[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 24 April 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: Salient features of world’s physical geography.
Topic: Salient features of world’s physical geography.
1. The expansion of glacial lakes in the Indian Himalayan river basins has significant implications for both local communities and broader climate change adaptation strategies. Examine. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1. Key Demand of the question: To write about the impact of expansion of glacial lakes. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Introduction: Begin by giving context and statistic related to the above. Body: First, write about the impact of the above – Increased risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), Water resource management and Ecological impacts etc. Next, write about the measures that are needed in the mitigate the above – proactive monitoring, water management, and international cooperation to mitigate risks and enhance resilience etc. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the impact of expansion of glacial lakes.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Introduction:
Begin by giving context and statistic related to the above.
First, write about the impact of the above – Increased risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), Water resource management and Ecological impacts etc.
Next, write about the measures that are needed in the mitigate the above – proactive monitoring, water management, and international cooperation to mitigate risks and enhance resilience etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
The Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) long-term satellite imagery covering the catchments of Indian Himalayan river basins from 1984 to 2023 have shown significant changes in glacial lakes. According to the ISRO, of the 2,431 lakes larger than 10 hectares identified during 2016-17, 676 glacial lakes have notably expanded since 1984. ISRO’s satellite imagery shows significant expansion of glacial lakes in Indian Himalayan river basins, aiding in climate change adaptation.
Impact of Expanding Glacial Lakes:
• Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): As glacial lakes expand, the risk of GLOFs increases significantly. These sudden floods occur when natural dams (such as moraine or ice) fail, releasing large volumes of meltwater downstream. Devastating consequences include loss of life, damage to infrastructure, and disruption of ecosystems.
• As glacial lakes expand, the risk of GLOFs increases significantly.
• These sudden floods occur when natural dams (such as moraine or ice) fail, releasing large volumes of meltwater downstream.
• Devastating consequences include loss of life, damage to infrastructure, and disruption of ecosystems.
• Water Resource Management: Glacial lakes serve as freshwater sources for rivers in the Himalayan region. Their expansion affects water availability downstream, impacting millions of people who rely on these rivers. Altered flow patterns can disrupt agriculture, hydropower generation, and household water supply.
• Glacial lakes serve as freshwater sources for rivers in the Himalayan region.
• Their expansion affects water availability downstream, impacting millions of people who rely on these rivers.
• Altered flow patterns can disrupt agriculture, hydropower generation, and household water supply.
• Ecological Impacts: The delicate Himalayan ecosystem faces stress due to glacial lake expansion. Habitat loss, altered water temperatures, and sediment deposition affect aquatic biodiversity. Vegetation and wildlife downstream are also impacted by changing water regimes.
• The delicate Himalayan ecosystem faces stress due to glacial lake expansion.
• Habitat loss, altered water temperatures, and sediment deposition affect aquatic biodiversity.
• Vegetation and wildlife downstream are also impacted by changing water regimes.
Mitigation Measures:
• Proactive Monitoring: Regular monitoring of glacial lakes is essential. Satellite remote sensing technology provides wide coverage and revisit capability. Early detection of lake expansion allows timely risk assessment and preparedness.
• Regular monitoring of glacial lakes is essential.
• Satellite remote sensing technology provides wide coverage and revisit capability.
• Early detection of lake expansion allows timely risk assessment and preparedness.
• Water Management: Sustainable water management practices are crucial. Balancing water needs for agriculture, hydropower, and communities is vital. Efficient irrigation techniques and water-saving practices can mitigate impacts.
• Sustainable water management practices are crucial.
• Balancing water needs for agriculture, hydropower, and communities is vital.
• Efficient irrigation techniques and water-saving practices can mitigate impacts.
• International Cooperation: Transboundary rivers demand collaboration among neighboring countries. Joint efforts for data sharing, risk assessment, and disaster preparedness are essential. Regional agreements can enhance resilience against GLOFs.
• Transboundary rivers demand collaboration among neighboring countries.
• Joint efforts for data sharing, risk assessment, and disaster preparedness are essential.
• Regional agreements can enhance resilience against GLOFs.
Way Forward:
• Integrated Approach: Combine scientific research, community engagement, and policy frameworks. Address glacial lake expansion holistically, considering ecological, social, and economic aspects.
• Combine scientific research, community engagement, and policy frameworks.
• Address glacial lake expansion holistically, considering ecological, social, and economic aspects.
• Capacity Building: Train local communities and authorities in risk management. Equip them with knowledge and tools to respond effectively to GLOFs.
• Train local communities and authorities in risk management.
• Equip them with knowledge and tools to respond effectively to GLOFs.
• Climate Change Mitigation: Tackling climate change at a global level is critical. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions will slow glacier retreat and lake expansion.
• Tackling climate change at a global level is critical.
• Reduced greenhouse gas emissions will slow glacier retreat and lake expansion.
• Adaptive Strategies: Develop adaptive strategies for vulnerable communities. Early warning systems, evacuation plans, and resilient infrastructure are essential.
• Develop adaptive strategies for vulnerable communities.
• Early warning systems, evacuation plans, and resilient infrastructure are essential.
Conclusion
Proactive monitoring, sustainable water management, international cooperation, and adaptive strategies are key to mitigating the impact of expanding glacial lakes. By acting collectively, we can safeguard communities and ecosystems in the face of climate change.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
Topic: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
2. As global temperatures rise, permafrost is thawing at an accelerated rate, leading to a variety of environmental, social, and economic consequences. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Down to Earth
Why the question: Increasing temperatures thawing permafrost, exposing substantial quantities of organic carbon and atmospheric release of greenhouse gases. Key Demand of the question: To write about permafrost, its global distribution and impact of its thawing. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining permafrost. Body: First, with a map, show the major areas of the world that are covered with permafrost. Next, write about the thawing of permafrost under the impact of global warming. Next, write about the impact of thawing of permafrost – Thawing permafrost can raise water levels in Earth’s oceans and increase erosion, resurrecting trapped pathogens, giving rise to potential public health threats etc. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward to handle the above challenges.
Why the question:
Increasing temperatures thawing permafrost, exposing substantial quantities of organic carbon and atmospheric release of greenhouse gases.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about permafrost, its global distribution and impact of its thawing.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining permafrost.
First, with a map, show the major areas of the world that are covered with permafrost.
Next, write about the thawing of permafrost under the impact of global warming.
Next, write about the impact of thawing of permafrost – Thawing permafrost can raise water levels in Earth’s oceans and increase erosion, resurrecting trapped pathogens, giving rise to potential public health threats etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward to handle the above challenges.
Introduction
Permafrost is any type of ground, from soil to sediment to rock—that has been frozen continuously for a minimum of two years and as many as hundreds of thousands of years. It can extend down beneath the earth’s surface from a few feet to more than a mile—covering entire regions, such as the Arctic tundra, or a single, isolated spot, such as a mountaintop of alpine permafrost.
Increasing temperatures thawing permafrost, exposing substantial quantities of organic carbon and atmospheric release of greenhouse gases.
Thawing of Permafrost
• While global warming is upping temperatures around the world,the Arctic is warming twice as fast as anywhere else and faster than it has in the past 3 million years.
• And when surface air temperatures rise, below-ground temperatures do, too, thawing permafrost along the way.
• Scientists estimate there is now 10 percent less frozen groundin the northern hemisphere than there was in the early 1900s.
• One recent study suggests that with every additional8°F (1°C) of warming,an additional 1.5 million square miles of permafrost could eventually disappear.
• Even if we meet the climate targets laid out during the 2015 Paris climate talks, the world may still lose more than 2.5 million square milesof frozen turf.
Impact of permafrost thawing
• Huge Carbon Sink: An estimated 1,400 gigatons of carbon are frozen in Arctic permafrost, making it one of the world’s largest carbon sinks. That’s about four times more than humans have emitted since the Industrial Revolution, and nearly twice as much as is currently contained in the atmosphere. According to a recent report,2 degrees Celsius increase in temperature, expected by the end of the century will result in a loss of about 40 percent of the world’s permafrost by 2100.
• That’s about four times more than humans have emitted since the Industrial Revolution, and nearly twice as much as is currently contained in the atmosphere.
• According to a recent report,2 degrees Celsius increase in temperature, expected by the end of the century will result in a loss of about 40 percent of the world’s permafrost by 2100.
• Loss of trapped Greenhouse gases: Packed with many thousands of years of life, from human bodies to the bodies of woolly mammoths, permafrost is one of earth’s great stores of global warming gases. Indeed, permafrost in the Arctic alone is estimated to hold nearly twice as much carbon as exists in the atmosphere now, as well as a sizable amount of methane—a powerful greenhouse gas that traps more than 80 times more heat on the planet than carbon does.
• Indeed, permafrost in the Arctic alone is estimated to hold nearly twice as much carbon as exists in the atmosphere now, as well as a sizable amount of methane—a powerful greenhouse gas that traps more than 80 times more heat on the planet than carbon does.
• Toxins: A recent study found that Arctic permafrost is a massive repository of natural mercury, a potent neurotoxin. Indeed, it’s estimated that some 15 million gallons of mercury—or nearly twice the amount of mercury found in the ocean, atmosphere, and all other soils combined—are locked in permafrost soils. Once released, however, that mercury can spread through water or air into ecosystems and potentially even food supplies.
• Once released, however, that mercury can spread through water or air into ecosystems and potentially even food supplies.
• Crumbling Infrastructure: About 35 million people live in a permafrost zone, in towns and cities built on top of what was once considered permanently frozen ground. But as that solid ground softens, the infrastructure these communities rely on grows increasingly unstable. Eg: Recent Russian Norilsk diesel oil spill is an ongoing industrial disaster, which occurred at a thermal power plant that was supported on permafrost, crumbled.
• But as that solid ground softens, the infrastructure these communities rely on grows increasingly unstable.
• Eg: Recent Russian Norilsk diesel oil spill is an ongoing industrial disaster, which occurred at a thermal power plant that was supported on permafrost, crumbled.
• Altered Landscape: Thawing permafrost alters natural ecosystems in many ways as well. It can create thermokarsts, areas of sagging ground and shallow ponds that are often characterized by “drunken forests” of askew trees. It can make soil—once frozen solid—more vulnerable to landslides and erosion, particularly along coasts. As this softened soil erodes, it can introduce new sediment to waterways, which may alter the flow of rivers and streams, degrade water quality (including by the introduction of carbon), and impact aquatic wildlife.
• It can make soil—once frozen solid—more vulnerable to landslides and erosion, particularly along coasts.
• As this softened soil erodes, it can introduce new sediment to waterways, which may alter the flow of rivers and streams, degrade water quality (including by the introduction of carbon), and impact aquatic wildlife.
• Diseases and viruses: it can also trap and preserveancient microbes. It’s believed that some bacteria and viruses can lie dormant for thousands of years in permafrost’s cold, dark confines before waking up when the ground warms. A 2016 anthrax outbreak in Siberia, linked to a decades-old reindeer carcass infected with the bacteriaand exposed by thawed permafrost, demonstrated the potential threat. In 2015, researchers in Siberia uncovered the Mollivirus sibericum, a 30,000-year-old behemothof a virus that succeeded in infecting a rather defenceless amoeba in a lab experiment. About a decade earlier, scientists discovered the first Mimivirus, a 1,200-gene specimen measuring twice the width of traditional viruses, buried beneath layers of melting frost in the Russian tundra. (For comparison, HIV has just nine genes.) This can be the case with other diseases, such as smallpox and the 1918 Spanish flu—known to exist in the frozen tundra, in the mass graves of those killed by the disease. Human contact with zombie pathogens may risk new pandemics, if there is unabated mining of metals from permafrost.
• It’s believed that some bacteria and viruses can lie dormant for thousands of years in permafrost’s cold, dark confines before waking up when the ground warms.
• A 2016 anthrax outbreak in Siberia, linked to a decades-old reindeer carcass infected with the bacteriaand exposed by thawed permafrost, demonstrated the potential threat.
• In 2015, researchers in Siberia uncovered the Mollivirus sibericum, a 30,000-year-old behemothof a virus that succeeded in infecting a rather defenceless amoeba in a lab experiment.
• About a decade earlier, scientists discovered the first Mimivirus, a 1,200-gene specimen measuring twice the width of traditional viruses, buried beneath layers of melting frost in the Russian tundra. (For comparison, HIV has just nine genes.)
• This can be the case with other diseases, such as smallpox and the 1918 Spanish flu—known to exist in the frozen tundra, in the mass graves of those killed by the disease.
• Human contact with zombie pathogens may risk new pandemics, if there is unabated mining of metals from permafrost.
Conclusion
By reducing our carbon footprint, investing in energy-efficient products, and supporting climate-friendly businesses, legislation, and policies, we can help preserve the world’s permafrost and avert a vicious cycle of an ever-warming planet.
Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
3. Expanding eligibility for health insurance is crucial for ensuring broader access to healthcare services. However, affordability is equally important to ensure that individuals can actually utilize their insurance coverage. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI), the apex regulator of insurance products, has asked companies to enable a wide demographic of citizens to benefit from health insurance. Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of making insurance more eligible and affordable. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by mentioning statistic related to insurance penetration in the country. Body: First, write about the various bottlenecks in insurance penetration in the country. Suggest reforms to ensure the that insurance is accessible and affordable by all. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.
Why the question:
The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI), the apex regulator of insurance products, has asked companies to enable a wide demographic of citizens to benefit from health insurance.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the importance of making insurance more eligible and affordable.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by mentioning statistic related to insurance penetration in the country.
First, write about the various bottlenecks in insurance penetration in the country.
Suggest reforms to ensure the that insurance is accessible and affordable by all.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction
India’s Insurance industry is one of the premium sectors experiencing upward growth. India is the fifth largest life insurance market in the world’s emerging insurance markets, growing at a rate of 32-34% each year.
Despite the increasing awareness about financial planning, insurance penetration remains low in India. Many people are still unaware of the importance of insurance and its benefits, leading to a large uninsured population.
Insurance penetration increased from 3.9 per cent in 2013-14 to 4 per cent in 2022-23 while insurance density rose from USD 52 in 2013-14 to USD 92 in 2022-23.
Challenges for insurance penetration
• Lack of Awareness and Trust: Many Indians remain unaware of insurance benefits and options. A pervasive trust deficit erodes confidence, hindering policy adoption.
• Many Indians remain unaware of insurance benefits and options.
• A pervasive trust deficit erodes confidence, hindering policy adoption.
• Financial Literacy Gap: Poor understanding of insurance products and their relevance. Insufficient financial education prevents informed decision-making.
• Poor understanding of insurance products and their relevance.
• Insufficient financial education prevents informed decision-making.
• Complexity and Mis-selling: Complex policies confuse potential buyers. Instances of mis-selling and unsatisfactory claim experiences deter participation.
• Complex policies confuse potential buyers.
• Instances of mis-selling and unsatisfactory claim experiences deter participation.
Reforms for Accessibility and Affordability:
• Use and File Method: Streamline product approvals to enhance accessibility.
• Streamline product approvals to enhance accessibility.
• Composite Registration: Simplify registration processes for intermediaries.
• Simplify registration processes for intermediaries.
• All-in-One Insurance Policies: Create bundled policies for convenience and affordability.
• Create bundled policies for convenience and affordability.
• Value-Added Services by Insurers: Offer additional benefits beyond basic coverage.
• Offer additional benefits beyond basic coverage.
• E-Marketplace Protocol (Bima Sugam): Develop a digital-first marketplace for seamless insurance services.
• Develop a digital-first marketplace for seamless insurance services.
• Localized Women-Centric Distribution Force: Empower women as insurance agents to reach underserved segments.
• Empower women as insurance agents to reach underserved segments.
Way Forward:
• Data-Driven Personalization: Leverage data analytics and AI for hyper-personalized products. Address individual preferences and life stages.
• Leverage data analytics and AI for hyper-personalized products.
• Address individual preferences and life stages.
• Transparent Communication: Maintain simplicity and transparency in product communication. Build trust through ethical practices.
• Maintain simplicity and transparency in product communication.
• Build trust through ethical practices.
• Industry-Government Collaboration: Collaborate on financial literacy campaigns. Drive financial inclusion through insurance schemes.
• Collaborate on financial literacy campaigns.
• Drive financial inclusion through insurance schemes.
• Focus on Younger Population: Innovate to attract the youth. Tailor products to their needs.
• Innovate to attract the youth.
• Tailor products to their needs.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
Topic: Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
4. Against the backdrop of a rising cross-border terrorism over the past two decades, discuss the ways in which India can improve its security to prevent terror attacks from its neighbouring countries. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about the characteristics of grassland ecosystems and the impact of various threats to it. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, write about how cross-border terrorism often originates from or is supported by neighboring countries, the historical and geopolitical factors that may hinder security cooperation with certain neighbours. Discuss issues related to trust deficit, conflicting interests, and sovereignty concerns that pose challenges to regional security collaboration. Next, write about the steps that are needed to prevent the same. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the characteristics of grassland ecosystems and the impact of various threats to it.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
First, write about how cross-border terrorism often originates from or is supported by neighboring countries, the historical and geopolitical factors that may hinder security cooperation with certain neighbours. Discuss issues related to trust deficit, conflicting interests, and sovereignty concerns that pose challenges to regional security collaboration.
Next, write about the steps that are needed to prevent the same.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
India has one of the longest and most varied of international borders. Historical and political reasons have left India with an artificial unnatural border. Border Management is an integral approach towards borders in which along with security enhancement, infrastructure & human development is undertaken. The challenge of coping with long-standing territorial and boundary disputes with China and Pakistan, combined with porous borders along some of the most difficult terrain in the world, has made effective and efficient border management a national priority.
Issues and threats posed by each neighboring country to India:
Indo-Pakistan Border:
• Indo-Pakistan Border (3,323 Km) runs along the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and J&K. Direct accessibility of the borders and some technological developments enabling quick passage of information and transfer of funds has changed the focus and tenor of border security.
• Cross-Border Terrorism from Pakistan has exacerbated due to non-recognition of boundaries by its terrorist groups and their success in acquiring legitimacy due to religious or ethnic identity.
• Inadequate Cooperation from Pakistan has made the management of border further difficult for India.
Indo-Bangladesh Border:
• The Indo-Bangladesh Border (4,096 Km) passes through West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
• The entire stretch consists of plains, riverine belts, hills & jungles which make illegal migration very easy.
• Illegal Migration across this border poses serious security threats and acts as a fertile ground for organisations like the Inter-Services Intelligence of Pakistan to penetrate and expand their activities.
• Also, poor law and order situation at the border, has led to smuggling of arms and drugs. Supply of arms help in sustaining any conflict.
Indo-China Border:
• India shares a long land border with China (3,488 Km) in the Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
• Although this border remains relatively aloof from illegal migrations, this border remains a cause of constant vigil for Indian forces.
• India has a longstanding border dispute with China running back to British era in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.
Indo-Nepal Border:
• India-Nepal Border (1,751 Km) is an open border in the sense that people of both the countries can cross it from any point, despite the existence of border check posts at several locations.
• Anti-India organizations use this border to plant their people in the territory of India.
• Also, smuggling of gold, small arms, drugs and fake currency helps terrorists in executing an attack.
Indo-Bhutan Border:
• This border (699 km) passes through states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Sikkim.
• Illicit establishment of camps by militant outfits in the dense jungles of south-east Bhutan helps insurgents from India in executing anti-India activities.
Indo-Myanmar Border:
• The northeast states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram share the border with Myanmar (1,643).
• Some of the insurgents groups like the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) and ULFA operate from Myanmar, which threatens the security of India as well as Myanmar.
India has had to deal with numerous challenges with respect to border management such as:
Current fence:
• The present one has a high rate of degradation due to snow and has to be repaired after every season which costs about Rs. 50-60 crore every year
• Over time infiltrators have devised ways to cross it.
• India’s internal security challenges are inextricably linked with border management. This is so because Indian insurgent groups have for long been provided shelter across the nation’s borders by inimical neighbours.
No real-time coordination:
• Due to the lack of understanding of military issues among the decision-making elite, India’s borders continue to be manned by a large number of military, paramilitary and police forces
• Each of which has its own ethos and each of which reports to a different central ministry at New Delhi, with almost no real coordination in managing the borders.
• Border management is designed for a ‘firefighting’ approach rather than a ‘fire prevention’ or pro-active approach
• It is based on a strategy of ‘reaction and retaliation’ rather than on a holistic response to the prevailing environment, resulting in stress and decision making problems at the functional level. Perennial and Seasonal Rivers via which terrorists can infiltrate. Un-demarcated boundaries with overlapping claims cause constant friction along borders. Mountainous and Hilly terrain especially in North Indian borders which are snow clad and inhabitable during winter season. Unilateral actions by some nations to change the status quo in their favour. Little or no support from counterparts of neighbouring nations and in some cases active support by cross border elements to illegal activities. Cultural, ethnic and linguistic affinity across borders and clan loyalties Multiple agencies are involved in border management, lack of Inter agency cooperation and coordination Support of state and non-state actors to aid infiltration, smuggling, trafficking etc.
• Perennial and Seasonal Rivers via which terrorists can infiltrate.
• Un-demarcated boundaries with overlapping claims cause constant friction along borders.
• Mountainous and Hilly terrain especially in North Indian borders which are snow clad and inhabitable during winter season.
• Unilateral actions by some nations to change the status quo in their favour.
• Little or no support from counterparts of neighbouring nations and in some cases active support by cross border elements to illegal activities.
• Cultural, ethnic and linguistic affinity across borders and clan loyalties
• Multiple agencies are involved in border management, lack of Inter agency cooperation and coordination
• Support of state and non-state actors to aid infiltration, smuggling, trafficking etc.
Significance of the relations with neighbor countries
• India advocates the policy of constructive engagement, despite such serious provocations as have been in the past (attack on Parliament, Mumbai terrorist attacks etc). It believes that violent retaliation and confrontation can only complicate the matters. This applies in particular to Pakistan- the origin of State-sponsored terrorism targeted at India.
• India adheres to its benign and noble policy of non-interference into internal affairs of other countries in the region. However, if an act – innocent or deliberate – by any country has the potential of impinging upon India’s national interests, India does not hesitate in quick and timely intervention.
• Foreign policy in India by and large enjoys national consensus. At times, however, there are instances when it appears that the foreign policy is being held hostage to domestic regional politics. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are the most glaring examples.
• India has endeavoured to deal with the government-of-the-day, be it a democracy, monarchy or military dictatorship, insisting that the choice of the form of government is best left to the people of the country concerned.
• India has skilfully used its policy of non-prescriptive development assistance as its soft power since early 1950s. In return India has sought “good will” and “friends of India”. In a slight departure India is gradually switching over from pure charity to a judicious mix of outright grants and soft loans linked to project/commodity exports
• Finally, India is ready to go an extra mile in seeking the integration of the region. As often cautioned by the International Financial Institutes, only through regional cooperation can the South Asia be a part of Asian century.
Solutions for addressing cross border terrorism:
• Infrastructure along with border has to be improved – rail connectivity along with road connectivity has to be provided for quick mobilization.
• Building of additional checkpoints and Border posts along major and minor trade routes connected with borders
• Building of floating bridges, walls & electrical fences where there is high probability of infiltration.
• Taking up of joint Border management with Countries like Myanmar, Bhutan and Nepal.
• Improving healthcare, physical infrastructure and digital connectivity in villages around borders thus making them stakeholder in Border Management.
• Madhav Godbole task force recommendations on border management need to be implemented.
• It had recommended that the CRPF should be designated as the primary national level counter-insurgency force. This would enable the other central paramilitary forces like the BSF and Indo-Tibetan Border Police to return to their primary role of better border management.
• It had also recommended that all paramilitary forces managing unsettled borders should operate directly under the control of the army and that there should be lateral induction from the army to the paramilitary forces so as to enhance their operational effectiveness.
• The principle of ‘single point control’ must be followed if the borders are to be effectively managed.
• The advances in surveillance technology, particularly satellite and aerial imagery, can help to maintain a constant vigil along the LAC and make it possible to reduce physical deployment.
Conclusion:
Keeping a strong vigil on its border is very important for any nation to check any kind of illegal activities or intrusion through them. For India, the task becomes difficult where terrain and climate is very complex across some of its border areas. Focussing on improved technology will help in making the task easier for the security forces and make its borders more secure.
Topic: Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
Topic: Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
5. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act of 1958 (AFSPA) is a controversial law that has been a subject of criticism and debate, with arguments both in favor of its retention and for its repeal. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To comment as to whether or not AFSPA be repealed. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by writing about aims of AFSPA. Body: First, mention the broad features of AFSPA. Next, giving context of killing of innocent civilians and other instances of its misuse. Mentions pros and cons of AFSPA. Conclusion: Conclude by commenting on the action that India must take with regards to AFSPA.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To comment as to whether or not AFSPA be repealed.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by writing about aims of AFSPA.
First, mention the broad features of AFSPA.
Next, giving context of killing of innocent civilians and other instances of its misuse. Mentions pros and cons of AFSPA.
Conclusion:
Conclude by commenting on the action that India must take with regards to AFSPA.
Introduction
The Armed Forces Special Powers Act commonly known as AFSPA came in to force decades ago in the context of increasing violence in the North Eastern states. Passed in 1958 for North East and in 1990 for Jammu and Kashmir , the law gives armed forces necessary powers to control disturbed areas which are designated by the govt.
Key features of act
• In simple terms, AFSPA gives armed forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas”.
• They have the authority to prohibit a gathering of five or more persons in an area, can use force or even open fire after giving due warning if they feel a person is in contravention of the law.
• If reasonable suspicion exists, the army can also arrest a person without a warrant; enter or search premises without a warrant; and ban the possession of firearms.
• Under the provisions of the AFSPA armed forces are empowered with immunity from being prosecuted to open fire , enter and search without warrant and arrest any person who has committed a cognizable offence.
• As of now this act is in force in Jammu and Kashmir , Assam , Nagaland and parts of Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur.
AFSPA – a draconian act
• It has been dubbed as a license to kill. The main criticism of the Act is directed against the provisions of Section 4, which gives the armed forces the power to open fire and even cause death, if prohibitory orders are violated.
• Human rights activists object on the grounds that these provisions give the security forces unbridled powers to arrest, search, seize and even shoot to kill.
• Activists accuse the security forces of having destroyed homes and entire villages merely on the suspicion that insurgents were hiding there. They point out that Section 4 empowers the armed forces to arrest citizens without warrant and keep them in custody for several days.
• They also object to Section 6, which protects security forces personnel from prosecution except with the prior sanction of the central government. Critics say this provision has on many occasions led to even non-commissioned officers brazenly opening fire on crowds without having to justify their action.
• Critics say the act has failed to contain terrorism and restore normalcy in disturbed areas, as the number of armed groups has gone up after the act was established. Many even hold it responsible for the spiralling violence in areas it is in force.
• The decision of the government to declare a particular area ‘disturbed’ cannot be challenged in a court of law. Hence, several cases of human rights violations go unnoticed.
Should AFSPA be repealed?
• The Army clearly sees AFSPA as a capstone enabling Act that gives it the powers necessary to conduct counter-insurgency operations efficiently.
• If AFSPA is repealed or diluted, it is the army leadership’s considered view that the performance of battalions in counter-insurgency operations will be adversely affected and the terrorists or insurgents will seize the initiative.
• Many argue that removal of the act will lead to demoralising the armed forces and see militants motivating locals to file lawsuits against the army.
• Also, the forces are aware that they cannot afford to fail when called upon to safeguard the country’s integrity. Hence, they require the minimum legislation that is essential to ensure efficient utilization of combat capability.
• AFSPA is necessary to maintain law and order in disturbed areas, otherwise things will go haywire. The law also dissuades advancement of terrorist activities in these areas.
• Also, extraordinary situations require special handling.
Way forward
• Security forces should be very careful while operating in the Northeast and must not give any chance to the militants to exploit the situation.
• Indiscriminate arrests and harassment of people out of frustration for not being able to locate the real culprits should be avoided. All good actions of the force get nullified with one wrong action.
• Any person, including the supervisory staff, found guilty of violating law should be severely dealt with.
• The law is not defective, but it is its implementation that has to be managed properly.
• The local people have to be convinced with proper planning and strategy.
Conclusion
The practical problems encountered in ensuring transparency in counter-insurgency operations must be overcome by innovative measures. The army must be completely transparent in investigating allegations of violations of human rights and bringing the violators to speedy justice. Exemplary punishment must be meted out where the charges are proved.
*Value addition*
*Expert recommendations*
• A committee headed by Justice Jeevan Reddy was appointed in 2004 to review AFSPA. Though the committee found that the powers conferred under the Act are not absolute, it nevertheless concluded that the Act should be repealed.
• However, it recommended that essential provisions of the Act be inserted into the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967.
• *The Second Administrative Reforms Commission headed by then Union law minister M Veerappa Moily also recommended that AFSPA should be repealed*and its essential provisions should be incorporated in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).
General Studies – 4
Topic: challenges of corruption.
Topic: challenges of corruption.
6. Successfully tackling corruption is a catalyst for positive transformation across various sectors. It creates a virtuous cycle where increased public trust, economic development, and social justice reinforce each other, leading to a more equitable, stable, and prosperous society. Elaborate. (250 words)
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of fighting corruption. Directive word: Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving importance of having a corruptionless public service delivery. Body: Write about the importance of fighting corruption – creates jobs, achieves gender equality, and secures wider access to essential services such as healthcare and education etc. Substantiate with examples. Conclusion: Conclude by mentioning various
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the importance of fighting corruption.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving importance of having a corruptionless public service delivery.
Write about the importance of fighting corruption – creates jobs, achieves gender equality, and secures wider access to essential services such as healthcare and education etc. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning various
Introduction
Corruption is dishonest behavior by those in positions of power. It starts with the tendency of using public office for some personal benefit. Moreover, it is unfortunate that corruption has, for many, become a matter of habit. It is so deeply entrenched that corruption is now considered a social norm. Hence, corruption implies the failure of ethics.
Importance of fighting corruption:
• Corruption is an insidious plague that has a wide range of corrosive effects on societies. It undermines rule of law, leads to violations of human rights and allows organized crime to flourish.
• Corruption in India is not limited to collusive high-level scams.
• Petty corruption, which affects the delivery of basic services and rights to people, is rampant.
• Corruption impacts societies in a multitude of ways. In the worst cases, it costs lives. Short of this, it costs people their freedom, health or money. The cost of corruption can be divided into four main categories: political, economic, social and environmental.
• On the political front, corruption is a major obstacle to democracy and the rule of law. In a democratic system, offices and institutions lose their legitimacy when they’re misused for private advantage. This is harmful in established democracies, but even more so in newly emerging ones. It is extremely challenging to develop accountable political leadership in a corrupt climate.
• Economically, corruption depletes national wealth. Corrupt politicians invest scarce public resources in projects that will line their pockets rather than benefit communities, and prioritise high-profile projects such as dams, power plants, pipelines and refineries over less spectacular but more urgent infrastructure projects such as schools, hospitals and roads. Corruption also hinders the development of fair market structures and distorts competition, which in turn deters investment.
• Corruption corrodes the social fabric of society. It undermines people’s trust in the political system, in its institutions and its leadership. A distrustful or apathetic public can then become yet another hurdle to challenging corruption. This especially impacts the poor and marginalized, who are most dependent on public provisioning of rations, pensions, health, and education. Serious cases of several big corruptions have surfaced in the last five years, including banking frauds and the Rafale deal. The popular sentiment that helped the incumbent Government in the 2014 general election was resentment against corruption in public life.
• Environmental degradationis another consequence of corrupt systems. The lack of, or non-enforcement of, environmental regulations and legislation means that precious natural resources are carelessly exploited, and entire ecological systems are ravaged. From mining, to logging, to carbon offsets, companies across the globe continue to pay bribes in return for unrestricted destruction
Measures to curb corruption:
The solution to the problem of corruption has to be more systemic than any other issue of governance. Merely shrinking the economic role of the state by resorting to deregulation, liberalization and privatization is not necessarily the solution to addressing the problem.
• Adopting effective and coordinated policies against corruption Developing a coherent anti-corruption policy which identifies the causes of corruption and commits to practical, coordinated and effective measures to address these causes is a prerequisite for success.
• Developing a coherent anti-corruption policy which identifies the causes of corruption and commits to practical, coordinated and effective measures to address these causes is a prerequisite for success.
• Fair and transparent system of public procurement Establishing a procurement system, built on the principles of objectivity, transparency and competition, is important to both saving public money and to ensuring that the policy and developmental objectives of the government are met. : GeM Government E-market Placeis a step in the right directions. With this, Public Finance Management System also helps in tracking the real-time usage of funds. Strengthened transparency and public reporting An informed society with free access to information is a strong deterrent to corruption. This underlines the importance of transparency, public reporting and access to information in preventing corruption. Right to Information needs to be strengthened to make the public officials and governments more accountable to the citizens. Citizens must be Vigilant: Otherwise, like Plato said “The punishment suffered by the wise who refuse to take part in government, is to suffer under the government of bad men” Institutional monitoring and legislative reforms Prevalent institutional arrangements have to be reviewed and changes made where those vested with power are made accountable, their functioning made more transparent and subjected to social audit with a view to minimize discretionary decisions. Napoleon who said, ‘Law should be so succinct that it can be carried in the pocket of the coat and it should be so simple that it can be understood by a peasant’. The2nd ARC recommended that The Prevention of Corruption Act should be amended to ensure that sanctioning authorities are not summoned and instead the documents can be obtained and produced before the courts by the appropriate authority. E-governance The focus should be on e-governance and systemic change. An honest system of governance will displace dishonest persons. Other Reforms All procedures, laws and regulations that breed corruption and come in the way of efficient delivery system will have to be eliminated. The perverse system of incentives in public life, which makes corruption a high return low risk activity, need to be addressed. In this context, public example has to be made out of people convicted on corruption charge
• Establishing a procurement system, built on the principles of objectivity, transparency and competition, is important to both saving public money and to ensuring that the policy and developmental objectives of the government are met. : GeM Government E-market Placeis a step in the right directions. With this, Public Finance Management System also helps in tracking the real-time usage of funds.
• : GeM Government E-market Placeis a step in the right directions. With this, Public Finance Management System also helps in tracking the real-time usage of funds.
• Strengthened transparency and public reporting An informed society with free access to information is a strong deterrent to corruption. This underlines the importance of transparency, public reporting and access to information in preventing corruption. Right to Information needs to be strengthened to make the public officials and governments more accountable to the citizens. Citizens must be Vigilant: Otherwise, like Plato said “The punishment suffered by the wise who refuse to take part in government, is to suffer under the government of bad men”
• An informed society with free access to information is a strong deterrent to corruption.
• This underlines the importance of transparency, public reporting and access to information in preventing corruption.
• Right to Information needs to be strengthened to make the public officials and governments more accountable to the citizens.
• Citizens must be Vigilant: Otherwise, like Plato said “The punishment suffered by the wise who refuse to take part in government, is to suffer under the government of bad men”
• Institutional monitoring and legislative reforms Prevalent institutional arrangements have to be reviewed and changes made where those vested with power are made accountable, their functioning made more transparent and subjected to social audit with a view to minimize discretionary decisions. Napoleon who said, ‘Law should be so succinct that it can be carried in the pocket of the coat and it should be so simple that it can be understood by a peasant’. The2nd ARC recommended that The Prevention of Corruption Act should be amended to ensure that sanctioning authorities are not summoned and instead the documents can be obtained and produced before the courts by the appropriate authority.
• Prevalent institutional arrangements have to be reviewed and changes made where those vested with power are made accountable, their functioning made more transparent and subjected to social audit with a view to minimize discretionary decisions.
• Napoleon who said, ‘Law should be so succinct that it can be carried in the pocket of the coat and it should be so simple that it can be understood by a peasant’.
• The2nd ARC recommended that The Prevention of Corruption Act should be amended to ensure that sanctioning authorities are not summoned and instead the documents can be obtained and produced before the courts by the appropriate authority.
• E-governance The focus should be on e-governance and systemic change. An honest system of governance will displace dishonest persons.
• The focus should be on e-governance and systemic change. An honest system of governance will displace dishonest persons.
• Other Reforms All procedures, laws and regulations that breed corruption and come in the way of efficient delivery system will have to be eliminated. The perverse system of incentives in public life, which makes corruption a high return low risk activity, need to be addressed. In this context, public example has to be made out of people convicted on corruption charge
• All procedures, laws and regulations that breed corruption and come in the way of efficient delivery system will have to be eliminated.
• The perverse system of incentives in public life, which makes corruption a high return low risk activity, need to be addressed.
• In this context, public example has to be made out of people convicted on corruption charge
Second ARC guidelines to prevent corruption
• Vigilance and Corruption: Strengthening pro-active vigilance to eliminate corruption and harassment to honest civil servants including, wherever necessary, limiting executive discretion. Addressing systemic deficiencies manifesting in reluctance to punish the corrupt. Identify procedures, rules and regulations and factors which lead to corruption.
• Strengthening pro-active vigilance to eliminate corruption and harassment to honest civil servants including, wherever necessary, limiting executive discretion.
• Addressing systemic deficiencies manifesting in reluctance to punish the corrupt.
• Identify procedures, rules and regulations and factors which lead to corruption.
• Relationship between Political Executive and Permanent Civil Service: Improvements in the institutional arrangements for smooth, efficient and harmonious relationship between civil service and the political executive is needed.
• Code of Conduct for different organs of Government: This includes Political Executive, Civil Services, etc.
Conclusion
“Rivers do not drink their waters themselves, nor do trees eat their fruit, nor do the clouds eat the grains raised by them. The wealth of the noble is used solely for the benefit of others.”
Corruption needs to be rooted out from the very core of our nation, so that there is justiciable distribution of resources in the country leading to inclusive growth and ‘Sabka Vikas.’
Topic: Work culture.
Topic: Work culture.
7. Leadership should exemplify ethical behaviour and demonstrate a commitment to integrity. Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of Mission-2024 Secure. Key Demand of the question: To write about components of ethical workplace and ways to build it. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by describing the ethical work culture. Body: Write about the major components of ethical work culture – priority to employee rights, fair procedures, and equity in pay and promotion, and that promotes tolerance, compassion, loyalty and honesty in the treatment of customers and employees. Next, write about ways to build ethical workplace culture and environment. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of Mission-2024 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about components of ethical workplace and ways to build it.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by describing the ethical work culture.
Write about the major components of ethical work culture – priority to employee rights, fair procedures, and equity in pay and promotion, and that promotes tolerance, compassion, loyalty and honesty in the treatment of customers and employees.
Next, write about ways to build ethical workplace culture and environment.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
From a collective perspective, leaders can inspire those around them to behave ethically. By setting an example and giving the direction for ethical behaviour, others will observe and act similarly. In this way, ethical leaders can positively influence many others, presenting them with a set of actions that they can adopt for the greater good.
Traits of ethical leadership
• Honesty: Honesty makes ethical leaders worthy of the trust others place in them. It means leaders commit to presenting facts as they are, playing fair with competitors, and communicating honestly with others.
• Justice: To be fair means to treat everyone equally, offer opportunities with no favouritism, and condemn improper behaviours and manipulations, as well as any other actions that could harm someone.
• Respect: Ethical leaders respect others around them, regardless of their position or identifying characteristics. This means they listen to each stakeholder, foster inclusion, and value diversity.
• Integrity: Integrity is shown when values, words, and actions are aligned and consistent. It is not enough to talk the talk; one has to walk the walk to demonstrate integrity.
• Responsibility: Responsibility means accepting to be in charge, embracing the power and duties that come with it, and always responding and being present in challenging situations.
• Transparency: Transparency concerns mainly the communication with all stakeholders. It means keeping an open dialogue, accepting feedback, and disclosing the information others need to deliver their work.
Importance for ethical leadership for leaders
Gandhiji showed the world by attaining freedom for India that only truth and non-violence can help achieve even the most impossible targets. He led by example and demonstrated the power of the principles he followed during non-cooperation movement, the Dandi March and Quit India movement.
Nelson Mandela, another leader sacrificed his life for the sake of South Africa and was jailed for 27 years. He never lost his focus on the vision of Independence and gave everything he had to ensure the same.
Abraham Lincoln’s existence on this planet was a true gift for humanity. His fight for equality and the will to bring people together for the greater good was as astounding today as unimaginable then.
However, there are multiple challenges for ethical leadership in today’s world like the rise of ‘jingoistic nationalism’, Increasing encroachment of the private sphere by a ‘surveillance state’ through the abuse of digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence systems, The global retreat of democracies, relegation of the ethical imperative to an obsessive pursuit of raw power as an end in itself, a crisis of institutional legitimacy, and the challenge of forging a political consensus needed for hard but necessary decisions interrogate the proclaimed assumptions of democratic resilience.
Traits necessary for a leader in today’s era
• In a reshaped world, formal authority is less potent. Only moral authority can build trust, inspire colleagues, create meaning and help people imagine a better future.
• Leadership in today’s world should consist of an approach which is open and transparent.
• Leaderships goals and visions should be communicated fast and effectively.
• Everyone then has time to think about how they fit into the changes which are going to be made.
• Leaders today must also listen to and hear everyone’s input and solutions, including our youth.
Conclusion
Ethical leadership is of great importance. A good leader is followed, but a moral leader is respected and trusted. In ethical leadership, leaders are supposed to lead their peers by their own ethical activities. Behaving in an honest, ethical, and unselfish manner is pivotal in setting examples for others.
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