UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 February 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 February 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles
InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.
Table of Contents
GS Paper 3 : (UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 February (2025)
• Summary of Economic Survey 2024-25
Summary of Economic Survey 2024-25
Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):
• Mental Health Role in Workforce
Mental Health Role in Workforce
• A Story of Empowerment Through Hockey
A Story of Empowerment Through Hockey
Facts for Prelims (FFP):
• Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM)
Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM)
• Financialisation
Financialisation
• Non-Opioid Painkiller
Non-Opioid Painkiller
• New Ramsar Sites
New Ramsar Sites
• SwaRail SuperApp
SwaRail SuperApp
• Kolleru Lake
Kolleru Lake
Mapping:
• Kara Sea
Kara Sea
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 February 2025
#### GS Paper 3 :
Summary of Economic Survey 2024-25
Syllabus: Economics
Source: IE
Context: The Economic Survey 2024-25, tabled by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, provides a comprehensive analysis of India’s economic performance and outlines key challenges and opportunities for sustainable growth.
Summary and Key Takeaways from Economic Survey 2025:
• Global Economic Context: Global growth slowed to 3.3% in 2023, with IMF projecting an average of 3.2% over the next five years. Rising trade protectionism and China’s dominance in global manufacturing (one-third of global output) pose challenges. India’s economy remains steady despite global headwinds, with real GDP growth pegged at 6.4% in FY25 and expected to grow between 6.3% and 6.8% in FY26.
• Global growth slowed to 3.3% in 2023, with IMF projecting an average of 3.2% over the next five years.
• Rising trade protectionism and China’s dominance in global manufacturing (one-third of global output) pose challenges.
• India’s economy remains steady despite global headwinds, with real GDP growth pegged at 6.4% in FY25 and expected to grow between 6.3% and 6.8% in FY26.
• Domestic Economic Performance: GDP and GVA: Real GDP growth estimated at 6.4% in FY25, close to the decadal average. Gross Value Added (GVA) grew by 6.4%, driven by strong performance in construction, electricity, and utilities. Private Consumption: Private final consumption expenditure grew by 7.3%, supported by a rebound in rural demand. Inflation: Retail headline inflation softened to 4.9% (April-December 2024), but food inflation rose to 8.4% due to supply chain disruptions and weather vagaries. Employment: Unemployment rate declined to 3.2% in 2023-24, with improved labor force participation and worker-to-population ratios.
• GDP and GVA: Real GDP growth estimated at 6.4% in FY25, close to the decadal average. Gross Value Added (GVA) grew by 6.4%, driven by strong performance in construction, electricity, and utilities.
• Private Consumption: Private final consumption expenditure grew by 7.3%, supported by a rebound in rural demand.
• Inflation: Retail headline inflation softened to 4.9% (April-December 2024), but food inflation rose to 8.4% due to supply chain disruptions and weather vagaries.
• Employment: Unemployment rate declined to 3.2% in 2023-24, with improved labor force participation and worker-to-population ratios.
• Sectoral Growth: Agriculture: Expected to grow at 3.8% in FY25, supported by record Kharif foodgrain production (1647.05 lakh metric tonnes). Industry: Estimated to grow by 6.2%, with strong performance in construction and utilities. Services: Robust growth of 7.2%, driven by financial, real estate, and professional services. Services exports surged by 12.8% (April-November 2024).
• Agriculture: Expected to grow at 3.8% in FY25, supported by record Kharif foodgrain production (1647.05 lakh metric tonnes).
• Industry: Estimated to grow by 6.2%, with strong performance in construction and utilities.
• Services: Robust growth of 7.2%, driven by financial, real estate, and professional services. Services exports surged by 12.8% (April-November 2024).
• Fiscal Health and Capex: Capital expenditure grew by 8.2% (July-November 2024), with a focus on infrastructure development. Gross tax revenue increased by 10.7% (April-November 2024), but net tax revenue growth was modest due to higher devolution to states. States’ revenue expenditure grew by 12%, with subsidies and committed liabilities driving spending.
• Capital expenditure grew by 8.2% (July-November 2024), with a focus on infrastructure development.
• Gross tax revenue increased by 10.7% (April-November 2024), but net tax revenue growth was modest due to higher devolution to states.
• States’ revenue expenditure grew by 12%, with subsidies and committed liabilities driving spending.
• External Sector: Merchandise exports grew by 1.6% (April-December 2024), while imports rose by 5.2%. Services exports and remittances supported a current account deficit (CAD) of 1.2% of GDP in Q2 FY25. Forex reserves stood at $634.6 billion (January 2025), covering 10.9 months of imports and 90% of external debt.
• Merchandise exports grew by 1.6% (April-December 2024), while imports rose by 5.2%.
• Services exports and remittances supported a current account deficit (CAD) of 1.2% of GDP in Q2 FY25.
• Forex reserves stood at $634.6 billion (January 2025), covering 10.9 months of imports and 90% of external debt.
• Banking and Financial Stability: Gross NPAs declined to a 12-year low of 2.6% of gross loans. Capital-to-risk-weighted assets ratio (CRAR) for banks stood at 16.7% (September 2024), well above regulatory norms.
• Gross NPAs declined to a 12-year low of 2.6% of gross loans.
• Capital-to-risk-weighted assets ratio (CRAR) for banks stood at 16.7% (September 2024), well above regulatory norms.
• Infrastructure and Renewable Energy: Railway network expanded by 2031 km (April-November 2024), with 17 new Vande Bharat trains introduced. Renewable energy capacity increased by 15.8% (December 2024), driven by solar and wind power. Port efficiency improved, with average container turnaround time reduced to 30.4 hours (FY25).
• Railway network expanded by 2031 km (April-November 2024), with 17 new Vande Bharat trains introduced.
• Renewable energy capacity increased by 15.8% (December 2024), driven by solar and wind power.
• Port efficiency improved, with average container turnaround time reduced to 30.4 hours (FY25).
• Social Sector and Health: Government health expenditure increased from 29% (FY15) to 48% (FY22), reducing out-of-pocket expenses from 62.6% to 39.4%. Social services expenditure grew at 15% annually (FY21-FY25), with initiatives like Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan and PM POSHAN.
• Government health expenditure increased from 29% (FY15) to 48% (FY22), reducing out-of-pocket expenses from 62.6% to 39.4%.
• Social services expenditure grew at 15% annually (FY21-FY25), with initiatives like Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan and PM POSHAN.
• MSME and Deregulation: The ₹50,000 crore Self-Reliant India Fund launched to support MSMEs. Economic Survey advocates systematic deregulation under Ease of Doing Business 2.0 to boost growth and competitiveness.
• The ₹50,000 crore Self-Reliant India Fund launched to support MSMEs.
• Economic Survey advocates systematic deregulation under Ease of Doing Business 2.0 to boost growth and competitiveness.
• AI and Future Workforce: Collaborative efforts between government, private sector, and academia needed to address AI-driven labor market transformations. Emphasis on education and skill development to prepare the workforce for AI-augmented jobs.
• Collaborative efforts between government, private sector, and academia needed to address AI-driven labor market transformations.
• Emphasis on education and skill development to prepare the workforce for AI-augmented jobs.
New Concepts Highlighted in the Economic Survey 2024-25:
- 1.Systematic Deregulation:
o A three-step process for states to review and reduce regulatory burdens:
§ Identify areas for deregulation.
§ Compare regulations with other states and countries.
§ Estimate the cost of regulations on enterprises.
- 1.Geo-Economic Fragmentation (GEF):
o Acknowledges the impact of global economic fragmentation on trade and investment.
o Calls for strengthening domestic growth levers to mitigate risks.
- 1.AI-Driven Labor Market Transformation:
o Emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts between government, private sector, and academia to address AI’s societal effects.
o Focuses on education and skill development to prepare the workforce for AI-augmented jobs.
- 1.Mittelstand Concept for India’s SME Sector:
o Advocates creating a robust SME sector akin to Germany’s Mittelstand.
o Aims to foster innovation, competitiveness, and economic growth through deregulation and policy support.
- 1.Risk-Based Regulation: Proposes a shift towards risk-based regulatory frameworks to reduce compliance costs and improve business efficiency.
Insta Links:
• Economic-growth-and-inequality
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 February 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
Mental Health Role in Workforce
Context: The Economic Survey 2024-25 highlights the critical role of mental health in shaping India’s future workforce, emphasizing its impact on productivity, economic growth, and overall well-being.
Mental Health Role in Workforce:
• Productivity: Mental well-being directly influences productivity, as healthy employees are more focused, creative, and efficient.
• Workplace Culture: A positive work environment fosters mental health, while toxic workplaces and long hours can lead to stress, burnout, and reduced performance.
• Economic Growth: Addressing mental health issues can enhance workforce participation, reduce absenteeism, and boost economic output.
• Youth and Future Workforce: Rising mental health issues among children and adolescents, driven by excessive internet use and unhealthy lifestyles, threaten the future workforce’s potential.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:
• GS Paper II (Governance): Policies and interventions for mental health and well-being.
• GS Paper III (Economy): Link between mental health, productivity, and economic growth.
• GS Paper I (Society): Impact of lifestyle choices, technology, and family dynamics on mental health.
• Essay Paper: Topics on mental health, workforce challenges, and sustainable development.
A Story of Empowerment Through Hockey
Anecdote: In the tribal heartland of Sundargarh, Odisha, hockey has transcended beyond just being a sport—it has become a beacon of empowerment, particularly for women. In a region where economic hardships and societal constraints often limit opportunities for young girls, players like Jyoti Chhatri, Sunelita Toppo, and Anjali Barwa have emerged as trailblazers, rewriting narratives of struggle and success through sheer determination. Jyoti Chhatri, inspired by her brother’s passion for hockey, fought against financial adversity to don the Indian jersey and compete in the prestigious Hockey India League (HIL). Sunelita Toppo, backed by a supportive family, shattered expectations by becoming one of the highest-paid players in the league. Anjali Barwa, despite being told that her short stature would be a disadvantage, defied all odds to clinch gold at the Junior Asia Cup, proving that talent and perseverance outweigh physical limitations. Their achievements extend beyond the field, as they have uplifted their families economically and instilled a renewed sense of aspiration in their communities. These women have become role models, inspiring a new generation of tribal girls to chase their dreams, proving that sports can break barriers, challenge gender norms, and serve as a powerful tool for social change. Their journey underscores the transformative impact of sports in fostering resilience, self-confidence, and opportunities in underprivileged communities, making hockey more than just a game it is a movement of empowerment.
Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus:
• GS Paper I (Society): Role of women in social change, empowerment through sports, and breaking gender stereotypes.
• GS Paper II (Governance): Government initiatives for women’s empowerment and sports development.
• GS Paper III (Economy): Impact of sports on rural economy and employment generation.
• Essay Paper: Topics on women empowerment, sports as a tool for social change, and tribal development.
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 February 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP)
Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM)
Source: DTE
Context: The Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM) was launched to address critical marine challenges in the Caribbean and North Brazil Shelf, aiming to enhance sustainable ocean governance and protect biodiversity.
About Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM):
• What it is: A collaborative framework for sustainable marine resource management in the Wider Caribbean region.
• Launched by: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (UNESCO-IOC).
• Implementing Agency: UNESCO-IOC Sub commission for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (IOCARIBE). Funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through the UNDP/GEF PROCARIBE+ Project.
• Funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through the UNDP/GEF PROCARIBE+ Project.
• Ocean Covered: Caribbean Sea and North Brazil Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem.
• Aim: To promote sustainable fisheries, ecosystem restoration, pollution control, blue carbon development, marine spatial planning, and marine protected areas.
• Features: Focuses on cross-country collaboration, integrates traditional knowledge with scientific research, and prioritizes vulnerable communities.
About Caribbean Sea:
• Location: The Caribbean Sea is a tropical sea of the North Atlantic Ocean, located south of the Gulf of Mexico and southwest of the Sargasso Sea.
• Nations Bordering: It is bounded by the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), the Lesser Antilles (Virgin Islands to Trinidad and Tobago), South America (Venezuela, Colombia), and Central America (Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico).
• Geographic Features: Deepest point: Cayman Trough, at 7,686 m (25,217 ft) below sea level. Features the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, the world’s second-largest barrier reef, stretching 1,000 km (620 mi) along the coasts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras. Major gulfs and bays include the Gulf of Gonâve, Gulf of Venezuela, Gulf of Darién, Golfo de los Mosquitos, Gulf of Paria, and Gulf of Honduras.
• Deepest point: Cayman Trough, at 7,686 m (25,217 ft) below sea level.
• Features the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, the world’s second-largest barrier reef, stretching 1,000 km (620 mi) along the coasts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras.
• Major gulfs and bays include the Gulf of Gonâve, Gulf of Venezuela, Gulf of Darién, Golfo de los Mosquitos, Gulf of Paria, and Gulf of Honduras.
About North Brazil Shelf:
• Located in: The North Brazil Shelf is part of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, stretching along the northern coast of South America. The coast between the mouth of the Amazon and the Orinoco rivers, also known as the North Brazil Shelf
• The coast between the mouth of the Amazon and the Orinoco rivers, also known as the North Brazil Shelf
• Nations Bordering: It is bordered by Brazil (Amapá state), French Guiana, Suriname, and Guyana.
• Geographic Features: Known for its extensive muddy shorelines, formed by sediment deposits from the Amazon and Orinoco rivers. Home to expansive coastal swamps, mangrove systems, and rich biodiversity.
• Known for its extensive muddy shorelines, formed by sediment deposits from the Amazon and Orinoco rivers.
• Home to expansive coastal swamps, mangrove systems, and rich biodiversity.
Insta links:
• Marine-resources
Financialisation
Source: TH
Context: The Economic Survey 2025 cautions against excessive financialisation in India, warning that it could harm the economy by increasing inequality, debt levels, and over-reliance on asset prices for growth.
About Financialisation:
• What it is: Financialisation refers to the growing dominance of financial markets, institutions, and motives in shaping economic policies and outcomes.
• Factors leading to it: Increased household savings flowing into stock markets. Rising participation of retail investors in financial markets. Over-reliance on asset prices to offset leverage. Policy and regulatory frameworks influenced by financial market considerations.
• Increased household savings flowing into stock markets.
• Rising participation of retail investors in financial markets.
• Over-reliance on asset prices to offset leverage.
• Policy and regulatory frameworks influenced by financial market considerations.
• Implications: Rising public and private sector debt. Exacerbation of economic inequality. Over-dependence on financial markets for economic growth.
• Rising public and private sector debt.
• Exacerbation of economic inequality.
• Over-dependence on financial markets for economic growth.
Insta links:
• Indian-financial-system
Non-Opioid Painkiller
Source: IE
Context: The US FDA has approved suzetrigine, a non-opioid painkiller, as a potential game-changer in pain management. Unlike opioids, it is non-addictive and works by blocking pain signals before they reach the brain.
About Non-Opioid Painkiller (Suzetrigine):
• What are Opioids? Opioids are drugs derived from or mimicking substances in the opium poppy plant, used for pain relief but highly addictive.
Examples: morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl.
• Features of Suztrigine: Non-addictive and does not induce euphoria. Targets pain signals at the source, preventing them from reaching the brain. Prescription-based, taken in two doses: an initial 100 mg dose followed by 50 mg every 12 hours.
• Non-addictive and does not induce euphoria.
• Targets pain signals at the source, preventing them from reaching the brain.
• Prescription-based, taken in two doses: an initial 100 mg dose followed by 50 mg every 12 hours.
• How it Works: Activates nociceptors (nerve endings) in response to tissue damage. Interrupts pain signal transmission through the spinal cord to the brain, preventing pain perception.
• Activates nociceptors (nerve endings) in response to tissue damage.
• Interrupts pain signal transmission through the spinal cord to the brain, preventing pain perception.
• Significance: Addresses the opioid crisis, which caused 82,000 overdose deaths in the US. Offers a safer alternative to opioids, reducing addiction risks. Potential to transform pain management globally.
• Addresses the opioid crisis, which caused 82,000 overdose deaths in the US.
• Offers a safer alternative to opioids, reducing addiction risks.
• Potential to transform pain management globally.
Insta links:
• Capsaicin
New Ramsar Sites
Source: News on Air
Context: India has added four new Ramsar sites, taking the total to 89. Tamil Nadu leads with 20 wetlands, while Sikkim and Jharkhand added their first Ramsar sites, marking a significant step in wetland conservation.
About New Ramsar Site:
Site Name | State | Features
Therthangal Bird Sanctuary | Tamil Nadu | ü Established on December 15, 2010, to conserve avian species and wetland habitats. ü Covers 29.29 hectares, home to diverse flora like Aponogeton nutans, Hydrilla verticillata, and Tamarindus indica. ü Popular among birdwatchers during the migratory season (October to March).
Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary | Tamil Nadu | ü Established on April 17, 2012, to protect avifauna and wetland ecosystems. ü Spreads over 230.490 hectares, hosting flora like Neem, Palmyra Palm, and Gloriosa superba. ü Home to diverse fauna, including Lion-tailed Macaque, Giant Squirrel, and migratory birds.
Khecheopalri Wetland | Sikkim | ü Sacred for both Buddhists and Hindus, believed to be a wish-fulfilling lake. ü Local name: Sho Dzo Sho (‘Oh Lady, Sit Here’). ü Part of the revered Demazong valley and Buddhist pilgrimage circuit. ü Unique feature: Birds prevent leaves from floating on the lake by picking them up. ü Home to diverse bird species like house swifts, fishing eagles, and Brahminy kites. ü Integral to ecotourism and biodiversity conservation efforts in Sikkim.
Udhwa Lake | Jharkhand | ü Comprises two large water bodies: Pataura Jheel (155 ha) and Brahma Jamalpur Jheel (410 ha). ü Notified as a bird sanctuary in 1991 due to its rich avian biodiversity. ü Attracts migratory birds during winter, starting as early as September. ü Located near the sacred Ganga River stream, enhancing its scenic beauty and ecological significance. ü Provides an ideal habitat for nesting, roosting, and survival of resident and migratory birds.
ü Covers 29.29 hectares, home to diverse flora like Aponogeton nutans, Hydrilla verticillata, and Tamarindus indica.
ü Popular among birdwatchers during the migratory season (October to March).
ü Spreads over 230.490 hectares, hosting flora like Neem, Palmyra Palm, and Gloriosa superba.
ü Home to diverse fauna, including Lion-tailed Macaque, Giant Squirrel, and migratory birds.
ü Local name: Sho Dzo Sho (‘Oh Lady, Sit Here’).
ü Part of the revered Demazong valley and Buddhist pilgrimage circuit.
ü Unique feature: Birds prevent leaves from floating on the lake by picking them up.
ü Home to diverse bird species like house swifts, fishing eagles, and Brahminy kites.
ü Integral to ecotourism and biodiversity conservation efforts in Sikkim.
ü Notified as a bird sanctuary in 1991 due to its rich avian biodiversity.
ü Attracts migratory birds during winter, starting as early as September.
ü Located near the sacred Ganga River stream, enhancing its scenic beauty and ecological significance.
ü Provides an ideal habitat for nesting, roosting, and survival of resident and migratory birds.
Insta links:
• 3-new-wetlands-in-the-ramsar-site-tag
SwaRail SuperApp
Source: PIB
Context: Indian Railways has launched the ‘SwaRail’ SuperApp in beta testing, integrating multiple railway services into a single platform to enhance user convenience and reduce app clutter.
About SuperApp ‘SwaRail’:
• What it is: A one-stop solution offering comprehensive railway services, including ticket booking, PNR enquiries, food ordering, and freight services.
• Ministry: Ministry of Railways.
• Developed by: Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS).
• Aim: To streamline railway services, improve user experience, and reduce the need for multiple apps.
• Features: Single sign-on: Access all services with one set of credentials. All-in-One App: Combines reserved and unreserved ticket booking, train schedules, and PNR status. Integrated services: Provides cohesive information, such as PNR details with train information. Easy onboarding: Users can log in using existing RailConnect or UTS App credentials. Multiple login options: Supports m-PIN and biometric authentication for ease of access.
• Single sign-on: Access all services with one set of credentials.
• All-in-One App: Combines reserved and unreserved ticket booking, train schedules, and PNR status.
• Integrated services: Provides cohesive information, such as PNR details with train information.
• Easy onboarding: Users can log in using existing RailConnect or UTS App credentials.
• Multiple login options: Supports m-PIN and biometric authentication for ease of access.
Insta links:
• Railways
Kolleru Lake
Source: TH
Context: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has restrained the Andhra Pradesh government from proceeding with six infrastructure projects in the Kolleru wetland area.
About Kolleru Lake:
• Location: Andhra Pradesh, between the Krishna and Godavari River deltas.
• States: Andhra Pradesh.
• Rivers: Fed by the Budameru and Tammileru rivers.
• Features: One of India’s largest freshwater lakes. Declared a Ramsar site in 2002 for its ecological importance. A key hotspot for the Central Asian Flyway, a major bird migratory route. Supports diverse aquatic and bird species, making it a critical wetland ecosystem.
• One of India’s largest freshwater lakes.
• Declared a Ramsar site in 2002 for its ecological importance.
• A key hotspot for the Central Asian Flyway, a major bird migratory route.
• Supports diverse aquatic and bird species, making it a critical wetland ecosystem.
About Kolleru Bird Sanctuary:
• Located in: Andhra Pradesh, within the Kolleru Lake region.
• Features: Home to the Grey Pelican, an indicator species of the sanctuary. Wetland marsh habitat supporting migratory birds like Glossy Ibis, Open-billed Stork, Purple Moorhen, and Painted Storks. Declared a wildlife sanctuary to protect its rich biodiversity and aquatic habitats.
• Home to the Grey Pelican, an indicator species of the sanctuary.
• Wetland marsh habitat supporting migratory birds like Glossy Ibis, Open-billed Stork, Purple Moorhen, and Painted Storks.
• Declared a wildlife sanctuary to protect its rich biodiversity and aquatic habitats.
Insta links:
• Krishna-Godavari-basin
#### UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 1 February 2025 Mapping:
Kara Sea
Source: ET
Context: A Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker, 50 Let Pobedy, collided with a cargo vessel in the Kara Sea, raising concerns about Arctic navigation safety.
About Kara Sea:
• Located in: A marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, north of Siberia, Russia.
• Nations Bordering: Russia (exclusively).
• Rivers Draining Into: Kara, Ob, Pyasina, and Yenisei rivers.
• Unique Features: One of the world’s coldest seas, ice-covered from September to May. Home to significant islands like Bely, Dikson, and Taymyr, and the Nordenskiold Archipelago (90+ islands). Strategically important for the Northern Sea Route (NSR), crucial for Arctic shipping.
• One of the world’s coldest seas, ice-covered from September to May.
• Home to significant islands like Bely, Dikson, and Taymyr, and the Nordenskiold Archipelago (90+ islands).
• Strategically important for the Northern Sea Route (NSR), crucial for Arctic shipping.
• Straits in the Sea: Kara Strait: Separates the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea in the west. Vilkitsky Strait: Connects the Kara Sea to the Laptev Sea in the east.
• Kara Strait: Separates the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea in the west.
• Vilkitsky Strait: Connects the Kara Sea to the Laptev Sea in the east.
Insta links:
• Northern-sea-route
Daily Current Affairs + PIB Summary 1 Feb 2025
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