[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 25 April 2024

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent);

Topic: Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent);

1. India’s contributions play a vital role in sustaining the efficiency and effectiveness of the global shipping industry. Discuss. (150 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question: Amid rising safety concerns among Indian seafarers following the recent attacks on commercial ships in sensitive geographical areas such as the Red Sea and the Strait of Hormuz, India submitted three papers to the 111th Session of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Legal Committee (LEG). Key Demand of the question: Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by writing a statistic related to Indian shipping industry. Body: First, write about the contributions of India to global shipping industry – Seafarers, Shipbuilding, Port Operations, Maritime Services and Logistics and Supply Chain etc. In the next part, write about the major issues faced by Indian shipping industry and measures needed to overcome them. Conclusion: Write a way forward.

Why the question:

Amid rising safety concerns among Indian seafarers following the recent attacks on commercial ships in sensitive geographical areas such as the Red Sea and the Strait of Hormuz, India submitted three papers to the 111th Session of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Legal Committee (LEG).

Key Demand of the question:

Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by writing a statistic related to Indian shipping industry.

First, write about the contributions of India to global shipping industry – Seafarers, Shipbuilding, Port Operations, Maritime Services and Logistics and Supply Chain etc.

In the next part, write about the major issues faced by Indian shipping industry and measures needed to overcome them.

Conclusion:

Write a way forward.

Introduction

India has a coastline that is more than 7,517 km long, interspersed with more than 200 ports. Most cargo ships that sail between East Asia and America, Europe, and Africa pass through Indian territorial waters. The ports sector in India is being driven by high growth in external trade.

Contributions of India to the Global Shipping Industry:

• Seafarers: India ranks third globally in providing seafarers, following China and the Philippines. Indian seafarers constitute nearly 10% of the global maritime workforce. Their presence on both domestic and foreign ships makes them globally dispersed.

• India ranks third globally in providing seafarers, following China and the Philippines.

• Indian seafarers constitute nearly 10% of the global maritime workforce.

• Their presence on both domestic and foreign ships makes them globally dispersed.

• Shipbuilding: India has a significant shipbuilding industry, contributing to the global fleet. The country’s shipyards construct various types of vessels, including cargo ships, tankers, and offshore platforms.

• India has a significant shipbuilding industry, contributing to the global fleet.

• The country’s shipyards construct various types of vessels, including cargo ships, tankers, and offshore platforms.

• Port Operations: India handles approximately 95% of its external trade by volume through ports. The country has 12 major and over 200 minor and intermediate ports. Efforts are underway to develop six new mega ports under the Sagarmala initiative.

• India handles approximately 95% of its external trade by volume through ports.

• The country has 12 major and over 200 minor and intermediate ports.

• Efforts are underway to develop six new mega ports under the Sagarmala initiative.

• Maritime Services and Logistics: India’s ports and shipping sector plays a crucial role in economic progress. The sector contributes significantly to trade, transportation, and logistics services. Initiatives like mechanization, deepening drafts, and efficient operations enhance performance.

• India’s ports and shipping sector plays a crucial role in economic progress.

• The sector contributes significantly to trade, transportation, and logistics services.

• Initiatives like mechanization, deepening drafts, and efficient operations enhance performance.

Major Issues Faced by Indian Shipping Industry:

• Infrastructure Challenges: Inadequate port infrastructure, outdated facilities, and equipment lead to congestion and inefficiencies. Investment in modernization and expansion is essential.

• Inadequate port infrastructure, outdated facilities, and equipment lead to congestion and inefficiencies.

• Investment in modernization and expansion is essential.

• Container Shortage: Persistent scarcity of shipping containers affects trade. Measures to increase container availability are crucial.

• Persistent scarcity of shipping containers affects trade.

• Measures to increase container availability are crucial.

• Regulatory Hurdles: Cumbersome regulations impact efficiency. Streamlining processes and reducing bureaucratic hurdles are necessary.

• Cumbersome regulations impact efficiency.

• Streamlining processes and reducing bureaucratic hurdles are necessary.

• Skill Gap: Bridging the gap in technical skills and technology adoption is vital. Training programs and skill development initiatives can address this challenge.

• Bridging the gap in technical skills and technology adoption is vital.

• Training programs and skill development initiatives can address this challenge.

Measures Needed to Overcome Challenges:

• Investment in Infrastructure: Develop and upgrade port facilities, terminals, and inland transportation networks. Enhance connectivity to improve cargo handling efficiency.

• Develop and upgrade port facilities, terminals, and inland transportation networks.

• Enhance connectivity to improve cargo handling efficiency.

• Operational Efficiency: Mechanize port operations, deepen drafts, and ensure timely evacuations. Implement the Major Port Authorities Bill for decentralized decision-making.

• Mechanize port operations, deepen drafts, and ensure timely evacuations.

• Implement the Major Port Authorities Bill for decentralized decision-making.

• Private Participation and FDI: Encourage private investment in shipping and port infrastructure. Attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to boost capacity and competitiveness.

• Encourage private investment in shipping and port infrastructure.

• Attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to boost capacity and competitiveness.

• Technology Adoption: Leverage digital solutions for tracking, tracing, and efficient logistics management. Enhance communication and coordination across the supply chain.

• Leverage digital solutions for tracking, tracing, and efficient logistics management.

• Enhance communication and coordination across the supply chain.

Way Forward:

• Capacity Building: Invest in expanding port capacities. Develop new mega ports to accommodate growing trade volumes.

• Invest in expanding port capacities.

• Develop new mega ports to accommodate growing trade volumes.

• Sustainable Practices: Promote eco-friendly shipping practices. Focus on ship recycling and green initiatives.

• Promote eco-friendly shipping practices.

• Focus on ship recycling and green initiatives.

• Collaboration and Innovation: Foster partnerships with global players. Encourage research and innovation in maritime technology.

• Foster partnerships with global players.

• Encourage research and innovation in maritime technology.

• Government Support: Continue policy reforms and ease regulatory processes. Ensure a conducive environment for growth.

• Continue policy reforms and ease regulatory processes.

• Ensure a conducive environment for growth.

Conclusion

India’s shipping industry has immense potential. By addressing challenges, embracing technology, and fostering collaboration, we can propel the sector toward sustained growth and global prominence.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

2. The Swachh Bharat Mission has made significant strides in improving sanitation facilities and reducing open defecation rates in India. However, there is still work to be done to ensure universal access to safe sanitation, and address remaining challenges effectively. Critically examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question: In the past decade, improving sanitation coverage has been one of the key public policy miracles in India. Key Demand of the question: To write about the successes and limitations of Swachh Bharat Mission in making India ODF free. Directive: Critically examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgment. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving a brief about aims of Swachh Bharat Mission Body: First, in brief, write about the major components of Swachh Bharat Mission Next, write about achievements of Swachh Bharat Mission – constructing over 100 million household toilets in rural India, providing over 99% of households with access to toilets, raising public awareness about the importance of cleanliness and sanitation, investing in basic sanitation infrastructure etc. Next, write about the shortcomings of Swachh Bharat Mission – sustainability of the infrastructure and behavioural change it has created, the substantial funding required to construct sanitation infrastructure, limited attention to waste management, an urban-rural divide in achieving its goals etc. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward to overcome the above limitations.

Why the question:

In the past decade, improving sanitation coverage has been one of the key public policy miracles in India.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the successes and limitations of Swachh Bharat Mission in making India ODF free.

Directive:

Critically examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgment.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving a brief about aims of Swachh Bharat Mission

First, in brief, write about the major components of Swachh Bharat Mission

Next, write about achievements of Swachh Bharat Mission – constructing over 100 million household toilets in rural India, providing over 99% of households with access to toilets, raising public awareness about the importance of cleanliness and sanitation, investing in basic sanitation infrastructure etc.

Next, write about the shortcomings of Swachh Bharat Mission – sustainability of the infrastructure and behavioural change it has created, the substantial funding required to construct sanitation infrastructure, limited attention to waste management, an urban-rural divide in achieving its goals etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward to overcome the above limitations.

Introduction

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on October 2, 2014, to fulfil the vision of a cleaner India by October 2, 2019. The objective of the Mission was to eliminate open defecation, eradicate manual scavenging, and promote scientific solid waste management.

In the past decade, rural India has witnessed remarkable progress in sanitation coverage, aligned with Goal 6 of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

Achievements of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in promoting cleanliness and sanitation:

• Sanitation coverage in India: It surged from 39% in 2014 to 100% in 2019under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Grameen (SBM-G). SBM aimed to achieve Open Defecation Free(ODF) status by October 2019, with a subsequent goal to transition to ODF Plus by 2024-25.

• SBM aimed to achieve Open Defecation Free(ODF) status by October 2019, with a subsequent goal to transition to ODF Plus by 2024-25.

• ODF Status:Currently, about 85% of villages have attained ODF Plus status.

• Toilet Access:According to the National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS) Round 3, 95% of India’s rural population had toilet access, with 79% owning their facilities This has helped reduce open defecation which leads to diseases.

• This has helped reduce open defecation which leads to diseases.

• Public toilets: The mission has helped construct over 6 lakh community and publictoilets across India.

• Waste collection:Several cities and towns have seen improvements in door-to-door waste collection, waste segregation, and scientific waste processing through biomethanation plants, material recovery facilities etc. This is helping tackle India’s immense waste management challenge.

• This is helping tackle India’s immense waste management challenge.

• Behavioural Change and Awareness: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan emphasized behavioural change through mass awareness campaigns, encouraging citizens to adopt cleaner practices. Swachh Bharat Mission has helped bring sanitation and cleanliness into public discourselike never before.

• Swachh Bharat Mission has helped bring sanitation and cleanliness into public discourselike never before.

• Competition for cleanliness: Activities like Swachhta leagues and rankings of clean citieshave created a positive competition between towns and cities to improve cleanliness systems and practices. Surveys show rising public satisfaction with sanitation and cleanliness.

• Surveys show rising public satisfaction with sanitation and cleanliness.

• Waste management: The mission has mobilized over Rs 20,000 croresfor investment in solid and liquid waste management systems. This is strengthening urban infrastructure across India.

Shortcomings of Swachh Bharat Mission:

• Sanitation and waste managementin India are associated with the wide prevalence of caste. Historically, the subjugated castes have been forced to carry out sanitation work. The SBM tried to create a narrative that sanitation is everyone’s job. It has ended up continuingthe same old caste practices.

• Historically, the subjugated castes have been forced to carry out sanitation work.

• The SBM tried to create a narrative that sanitation is everyone’s job.

• It has ended up continuingthe same old caste practices.

• The SBM is a politically successful project: The entire project is governed and monitoredby state agencies. Large capital-intensive technologiesare promoted.

• The entire project is governed and monitoredby state agencies.

• Large capital-intensive technologiesare promoted.

• The Union government claims India is open defecation-free: A Comptroller and Auditor General report in 2020: It indicated the poor quality of construction of toilets under this scheme.

• A Comptroller and Auditor General report in 2020: It indicated the poor quality of construction of toilets under this scheme.

• Few urbanization studies: pointed out that in some metros, communities in slums still do not have access to public toilets. Even in rural India,toilet construction has not been linked to waste treatment.

• Even in rural India,toilet construction has not been linked to waste treatment.

• In peri-urban areas, the fecal sludge generated is tossed into the environment.

• Septic tanks are cleaned by manual scavengersand the sludge is thrown into various water systems.

• Via SBM was to reduce the involvement of people inwaste management by replacing them with large, capital-intensive technologies. These installations have refused to live up to their promoters’ promises. Health crises emerging from badly managed waste.

• These installations have refused to live up to their promoters’ promises.

• Health crises emerging from badly managed waste.

• The governments outsourced most of the work to private players, who employed the same subjugated communities to handle waste.

• Solid and liquid waste management in cities: In most towns, the Union government is employing technological solutions in handling solid waste. Some of these solutions are in the form of waste-to-energy plants and biological methanation. But there are barely any success stories in either case.

• Some of these solutions are in the form of waste-to-energy plants and biological methanation.

• But there are barely any success stories in either case.

• City governments are being asked to buy more machines including road sweeping machines that cost no less than ₹1 crore More vehicles to transport the waste from one corner to another with geo-tagging, and soon. Funds are made availableto the city governments for such plans. However, all this work is being handed over to large contractors entering the city domains for making sanitation a profit entity. Most of the workers employed by these contractors are Dalits. Scheme fully owned by the state has become a toolkit for the privatization of public health services and continues caste discrimination.

• More vehicles to transport the waste from one corner to another with geo-tagging, and soon.

• Funds are made availableto the city governments for such plans.

• However, all this work is being handed over to large contractors entering the city domains for making sanitation a profit entity.

• Most of the workers employed by these contractors are Dalits.

• Scheme fully owned by the state has become a toolkit for the privatization of public health services and continues caste discrimination.

Case study(Shimla):

• The Himachal Pradesh High Court, the Urban Development Department said that there are just five sanitation inspectors in the Shimla Municipal Corporation, which comprises 34 wards. Instead of recruiting more such inspectors, this cadre is being declared dead after they retire.

• Instead of recruiting more such inspectors, this cadre is being declared dead after they retire.

• There are more than 50 municipal bodies, there are only 20 sanitation inspectors There are some municipalities that have no sanitation inspectors.

• There are some municipalities that have no sanitation inspectors.

Way forward

• Greater focus on behaviour changecommunication and public awareness campaigns, especially for hygienic toilet use, waste segregation and not littering. Engaging school children and youth groups can be highly impactful. The “Darwaza Band” campaignand community-level awareness programs have promoted positive sanitation norms.

• The “Darwaza Band” campaignand community-level awareness programs have promoted positive sanitation norms.

• Innovations in Technology:Decentralized sewage treatment plants, as seen in Devanahalli, highlight technological advancements in sanitation.

• Strengthening capacities of urban local bodiesfor scientifically collecting, segregating, transporting and processing different types of waste. Mechanized sweeping, underground waste binscan be expanded.

• Linking with other programmes:Align sanitation initiatives with other related programs like the Jal Jeevan Mission for better outcomes.

• Developing localized waste management modelsthrough community participation, and public-private partnerships, so that solutions are tailored to local needs. Programs like the “Nirmal Gram Puraskar”foster community involvement and awareness in achieving open-defecation-free villages.

• Programs like the “Nirmal Gram Puraskar”foster community involvement and awareness in achieving open-defecation-free villages.

• Expanding solid waste processing infrastructurethrough biomethanation plants, material recovery facilities, composting units etc. across towns and cities.

• Improved monitoring for functionality and maintenanceof public/community toilets through citizen oversight and social audits.

• Expanding coverage of toiletsto include slums and public spaces like bus stops, and parks, through customizable, prefabricated toilet models.

• Incentivizing waste segregation, recycling and reuse through both regulatory policies as well as awareness programs on circular economy principles.

Conclusion

Behavioral change in sanitation cannot happen independently. It is contingent upon social networks and an overall improvement of living standards, including better housing and access to basic services. SDGs are a matter of urgency, and actions by all countries, both developed and developing, to end poverty and other socio-economic and environmental problems. Countries should align with strategies that improve the standard of life and education, reduce inequality, and harness economic growth.

General Studies – 3

Topic: issues relating to intellectual property rights.

Topic: issues relating to intellectual property rights.

3. Striking a balance between granting patent rights and promoting the public interest requires careful consideration of the societal benefits and potential drawbacks of the patent system. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty: Tough

Reference: Down to Earth , Insights on India

Why the question: The Narendra Modi government has notified amendments to the rules governing India’s Patent Act. Key Demand of the question: To write about the issues with the granting of patents and the need for a balanced approach regarding it. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Give a brief introduction of what is Patent. Body: Write about its significance to India with respect to – Incentivizing Innovation, Promoting Competition, Profits etc. Next, list down a few issues regarding patents in india- access to essential goods and services, technology transfer, public domain, social and environmental impact. Then, suggest solutions for it. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

Why the question:

The Narendra Modi government has notified amendments to the rules governing India’s Patent Act.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the issues with the granting of patents and the need for a balanced approach regarding it.

Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Give a brief introduction of what is Patent.

Write about its significance to India with respect to – Incentivizing Innovation, Promoting Competition, Profits etc.

Next, list down a few issues regarding patents in india- access to essential goods and services, technology transfer, public domain, social and environmental impact.

Then, suggest solutions for it.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

A patent is a form of preservation of intellectual property. It is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem.To get a patent, technical information about the invention must be disclosed to the public in a patent application.

The government has notified amendments to the rules governing India’s Patent Act.

Significance of patents and its importance

• Prosperity Rights: Intellectual Property Rights actually translates into India’s progress in real-time and extends Intellectual Property Right to India’s Prosperity Right.

• Innovation Powerhouse: Like geographical boundaries guard our country’s interests, Intellectual Property is the guardian of our country’s prospects. Powered by Intellectual Property, India can be the “Innovation Powerhouse“ of the world.

• Create Livelihoods: Intellectual property is the cornerstone of a nation’s progress & showcases the ingenuity of our youth. The IP has the power and potential to change lives and create livelihoods for billions.

• Help in Progress: More proficient IP regimes contribute to making India an innovation hub. It is the key for success of Start-up India, Make in India & Design in India. Accordingly, section 146(2), a unique provision not found in patent laws of most other countries, requires every patentee and licensee to submit to the Patent Office an annual statement (Form 27 format) explaining the extent to which they have worked the invention in India. This statement is meant to help the Patent Office, potential competitors, etc. to determine whether the patentee has worked the invention in India and made it sufficiently available to the public at reasonable prices. Compulsory Licencing (CL): CL is the grant of permission by the government to entities to use, manufacture, import or sell a patented invention without the patent-owner’s consent. Patents Act in India deals with CL. CL is permitted under the WTO’s TRIPS (IPR) Agreement provided conditions such as ‘national emergencies, other circumstances of extreme urgency and anti-competitive practices’ are fulfilled.

• Accordingly, section 146(2), a unique provision not found in patent laws of most other countries, requires every patentee and licensee to submit to the Patent Office an annual statement (Form 27 format) explaining the extent to which they have worked the invention in India.

• This statement is meant to help the Patent Office, potential competitors, etc. to determine whether the patentee has worked the invention in India and made it sufficiently available to the public at reasonable prices.

• Compulsory Licencing (CL): CL is the grant of permission by the government to entities to use, manufacture, import or sell a patented invention without the patent-owner’s consent. Patents Act in India deals with CL.

• CL is permitted under the WTO’s TRIPS (IPR) Agreement provided conditions such as ‘national emergencies, other circumstances of extreme urgency and anti-competitive practices’ are fulfilled.

• Compete Globally: A strong IPR regime will empower the expansion & energise the industry in challenging times. It is one of the most valuable assets in India’s ability to compete in the global economy.

• Transparency: These initiatives are bringing transparency & ease of access for IPR seekers.

Challenges in the patenting system in India

• Major problems: Among the issues raised are concerns about what can be patented, waiting times for obtaining patents, reporting requirements, and data safety.

• Patent issues highlighted the threat of patent revocations, lack of presumption of patent validity and narrow patentability criteria as issues which “impact companies across different sectors.

• One of the main points of contention between India and the U.S. has been Article 3(d) of the Indian Patent Act. Section 3 deals with what does not qualify as an invention under the Act. Section 3(d) in particular excludes the mere discovery of a new form of a known substance which does not result in the enhancement of the known efficacy of that substance. Section 3(d) prevents what is known as “evergreening” of patents.

• Section 3 deals with what does not qualify as an invention under the Act.

• Section 3(d) in particular excludes the mere discovery of a new form of a known substance which does not result in the enhancement of the known efficacy of that substance.

• Section 3(d) prevents what is known as “evergreening” of patents.

• Issues relating to judicial delays: The 2015 Commercial Courts Act offered an opportunity to reduce these delays and increase expertise but only a limited number of courts have benefited under the Act.

• Jurisdictional challenges are reducing the courts’ effectiveness and courts are also suffering due to inadequate resources and training.

• The abolishing of the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB): the overall scrapping of IPAB, which efficiently had been dealing with proceedings involving complex IPR issues, may create a void in the appellate resolution of cases leading to their shift to Commercial or High Courts thereby increasing pendency of cases.

Conclusion

As the patent system is a critical aspect of the national innovation ecosystem, investing in the patent ecosystem will help in strengthening the innovation capability of India. The right interventions should be made for the promotion of the quality of patent applications and collaboration between academia and industry.

*Value addition*

*Patent amendment rules 2021*

• *Patent Fees for Educational Institutions Reduced: Educational institutions engage in many research activities, where professors and teachers and students generate several new technologies which need to be patented for facilitating commercialization of the same.* *At the time of applying for patents, the innovators have to apply these patents in the name of the institutions which have to pay fees for large applicants, which are very high and thus work as a disincentive.* *In this regard and to encourage greater participation of the educational institutions, official fees payable by them in respect of various acts under the Patents Rules, 2003, have been reduced by way of the Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2021.* *Benefits related to 80% reduced fee for patent filing & prosecution have been extended to all educational institutions.* This benefit was earlier available to all recognised educational institutions owned by the government.

• At the time of applying for patents, the innovators have to apply these patents in the name of the institutions which have to pay fees for large applicants, which are very high and thus work as a disincentive.

• In this regard and to encourage greater participation of the educational institutions, official fees payable by them in respect of various acts under the Patents Rules, 2003, have been reduced by way of the Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2021.

• Benefits related to 80% reduced fee for patent filing & prosecution have been extended to all educational institutions.**

• This benefit was earlier available to all recognised educational institutions owned by the government.

• *Extension of Expedited Examination System: The fastest granted patent is the one which was granted in 41 days after filing of such request. This facility of Expedited Examination system was initially provided for patent applications filed by Startups.* *It has been now extended to 8 more categories of Patent Applicants:* SME (Small and Medium Enterprises), Female applicants, Government Departments, Institutions established by a Central, Provincial or State Act, Government Company, an Institution wholly or substantially financed by the Government and applicants under Patents Prosecution Highway.

• It has been now extended to 8 more categories of Patent Applicants:**

• SME (Small and Medium Enterprises), Female applicants, Government Departments, Institutions established by a Central, Provincial or State Act, Government Company, an Institution wholly or substantially financed by the Government and applicants under Patents Prosecution Highway.

• The Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH) is a set of initiatives for providing accelerated patent prosecution procedures by sharing information between some patent offices

Topic: Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism.

Topic: Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism.

4. Managing the diverse borders of India presents a multifaceted challenge that requires addressing various complex issues to ensure national security. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about the challenges of border management and the strategies India has employed to tackle such challenges. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by highlighting that India shares borders with several countries, a few of those countries don’t share good relations with India making the task of border management challenging. Body: First, Discuss the challenges with respect to border security – non-demarcated boundaries with overlapping, Unilateral actions by some nations to change the status quo in their favour, Misuse of borders (especially porous open borders) for smuggling, illegal migration, etc, Little or no support from counterparts of neighbouring nations and in some cases active support by cross border elements to illegal activities etc. Mention the various steps taken by India to address these issues and for effective management of its borders. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising the need of effective border management strategy.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the challenges of border management and the strategies India has employed to tackle such challenges.

Directive word:

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by highlighting that India shares borders with several countries, a few of those countries don’t share good relations with India making the task of border management challenging.

First, Discuss the challenges with respect to border security – non-demarcated boundaries with overlapping, Unilateral actions by some nations to change the status quo in their favour, Misuse of borders (especially porous open borders) for smuggling, illegal migration, etc, Little or no support from counterparts of neighbouring nations and in some cases active support by cross border elements to illegal activities etc.

Mention the various steps taken by India to address these issues and for effective management of its borders.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising the need of effective border management strategy.

Introduction

India has one of the longest and most varied of international borders. Historical and political reasons have left India with an artificial unnatural border. Border Management is an integral approach towards borders in which along with security enhancement, infrastructure & human development is undertaken. The challenge of coping with long-standing territorial and boundary disputes with China and Pakistan, combined with porous borders along some of the most difficult terrain in the world, has made effective and efficient border management a national priority.

India has had to deal with numerous challenges with respect to border management such as:

• Porous borders: International borders with Pakistan and Bangladeshrun through diverse terrain including deserts, marshes, plains and mountains. This porosity of borders facilitates various illegal activities such as smuggling, trafficking of humans, drugs and arms and infiltration.

• Contested International borders: History of mistrustand constant border skirmishes with Pakistan along line of control (LOC) makes India highly susceptible to cross-border terrorism. Similarly, India’s border with Myanmar is threatened by several insurgent groups that have found sanctuaries in jungles along the border. Political boundary issues of “enclaves and adverse possessions” in Bangladesh have resulted in political sensitivity along the entire eastern border.

• Inefficiency in Border management: Indian borders continue to be guarded by military and police forces that report to different ministries in the Centre and states, making the border management task arduous and leading to duplication of efforts by the security forces.

• Lack of critical infrastructure: Critical infrastructure such as observation towers, bunkers, Border Flood Lights etc. are lacking in many border areas which also prevent deployment of hi-tech equipment.

• Poor intelligence and resource efficiency: Security forces are ill-equipped to handle border management given poor intelligence capabilities and severe resource deficiency.

• Ethnic conflicts and separatist movements: The situation has worsened due to the changed demographic profile of many Border States and shift in ethnic balance of communities as a result of illegal migration.

• Over-population in the border areas: Density of population in the border areas at some places is approximately 700-800 persons per square km on the Indian side and about 1,000 persons on the Bangladesh side.

• Political instability and disorder in its periphery impacts India’s security directly or indirectly. Proxy war between India and Pakistan adds to this security risk.

The implications on the internal security due to the above challenges of border management is marked by

• increased cross-border terrorism

• infiltration and ex-filtration of armed militants

• emergence of non-state actors

• nexus between narcotics traffickers and arms smugglers

• left-wing extremism

• fake Indian Currency network

• separatist movements aided and abetted by external powers

• illegal cattle trade

Is a single agency managing all its borders a good idea

• In India, we have unwieldy arrangements. As a result, there is a lack of a coherent policy on training, planning and the conduct of guarding operations among various outfits. Overall coordination is also affected.

• India needs a single security agency adequately equipped, suitably armed and trained in advanced military drills and sub-unit tactics to guard our borders.

• The manpower and infrastructure should be created by pooling and merging the resources of the CAPF and Assam Rifles.

• It augments the battle efficiency, a fixed percentage of manpower, including the officer cadre, should be drawn on deputation from the army.

• It could have the explicit mandate to effectively retaliate against cross-border transgressions and stabilise the situation till the operations are taken over by the armed forces.

However, entire border management under a single agency has its own drawbacks

• It would reduce the niche skills of the various forces currently managing the various borders.

• The borders themselves have a huge diversity which could pose huge investment risks on training all soldiers in all types of terrain.

• Further, with more localites getting associated with the forces in the region, its easier for them to adapt to the environs quickly.

• It could lead to centralization of powers and thus leading to unnecessary redtapism.

Way forward:

• Infrastructure along with border has to be improved – rail connectivity along with road connectivity has to be provided for quick mobilization.

• Building of additional checkpoints and Border posts along major and minor trade routes connected with borders

• Building of floating bridges, walls & electrical fences where there is high probability of infiltration.

• Taking up of joint Border management with Countries like Myanmar, Bhutan and Nepal.

• Improving healthcare, physical infrastructure and digital connectivity in villages around borders thus making them stakeholder in Border Management.

• Madhav Godbole task force recommendations on border management need to be implemented.

• It had recommended that the CRPF should be designated as the primary national level counter-insurgency force. This would enable the other central paramilitary forces like the BSF and Indo-Tibetan Border Police to return to their primary role of better border management.

• It had also recommended that all paramilitary forces managing unsettled borders should operate directly under the control of the army and that there should be lateral induction from the army to the paramilitary forces so as to enhance their operational effectiveness.

• The principle of ‘single point control’ must be followed if the borders are to be effectively managed.

• The advances in surveillance technology, particularly satellite and aerial imagery, can help to maintain a constant vigil along the LAC and make it possible to reduce physical deployment.

Conclusion:

Keeping a strong vigil on its border is very important for any nation to check any kind of illegal activities or intrusion through them. For India, the task becomes difficult where terrain and climate is very complex across some of its border areas. Focussing on improved technology will help in making the task easier for the security forces and make its borders more secure.

Topic: Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism.

Topic: Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism.

5. The interdependence between criminals and terrorists makes it difficult for authorities to disrupt their activities without addressing both aspects of the relationship. Analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: unafei.or.jp

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about cross-border links between terrorists, and factors facilitating organized crime and responses to it. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, write about the factors that facilitate the growth of organised crime – poverty, political instability, weak governance, corruption, and social inequality etc. Next, write about how organised crime can contribute to terrorism – organized crime groups can provide support to terrorist organizations, engage in terrorist activities themselves, and share similar characteristics with terrorism, such as the use of violence and intimidation etc Next, write about the steps that are needed to tackle the above. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about cross-border links between terrorists, and factors facilitating organized crime and responses to it.

Directive word:

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving context.

First, write about the factors that facilitate the growth of organised crime – poverty, political instability, weak governance, corruption, and social inequality etc.

Next, write about how organised crime can contribute to terrorism – organized crime groups can provide support to terrorist organizations, engage in terrorist activities themselves, and share similar characteristics with terrorism, such as the use of violence and intimidation etc

Next, write about the steps that are needed to tackle the above.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Organised crimes are done with the motive of monetary gains by illegal means. Organised crimes are transnational in nature. Their presence is a great threat for the country’s security. Interpol has defined organised crime as “Any group having a corporate structure whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities, often surviving on fear and corruption”. Organised crime (OC) is highly sophisticated, diversified, and widespread activity that annually drains billions of dollars from the global economy by unlawful conduct and illegal use of force, fraud, and corruption.

Various factors facilitating organized crime

• Increasing demands of illegal goods in global market like trade of Human organs, endangered wild life, drugs etc.

• Geographical terrain and opens borders.

• Globalisation had brought new opportunity and market for these groups.

• Unholy nexus between politicians, bureaucrats and criminals

• Criminalisation of politics.

• Technology also helped them to operate safely hence reducing their risk.

• Return compared to the risk factor is very high.

• India’s proximity with drug producing regions like Golden Crescentin the West and Golden Triangle in the East.

• The globalisation of the economy has definitely helped the crime syndicates carry out their illegal activities across the borders with great ease. This has been further facilitated by the phenomenon of ‘digital money’. Such organisations, very conveniently find safe havens outside the country.

• India does not have any specific law to deal with organised crime. It depends on various provisions of IPC and other laws which are scattered.

• As organised criminal groups are structured in a hierarchical manner, it becomes difficult to identify these leaders. Also, such groups keep changing their leadership to avoid law enforcement agencies.

• According to the Constitution, police is a state subject. But many states are not in a position to invest resources to deal with organised crime.

• India does not have any central agency to coordinate with state agencies, for combating organised crime.

• Some of the crimes are planned in outside the country. Tough terrain in India’s neighbourhood provides safe havens to these organised criminals.

• There are 3 crore pending cases in Indian judiciary. The delayed justice and poor investigation by police also gives opportunity to these organised criminals to exploit the system.

Linkages Between Organised Crime and Terrorism

• Terrorist groups need arms and money to fight against security forces. The organised criminals and terrorist groups become client of each other. Organised criminals groups smuggle arms, drugs, cattle, humans to generate money for terrorist groups.

• Terrorist groups always try to destabilise the country and bring down the morale of security forces. When the terrorist groups are unable to confront with the security forces directly, they turn towards organised criminals. Thus organised criminals indirectly help these terrorist groups.

• Organised criminal groups generally establish strong communication network. These organised groups act as eyes and ears of the terrorist groups.

• Terrorist organizations in India, especially in the northeast, mobilize funds by becoming couriers of illegal drugs and arms and at times even human beings from one point to another within the country.

• Terrorists are always in need of money. As they fail to mobilise large amount of money, they take help of organised criminals to exchange counterfeit currency with arms.

Way forward

• Synchronisation and coherence among domestic lawsof neighbouring countries to deter drug traffickers and also for translational exchange of criminals.

• Developing Common strategiesto tackle with emerging threat of drug trafficking through maritime route.

• Further strengthening and upgradation of intelligence network, upgradation of surveillance equipment and future requirements such as the setting up of training academy and drug labs.

• the Narcotics Actmay be amended to plug the procedural loopholes and to calibrate punishments by grouping the offences.

• Demand reduction:The strategies should also include demand reduction along with supply reduction. Supply reduction would include enforcement activities while demand reduction would involve rehabilitation and de-addiction measures.

• Other measures:Investigative skills need to be honed and trials expedited; Inter-agency exchange of information amongst the countries by the quickest possible means coupled with expeditious extradition proceedings.

Conclusion

Efforts to counter the linkages between organized crime and terrorism involve targeting the financial networks that support these groups, as well as working to prevent the recruitment of new members and disrupting the supply chains that enable their operations. This requires international cooperation and coordination among law enforcement agencies, intelligence services, and governments around the world.

General Studies – 4

Topic: Work culture, Quality of service delivery,

Topic: Work culture, Quality of service delivery,

6. Ethical behavior builds trust among stakeholders, enhances organizational resilience, and contributes to a cohesive and successful business environment. Discuss. (150 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To write about components of ethical workplace culture and ways to build it. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by describing an ethical work culture. Body: Write about the major factors that create and maintain a culture of ethical behaviour – leadership, organizational structure, policies and procedures, training and communication, rewards and recognition, organizational values, and industry norms and regulations. Next, write about ways to build ethical workplace culture and environment. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about components of ethical workplace culture and ways to build it.

Directive word:

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start by describing an ethical work culture.

Write about the major factors that create and maintain a culture of ethical behaviour – leadership, organizational structure, policies and procedures, training and communication, rewards and recognition, organizational values, and industry norms and regulations.

Next, write about ways to build ethical workplace culture and environment.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Work Culture or Organization Culture is set of collective beliefs, values, rules and behaviour which organisation as whole conforms to. In a layman approach it is culture that a group as an organisation follows. Culture varies with family, region, social class and hence in work environment.

Ethical behaviour in a workplace refers to the adherence to the ethical work culture by individuals belonging to the workplace.

Components of an ethical workplace culture and environment

• Priority to employee rights

• Fair procedures and treatment

• Equity in pay and promotion,

• Promotes tolerance, compassion, loyalty and honesty in the treatment of customers and employees.

Yes, acknowledging and providing incentives for ethical conduct can bolster the overall ethical culture

• A clear expectation for behaviour among all members of an organization is the first step towards a more ethical organizational culture.

• Organizational leaders must be mindful of their actions as others in the organization will likely follow their lead when it comes to ethical behaviour and attitudes.

• Offering opportunities for recognition, awards, and social reinforcements for desirable ethical behaviors’ can go a long way to promote the types of ethical culture desired in any organization.

• Workshops, easy to use reference materials, ongoing and readily available consultation from peers or mentors are just some of the many ways institutions can assist in training students and staff to best use the tools that are available to them to participate in better and more thoughtful ethical decision making.

• Ethical ambiguities can be reduced by creating and disseminating an organizational code of ethics. It should state the organization’s primary values and the ethical rules that employees are expected to follow.

• The organization needs to provide formal mechanisms so that employees can discuss ethical dilemmas and report unethical behaviour without fear of reprimand. This might include creation of ethical counsellors, ombudsmen, or ethical officers.

Measures I would take to make workplace more ethical

• Lead by example:a leader leads from the front. We should be able to do what we preach and is the best way to motivate our subordinates. e.g. SAM MANEKSHAW, valor of Alexander

• Persuasion:Senior can persuade the subordinates by making them informed about values and output they would create if they perform better. If subordinate understand what tangible their efforts would lead, they get motivated and work toward achieving that goal.

• Fairness:we should be fair in the task allocation and should treat all our subordinates in a fair manner irrespective of their background. e.g. without any differences of caste or creed

• Transparency:a public servant should be transparent in his working and should be open to suggestions.

• Flexibility:we should be flexible, open to suggestions and should hear suggestions from experienced subordinates. this would give them recognition and at the same time would be beneficial for the organization.

• Recognition:give recognition to the employees who have worked on the ground will motivate them to work even harder the next time. e.g. mayo hawthorne experiment

• Incentivization:Incentives whether financial or awards create an atmosphere of competitiveness among subordinates and therefore they get motivates and improve their performance.

• Employee engagement:in various constructive activities will help them to channelize their energies in the right direction. e.g. doing some activities with the employees

• Grievance redressal:keeping some part of the day especially for hearing and solving grievances will help them to be self-motivated. e.g in armed forces officers have daily some time for the grievance redressal of the jawans.

• Adopting physical fitness and healthy lifestyle culture, yoga-meditation so that people can be physically and emotionally fit to perform their duties. Making motivational courses intrinsic part of training.

Conclusion

A self-motivated worker will work his heart out for the betterment of the organizations and leaders should strive their best to achieve it.

Topic: challenges of corruption.

Topic: challenges of corruption.

7. By strengthening anti-corruption laws, enhancing transparency and promoting ethics training, societies can make significant progress in fighting corruption and promoting integrity in public and private institutions.. Discuss. (150 Words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications.

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To write about improving efforts at combating corruption. Directive: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining corruption. Body: First, write about the major implications of corruption on political and social progress for countries at all levels of development. Write about the steps that are place to check and prevent corruption. Next, write about the improvements needed in the governance frameworks to eliminate corruption in the country. Conclusion: Complete by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about improving efforts at combating corruption.

Directive:

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by defining corruption.

First, write about the major implications of corruption on political and social progress for countries at all levels of development. Write about the steps that are place to check and prevent corruption.

Next, write about the improvements needed in the governance frameworks to eliminate corruption in the country.

Conclusion:

Complete by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Corruption is dishonest behavior by those in positions of power. It starts with the tendency of using public office for some personal benefit. Moreover, it is unfortunate that corruption has, for many, become a matter of habit. It is so deeply entrenched that corruption is now considered a social norm. Hence, corruption implies the failure of ethics.

Importance of fighting corruption:

• Corruption is an insidious plague that has a wide range of corrosive effects on societies. It undermines rule of law, leads to violations of human rights and allows organized crime to flourish.

• Corruption in India is not limited to collusive high-level scams.

• Petty corruption, which affects the delivery of basic services and rights to people, is rampant.

• Corruption impacts societies in a multitude of ways. In the worst cases, it costs lives. Short of this, it costs people their freedom, health or money. The cost of corruption can be divided into four main categories: political, economic, social and environmental.

• On the political front, corruption is a major obstacle to democracy and the rule of law. In a democratic system, offices and institutions lose their legitimacy when they’re misused for private advantage. This is harmful in established democracies, but even more so in newly emerging ones. It is extremely challenging to develop accountable political leadership in a corrupt climate.

• Economically, corruption depletes national wealth. Corrupt politicians invest scarce public resources in projects that will line their pockets rather than benefit communities, and prioritise high-profile projects such as dams, power plants, pipelines and refineries over less spectacular but more urgent infrastructure projects such as schools, hospitals and roads. Corruption also hinders the development of fair market structures and distorts competition, which in turn deters investment.

• Corruption corrodes the social fabric of society. It undermines people’s trust in the political system, in its institutions and its leadership. A distrustful or apathetic public can then become yet another hurdle to challenging corruption. This especially impacts the poor and marginalized, who are most dependent on public provisioning of rations, pensions, health, and education. Serious cases of several big corruptions have surfaced in the last five years, including banking frauds and the Rafale deal. The popular sentiment that helped the incumbent Government in the 2014 general election was resentment against corruption in public life.

• Environmental degradationis another consequence of corrupt systems. The lack of, or non-enforcement of, environmental regulations and legislation means that precious natural resources are carelessly exploited, and entire ecological systems are ravaged. From mining, to logging, to carbon offsets, companies across the globe continue to pay bribes in return for unrestricted destruction

Measures to curb corruption:

The solution to the problem of corruption has to be more systemic than any other issue of governance. Merely shrinking the economic role of the state by resorting to deregulation, liberalization and privatization is not necessarily the solution to addressing the problem.

• Adopting effective and coordinated policies against corruption

• Developing a coherent anti-corruption policy which identifies the causes of corruption and commits to practical, coordinated and effective measures to address these causes is a prerequisite for success.

• Fair and transparent system of public procurement

• Establishing a procurement system, built on the principles of objectivity, transparency and competition, is important to both saving public money and to ensuring that the policy and developmental objectives of the government are met. : GeM Government E-market Placeis a step in the right directions. With this, Public Finance Management System also helps in tracking the real-time usage of funds.

• : GeM Government E-market Placeis a step in the right directions. With this, Public Finance Management System also helps in tracking the real-time usage of funds.

• Strengthened transparency and public reporting An informed society with free access to information is a strong deterrent to corruption. This underlines the importance of transparency, public reporting and access to information in preventing corruption. Right to Information needs to be strengthened to make the public officials and governments more accountable to the citizens. Citizens must be Vigilant: Otherwise, like Plato said “The punishment suffered by the wise who refuse to take part in government, is to suffer under the government of bad men”

• An informed society with free access to information is a strong deterrent to corruption.

• This underlines the importance of transparency, public reporting and access to information in preventing corruption.

• Right to Information needs to be strengthened to make the public officials and governments more accountable to the citizens.

• Citizens must be Vigilant: Otherwise, like Plato said “The punishment suffered by the wise who refuse to take part in government, is to suffer under the government of bad men”

• Institutional monitoring and legislative reforms Prevalent institutional arrangements have to be reviewed and changes made where those vested with power are made accountable, their functioning made more transparent and subjected to social audit with a view to minimize discretionary decisions. Napoleon who said, ‘Law should be so succinct that it can be carried in the pocket of the coat and it should be so simple that it can be understood by a peasant’. The2ndARC recommended that The Prevention of Corruption Act should be amended to ensure that sanctioning authorities are not summoned and instead the documents can be obtained and produced before the courts by the appropriate authority.

• Prevalent institutional arrangements have to be reviewed and changes made where those vested with power are made accountable, their functioning made more transparent and subjected to social audit with a view to minimize discretionary decisions.

• Napoleon who said, ‘Law should be so succinct that it can be carried in the pocket of the coat and it should be so simple that it can be understood by a peasant’.

• The2ndARC recommended that The Prevention of Corruption Act should be amended to ensure that sanctioning authorities are not summoned and instead the documents can be obtained and produced before the courts by the appropriate authority.

• E-governance The focus should be on e-governance and systemic change. An honest system of governance will displace dishonest persons.

• The focus should be on e-governance and systemic change. An honest system of governance will displace dishonest persons.

• Other Reforms All procedures, laws and regulations that breed corruption and come in the way of efficient delivery system will have to be eliminated. The perverse system of incentives in public life, which makes corruption a high return low risk activity, need to be addressed. In this context, public example has to be made out of people convicted on corruption charge

• All procedures, laws and regulations that breed corruption and come in the way of efficient delivery system will have to be eliminated.

• The perverse system of incentives in public life, which makes corruption a high return low risk activity, need to be addressed.

• In this context, public example has to be made out of people convicted on corruption charge

Second ARC guidelines to prevent corruption

• Vigilance and Corruption: Strengthening pro-active vigilance to eliminate corruption and harassment to honest civil servants including, wherever necessary, limiting executive discretion. Addressing systemic deficiencies manifesting in reluctance to punish the corrupt. Identify procedures, rules and regulations and factors which lead to corruption.

• Strengthening pro-active vigilance to eliminate corruption and harassment to honest civil servants including, wherever necessary, limiting executive discretion.

• Addressing systemic deficiencies manifesting in reluctance to punish the corrupt.

• Identify procedures, rules and regulations and factors which lead to corruption.

• Relationship between Political Executive and Permanent Civil Service: Improvements in the institutional arrangements for smooth, efficient and harmonious relationship between civil service and the political executive is needed.

• Code of Conduct for different organs of Government: This includes Political Executive, Civil Services, etc.

Conclusion

“Rivers do not drink their waters themselves, nor do trees eat their fruit, nor do the clouds eat the grains raised by them. The wealth of the noble is used solely for the benefit of others.”

Corruption needs to be rooted out from the very core of our nation, so that there is justiciable distribution of resources in the country leading to inclusive growth and ‘Sabka Vikas.’

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