[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 29 March 2024

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: population and associated issues

Topic: population and associated issues

1. In Harnessing India’s demographic dividend, the government faces the imperative of bridging gaps in skills training to align with a rapidly evolving technological economy. Analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question: A recent report that focused on the current status and outlook for youth employment in India paints a grim picture of the country’s widely touted ‘demographic dividend’, which appears set to waste away unless there are immediate and targeted policy interventions. Key Demand of the question: To write about demographic dividend, impediments to achieving it especially skill mismatch and ways to overcome it. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining demographic dividend and its various features. Body: First, write about the various impediments to achieving the dividend – demographic dividend may turn into a liability in the absence of enough jobs and the required skilled workforce etc. Next, suggest ways to overcome the limitations. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

Why the question:

A recent report that focused on the current status and outlook for youth employment in India paints a grim picture of the country’s widely touted ‘demographic dividend’, which appears set to waste away unless there are immediate and targeted policy interventions.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about demographic dividend, impediments to achieving it especially skill mismatch and ways to overcome it.

Directive word:

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by defining demographic dividend and its various features.

First, write about the various impediments to achieving the dividend – demographic dividend may turn into a liability in the absence of enough jobs and the required skilled workforce etc.

Next, suggest ways to overcome the limitations.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

Demographic dividend, as defined by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) means, “the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working-age population (15 to 64) is larger than the non-working-age share of the population (14 and younger, and 65 and older).”

The UN report, World Population Prospects 2022, forecasts that the world’s population will touch eight billion this year and rise to 9.8 billion in 2050. What is of immediate interest to India is that its population will surpass China’s by 2023 and continue to surge.

India’s average age is 29 years, whereas the average age in US, China, France, Germany and Japan is 38, 38, 42, 45 and 48 years, respectively. Therefore, India is the youngest among the most populous countries in the world. The next 25 years could be the golden years for the country, provided it makes the best use of its favourable demographic composition.

India has long been touted as the next big economic growth story after China. India has one of the youngest populations in an aging world. By 2020, the median age in India will be just 28 years. One of the primary reasons for that has been its young population which constitutes 59% of all Indians. Since 2018, India’s working-age population (people between 15 and 64 years of age) has grown larger than the dependent population. This bulge in the working-age population is going to last till 2055, or 37 years from its beginning. The hope has remained that as the young Indian population enters the working age, it will lead to higher economic growth.

Challenges in India to reap the demographic dividend:

• Health: Healthcare provisions in India is grossly inadequate and access to healthcare is highly inequitable. Lack of efficient public healthcare and burden of out-of-pocket health expenditures reduces people’s capacity or disables them from investing in the human capital of their children. ineffective functioning (corruption and leakages) of the public distribution system (PDS), growing economic inequalities and lack of nutritional awareness pose challenges in combating malnutrition

• Healthcare provisions in India is grossly inadequate and access to healthcare is highly inequitable. Lack of efficient public healthcare and burden of out-of-pocket health expenditures reduces people’s capacity or disables them from investing in the human capital of their children.

• ineffective functioning (corruption and leakages) of the public distribution system (PDS), growing economic inequalities and lack of nutritional awareness pose challenges in combating malnutrition

• Education: Basic literacy (the ability to read and write) in the overall population has progressed modestly. However, there is persistent gender differentials, and major differentials by caste and religion. The state of functional literacy and professional skills is poor. Indian graduates have low employability and does not meet changing economic structure or support global competitiveness.

• Basic literacy (the ability to read and write) in the overall population has progressed modestly. However, there is persistent gender differentials, and major differentials by caste and religion.

• The state of functional literacy and professional skills is poor. Indian graduates have low employability and does not meet changing economic structure or support global competitiveness.

• Rising Inequality In India, a large portion of the population is below the poverty line, therefore, they do not have easy access to primary health and education. There is growing inequality across social groups and income groups which translates itself into poor socio-economic mobility. Lack of socioeconomic mobility hinders human capital development and traps a large section of population to be in the vicious circle of poverty.

• In India, a large portion of the population is below the poverty line, therefore, they do not have easy access to primary health and education.

• There is growing inequality across social groups and income groups which translates itself into poor socio-economic mobility.

• Lack of socioeconomic mobility hinders human capital development and traps a large section of population to be in the vicious circle of poverty.

• Lack of Skilling: According to the National Sample Survey, out of the 470 million people of working age in India, only 10% receive any kind of training or access to skilled employment opportunities. There’s a huge mismatch between demand and supply when it comes to skilled workforce and employment opportunities, which could place a strain on the economy in the long run

• According to the National Sample Survey, out of the 470 million people of working age in India, only 10% receive any kind of training or access to skilled employment opportunities.

• There’s a huge mismatch between demand and supply when it comes to skilled workforce and employment opportunities, which could place a strain on the economy in the long run

• Inadequate use of knowledge bases from technology developments: There is a disconnect between India’s rate of technological growth and ability to distribute the gains from it by adequately focusing on skilling and health. The use of technical advancements has been concentrated in few sectors and benefits accrued by a few elitist sections of the society.

• There is a disconnect between India’s rate of technological growth and ability to distribute the gains from it by adequately focusing on skilling and health.

• The use of technical advancements has been concentrated in few sectors and benefits accrued by a few elitist sections of the society.

• Jobless growth: India’s high growth rate phase (2004-05 to 2010-11) has created significantly fewer jobs as compared to previous decades of economic growth. Around 47 % of India’s population is still dependent on agriculture which is notorious for underemployment and disguised unemployment. Majority of the workforce is employed by the unorganized sector where workers are underpaid and lack any kind of social security.

• India’s high growth rate phase (2004-05 to 2010-11) has created significantly fewer jobs as compared to previous decades of economic growth.

• Around 47 % of India’s population is still dependent on agriculture which is notorious for underemployment and disguised unemployment.

• Majority of the workforce is employed by the unorganized sector where workers are underpaid and lack any kind of social security.

• Falling female labour force participation: According to data from International Labour Organization and World Bank, India’s female labour force participationrates have fallen from 34.8 % in 1990 to 27 % in 2013. Socio-cultural factors and rising family incomes have been identified as the main reasons for this decline. Another appalling concern is that a significant proportion of qualified women drop out of the workforce for reasons ranging from no suitable jobs in the locality—particularly in rural areas—to family responsibilities and marriage.

• According to data from International Labour Organization and World Bank, India’s female labour force participationrates have fallen from 34.8 % in 1990 to 27 % in 2013.

• Socio-cultural factors and rising family incomes have been identified as the main reasons for this decline.

• Another appalling concern is that a significant proportion of qualified women drop out of the workforce for reasons ranging from no suitable jobs in the locality—particularly in rural areas—to family responsibilities and marriage.

Measures undertaken by Government

• Skill development programmessuch as the Jan Shikshan Sansthan, the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana and the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme are welcome steps. They have increased human resources supply in various sectors during 2017-22.

• They have increased human resources supply in various sectors during 2017-22.

• The Vision 2025(of the MSDE) aims to improve linkages between education and skill, catalyse demand for formal skills and create a high-skilled ecosystem.

• Ayushman Bharat, Swachh Bharat Mission and PM Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana have ensured health equity to a great extent.

• The National Education Policy 2020 gives importance to updating knowledge, ensuring productive employment opportunities and decent/dignified work as listed in the UN SDGs 2030.

• Samagra Shiksha programmeprovides inclusive, equitable and quality education at all levels of school education.

A differential planning approach is needed:

• To engineer an inclusive and sustainable growth for India, the social infrastructure like education, health and social protection are being given utmost priority by the Government

• The gaps in the expenditure on social infrastructure like health and education should be closed by strengthening the delivery mechanisms of the government initiatives. Protecting and investing in people’s health, education, and skilling is vital for reducing income inequality, and sustained inclusive economic growth.

• India needs to increase its spending on health and education. As recommended by the National Health Policy 2017 and the NEP 2020, India needs to increase its spending on health and education to at least 2.5 % in 6 % of GDP respectively from its current levels. Enhancing policies to maintain and even increase health and longevity will therefore be necessary.

• The current situation calls for more and better schools, especially in rural areas. It also calls for better transportation links between rural areas and regional urban hubs.

• India has to invest morein human capital formation at all levels, from primary education to higher education, cutting-edge research and development as well as on vocational training to increase the skill sets of its growing working-age population.

• The flagship schemes such as Skill India, Make in India, and Digital Indiahave to be implemented to achieve convergence between skill training and employment generation.

• Bridging the gender gaps in education, skill development, employment, earnings and reducing social inequalities prevalent in the society have been the underlying goals of the development strategy to enhance human capabilities.

• Improved infrastructure, skill development, access to easy finance, reducing barriers to entrepreneurship and forums for mentorship of emerging entrepreneursin partnership with corporates are some of measures.

• Decentralized models of development: Social policies for each state must be differentiated to accommodate different rates of population growth. The populations in south and west India are growing at a much slower pace than in the central and eastern states.

Conclusion

A multi-pronged approach is imperative to reap the demographic dividend. There is also a need to engage with the youth and create an enabling environment for entrepreneurship. The demographic dividend offers them a unique opportunity to boost living standards, but they must act now to manage their older populations in the near future by implementing policies that ensure a safe and efficient transition from the first demographic dividend to the second demographic dividend.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.

Topic: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.

2. The World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Agreement aims to address the systemic failures exposed by the COVID-19 crisis and prevent future pandemics from becoming catastrophic human crises. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: The Hindu

Why the question: The World Health Organization Pandemic Agreement represents a critical step towards rebuilding trust and coordination between nations. Key Demand of the question: To write about the need and importance of a global agreement on pandemics. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, write about the various issues faced during the COVID19 pandemic that necessitated a global pandemic agreement. Next, write about the importance of such agreements – greater international cooperation, addressing systemic vulnerabilities, and prioritizing investments in pandemic preparedness and response etc. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

Why the question:

The World Health Organization Pandemic Agreement represents a critical step towards rebuilding trust and coordination between nations.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the need and importance of a global agreement on pandemics.

Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving context.

First, write about the various issues faced during the COVID19 pandemic that necessitated a global pandemic agreement.

Next, write about the importance of such agreements – greater international cooperation, addressing systemic vulnerabilities, and prioritizing investments in pandemic preparedness and response etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted numerous global challenges that underscored the need for a comprehensive pandemic agreement. The WHO Pandemic Agreement is a significant international initiative designed to address the shortcomings revealed by the COVID-19 crisis and to prevent future pandemics from escalating into severe global emergencies.

Need for a covid pandemic agreement

• Public Health Systems:Many countries faced overwhelmed health systems with insufficient capacity to handle the surge in patients.

• Economic Disruption:The pandemic caused significant economic turmoil, with millions at risk of falling into extreme poverty and businesses facing existential threats.

• Social Inequality:Vulnerable populations, including informal workers and small-scale farmers, were disproportionately affected due to lack of social protection and access to healthcare.

• Global Supply Chains:Border closures and trade restrictions disrupted global supply chains, affecting food security and access to medical supplies.

• Misinformation:The spread of misinformation exacerbated public health responses and hindered cooperation.

Importance of global pandemic agreements lies in:

• International Cooperation:Such agreements foster collaboration, ensuring a coordinated response to health emergencies.

• Systemic Vulnerabilities:They address weaknesses in global health infrastructure and improve resilience against future pandemics.

• Resource Allocation:Agreements prioritize investments in healthcare systems, research, and development to better prepare for pandemics.

• Equitable Access:They aim to ensure fair distribution of medical resources, including vaccines and treatments, to all countries.

• Legal Framework:A global agreement provides a legal basis for international health regulations and response mechanisms.

Way forward

• Drafting a Robust Agreement:Countries must work together to draft an agreement that is comprehensive, inclusive, and actionable.

• Building Consensus:It is essential to build consensus among nations to ensure the agreement is universally adopted and implemented.

• Strengthening Health Systems:Investments in health infrastructure must be prioritized to build capacity for future health crises.

• Research and Development:Supporting R&D for vaccines and treatments is crucial for rapid deployment during pandemics.

• Regular Review and Update:The agreement should be regularly reviewed and updated to reflect new scientific knowledge and emerging threats.

Conclusion

The WHO Pandemic Agreement is a comprehensive effort to learn from the COVID-19 pandemic and to establish a global framework that enhances preparedness, ensures equitable access to resources, and fosters international cooperation to effectively manage and prevent future pandemics. It represents a collective acknowledgment of the interconnected nature of global health and the necessity for solidarity in the face of common threats. The success of this agreement will depend on the commitment and collaboration of all nations to implement its principles and provisions.

*Value addition*

*Components of World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Agreement*

• *Strengthening Global Health Systems:* The agreement emphasizes the need for robust health systems capable of withstanding pandemic pressures.

• *Equitable Access to Resources:* It aims to rectify inequities in access to medical resources and pandemic-related products, which were a major issue during COVID-19.

• *International Cooperation:* The agreement calls for extensive international collaboration for an effective and comprehensive response to pandemics.

• *One Health Approach:* It reaffirms the importance of a multisectoral collaboration that includes animal and environmental health to prevent pandemics.

• *Resilience and Preparedness:* The focus is on building resilient health systems with trained workers to advance universal health coverage.

• *Intellectual Property Rights:* The agreement recognizes the importance of intellectual property but also its potential impact on the accessibility and affordability of medical products.

• *Genetic Resource Sharing:* It underscores the importance of transparent and rapid sharing of pathogen samples and genetic data, along with equitable benefit-sharing.

• *Political Commitment:* The agreement seeks to ensure sustained political commitment and resourcing across sectors for pandemic prevention and response.

• *Legal Framework:* The agreement is legally binding, rooted in the WHO Constitution, designed to protect the world from future pandemics.

• *Data Sharing and Research:* Provisions for sharing data and funding research are included to bolster defenses against new pathogens.

• *Response to Outbreaks:* The treaty includes mechanisms for timely and equitable delivery of tests, treatments, vaccines, and other lifesaving tools.

• *Global Solidarity:* It promotes global solidarity, recognizing that pandemics are a common threat requiring a united response.

• *Sovereignty and Collaboration:* While respecting the sovereignty of states, it advocates for coordinated efforts to address public health matters.

• *Urgency and Timeliness:* The agreement is a response to the urgent need for a global framework to prepare for and prevent future pandemics.

• *Debunking Misinformation:* It aims to counteract misinformation campaigns against the WHO and the international public health community.

• *Deadline for Agreement:* Nations have set a deadline of May 2024 to reach an agreement on what would be the world’s first-ever Pandemic Accord.

• *Support from Global Leaders:* The accord has received backing from former national leaders and Nobel Laureates, emphasizing its critical importance.

• *Future Generations:* The ultimate goal is to safeguard future generations from the devastation similar to that caused by COVID-19.

• *Economic Impact:* By preventing pandemics, the agreement aims to protect economies from the severe financial downturns experienced during COVID-19.

• *Public Health Step Forward:* The treaty represents a significant step forward in international public health, aiming to save lives and prevent future crises.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

3. In the light of frequent coal shortages, diversifying energy sources, promoting energy efficiency, and increased domestic coal supplies are crucial for a more stable energy future. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: The Hindu ,Insights on India

Why the question: The spectre of electricity shortages rises again as hot weather descends across the country. Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of coal for India and steps that are needed to harness it effectively and efficiently. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving facts regarding the coal production in the country. Body: First, write in detail about the importance of coal to India’s energy security and economy. Cite statistics to substantiate. Next, write about the measures that are needed for better planning, infrastructure development and increase of domestic supplies of coal Next, write about the need to cut dependency of coal and move towards renewable source of energy. Conclusion: Conclude with way forward.

Why the question:

The spectre of electricity shortages rises again as hot weather descends across the country.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the importance of coal for India and steps that are needed to harness it effectively and efficiently.

Directive word:

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving facts regarding the coal production in the country.

First, write in detail about the importance of coal to India’s energy security and economy. Cite statistics to substantiate.

Next, write about the measures that are needed for better planning, infrastructure development and increase of domestic supplies of coal

Next, write about the need to cut dependency of coal and move towards renewable source of energy.

Conclusion:

Conclude with way forward.

Introduction

India, along with China, is the world’s largest coal producer, consumer and importer. Its own coal production will surpass a billion tonnes by 2025, the annual report of the International Energy Agency (IEA) has predicted. India’s coal consumption has doubled since 2007 at an annual growth rate of 6 per cent.

With coal use set to be a key topic during the ongoing COP28 summit, India recently said it would continue to rely on coal for electricity generation for the foreseeable future, even as it rapidly expanded its renewable energy sources. In recent years India has steadily increased its coal production. However, it stands in stark contrast to the country’s ambitious plans of achieving net-zero..

The prosperous future of the coal industry in India:

• Increased output: The production in the first 10 months of FY22 reached 25 million tonnes, up 16% over the same period a year ago. It will jump to around 1.4 billion tonnes per annum by 2030 from around 1 billion tonnes currently.

• It will jump to around 1.4 billion tonnes per annum by 2030 from around 1 billion tonnes currently.

• Acceleration in Imports: India’s imports (10.19 mt in February) of seaborne thermal coal are likely to accelerate, especially since the government mandated power plants to operate at full capacity as the summer demand peaks.

• Increased imports of coking coal: It is expected that coking coal imports will rise from around 63 mt a year currently to around 100 mt by 2030, given the expected increase in steel production.

• Increased private participation: Private mining companies are expected to make a bigger contribution to domestic output as they start bringing mines to production.

Extent of India’s Dependence on coal:

• The installed capacity for coal based power generation across the country was 2.04 lakh megawatt (MW). This accounts for about *5% of power from all sources.*

• Coal based power stations are retired periodically which happens all the time. But is not fast enough nor are new additions being halted.

• Coal is still most inexpensive compared with other present sources of energy.

• According to the *IEA’s Coal Report 2021,India’s coal consumption will increase at an average annual rate of 9% to 1.18billon tonnes in 2024.*

Reasons for increasing coal demand:

• Iron and steel production uses coal and there are not many technologies to replace the fuel immediately.

• Continued expansion of India’s economy is expected during 2022-2024, with annual average GDP growth of 7.4%, fuelled at least partially by coal.

• India’s push to domestic coal mining through both Coal India and auction of coal blocks to private companies, coal usage in India will increase as it plateaus in other parts of the world, including China.

• The central government has opened up coal mining for the *private sector*, claiming it as one of its most ambitious coal sector reforms.

• The government anticipates that it will bring efficiency and competition in coal production, attract investments and best-in-class technology, and help create more jobs in the coal sector.

Need to cut coal demand

• The international cost of natural gas has increased in the recent past from a level that was considered already too high to be financially viable.

• Of the *25,000 MWof gas based power plants, about 14,000 MW *remains stranded, or idle, because they are financially unviable.

• While renewable energy sources are cheaper than coal, their ability to generate power consistently is subject to the whims of nature, the wind and the Sun.

• Storage technologies are still not mature enough to help renewable energy sources become reliable generators of power.

Measures needed to move away from Coal

• India must enhance investments in the deployment of clean coal technologies throughout the coal value chain. Government power utilities must show the way by investing in the deployment of advanced clean coal technologies.

• India should also be very cautious of adding new coal capacity beyond 2030 as it risks locking in resources.

• With government’s efforts to push renewable energy due to international conventions on climate change, increase in carbon cess and other initiatives for lesser use of coal, there is a need for ‘Vision 2030 for the coal sector’, which takes into account the environmental factors such as reduction of carbon footprint, abatement of global warming.

• Strategic Decommissioning of Old and Inefficient Power Plants: It may be prudent to let old capacity fade away in due course and saving some of them as they are efficient, while focusing on such detailed analysis and weeding out the needless capacity in the pipeline, to derive long-term economic and environmental benefits.

• We need an energy transformation through which we would realize the co-benefits of local and global emission reduction. We also need the right to energy for all, as energy poverty and inequity is not acceptable.

Way forward

• Optimal Energy Mix in Power Generation: Power is generated through various sources of energy such as coal, hydro, natural gas, and renewables (solar, wind). This gains tremendous importance as the future generation capacity mix should be cost effective as well as environmentally friendly.

• Cost Effective Solar Plants: The average cost of coal-fired projects is Rs.4 per unit and generally sees an upward escalation, whereas new solar power plants are being bid out at less than Rs.3 per unit.

• New Technologies for Coal Based Units: The government has commissioned more efficient supercritical coal based units and old and inefficient coal based capacity is being retired. A range of new technologies (like Coal gasification, Coal beneficiation, etc.) can be deployed to make coal-fired power plants more environmentally compatible.

Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment

Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment

4. Discuss importance of biodiversity conservation in light of the services it provides. (150 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of biodiversity conservation in light of the services it provides. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining biodiversity. Body: First, Write about the reasons as to why Biodiversity is important to humans. Economic—biodiversity provides humans with raw materials for consumption and production, Ecological life support, Recreation—many recreational pursuits rely on our unique biodiversity, Cultural and scientific. Next, bring out the major threats to bio diversity and ways to conserve it. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of biodiversity conservation in light of the services it provides.

Directive word:

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by defining biodiversity.

First, Write about the reasons as to why Biodiversity is important to humans. Economic—biodiversity provides humans with raw materials for consumption and production, Ecological life support, Recreation—many recreational pursuits rely on our unique biodiversity, Cultural and scientific.

Next, bring out the major threats to bio diversity and ways to conserve it.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Biological diversity is the resource upon which families, communities, nations and future generations depend. It is the link between all organisms on earth, binding each into an interdependent ecosystem, in which all species have their role. It is the web of life.

The Global Reporting Initiative Biodiversity Standard was developed by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), an international independent standards organisation that assists businesses, governments and other entities understand and report their impacts on issues related to climate change, human rights and corruption.

Biodiversity in India

• India hasfour biodiversity hotspots and 90% of this area has been lost, according to the Centre for Science and Environment’s (CSE) new report entitled ‘State of India’s Environment in Figures 2021’.

• As per the data compiled in the report, theIndo-Burma hotspot is the worst affected and has lost 95% of its vegetation area, going from 23.73 lakh sq. km to 1.18 lakh sq. km.

• Another worrying aspect is that in these four hotspots, 25 species have also become extinct.

Importance of biodiversity conservation

• Ecosystem Services:Biodiversity provides essential services such as air and water purification, climate regulation, and pollination of crops.

• Genetic Resources:It preserves genetic diversity which is vital for food security, medicine, and adapting to environmental changes.

• Sustainable Utilization:Conserving biodiversity ensures sustainable use of natural resources, benefiting economies and livelihoods.

• Ecological Balance:It maintains ecological balance and supports the life cycles and food chains of various species.

• Cultural Value:Biodiversity has immense cultural significance and contributes to the well-being and identity of communities.

• Scientific Knowledge:It provides a vast knowledge base for scientific research, leading to discoveries and innovations.

• Resilience:Healthy ecosystems are more resilient to disturbances like natural disasters and can recover more quickly.

• Recreational Value:Biodiversity enriches our lives through recreational activities like birdwatching, hiking, and nature photography.

Loss of biodiversity: Impact on human health

• Prone to disaster:Biodiversity builds resilience against natural disasters like floods and storms, besides offering protective barriers against Loss of over35% of the earth’s mangrove forests has made us vulnerable to floods and is resulting in rising sea levels that threaten coastal agriculture.

• Loss of over35% of the earth’s mangrove forests has made us vulnerable to floods and is resulting in rising sea levels that threaten coastal agriculture.

• Deforestation and zoonosis: Deforestation, with loss of multiple plant species, is damaging soil integrity and causing landslides precipitated by loose soil. Deforestation also leads to increased spread of zoonotic infections, by removing the protective boundaries between wildlife and human

• Deforestation also leads to increased spread of zoonotic infections, by removing the protective boundaries between wildlife and human

• Food security: The availability of biodiversity is often a “safety net” that increases food security and the adaptability of some local communities to external economic and ecological disturbances. Farming practices that maintain and make use of agricultural biodiversity can also improve food security.

• Farming practices that maintain and make use of agricultural biodiversity can also improve food security.

• Ecosystem services:According to IUCN, the World Conservation Union, the monetary value of goods and services provided by ecosystems is estimated to amount to some US$33 trillion per year.

• Energy security: Wood fuel provides more than half the energy used in developing countries. Shortage of wood fuel occursin areas with high population density without access to alternative and affordable energy sources.

• Clean water:The continued loss of forests and the destruction of watersheds reduce the quality and availability of water supplied to household use and agriculture.

• Health: A balanced diet depends on the availability of a wide variety of foods, which in turn depends on the conservation of biodiversity. Moreover, greater wildlife diversity may decrease the spread of many wildlife pathogens to humans.

• Global warming: Carbon sequestrationrefers to the long term removal or capturing of carbon from the atmosphere to control or mitigate global warming, and this is done naturally using biological, physical and chemical processes. A decline in these services means a decline in the capturing of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

• A decline in these services means a decline in the capturing of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Conclusion

Biodiversity in natural ecosystems is of the utmost importance. It helps provide the resources and services that we rely on every day. The development and urbanization of humans poses a serious risk for natural biodiversity.

If nothing is done to reduce these changes, there will be disastrous consequences. There are many things we can do in politics, science, and even in our daily lives to help fix these issues. As humans we need to understand the risks associated with our consuming lifestyles and work hard to fix what is already damaged and prevent future harm.

*Value Addition*

Goods and Services provided by ecosystems include:**

• Provision of food, fuel and fibre

• Provision of shelter and building materials

• Purification of air and water

• Detoxification and decomposition of wastes

• Stabilization and moderation of the Earth’s climate

• Moderation of floods, droughts, temperature extremes and the forces of wind

• Generation and renewal of soil fertility, including nutrient cycling

• Pollination of plants, including many crops

• Control of pests and diseases

• Maintenance of genetic resources as key inputs to crop varieties and livestock breeds, medicines, and other products

• Cultural and aesthetic benefits

• Ability to adapt to change

Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

5. Discuss the major reasons for an increase in man-animal conflict in recent years. What have been the major steps undertaken by the government for abatement of the conflicts? (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To explain the major causes for rising cases of man-animal conflict and steps taken by government to control it. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: start with what you understand by Man-Animal conflicts. Body: Start by explaining what you understand by man-animal conflicts. Discuss what the main causes of man wildlife conflict are – The cause of human wildlife conflict was human settlement, agricultural expansion, illegal grass collection, over grazing by livestock and deforestation in national park. As a result, local communities disliked wildlife inhabiting in and around their surroundings. human population growth and expansion, habitat degradation and fragmentation, land use transformation and increasing densities of livestock grazing in protected areas are considered as major causes of man-carnivore conflicts. Write about the various government policies and programmes in this direction. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To explain the major causes for rising cases of man-animal conflict and steps taken by government to control it.

Directive word:

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

start with what you understand by Man-Animal conflicts.

Start by explaining what you understand by man-animal conflicts. Discuss what the main causes of man wildlife conflict are – The cause of human wildlife conflict was human settlement, agricultural expansion, illegal grass collection, over grazing by livestock and deforestation in national park. As a result, local communities disliked wildlife inhabiting in and around their surroundings. human population growth and expansion, habitat degradation and fragmentation, land use transformation and increasing densities of livestock grazing in protected areas are considered as major causes of man-carnivore conflicts.

Write about the various government policies and programmes in this direction.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

According to data from the Union environment ministry, more than 1,608 humans were killed in human-wildlife conflict cases involving tigers, leopards, bears and elephants between 2013 and 2017. Most recently, Wayanad is on the boil after a radio-collared wild elephant chased a 47-year-old man and trampled him to death.

A deadly conflict is underway between India’s growing masses and its wildlife, confined to ever-shrinking forests and grasslands, with data showing that about one person has been killed every day for the past three years by roaming tigers or rampaging elephants.

Reasons for rise in Man-Animal Conflicts

• Unbridled Development: The existing space for Tigers, Elephants and other big wild animals is shrinking due to encroachment of wildlife habitats. Unsustainable land use is the biggest problem in this regard. Animals are increasingly finding their usual corridors and pathways blocked by roads, rail tracks and industries. The Ken-Betwa Riverinterlinking project will submerge 100 sq. km of Panna Tiger Reserve.

• Animals are increasingly finding their usual corridors and pathways blocked by roads, rail tracks and industries.

• The Ken-Betwa Riverinterlinking project will submerge 100 sq. km of Panna Tiger Reserve.

• Urbanization: Urbanization and growth agendas alter landscape dynamics, which has a cascading effect on the ecological dynamics of wildlife. Eg: In the area of Gwal Pahari on the Gurugram-Faridabad Road, for example, the district town and country planning department has issued change of land use permissions Recent relaxations in norms toallow for a widening of highway and railway networks near these protected areas are the new threats

• Eg: In the area of Gwal Pahari on the Gurugram-Faridabad Road, for example, the district town and country planning department has issued change of land use permissions

• Recent relaxations in norms toallow for a widening of highway and railway networks near these protected areas are the new threats

• Primary reason for the increasing human-animal conflicts is the presence of a large number of animals and birds outside the notified protected areas. Wildlife experts estimate that 29 per cent of the tigers in India are outside the protected areas

• Wildlife experts estimate that 29 per cent of the tigers in India are outside the protected areas

• Poor Enforcement of laws: No buffer zone is maintained between critical wildlife habitats and human settlements.

• Climate Change and Biodiversity: Withthe food chain undergoing rapid changes and pool of species declining, the forage is decreasing for wild animals. Hence, they come in search of livestock in fringe areas of human settlements.

• Less Protected Area: Only 5% of India’s geographical area is in the protected area category. This space is not enough to have a full-fledged habitat for wild animals. A territorial animal like a male tiger needs an area of 60-100 sq km. But the area allocated to an entire tiger reserve, like the Bor Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra, is around 140 sq km. The territorial animals do not have enough space within reserves and their prey does not have enough fodder to thrive on.

• A territorial animal like a male tiger needs an area of 60-100 sq km. But the area allocated to an entire tiger reserve, like the Bor Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra, is around 140 sq km.

• The territorial animals do not have enough space within reserves and their prey does not have enough fodder to thrive on.

Government Initiatives to reduce Man-Animal conflict

• A network of Protected Areas namely viz., national park, Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves and Community Reserving covering important wildlife habitat have been created all over the country under the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 to conserve wild animals and their habitat.

• Wildlife corridors: Wildlife corridors have been developed in many parts of the country. For example: In 2017, to protect elephant habitats, the Odisha government had identified 14 corridors. Tiger corridor around Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserves is built.

• For example: In 2017, to protect elephant habitats, the Odisha government had identified 14 corridors.

• Tiger corridor around Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserves is built.

• “Plan Bee”: Indian Railways launched ‘Plan Bee’ to prevent elephantsgetting hurt on rail tracks, thereby reducing the elephant death toll. Nearly 50 buzzing amplifiers have been deployed as part of “Plan Bee” at a dozen “elephant corridors” in the vast forests of Assam, home to nearly 6,000 elephants, 20% of the country’s total.

• Nearly 50 buzzing amplifiers have been deployed as part of “Plan Bee” at a dozen “elephant corridors” in the vast forests of Assam, home to nearly 6,000 elephants, 20% of the country’s total.

• State governments: Assistance to state government for construction of boundary walls and solar fences around the sensitive areas to prevent the wild animal attacks Supplementing the state government resources for payment of ex gratia to the people for injuries and loss of life in case of wild animal attacks. Encouraging state government for creation of a network of protected areas and wildlife corridors for conservation of wildlife.

• Assistance to state government for construction of boundary walls and solar fences around the sensitive areas to prevent the wild animal attacks

• Supplementing the state government resources for payment of ex gratia to the people for injuries and loss of life in case of wild animal attacks.

• Encouraging state government for creation of a network of protected areas and wildlife corridors for conservation of wildlife.

• Provisions under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 empower concerned authorities take necessary steps to handle problematic wild animals.

• Standard Operating Procedures for the management of major problematic animals like tiger, elephant, leopard, rhino etc. are being used by the respective state governments

• Controlling population: In January 2018, the Environment Ministry has approved “immune-contraception” method to address man-animal conflicts. The immuno-contraception is non-hormonal form of contraception. It causes production of antibodies which in turn prevents conception in animals. Ministry sanctioned over Rs 10 crore for ‘immunology contraception’ of wild boars, Rhesus monkeys and elephants.

• The immuno-contraception is non-hormonal form of contraception. It causes production of antibodies which in turn prevents conception in animals.

• Ministry sanctioned over Rs 10 crore for ‘immunology contraception’ of wild boars, Rhesus monkeys and elephants.

Way Forward

• Community Participation: Local volunteers should be trained to handle with human-wildlife conflicts and organize locals for immediate initial steps till the wildlife rescue team arrives

• Rescue Teams:Wild Life Rescue Teams equipped with adequate personnel, equipment and communication systems should be present in potential areas of human-animal conflict.

• Awareness campaign: Hunting of prey animals, such as deer and pig, needs to stop as they form the base for growth of tiger and other carnivore populations.

• Hunting of prey animals, such as deer and pig, needs to stop as they form the base for growth of tiger and other carnivore populations.

• Identifying regular movements corridors of large wildlife, and adequate publicity/awareness to avoid disturbances

• Compilation of data on conflicts, reasons for such conflicts, best practices of response. Identify hotspots of conflict and keep extra vigil in such areas.

• Insurance programs for damage due to wildlife. Crop insuranceshould be provided in the event of destruction by wild animals. Livestock insuranceand its scope must be explored.

• Crop insuranceshould be provided in the event of destruction by wild animals.

• Livestock insuranceand its scope must be explored.

• Help locals in constructing barriers, and develop scaring away methods.

Conclusion

Human life is vital and so is a thriving wildlife that sustains the ecosystem. Harmony between humans and wildlife can ensure protection of both. Conservation and Development must go hand in hand to combat man animal conflict, which in turn will lead to sustainable development.

General Studies – 4

Topic: dimensions of ethics;

Topic: dimensions of ethics;

6. Maintaining environmental integrity is crucial for safeguarding the welfare of both human beings and the natural environment. Discuss. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To write about environmental integrity, its features and its importance. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining ‘environmental integrity’. Body: In the first part, write about the various features of environmental integrity and its dimensions. Next, write about the importance of environmental integrity and cite examples to substantiate your points. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about environmental integrity, its features and its importance.

Directive word:

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by defining ‘environmental integrity’.

In the first part, write about the various features of environmental integrity and its dimensions.

Next, write about the importance of environmental integrity and cite examples to substantiate your points.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Environmental integrity is a condition where the natural processes of a place occur with the strength and frequency expected in the region. Places with environmental integrity experience normal patterns of rainfall, fires, and other processes and contain ecosystems that house the living and non-living species native to the area.

“Environmental integrity” is often used in legal and philosophical writing to refer to an undisturbed state of natural conditions. These are circumstances in which plant, animal, and human life can continue freely. Living beings can receive all of the resources essential to their growth and reproduction, such as water, food, and shelter.

The concept of environmental integrity in philosophy was developed in the early twentieth century by a philosopher and ecologist named Aldo Leopold. His seminal “land ethic” philosophy looked at the holistic relationship between living beings, with homo sapiens as mere members of the land community.

Food webs, nutrient cycling, natural disturbances, and other natural processes have to be present to allow animal and plant species to thrive, reproduce, and populate the area naturally. Any human activity that disturbs the development of a healthy natural system negatively impacts the notion of environmental integrity.

This very intersection between human activity and environmental integrity is an area of continued contention. Humans have exploited the natural environment, particularly in the past few centuries, for their survival at the cost of other plant and animal lives. We’ve turned forests into farms and wetlands into housing projects with almost no regard for the health of the environment.

Conclusion

Establishing a balance between the well-being of humans and other living beings in the environment is the key objective of environmental integrity. As some writers have argued, it’s morally important for the environment to remain intact for all living beings, including humans. Only then can the environment have positive instrumental value for all of its inhabitants.

Topic: Case Study

Topic: Case Study

7. You have just been appointed as Additional Director General of Central Public Works Department. The Chief Architect of your division, who is to retire in six months, is passionately working on a very important project, the successful completion of which would earn him a lasting reputation for the rest of his life. A new lady architect. Seema, trained at Manchester School of Architecture, UK joined as Senior Architect in your division. During the briefing about the project, Seema made some suggestions which would not only add value to the project, but would also reduce completion time. This has made the Chief Architect insecure and he is constantly worried that all the credit will go to her. Subsequently, he adopted a passive and aggressive behaviour towards her and has become disrespectful to her. Seema felt it embarrassing as the Chief Architect left no chance of humiliating her. He would very often correct her in front of other colleagues and raise his voice while speaking to her. This continuous harassment has resulted in her losing confidence and self-esteem. She felt perpetually tense, anxious and stressed. She appeared to be in awe of him since he has had a long tenure in the office and has vast experience in the area of her work. You are aware of her outstanding academic credentials and career record in her previous organisations. However, you fear that this harassment may result in compromising her much needed contribution in this important project and may adversely impact her emotional well-being. You have also come to know from her peers that she is contemplating tendering her resignation. (UPSC Mains 2023)

(a) What are the ethical issues involved in the above case?

(b) What are the options available to you in order to complete the project as well as to retain Seema in the organization?

(c) What would be your response to Seema’s predicament? What measures would you institute to prevent such occurrences from happening in your organization?

Introduction

The above situation highlights the issue of interpersonal conflicts and personal interest overtaking the goals and objectives of the organisation. Addressing inter-personal issues at work and ensuring the emotional well-being of the personnel are inevitable to the efficiency and productivity of the organisation.

Ethical Issues Involved:

• Workplace Harassment: The Chief Architect’s behavior towards Seema constitutes workplace harassment, which is unethical and can create a toxic work environment.

• Professional Respect and Courtesy: There is a lack of professional respect and courtesy towards Seema’s contributions and expertise.

• Gender Discrimination: The situation may also raise concerns about gender discrimination if the Chief Architect’s behavior is influenced by Seema’s gender.

• Credit and Recognition: The ethical issue of credit and recognition for work done is at stake, as the Chief Architect fears losing credit to Seema.

• Mental Well-being: The emotional well-being of employees is being compromised, which is an ethical concern for any organization.

(b) Options Available:

• Mediation: Arrange a mediation session between the Chief Architect and Seema to address the issues and find a common ground.

• Recognition: Ensure that both the Chief Architect and Seema receive appropriate recognition for their contributions to the project.

• Mentorship: Encourage the Chief Architect to take on a mentorship role, guiding Seema and ensuring a transfer of knowledge before his retirement.

• Policy Enforcement: Reinforce workplace policies against harassment and ensure they are strictly followed.

• Support Systems: Establish support systems for Seema, including counseling services and a mentorship program with other senior architects.

• Immediate Action: Address Seema’s concerns immediately, ensuring her that the organization values her contributions and well-being.

• Open Communication: Foster an environment of open communication where employees can discuss their concerns without fear of retaliation.

• Training Programs: Implement regular training programs on workplace ethics, harassment, and diversity.

• Performance Reviews: Introduce a fair and transparent performance review system that recognizes individual contributions.

• Zero Tolerance Policy: Develop a zero-tolerance policy towards harassment and discrimination, with clear consequences for violations.

These measures aim to create a respectful and inclusive workplace, ensuring that all employees feel valued and are able to contribute to their fullest potential. It’s crucial to address such issues promptly to maintain a healthy work environment and retain talented individuals like Seema. The case also conveys that reward mechanisms are as equally important as monetary benefits for personnel to give their best contributions.

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