in India as a health-oriented beverage. Health Benefits: Gut Microbiome Rebalancing: Increases beneficial strains like Akkermansiaceae and Prevotellaceae (linked to insulin sensitivity and lower inflammation). Reduces Harmful Microbes: Lowers bacteria like Ruminococcus gnavus and Dorea, associated with metabolic disorders. Fungal Balance: Decreases fungi such as Rhodotorula and Exophiala, linked to obesity and gut dysbiosis. Supports Mucus Secretion: Phenolic compounds stimulate mucus production in the gut, improving barrier integrity. Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects: Associated microbial shifts may reduce chronic low-grade inflammation.

• Made from sweetened black or green tea, fermented using SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast).

• Contains: Probiotics (live bacteria and yeast) Polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids) Organic acids, vitamins, and antioxidants Trace alcohol due to fermentation

• Probiotics (live bacteria and yeast)

• Polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids)

• Organic acids, vitamins, and antioxidants

• Trace alcohol due to fermentation

• Key Characteristics: Effervescent (naturally carbonated) and tangy in flavor. Shelf-stable probiotic source, depending on Adaptable to local microbiota; effects may vary across populations. Often marketed in India as a health-oriented beverage.

• Effervescent (naturally carbonated) and tangy in flavor.

• Shelf-stable probiotic source, depending on

• Adaptable to local microbiota; effects may vary across populations.

• Often marketed in India as a health-oriented beverage.

• Health Benefits: Gut Microbiome Rebalancing: Increases beneficial strains like Akkermansiaceae and Prevotellaceae (linked to insulin sensitivity and lower inflammation). Reduces Harmful Microbes: Lowers bacteria like Ruminococcus gnavus and Dorea, associated with metabolic disorders. Fungal Balance: Decreases fungi such as Rhodotorula and Exophiala, linked to obesity and gut dysbiosis. Supports Mucus Secretion: Phenolic compounds stimulate mucus production in the gut, improving barrier integrity. Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects: Associated microbial shifts may reduce chronic low-grade inflammation.

• Gut Microbiome Rebalancing: Increases beneficial strains like Akkermansiaceae and Prevotellaceae (linked to insulin sensitivity and lower inflammation).

• Reduces Harmful Microbes: Lowers bacteria like Ruminococcus gnavus and Dorea, associated with metabolic disorders.

• Fungal Balance: Decreases fungi such as Rhodotorula and Exophiala, linked to obesity and gut dysbiosis.

• Supports Mucus Secretion: Phenolic compounds stimulate mucus production in the gut, improving barrier integrity.

• Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects: Associated microbial shifts may reduce chronic low-grade inflammation.

#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 July 2025 Mapping:

Source: DD News

Context: Prime Minister of India will make a historic two-day state visit to Ghana, the first by an Indian PM in over three decades.

About Ghana:

• Location: Situated along the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa.

• Capital: Accra.

• Neighbouring Countries: Burkina Faso, Togo, Côte d’Ivoire, and Atlantic Ocea.

• Geological & Physical Features: Mountains & Plateaus:

• Mountains & Plateaus:

• Dominated by dissected Precambrian peneplains with elevations rarely exceeding 900 meters. Key mountain ranges: Akwapim-Togo Ranges in the east (Mount Afadjato – highest peak at 885 m). Kwahu Plateau and Gambaga Scarp form major uplands and escarpments.

• Dominated by dissected Precambrian peneplains with elevations rarely exceeding 900 meters.

• Key mountain ranges: Akwapim-Togo Ranges in the east (Mount Afadjato – highest peak at 885 m). Kwahu Plateau and Gambaga Scarp form major uplands and escarpments.

• Akwapim-Togo Ranges in the east (Mount Afadjato – highest peak at 885 m).

• Kwahu Plateau and Gambaga Scarp form major uplands and escarpments.

• Rivers & Lakes:

• Volta River System dominates the landscape: Lake Volta: One of the largest artificial lakes globally (8,500 sq. km), created by the Akosombo Dam. Major tributaries: Black Volta, White Volta, and Oti rivers. Other important rivers: Pra, Ankobra, Tano.

• Lake Volta: One of the largest artificial lakes globally (8,500 sq. km), created by the Akosombo Dam.

• Major tributaries: Black Volta, White Volta, and Oti rivers.

• Other important rivers: Pra, Ankobra, Tano.

• Soil Types:

• Lateritic Soils: Common across the forest and savanna zones. Ochrosols: Fertile and well-drained soils found in forest and coastal regions—suitable for agriculture. Akuse Clays: Heavy tropical black earths ideal for irrigation-based farming. Vleisols and acidic gray earths dominate less fertile coastal savanna zones.

• Lateritic Soils: Common across the forest and savanna zones.

• Ochrosols: Fertile and well-drained soils found in forest and coastal regions—suitable for agriculture.

• Akuse Clays: Heavy tropical black earths ideal for irrigation-based farming.

• Vleisols and acidic gray earths dominate less fertile coastal savanna zones.

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Table of Contents

GS Paper 3 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 July (2025)

8 Years of GST

GI Tag Issue – Kolhapuri Chappal

Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):

Secondary Pollutant

Facts for Prelims (FFP):

Sea Ship Observer Mission

Altermagnet

GOSAT-GW Satellite

Akash Air Defence System

Begonia nyishiorum

Kombucha

Mapping:

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 July 2025

8 Years of GST

GI Tag Issue – Kolhapuri Chappal

Secondary Pollutant

Sea Ship Observer Mission

Altermagnet

GOSAT-GW Satellite

Akash Air Defence System

Begonia nyishiorum

Kombucha