[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 7 May 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
Topic: The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
1. While the Morley-Minto reforms were presented as a step towards constitutional reform and self-governance, they ultimately served as another tool of British despotism. Comment. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1. Key Demand of the question: To write about how Morley-Minto reforms were another tool of despotism rather than being constitutional reforms. Directive word: Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by giving the context for the introduction of the Reforms of 1909 such as the dissatisfaction of the moderates of the Indian Councils Act, 1892 and the rise of the Extremists in the arena of Indian leaders. Body: Briefly mention the key changes brought in by the reforms of 1909 and then why it cannot be termed as “Constitutional reform”, as it brought out minor additive changes only and not met the demands of the Indian leaders genuinely such as provision for asking questions and supplementary questions but at the same time the question may be rejected, further the Indian representatives could not question on many forms of expenditure of the British etc. Mention why the reform was termed Benevolent Despotism, as the British tried to paint a colour of benevolence to the reforms by bringing small additive changes to the existing provisions but it was still an act of despotism as there was no substantial reform meeting the needs or demands of the Indian representatives in the legislative council. The introduction of separate electorates which formalised the British policy of divide and rule. Conclusion: Write about the impact of the reforms and response of the nationalists to it.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about how Morley-Minto reforms were another tool of despotism rather than being constitutional reforms.
Directive word:
Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving the context for the introduction of the Reforms of 1909 such as the dissatisfaction of the moderates of the Indian Councils Act, 1892 and the rise of the Extremists in the arena of Indian leaders.
Briefly mention the key changes brought in by the reforms of 1909 and then why it cannot be termed as “Constitutional reform”, as it brought out minor additive changes only and not met the demands of the Indian leaders genuinely such as provision for asking questions and supplementary questions but at the same time the question may be rejected, further the Indian representatives could not question on many forms of expenditure of the British etc.
Mention why the reform was termed Benevolent Despotism, as the British tried to paint a colour of benevolence to the reforms by bringing small additive changes to the existing provisions but it was still an act of despotism as there was no substantial reform meeting the needs or demands of the Indian representatives in the legislative council. The introduction of separate electorates which formalised the British policy of divide and rule.
Conclusion:
Write about the impact of the reforms and response of the nationalists to it.
Introduction
The Morley-Minto reforms named after the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs Lord John Morley and the Viceroy Lord Minto was the alternative name given to Indian Councils Act 1909. It introduced for the first time the method of election, an attempt to widen the scope of legislative councils, placate the demands of moderates in Indian National Congress and to increase the participation of Indians in the governance. The Act amended the Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892.
Background of the Act
• In October 1906, a group of Muslim elites called the Shimla Deputation, led by the Agha Khan, met Lord Minto and demanded separate electorates for the Muslims and representation in excess of their numerical strength in view of ‘the value of the contribution’ Muslims were making ‘to the defence of the empire’.
• The same group quickly took over the Muslim League, initially floated by Nawab Salimullah of Dacca along with Nawabs Mohsin-ul- Mulk and Waqar-ul-Mulk in December 1906.
• The Muslim League intended to preach loyalty to the empire and to keep the Muslim intelligentsia away from the Congress.
• John Morley, the Liberal Secretary of State for India, and the Conservative Viceroy of India, Minto, believed that cracking down on uprising in Bengal was necessary but not sufficient for restoring stability to the British Raj after Lord Curzon’s partitioning of Bengal.
• They believed that a dramatic step was required to put heart into loyal elements of the Indian upper classes and the growing Westernized section of the population.
Features of the Act
• It considerably increased the size of the legislative councils, both Central and provincial. The number of members in the Central Legislative Council was raised from 16 to 60. The number of members in the provincial legislative councils was not uniform.
• British retained official majority in the Central Legislative Council but allowed the provincial legislative councils to have non-official majority.
• The elected members were to be indirectly elected. The local bodies were to elect an electoral college, which in turn would elect members of provincial legislatures, who in turn would elect members of the central legislature.
• It enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at both the levels. For example, members were allowed to ask supplementary questions, move resolutions on the budget, and so on.
• It provided for the first time for the association of Indians with the executive Councils of the Viceroy and Governors. Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the Viceroy’s Executive Council. He was appointed as the law member. Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs.
• It introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’. Under this, the Muslim members were to be elected only by Muslim voters. Thus, the Act ‘legalized communalism’ and Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal Electorate.
• It also provided for the separate representation of presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities and zamindars.
Evaluation of the Reforms:
• The reforms of 1909 afforded no answer and could afford no answer to the Indian political problem. Lord Morley made it clear that colonial self-government (as demanded by the Congress) was not suitable for India, and he was against introduction of parliamentary or responsible government in India.
• The position of the Governor- General remained unchanged and his veto power remained undiluted and the Act was successfully maintained relentless constitutional autocracy.
• The ‘constitutional’ reforms were, in fact, aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks by confusing the Moderates and at checking the growth of unity among Indians through the obnoxious instrument of separate electorates.
• The Government aimed at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims against the rising tide of nationalism.
• The officials and the Muslim leaders often talked of the entire community when they talked of the separate electorates, but in reality, it meant the appeasement of a small section of the Muslim elite only.
• Congress considered separate electorate to be undemocratic and hindering the development of a shared Hindu-Muslim Indian national feeling.
• Besides, system of election was too indirect and it gave the impression of infiltration of legislators through a number of sieves.
• And, while parliamentary forms were introduced, no responsibility was conceded, which sometimes led to thoughtless and irresponsible criticism of the Government.
• Only some members like Gokhale put to constructive use the opportunity to debate in the councils by demanding universal primary education, attacking repressive policies and drawing attention to the plight of indentured labour and Indian workers in South Africa.
• The reforms of 1909 gave to the people of the country a shadow rather than substance.
The Act of 1909 was important for the following reasons:
• It effectively allowed the election of Indians to the various legislative councils in India for the first time, though previously some Indians had been appointed to legislative councils.
• The introduction of the electoral principle laid the groundwork for a parliamentary system even though this was contrary to the intent of Morley.
• It also gave recognition to the elective principle as the basis of the composition of legislative council for the first time.
• It gave some further avenues to Indians to ventilate their grievances. They also got opportunity to criticize the executives and make suggestions for better administration.
• After Jinnah’s death in September 1948, Pakistan lurched towards Islamic orthodoxy and Dalits faced mounting attacks.
Conclusion:
Indian Council Act of 1909 was instituted to placate the moderates and appeasement to the disseminate Muslims from National Movement by granting them separate electorate. The people had demanded self-government but what they were given was ‘benevolent despotism’.
Topic: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
Topic: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
2 The accommodation of diverse religiosity within the framework of science in India can be seen as a testament to the country’s long history of pluralism, and synthesis of different cultural and philosophical traditions. Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: The Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Abhay Karandikar, posted on X on April 17 (Ram Navami) that the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) had played a “crucial role” in the ‘surya tilak’ project in the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya. Key Demand of the question: To write about how science in India has accommodated religious diversity and causes for it Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, write about how accommodation of diverse religiosity within the framework of science in India is a reflection of the country’s long history of pluralism, syncretism, and the recognition of the interconnectedness of different knowledge systems. In the next part, write about the manifestations of the above and substantiate with examples. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.
Why the question:
The Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Abhay Karandikar, posted on X on April 17 (Ram Navami) that the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) had played a “crucial role” in the ‘surya tilak’ project in the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about how science in India has accommodated religious diversity and causes for it
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
First, write about how accommodation of diverse religiosity within the framework of science in India is a reflection of the country’s long history of pluralism, syncretism, and the recognition of the interconnectedness of different knowledge systems.
In the next part, write about the manifestations of the above and substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
India, with its kaleidoscope of cultures, religions, and philosophies, has long embraced pluralism—a harmonious coexistence of diverse beliefs and practices. This pluralistic ethos extends to the realm of science, where India’s rich history reflects an intricate synthesis of different knowledge systems. This accommodation of diverse religiosity within the scientific framework manifests and shapes our collective consciousness.
The Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Abhay Karandikar, posted on X on April 17 (Ram Navami) that the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) had played a “crucial role” in the ‘surya tilak’ project in the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya.
Features of Indian Pluralism and Synthesis:
• Interconnectedness of Knowledge Systems: Ancient Wisdom: From the Vedas (Upanishads) to modern thinkers like Sri Aurobindo, knowledge (jnana) has been central to rational inquiry in India. Three Key Terms: Darshana: Philosophy or the system that leads to knowledge. Jnana: Experiential knowledge gained through inner self-awareness. Vidya: Organized knowledge or discipline. Mundakopanishad Distinction: Mundakopanishad classifies knowledge into two categories: Para Vidya: Knowledge of the ultimate principle (paramatma or Brahman). Apara Vidya: Knowledge secondary to worldly means (aksara-Brahman). Religious Plurality: Coexistence of Faiths: India hosts Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, and more. Syncretic Traditions: Ancient syncretism led to the rise of Bhakti movements, blending diverse religious practices. Akbar’s Din-e-Ilahi: Emperor Akbar promoted a syncretic knowledge system called Din-e-Ilahi, recognizing commonalities across faiths. Examples of Pluralism and Synthesis: Taj Mahal: This iconic monument fuses Persian, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles. Sufi Music: Sufi saints blended Islamic mysticism with Indian musical traditions, creating qawwali and ghazals. Ayurveda and Unani: India’s traditional medicine systems integrate Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha practices. Indian Festivals: Diwali, Eid, Christmas, and Baisakhi are celebrated across communities, reflecting shared cultural spaces.
• Ancient Wisdom: From the Vedas (Upanishads) to modern thinkers like Sri Aurobindo, knowledge (jnana) has been central to rational inquiry in India.
• Three Key Terms: Darshana: Philosophy or the system that leads to knowledge. Jnana: Experiential knowledge gained through inner self-awareness. Vidya: Organized knowledge or discipline.
• Darshana: Philosophy or the system that leads to knowledge.
• Jnana: Experiential knowledge gained through inner self-awareness.
• Vidya: Organized knowledge or discipline.
• Mundakopanishad Distinction: Mundakopanishad classifies knowledge into two categories: Para Vidya: Knowledge of the ultimate principle (paramatma or Brahman). Apara Vidya: Knowledge secondary to worldly means (aksara-Brahman).
• Para Vidya: Knowledge of the ultimate principle (paramatma or Brahman).
• Apara Vidya: Knowledge secondary to worldly means (aksara-Brahman).
• Religious Plurality: Coexistence of Faiths: India hosts Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, and more. Syncretic Traditions: Ancient syncretism led to the rise of Bhakti movements, blending diverse religious practices. Akbar’s Din-e-Ilahi: Emperor Akbar promoted a syncretic knowledge system called Din-e-Ilahi, recognizing commonalities across faiths.
• Coexistence of Faiths: India hosts Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, and more.
• Syncretic Traditions: Ancient syncretism led to the rise of Bhakti movements, blending diverse religious practices.
• Akbar’s Din-e-Ilahi: Emperor Akbar promoted a syncretic knowledge system called Din-e-Ilahi, recognizing commonalities across faiths.
• Examples of Pluralism and Synthesis: Taj Mahal: This iconic monument fuses Persian, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles. Sufi Music: Sufi saints blended Islamic mysticism with Indian musical traditions, creating qawwali and ghazals. Ayurveda and Unani: India’s traditional medicine systems integrate Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha practices. Indian Festivals: Diwali, Eid, Christmas, and Baisakhi are celebrated across communities, reflecting shared cultural spaces.
• Taj Mahal: This iconic monument fuses Persian, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles.
• Sufi Music: Sufi saints blended Islamic mysticism with Indian musical traditions, creating qawwali and ghazals.
• Ayurveda and Unani: India’s traditional medicine systems integrate Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha practices.
• Indian Festivals: Diwali, Eid, Christmas, and Baisakhi are celebrated across communities, reflecting shared cultural spaces.
Conclusion
India’s pluralistic heritage, where diverse religiosity harmonizes with scientific inquiry, exemplifies unity in diversity. As we navigate the complexities of modernity, we must cherish this synthesis and continue to learn from the interconnectedness of our knowledge systems.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
3. By implementing effective regulatory measures, the government can foster a safer, more inclusive, and responsible online gaming environment that maximizes the benefits of gaming while mitigating potential risks and harms. Evaluate. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: The Prime Minister’s vision to establish India as a prominent global gaming hub has received renewed attention as he engaged with seven of the top gamers in the country. Key Demand of the question: To write about the growing online gaming and need for its regulation. Directive word: Evaluate – When you are asked to evaluate, you have to pass a sound judgement about the truth of the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence. You must appraise the worth of the statement in question. There is scope for forming an opinion here. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context highting the growth of online gaming. Body: First, write about the issues with online gaming – addiction, mental health issues, suicides, financial fraud, and privacy risks etc. Next, write about the need for effective regulation of the industry and measures needed to for it. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.
Why the question:
The Prime Minister’s vision to establish India as a prominent global gaming hub has received renewed attention as he engaged with seven of the top gamers in the country.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the growing online gaming and need for its regulation.
Directive word:
Evaluate – When you are asked to evaluate, you have to pass a sound judgement about the truth of the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence. You must appraise the worth of the statement in question. There is scope for forming an opinion here.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context highting the growth of online gaming.
First, write about the issues with online gaming – addiction, mental health issues, suicides, financial fraud, and privacy risks etc.
Next, write about the need for effective regulation of the industry and measures needed to for it.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction
Online gaming refers to video games/mobile games that are played over the internet through various devices. E.g., multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games, first-person shooter (FPS) games, massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), and many others.
The Prime Minister’s vision to establish India as a prominent global gaming hub has received renewed attention as he engaged with seven of the top gamers in the country. However, collective actions, including responsible gaming initiatives and measures for ensuring privacy and data security, are essential.
Types of online gaming:
• e-sports (well-organized electronic sports which include professional players),
• Fantasy sports
• Casual games: these can be either skill-based (mental skill) or chance based (based on a random activity like a roll of a dice) online games.
Issues with online gaming
Issues with Online Gaming | Description
Addiction | Online gaming addiction can lead to physical and psychological harm, as well as interfere with daily life activities. Gambling addiction: Online gambling games can lead to addiction and financial problems.
Cyberbullying | Online gaming can involve communication with other players through chat or voice features, which can lead to cyberbullying and harassment.
Security risks | Online gaming platforms are at risk of cyber-attacks and data breaches, which can result in compromised personal and financial information.
Inappropriate content | It can contain violent, sexual, or other inappropriate content that is not suitable for all ages.
Ethical Concerns | It can perpetuate negative stereotypes and biases, particularly towards marginalized groups; In-game purchases can lead to overspending or exploiting vulnerable individuals
Cheating and hacking | It can be prone to cheating and hacking, which can ruin the gameplay experience for others.
Physical and health issues | Long periods of sitting and staring at a screen can cause physical health problems such as eyestrain, back pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Social isolation | Excessive online gaming can lead to social isolation and a lack of face-to-face communication with others.
Gambling addiction: Online gambling games can lead to addiction and financial problems.
Measures needed
• There is an urgent need for robust regulation in the online gaming industry. Attempts by some state governments to ban online gaming face challenges due to the cross-border nature of the internet.
• The Online Gaming (Regulation) Bill, 2022, introduced as aPrivate Members Bill, should be reformed and adopted by the Parliament.
• TheInformation Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, marked a commendable step towards oversight in the online gaming industry.
• However, the delayed notification of Self-Regulatory Bodies has slowed progress, emphasising the need for strict regulation to protect the large gaming population in India.
• Establishing a framework is urgent not only for protecting digital citizens and national interests but also for ensuring the responsible growth of the online gaming sector.
• The focus should be on harm reduction, player protection, and the overall well-being of society.
• The regulatory framework should be compliant with the data privacy norms as per Digital India Act, 2023and Information Technology Act, 2000.
Way forward
• Clear and consistent regulations, responsible gaming measures, industry self-regulation, public awareness campaigns, and collaboration between industry and government can all help to create a sustainable and responsible online gaming industry in India.
• The UK model for online gaming regulation involves a centralized government regulator that enforces strict measures to ensure player protection.
• Quarterly reports on regulatory effects are published, imposing significant fineson operators violating player protection requirements.
• This strict enforcement, coupled with harm reduction efforts, has led to a decline in disordered gaming and risky behaviour
Conclusion
The online gaming industry in India can continue to grow and provide entertainment and employment opportunities while also protecting players and promoting responsible gaming practices
Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
4. Ensuring the safety of dams in India is critical due to the risks of failure, including loss of life and property damage. However, several challenges hinder dam safety efforts. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question: The article discusses the dam Safety. Key Demand of the question: To write about the dam in India and ways to improve Dam Safety. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, mention the various issues with respect to dam safety in India – Aging infrastructure and inadequate maintenance, Hydrological variability and extreme weather events, Siltation and reservoir management issues and Seismic vulnerability etc. Next, write about the measures that are needed to improve dam safety – Dam Safety Act of 2021, improved reservoir management, enhanced emergency preparedness, and robust regulatory oversight etc. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.
Why the question:
The article discusses the dam Safety.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the dam in India and ways to improve Dam Safety.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
First, mention the various issues with respect to dam safety in India – Aging infrastructure and inadequate maintenance, Hydrological variability and extreme weather events, Siltation and reservoir management issues and Seismic vulnerability etc.
Next, write about the measures that are needed to improve dam safety – Dam Safety Act of 2021, improved reservoir management, enhanced emergency preparedness, and robust regulatory oversight etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction
Dams are one of the vital elements for the growth of the country’s economy. In India, over the years, dams have played an important role in fostering rapid and sustained agricultural and rural growth. Substantial investment has been done in building dams and related infrastructure.
India is ranked third in the world in terms of building large dams. Of the over 5,200 large dams built so far, about 1,100 large dams have already reached 50 years of age and some are older than 120 years. The number of such dams will increase to 4,400 by 2050. This means that 80% of the nation’s large dams face the prospect of becoming obsolete as they will be 50 years to over 150 years old.
However, in the past, we have noticed the mismanagement of dams has led to disastrous floods. One of the key roles was played by dams and understanding their role in floods would pave the way for enhancing our readiness.
Various causes of dam failures:
• Seismic damage: Earthquakes can subject dams to strong ground shaking, which may lead to structural damage or foundation failure. Kobe Earthquake, Japan (1995):While not a dam failure, the Kobe Earthquake in Japan caused damage to dams and their components.
• Kobe Earthquake, Japan (1995):While not a dam failure, the Kobe Earthquake in Japan caused damage to dams and their components.
• Erosion and piping: Erosion occurs when the flow of water erodes the soil or rock supporting the dam’s structure. Piping, a related issue, involves the internal erosion of dam materials, creating channels through which water can escape.
• Extreme weather events: Intense and prolonged rainfall, hurricanes, or typhoons can result in dam failures due to increased water inflow, exceeding the dam’s storage capacity. Kedarnath Floods, India (2013):While not a traditional dam failure, the catastrophic flooding in the Kedarnath region of Uttarakhand, India, in 2013, was triggered by heavy rainfall and the sudden release of water from a glacial lake.
• Kedarnath Floods, India (2013):While not a traditional dam failure, the catastrophic flooding in the Kedarnath region of Uttarakhand, India, in 2013, was triggered by heavy rainfall and the sudden release of water from a glacial lake.
• Glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF): In mountainous regions with glaciers, the sudden release of meltwater from a glacier-dammed lake can trigger a GLOF. These events can lead to massive floods downstream, posing a significant threat to communities and infrastructure.
• Human factors: This includes poor operational decisions, inadequate maintenance, conflict and war can contribute to dam failures.
• Design limitations: Flaws in the original design, including inadequate spillways, improper materials, or underestimated water flow calculations can lead to structural weaknesses.
Two examples of large dam failures:
• The recent Derna dam collapse Failure of two roughly 75 and 45-meter tall dams following heavy rain from Storm Daniel against the backdrop of the Libyan civil war resulting in the city of Derna.
• Kakhovka Dam failure: The dam in Ukraine was breached in June 2023, causing extensive flooding along the lower Dnieper River. Many experts have concluded that Russian forces likely blew up a segment of the dam to hinder the Ukrainian counter-offensive.
Consequences of ageing of dams
• As dams age, soil replaces the water in the reservoirs. Therefore, the storage capacity cannot be claimed to be the same as it was in the 1900s and 1950s.
• To make matters worse, studies show that the *design of many of our reservoirs is flawed. Case Study: In a paper, Supply-side Hydrology: Last gasp, Rohan D’Souza writes that the observed siltation rate in India’s iconic Bhakra dam is 139.86% higher than originally assumed. At this rate, he wrote, “the Bhakra dam is now expected to function for merely 47 years, virtually halved from the original estimate of 88 years*”.
• Case Study: In a paper, Supply-side Hydrology: Last gasp, Rohan D’Souza writes that the observed siltation rate in India’s iconic Bhakra dam is 139.86% higher than originally assumed.
• At this rate, he wrote, “the Bhakra dam is now expected to function for merely 47 years, virtually halved from the original estimate of 88 years”.
• Similarly, the actual siltation rate observed for the Hirakud, Maithan and Ghod dams are way higher at 141.67%, 808.64% and 426.59%, respectively. Studies in later years showed similar findings.
• Almost every scholarly study on reservoir sedimentationshows that Indian reservoirs are designed with a poor understanding of sedimentation science.
• The designs underestimate the rate of siltation and overestimate live storage capacity created.
• Therefore, the storage space in Indian reservoirs is receding at a rate faster than anticipated.
• Reservoirs are poised to become extinct in less than a few decades with untold consequences already under way.
• In June 2018 the central government had approved the proposal for introduction of the Dam Safety Bill, 2018 which aims to develop uniform countrywide guidelines for ensuring the safety of dams.
• Dam mismanagement also leads to flooding like in 2018 incident inMullaperiyar dam between Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Consequences of dam failures
• Loss of life: When a dam fails, the rapid release of water can lead to the loss of numerous lives, as people in downstream areas may not have sufficient time to evacuate. In 1979, the Machhu Dam in Morbi, Gujaratfailed due to heavy rainfall and improper maintenance killing around 1800 to 25000 people.
• In 1979, the Machhu Dam in Morbi, Gujaratfailed due to heavy rainfall and improper maintenance killing around 1800 to 25000 people.
• Property damage: The unleashed floodwaters can inundate homes, businesses, and critical infrastructure, causing extensive property damage. The Teton Dam in Idaho, USA (1976) collapsed primarily due to design and construction flaws, causing high infrastructure and property damage.
• The Teton Dam in Idaho, USA (1976) collapsed primarily due to design and construction flaws, causing high infrastructure and property damage.
• Environmental impact: Dam failures can have severe environmental consequences, including the destruction of ecosystems, contamination of water sources, and long-term ecological damage.
Challenges in ensuring dam safety
• Dam safety has always been an issue in the country which in the past reported as many as 36 dam disasters.
• There is no mechanism to assess the viable lifespan and performance of dams
• Some of the dams in India are over 300 years old, but they have not been decommissioned
Way Forward
• A Bill seeking to set up an institutional mechanism for surveillance, inspection, operation and maintenance of specified dams across the country has been passed by the Lok Sabha.
• The provisions of the Bill are proposed to be applied to all dams inthe country which have a height of more than 15 metres, or between 10 metres to 15 metres.
• Among other things, the Bill also seeks to resolve the inter-state issues concerning maintenance and safety of dams as around 92% of dams in the country are on inter-state river basins.
• The Bill also envisages setting up of a National Dam Safety Authority to be headed by an officer not below the rank of an Additional Secretary, to be appointed by the central government.
• The main task of the National Dam Safety Authority includesimplementing the policies formulated by the National Committee on Dam Safety, resolving issues between State Dam Safety Organisations (SDSOs), or between an SDSO and any dam owner in that state, specifying regulations for inspection and investigation of dams.
• The NDSA will also provide accreditation to agencies working on construction, design, and alteration of dams.
• Since the dam safety is dependent on many external factors, the environmentalists, and the environmental angle inthis, needs to be taken.
• There is a need to strengthen the state irrigation department and the Central Water Commission.
• It should be ensured that the inspection of dams isdone by the respective state governments.
• State governments should follow the dam safety manual with precision. Especially, where human settlements are scattered all around, the building of dams has to be regulated as per the guidelines.
• Creation of buffer zonehas to be done to protect land near dams from encroachment.
• However, the growth of population will lead to encroachment, and it would be physically impossible to shift people during calamity. Proper dissemination of information has to be done in the surrounding areas on a real-time basis and regular flushing of water should be carried downstream to keep the river beds dry.Hence, dam safety and proper village, town and city planning have to be integrated.
• Ensuring “dam safety” should be a continuous exercise. The present catastrophe is more related to, how the dam should be operated when there is heavy rainfall and the water level has reached a critical level.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
5. Ensuring the well-being of informal sector employees is crucial for creating a more inclusive and equitable labour market in India. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3. Key Demand of the question: To analyse the informal sector in India, its importance and the necessary measures to protect the employees in the informal sector. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, write about the importance of the informal sector. Next, write about the various issues in the informal sector. write about the impact of the above issues. Cite statistics and examples to substantiate. Next, mention that are needed to address the above mentioned issues. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3.
Key Demand of the question:
To analyse the informal sector in India, its importance and the necessary measures to protect the employees in the informal sector.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
First, write about the importance of the informal sector.
Next, write about the various issues in the informal sector. write about the impact of the above issues. Cite statistics and examples to substantiate.
Next, mention that are needed to address the above mentioned issues.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
According to the ILO, the informal sector can be characterized as a range of economic units which are mainly owned and operated by individuals and employ one or more employees on a continuous basis. Informal sector includes farmers, agricultural labourers, owners of small enterprises and people working in those enterprises and also the self-employed who do not have any hired workers.
As per OECD, employees are considered to have informal jobs if their employment relationship is, in law or in practice, not subject to national labour legislation, income taxation, social protection or entitlement to certain employment benefits (advance notice of dismissal, severance pay, paid annual or sick leave, etc.)
State of Informal economy in India
• While the informal sector produces almost half of the country’s GDP,more than 90% of the overall workforce is employed in the informal economy.
• According to e-Shram portal, over 94% of the informal sector workers enrolled on the e-Shram platform earn less than Rs 10,000 per month.
• Agricultureranks first, accounting for11% of all enrolments, followed by domestic and household employees and construction workers.
• The social-security benefitsremain available to only around half of people working for a salary.
Challenges faced in Informal sector
• Inadequate safety and health standards: Most industries, especially mining, have inadequate safety and health standards. Environmental hazards are evident in the case of the informal sector.
• Irregularities in Minimum Wages: Most of the studies on conditions of employment in the unorganised sector have examined the wage levels and earnings of workers are identified that the daily wages are below the minimum rate of wages.
• Long Hours of work:Long hours work in the unorganised sector beyond the labour and regulatory norms are common in India. The long working hours have a severe repercussion on the social and family life of labourers in general and women labourers in particular.
• Poverty and Indebtedness:Workers in the unorganised sector had a much higher incidence of poverty than their counterparts in the organised sector. Due to low level of income and uncertain employment in the unorganised sector make the workers unable to meet their basic necessities and other social and other cultural responsibilities.
• Non-Applicability of Social Security Measures:There are many times when a worker cannot be economically active. For instance, due to biological circumstances such as sickness or old age, on account of personal calamities such as an accident or unemployment. There are no social security measures to provide risks coverage and ensure maintenance of basic living standards at times of crises such as unemployment or health issues.
• Lack of Proper Physical Environment:Lack of sanitation facilities has an impact on health of the workers. But, sanitary conditions are precarious in most of the industries in the unorganised sector due to lack of proper toilet facilities. The facilities such as washing, urinal and toilet facilities at work are found to be low standard.
Steps taken by the government to improve workers’ condition in the informal sector:
• Directive principles:A number of directive principles of state policy relating to aspects of social security were incorporated in the Indian constitution. The legal initiatives like the Employees State Insurance Act (1948), the Minimum Wages Act (1948), the Coal Mines Provident Funds Act (1948), The Employees Provident Fund Act (1952), the Maternity Benefit Act (1961) and the Contract Labour Act (1970) etc. are important for labour welfare.
• National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector:India is perhaps the first country to set up, a commission named National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) in 2004 to study the problems and challenges being faced by the informal economy.
• Poverty related development schemes:The Government of India initiated several poverty related development schemes which indirectly benefited the urban informal sector since independence. Schemes like the Nehru Rozgar Yojana, MGNREGA and the Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana were launched to provide support to the poor who constitute bulk of the informal sector.
• Social security: To provide social security benefits, the Parliament enacted the Unorgnaised Workers’ Social Security Act, 2008. The government has also launched Atal Pension Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana etc.
• Skill development: To take care of the need for skills of workers in the informal economy, the government has started various programs such as the Skill India Mission, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushal Yojana, recognition of prior learning etc.
Way forward
• Overhauling labour laws: Labour, as well as tax policies, are key to improving the business environment. Labour regulations have to allow for more flexible work arrangements. Moreover, the right to associate freely should be vigorously protected.
• Preventing occupational hazards: Innovative means to prevent occupational accidents and diseases and environmental hazards need to be developed through cost-effective and sustainable measures at the work-site level to allow for capacity-building within the informal sector itself.
• Local support: Building-on local institutional support to progressively extend social protection will be critical.
• Sensitization:Special attention should be paid to the sensitization of policy makers, municipal authorities and labour inspection services to change their traditional role towards a preventive and promotional approach.
• Health protection: The extension of occupational health care to workers in the informal sector should be promoted incorporating occupational health into public health care services at district and local levels and establishing a link between first aid and prevention at the work-site’s level.
Conclusion
India’s informal sector is the backbone of the economy. The nation’s quality of life hinges on things becoming better for masses of informally employed people.Improving the conditions of workers in the informal sector assumes significance from the perspective of inclusive growth. Keeping in mind the low incomes of informal works, the Government should take steps to prescribe minimum wages for the informal sector.
Topic: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
Topic: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
6. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers significant potential to enhance climate resilience. Integrating AI into interdisciplinary approaches is crucial for building holistic and adaptive responses to climate change. Critically analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Live Mint
Why the question: Deploying AI against climate change can make our cities safer, more adaptable and more sustainable. Key Demand of the question: To write about the role AI can play in tackling climate change. Directive word: Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a balanced judgment on the topic. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, write in detail the role of AI in tackling climate change – enabling early warning systems, risk assessment and management, natural resource management, energy efficiency, climate modelling, and community engagement. Next, write about the limitations of AI in the above case. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward
Why the question:
Deploying AI against climate change can make our cities safer, more adaptable and more sustainable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the role AI can play in tackling climate change.
Directive word:
Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a balanced judgment on the topic.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
First, write in detail the role of AI in tackling climate change – enabling early warning systems, risk assessment and management, natural resource management, energy efficiency, climate modelling, and community engagement.
Next, write about the limitations of AI in the above case.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward
Introduction
AI is already significantly impacting climate change strategies. At the recent COP28, NASA and IBM announced that an Artificial Intelligence (AI) tool would be available on the open-source AI platform. This will help users monitor the Earth from space, measuring environmental changes. The model can help scientists estimate the past and future extent of wildfires, floods, and urban heat maps.
AI and climate change
Application | Description | Example
Deforestation monitoring | Deforestation and land use changes cause more than 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Using AI to monitor forest sounds and detect illegal logging | Non-profit organization the Rainforest Connection’s “Guardian” devices, which attach acoustic monitoring sensors to trees to detect sounds associated with illegal logging
Carbon footprint reduction in the industry | Using AI to optimize industrial processes and reduce carbon emissions | Fero Labs’ AI-driven optimization software, which reduces the amount of mined ingredients used in steel production
Energy efficiency in buildings | Using AI to optimize heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in buildings | Arup’s Neuron app, which uses IoT sensors to gather data on building energy usage and optimize HVAC systems
Wildlife conservation | Using AI to monitor and protect endangered species | Rouxcel Technology’s AI-enabled bracelets for rhinos, monitor their movements and alert authorities to potential threats
Smart agriculture | Using AI to optimize farming processes and reduce waste | John Deere’s AI-powered system, which optimizes planting, irrigation, and fertilization for crops
Climate modelling | Using AI to make predictions about climate patterns and inform climate policy | The UK’s Met Office, which uses AI to model climate patterns and inform government policy on climate change
Renewable energy management | Using AI to manage and optimize renewable energy sources | IBM’s Watson Energy, which uses AI to optimize the performance of wind and solar energy systems
AI and Climate Change usecases
• In the transportation industry, AI-enabled vehicles can minimise energy use by mapping and identifying the most efficient routes.
• Farmers can optimise crop irrigation, reducing water wastage and leading to more productive harvests.
• In India, AI-equipped peanut farmers have already witnessed a 30 per cent increase in yield.
• AI may also be used to cut emissions and the impacts of greenhouse gases, and remove already existing emissions from the environment.
• In Africa, AI is being used in a United Nations project to help communities vulnerable to climate change in Burundi, Chad and Sudan.
• AI is being used in the metal and mining, oil, and gas industries to decarbonize their operations
Challenges in the use of AI for tackling climate change
Challenge | Example
Data quality and quantity | AI models require high-quality data to perform accurately, and the availability of large and diverse datasets can be limited
Bias in data and algorithms | For example, an AI system that recommends conservation areas to protect might not account for cultural significance or indigenous knowledge.
Interpretability | E.g., it may be challenging to understand how a deep learning model classifies satellite images to detect deforestation.
Scalability and deployment | E.g., deploying sensors to collect environmental data in remote locations or deploying drones to monitor wildlife may require significant investment.
Ethical considerations | E.g., the use of facial recognition technology to monitor endangered species could violate the privacy of individuals visiting conservation areas.
Conclusion
AI is a powerful tool that, when used appropriately, can help address some of the most pressing climate change challenges facing our planet. By leveraging the strengths of AI and addressing the challenges it presents, we can develop sustainable and innovative solutions for a better future.
General Studies – 4
Topic: dimensions of ethics;
Topic: dimensions of ethics;
7. Integrating ethical considerations into environmental decision-making is essential for addressing current environmental crises and fostering a harmonious coexistence between humans and the natural world. Explain. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To explain environmental ethics and how it has become an important dimension of ethics in the twenty first century. Directive word: Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by describing the anthropocentric nature of the discourse of ethics. Only recently the focus has shifted to environmental ethics. Body: Mention the implications of neglect of the environment, varied cultural beliefs surrounding it, the western ideology that environment is for human disposal without regard to the future generations, concept of sustainable development, associating rights of environment to preservation etc. Conclusion: Conclude by saying that environmental ethics is more relevant now than ever in the context of climate change.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To explain environmental ethics and how it has become an important dimension of ethics in the twenty first century.
Directive word:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by describing the anthropocentric nature of the discourse of ethics. Only recently the focus has shifted to environmental ethics.
Mention the implications of neglect of the environment, varied cultural beliefs surrounding it, the western ideology that environment is for human disposal without regard to the future generations, concept of sustainable development, associating rights of environment to preservation etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by saying that environmental ethics is more relevant now than ever in the context of climate change.
Introduction
Environmental ethics is a branch of ethics that studies the relation of human beings and the environment and how ethics play a role in this. Environmental ethics believe that humans are a part of society as well as other living creatures, which includes plants and animals. These items are a very important part of the world and are considered to be a functional part of human life. Thus, it is essential that every human being respect and honour this and use morals and ethics when dealing with these creatures.
Importance of environmental ethics in current times
• The main focus of Ethics has been human rights since time immemorial. However, with industrial revolution and increased globalization and burgeoning population, the negative externalities of growth and development are seen on the environment.
• Present human interference with the non-human world is excessive, and the situation is rapidly worsening.
• The recently released Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)reveals how human-caused emissions are altering our planet and what that means for our collective future.
• Global warming, global climate change, deforestation, pollution, resource degradation, threat of extinction of species are few of the issues from which our planet is suffering.
• New dynamic issues like Environmental Refugees and climate migrants has been on the rise across the planet.
• Thus, now it’s time to focus on the rights of the environment and its constituent beings other than humans.
• Environmental ethics, concerned with the issue of responsible personal conduct with respect to natural landscapes, resources, species, and non-human organisms. It is a cluster of beliefs, values and norms regarding how humans should interact with the environment.
How Environmental ethics helps in today’s times
• Strengthens Human-environment relationship: Environmental ethics focuses on questions concerning how we ought to inhabit the world; what constitutes a good life or a good society; and who, where, or what merits moral standing. Thus, it brings us closer and the help us understand the relationship and strengthens the relationship.
• Environmental ethics focuses on questions concerning how we ought to inhabit the world; what constitutes a good life or a good society; and who, where, or what merits moral standing.
• Thus, it brings us closer and the help us understand the relationship and strengthens the relationship.
• Environmental Justice to all: People living in the economically-advanced sections/ parts use greater amount of resources and energy per individual and also waste more resources. This is at the cost of poor people who are resource-deprived. Likewise, there is a need for balance sharing of impacts of environmental degradation among different regions. For instance, island countries of tropical region share the most impacts of Climate Change while contributing least to it.
• People living in the economically-advanced sections/ parts use greater amount of resources and energy per individual and also waste more resources. This is at the cost of poor people who are resource-deprived.
• Likewise, there is a need for balance sharing of impacts of environmental degradation among different regions. For instance, island countries of tropical region share the most impacts of Climate Change while contributing least to it.
• Focuses on vulnerable sections: Consequences of environmental pollution do not respect national boundaries. Moreover, the poor and weaker sections of society are disproportionately affected by negative effects of climate change.
• Consequences of environmental pollution do not respect national boundaries.
• Moreover, the poor and weaker sections of society are disproportionately affected by negative effects of climate change.
• Sustainable living and development: Environmental ethics helps provide better quality living to current generation It will help spread awareness among people and thus protect the environment and reminds us of the moral obligation to preserve environment for the future generations to come through regulated use of environment
• Environmental ethics helps provide better quality living to current generation
• It will help spread awareness among people and thus protect the environment and reminds us of the moral obligation to preserve environment for the future generations to come through regulated use of environment
• Focus on Biocentrism: Every entity that share the Earth with us have a right to live with dignity and share the Earth’s resources and living space. Humans have no right to reduce this richness and diversity except to satisfy vital needs. Animal welfare is relevant to environmental ethics because animals exist within the natural environment and thus form part of environmentalists’ concerns. It sustains other species as well which is moral responsibility of one species i.e. humankind towards all others.
• Every entity that share the Earth with us have a right to live with dignity and share the Earth’s resources and living space. Humans have no right to reduce this richness and diversity except to satisfy vital needs.
• Animal welfare is relevant to environmental ethics because animals exist within the natural environment and thus form part of environmentalists’ concerns.
• It sustains other species as well which is moral responsibility of one species i.e. humankind towards all others.
• Helps overcome Anthropocentric approach of development: Anthropocentrism refers to an ethical framework that grants “moral standing” solely to human beings. Thus, an anthropocentric ethic claims that only human beings are morally considerable in their own right, meaning that all the direct moral obligations we possess, including those we have with regard to the environment, are owed to our fellow human beings.
• Anthropocentrism refers to an ethical framework that grants “moral standing” solely to human beings.
• Thus, an anthropocentric ethic claims that only human beings are morally considerable in their own right, meaning that all the direct moral obligations we possess, including those we have with regard to the environment, are owed to our fellow human beings.
• To tackle global issues: Pandemics like Ebola, Zika, MERS, SARS etc. had alerted human species about the imbalance in relation between humans and Environment. Ignorance causing Covid-19 pandemic has almost stopped the world for human species and has nudged humans to introspect on their relationship with environment.
• Pandemics like Ebola, Zika, MERS, SARS etc. had alerted human species about the imbalance in relation between humans and Environment.
• Ignorance causing Covid-19 pandemic has almost stopped the world for human species and has nudged humans to introspect on their relationship with environment.
Human values needed for better environmental ethics:
Human actions and decision-making choice depend on human values. Strong values always help reduce the confusion. If these are coherent with the surrounding environment nature and wildlife, then it will certainly be helpful for sustainable development.
• Empathy: without empathy for all lives, there will always be selectiveness and selfishness among humans towards different lives. Value of Nurturing and protecting biodiversity. Making way for flora and fauna to co-exist with us.
• Love: love transcends only human-human interaction. It’s also between other lives and nature’s beauty.
• Sustainable development: Saving resources for future generation .That is to stop over exploitation of resources specially exhaustible and non-renewable resources.
• Control over mining, deforestation in the name of “development”
• Minimalistic living: Sacrificing certain comforts for protecting environment. Example- reduction in use of polluting vehicles for good of all, carpooling, using public transport.
Conclusion
We must realize the biggest value that Earth belongs not only to humans but to other biodiversity too. Further, protecting this environment for future generation becomes our responsibility as part of environmental ethics.
Join our Official Telegram Channel HERE
Please subscribe to Our podcast channel HERE
Follow our Twitter Account HERE
Follow our Instagram ID HERE