[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 22 April 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
Topic: geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
1. How do the interconnected elements of land, food, and water shape economic activity in the context of climate change? Discuss strategies can be implemented to address these intersections and promote sustainable economic development. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: As the India Meteorological Department (IMD) predicts a hotter summer and longer heat waves from April to June, India must also prepare for water stress. Key Demand of the question: To write about interconnectedness that shape the economy and the impact of climate change, strategies needed against. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context of the interconnectedness of land, food, and water. Body: First, write about how the climate change is impacting the interconnectedness and its outcome. Cite statistics to substantiate. Next, write about the strategies to overcome the same – adopting climate-resilient agricultural practices, transitioning to renewable energy sources, implementing integrated water resource management, and promoting food security and nutrition etc Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.
Why the question:
As the India Meteorological Department (IMD) predicts a hotter summer and longer heat waves from April to June, India must also prepare for water stress.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about interconnectedness that shape the economy and the impact of climate change, strategies needed against.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context of the interconnectedness of land, food, and water.
First, write about how the climate change is impacting the interconnectedness and its outcome. Cite statistics to substantiate.
Next, write about the strategies to overcome the same – adopting climate-resilient agricultural practices, transitioning to renewable energy sources, implementing integrated water resource management, and promoting food security and nutrition etc
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction
The intricate web of land, food, and water is fundamental to human survival and well-being. Climate change disrupts this delicate balance, affecting availability, access, and utilization of these vital resources.
As the India Meteorological Department (IMD) predicts a hotter summer and longer heat waves from April to June, India must also prepare for water stress.
Impact of Climate Change on Land, Food, and Water:
• Food Availability and Productivity: Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns directly impact crop yields. Extreme events like droughts, floods, and storms disrupt agricultural production. Statistics: Agricultural productivity has slowed due to climate change, affecting food availability.
• Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns directly impact crop yields.
• Extreme events like droughts, floods, and storms disrupt agricultural production.
• Statistics: Agricultural productivity has slowed due to climate change, affecting food availability.
• Water Scarcity and Quality: Changing climate affects water availability and distribution. Water scarcity reduces crop irrigation and livestock needs. Statistics: Nearly 2.4 billion people live in water-stressed countries.
• Changing climate affects water availability and distribution.
• Water scarcity reduces crop irrigation and livestock needs.
• Statistics: Nearly 2.4 billion people live in water-stressed countries.
• Food Security and Nutrition: Climate-induced crop failures lead to food shortages. Nutrient content in crops may decline due to elevated CO2 levels. Statistics: In 2020, 770 million people faced hunger, predominantly in Africa and Asia.
• Climate-induced crop failures lead to food shortages.
• Nutrient content in crops may decline due to elevated CO2 levels.
• Statistics: In 2020, 770 million people faced hunger, predominantly in Africa and Asia.
Strategies to Overcome Climate Change Impact:
• Climate-Resilient Agricultural Practices: Adopt drought-tolerant crop varieties and sustainable farming techniques. Promote agroforestry and soil conservation practices. Statistics: Indigenous communities’ traditional knowledge-based practices show resilience against climate change.
• Adopt drought-tolerant crop varieties and sustainable farming techniques.
• Promote agroforestry and soil conservation practices.
• Statistics: Indigenous communities’ traditional knowledge-based practices show resilience against climate change.
• Transition to Renewable Energy Sources: Reduce emissions from agriculture and food supply chains. Promote solar-powered irrigation and energy-efficient processing. Statistics: Agriculture accounts for 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
• Reduce emissions from agriculture and food supply chains.
• Promote solar-powered irrigation and energy-efficient processing.
• Statistics: Agriculture accounts for 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
• Integrated Water Resource Management: Optimize water use through efficient irrigation systems. Protect watersheds and enhance water quality. Statistics: Agriculture consumes 70% of global freshwater withdrawals.
• Optimize water use through efficient irrigation systems.
• Protect watersheds and enhance water quality.
• Statistics: Agriculture consumes 70% of global freshwater withdrawals.
• Promote Food Security and Nutrition: Reduce food waste and improve distribution systems. Enhance access to diverse and nutritious diets. Statistics: Cutting food waste by 25% could feed 900 million people.
• Reduce food waste and improve distribution systems.
• Enhance access to diverse and nutritious diets.
• Statistics: Cutting food waste by 25% could feed 900 million people.
Way Forward
• Holistic Policies and Partnerships: Integrate land, water, and food policies. Collaborate across sectors and engage local communities.
• Integrate land, water, and food policies.
• Collaborate across sectors and engage local communities.
• Invest in Research and Innovation: Develop climate-resilient crop varieties. Explore climate-smart technologies.
• Develop climate-resilient crop varieties.
• Explore climate-smart technologies.
• Empower Smallholders and Indigenous Communities: Support capacity-building and knowledge exchange. Strengthen community-based adaptation strategies.
• Support capacity-building and knowledge exchange.
• Strengthen community-based adaptation strategies.
Conclusion
A coordinated effort involving science, policy, and community engagement is essential to ensure a sustainable and resilient future for land, food, and water.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
2. The Sovereign Gold Scheme (SGS) aims to provide an alternate avenue for individuals to invest in gold while also mobilizing idle gold held by households and institutions. Critically analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India
Why the question: India’s sovereign gold bond scheme has been of benefit to retail investors as well as the whole economy. Key Demand of the question: To write in detail about the Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme, its successes and limitations. Directive word: Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a balanced judgment on the topic. Structure of the answer: Introduction: In brief, write a few introductory lines about the Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme. Body: In the body, first write about the salient features of the scheme. Next, write about its successes – promoting financial inclusion, providing interest earnings, ensuring safety, and offering tax benefits etc. Next, write about its limitations – lack liquidity and may be subject to interest rate and market risks. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
India’s sovereign gold bond scheme has been of benefit to retail investors as well as the whole economy.
Key Demand of the question:
To write in detail about the Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme, its successes and limitations.
Directive word:
Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a balanced judgment on the topic.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
In brief, write a few introductory lines about the Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme.
In the body, first write about the salient features of the scheme.
Next, write about its successes – promoting financial inclusion, providing interest earnings, ensuring safety, and offering tax benefits etc.
Next, write about its limitations – lack liquidity and may be subject to interest rate and market risks.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
The Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) scheme, launched by the Government of India in 2015, offers a unique way to invest in gold. The sovereign gold bond was introduced by the Government in 2015. Government introduced these bonds to help reduce India’s over dependence on gold imports. The move was also aimed at changing the habits of Indians from saving in physical form of gold to a paper form with Sovereign backing.
Salient Features
• Interest Payment: Investors receive a fixed annual interest rate (currently 2.50%) on their SGB investment. Interest is credited semi-annually, ensuring regular returns.
• Investors receive a fixed annual interest rate (currently 2.50%) on their SGB investment.
• Interest is credited semi-annually, ensuring regular returns.
• Paper and Demat Format: SGBs are available in paper and demat formats. No worries about physical storage or locker fees.
• SGBs are available in paper and demat formats.
• No worries about physical storage or locker fees.
• Tax Benefits: No TDS on interest received. Indexation benefit on transfer before maturity. Capital gains tax exemption on redemption after maturity.
• No TDS on interest received.
• Indexation benefit on transfer before maturity.
• Capital gains tax exemption on redemption after maturity.
• Sovereign Guarantee: Backed by the government, ensuring safety. Guaranteed redemption amount and interest.
• Backed by the government, ensuring safety.
• Guaranteed redemption amount and interest.
• Minimum Investment: Individual can start with just 1 gram of gold.
• Individual can start with just 1 gram of gold.
Successes of the scheme
• Reduced import bills & CAD The net result is that India’s economy has benefitted, as has the individual investor. The country’s import bill for gold today is lower to the extent that people are willing to hold SGBs instead of the actual metal, thereby reducing both our external sector vulnerability and our current account deficit.
• The net result is that India’s economy has benefitted, as has the individual investor.
• The country’s import bill for gold today is lower to the extent that people are willing to hold SGBs instead of the actual metal, thereby reducing both our external sector vulnerability and our current account deficit.
• Financial Inclusion: Encourages small investors to participate in gold markets. Widens the investor base beyond traditional buyers.
• Encourages small investors to participate in gold markets.
• Widens the investor base beyond traditional buyers.
• Interest Earnings: Regular interest payments enhance returns. Provides an alternative to idle gold holdings.
• Regular interest payments enhance returns.
• Provides an alternative to idle gold holdings.
• Safety and Convenience: Retail investors can count on another asset class to diversify their holdings. Eliminates storage risks and costs. Holding certificate in your name.
• Retail investors can count on another asset class to diversify their holdings.
• Eliminates storage risks and costs.
• Holding certificate in your name.
• Tax Efficiency: No TDS on interest. Exemption from capital gains tax on redemption.
• No TDS on interest.
• Exemption from capital gains tax on redemption.
Limitations:
• Maturity Period: 8-year tenure may discourage some investors. However, it prevents short-term volatility.
• 8-year tenure may discourage some investors.
• However, it prevents short-term volatility.
• Market Price Dependency: Bond value linked to international gold prices. Possibility of capital loss if gold prices decline.
• Bond value linked to international gold prices.
• Possibility of capital loss if gold prices decline.
• Liquidity Constraints: Not as liquid as physical gold or ETFs. Cannot be easily traded in the secondary market.
• Not as liquid as physical gold or ETFs.
• Cannot be easily traded in the secondary market.
Way Forward
• Awareness Campaigns: Educate investors about SGB benefits. Promote its role in diversifying portfolios.
• Educate investors about SGB benefits.
• Promote its role in diversifying portfolios.
• Flexible Maturity Options: Introduce shorter tenures for risk-averse investors. Allow partial redemptions.
• Introduce shorter tenures for risk-averse investors.
• Allow partial redemptions.
• Secondary Market Development: Enhance liquidity by encouraging trading. Create a vibrant SGB market.
• Enhance liquidity by encouraging trading.
• Create a vibrant SGB market.
Conclusion
The Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme bridges the gap between gold and financial markets. With continued awareness and refinements, it can play a pivotal role in India’s investment landscape.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
3. Implementing policies and measures to expand the direct tax base should be a priority for India’s fiscal and economic policymakers. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India
Why the question: The linked article discusses the state of direct taxation in India. Key Demand of the question: To write about need for India to widen its direct tax base- what benefits it will provide and why it is important. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by giving context. Body: First, write about need for fiscal deepening of India and also discuss its consequences – generating additional revenue, reducing fiscal deficits, promoting equitable distribution of tax burden, enhancing compliance and accountability, supporting sustainable development goals, and fostering economic stability and resilience. Next, write about the measures that are needed to achieve the above. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The linked article discusses the state of direct taxation in India.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about need for India to widen its direct tax base- what benefits it will provide and why it is important.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context.
First, write about need for fiscal deepening of India and also discuss its consequences – generating additional revenue, reducing fiscal deficits, promoting equitable distribution of tax burden, enhancing compliance and accountability, supporting sustainable development goals, and fostering economic stability and resilience.
Next, write about the measures that are needed to achieve the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
Direct taxes are levied on a person’s or a firm’s income or wealth. Social objective of direct tax is the distribution of income. Direct tax includes corporate tax and personal income tax. Data released on Sunday showed that its net direct tax collections in 2023-24 hit ₹19.58 trillion, up 17.7% from 2022-23. The figure exceeded what was initially budgeted on this account by ₹1.35 trillion and the revised figure mentioned in the interim budget by ₹13,000 crore.
Despite the government’s several attempts at simplifying direct taxes, much more needs to be achieved in this direction in comparison to developed countries.
Importance of widening and simplifying direct tax net in India
• India is trapped between the very poor countries that get a lot of foreign aid and the wealthy ones with very strong tax collections;
• the tax collected for every unit of economic output in India was minuscule compared to other countries;
• The overall boost to tax collections helps in decreasing income inequalities and the Indian state will be in a better position to perform its key duties without running into repeated fiscal crises.
• A further increase in the share of direct taxes will help the government to lower regressive indirect taxes that impose a significant burden on the poor.
• This means a shift from a regressive to a progressive tax system.
• As of 2021, Gross tax to GDP in India is around 10.2% in 2021. A greater tax to GDP ratio indicates that the government can cast a wider fiscal net.
• A widening tax pool means the current system in which efficient firms are taxed at a high rate because inefficient firms manage to slip outside the tax system will end.
• Higher direct taxes could provide space for significant cuts in indirect taxes such as the goods and services tax, which in effect means a shift from a regressive to a progressive tax system.
• Direct taxes constitute an important source of government revenue. Their collection charges are also low.
• A direct tax increases the civic sense of the people. When the people are fully aware of the payment of taxes, they are also conscious of the way the government spends the money.
• Better socio-economic fabric leads to decrease in crime rates and productive communities leading to overall prosperity and economic growth.
Way forward
• The share of direct taxes in total tax collections must go up as indirect taxes are relatively regressive.
• Making compliance easy and taking tough action against evaders.
• The government must raise the income threshold for the maximum marginal income tax rate of 30%, rather than lower the tax rate.
• India’s corporate tax rate must come down to below 20%, to ASEAN levels if it wants to maintain its stature as an attractive investment destination.
• It will create an incentive for individuals to incorporate their businesses and become more transparent.
• Reforms must aim at doubling the tax collections by the Centre and the states combined.
• The government must address the delay in drafting direct tax code.
Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
4. What are the various bottlenecks to an energy secure India? How can the government ensure successful energy transition towards renewable sources? (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: The article discusses the actions in India’s energy transition. Key Demand of the question: To write about the various bottlenecks to energy secure India, steps needed for energy transition and role of state governments in it. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Define the giving context by citing a statistic about the current status of energy transition in India. Body: In the first part, write about the various bottlenecks for an energy secure India – coal shortages, volatility of crude oil, increasing demand, climate commitments and lack of diversification of resources. Next, write about the various measures that are needed to transition towards renewable sources without adversely affecting energy security. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The article discusses the actions in India’s energy transition.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the various bottlenecks to energy secure India, steps needed for energy transition and role of state governments in it.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Define the giving context by citing a statistic about the current status of energy transition in India.
In the first part, write about the various bottlenecks for an energy secure India – coal shortages, volatility of crude oil, increasing demand, climate commitments and lack of diversification of resources.
Next, write about the various measures that are needed to transition towards renewable sources without adversely affecting energy security.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
Climate sustainability is integral to India’s economic policy while energy security also is equally important in this transitional phase. The energy transition will also have far-reaching implications for energy security, and the ripple effects of unfolding events in Ukraine are a sobering reminder of its relevance.
Clean energy appears to be the future for the power needs of humanity across the globe as reliance of fossil fuels continues to diminish. However, the road to clean energy is not straight forward and here is where the government must rely on calculated measure to balance energy security and net-zero commitments.
Background
At the 26th Conference of Parties (CoP26), Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared a five-fold strategy — termed as the panchamrita — to achieve the feat of clean energy and net-zero emissions by 2070. These five points include:
• India will get its non-fossil energy capacity to 500 gigawatts (GW) by 2030
• India will meet 50 per cent of its energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030
• India will reduce the total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes from now onwards till 2030
• By 2030, India will reduce the carbon intensity of its economy by less than 45 per cent
• So, by the year 2070, India will achieve the target of Net Zero.
Obstacles to an energy secure India
• The country’s demand for energyis set to double by 2040, and its electricity demand may
• Indian oil consumption is expected to grow faster than that of any other major economy (including China). This makes further improving energy security a key priority for India’s economy.
• India’s oil demandis expected to reach 6 million barrels per day (bpd) by 2024 from 4.4 million bpd in 2017, but its domestic production is expected to rise only marginally, making the country more reliant on crude imports and more vulnerable to supply disruption in the Middle East.
• India’s oil refining capacity is expected to rise to 5.7 million bpd by 2024,making it a very attractive market for refinery investment.
Ensuring energy security while honouring its net zero commitments
• Focus on Energy Efficiency: Will need energy efficient buildings, lighting, appliances and industrial practicesto meet the net-zero goal.
• Increased usage of Biofuels: Can help reduce emissions from light commercial vehicles, tractors in agriculture. In aviation, the only practical solution for reducing emissions is greater use of biofuels, until hydrogen technology gains scale.
• In aviation, the only practical solution for reducing emissions is greater use of biofuels, until hydrogen technology gains scale.
• Transition towards Electric vehicles: This will further help curb the carbon emissions and move towards cleaner fuel. Vehicular emissions are one of the biggest sources of GHG.
• Carbon Sequestration: India willhave to rely on natural and man-made carbon sinks to soak up those emissions. Trees can capture 0.9 billion tons; the country will need carbon capture technologies to sequester the rest.
• Carbon Pricing: India, which already taxes coal and petroleum fuels, should consider putting a tax on emissions to drive change.
• India, which already taxes coal and petroleum fuels, should consider putting a tax on emissions to drive change.
• Deploying lower-carbon Energy: There are four main types of low-carbon energy: wind, solar, hydro or nuclear power. The first three are renewable, which means these are good for the environment – as natural resources are used (such as wind or sun) to produce electricity. Deploying lower carbon energy would help address both domestic and international climate challenges while simultaneously improving the economic well-being of India’s citizens.
• Deploying lower carbon energy would help address both domestic and international climate challenges while simultaneously improving the economic well-being of India’s citizens.
• Mainstreaming Renewable energy: India’s energy mix is dominated by coal powered electric generation stations as of now. The need of the hour is increasing the share of renewable energy in this energy mix.
• The need of the hour is increasing the share of renewable energy in this energy mix.
Conclusion and way forward
• Given the massive shifts underway in India’s energy system, we would benefit from taking stock of our actions and focusing on near-term transitions.
• This will allow us to meet and even over-comply with our 2030 target while also ensuring concomitant developmental benefits, such as developing a vibrant renewable industry.
• We can start putting in place the policies and institutions necessary to move us in the right direction for the longer-term and also better understand, through modelling and other studies, the implications of net-zero scenarios before making a net-zero pledge.
• It would also be in India’s interest to link any future pledge to the achievement of near-term action by industrialised countries.
• That would be fair and consistent with the principles of the UNFCCC and also enhance the feasibility of our own actions through, for example, increasing availability and reducing costs of new mitigation technologies.
There appears to be no turning back on the path of decarbonized economic growth for India. The recent Union budget has made this sufficiently clear. The scale of the challenge is also balanced by an opportunity. It’s the execution that will now determine the pace at which we proceed along that path.
Value addition
*India on path to achieve carbon neutrality*
• *Exceeding the NDC commitment:*India is on track (as reports/documents show) to meet and exceed the NDC commitment to achieve 40% electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based sources by 2030.
• *Reduction in emission intensity of GDP:Against the voluntary declaration for reducing the emission intensity of GDP by 20%-25% by 2020,* India has reduced it by 24% between 2005-2016.
• More importantly, we achieved these targets with around 2% out of the $100 billion committed to developing nations in Copenhagen (2009),realised by 2015.
• *Renewable energy expansion*: India is implementing one of the most extensive renewable energy expansion programmes to achieve 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and 450 GW by 2030.
• Investment in green measures: As part of the fiscal stimulus after the pandemic, the Government announced several green measures, including:
• a $26.5-billion investment in biogas and cleaner fuels,**
• *$3.5 billion in incentives*for producing efficient solar photovoltaic (PV)
• and advanced chemistry cell battery, and$780 million towards an afforestation programme.**
• India’s contribution to global emissions is well below its equitable share of the worldwide carbon budget by any equity criterion.**
Topic: Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
Topic: Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
5. Understanding the Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) challenge in India requires political nuance, not just a security lens focused on violent incidents. Elaborate (250 Words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about the complexities of LWE and write measures to tackle them. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by giving a brief overview of the Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) challenge in India and highlight the need for understanding it through political nuance. Body: First, discuss the origins and evolution of the LWE challenge in India, highlighting its political context, ideology, and grievances. Next, explain why a security lens focused only on violent incidents is insufficient for understanding the LWE challenge and how it can lead to a misguided approach to countering it. Elaborate on the importance of political nuance in understanding the LWE challenge, emphasizing the need to address its underlying socio-economic and political issues, such as land rights, resource distribution, and governance. Discuss the role of state and non-state actors in perpetuating the LWE challenge and how political nuance can help in engaging with them. Highlight examples of successful approaches that have employed political nuance in addressing the LWE challenge, such as the Andhra Pradesh model and the peace talks in Jharkhand. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the complexities of LWE and write measures to tackle them.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving a brief overview of the Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) challenge in India and highlight the need for understanding it through political nuance.
First, discuss the origins and evolution of the LWE challenge in India, highlighting its political context, ideology, and grievances.
Next, explain why a security lens focused only on violent incidents is insufficient for understanding the LWE challenge and how it can lead to a misguided approach to countering it. Elaborate on the importance of political nuance in understanding the LWE challenge, emphasizing the need to address its underlying socio-economic and political issues, such as land rights, resource distribution, and governance.
Discuss the role of state and non-state actors in perpetuating the LWE challenge and how political nuance can help in engaging with them.
Highlight examples of successful approaches that have employed political nuance in addressing the LWE challenge, such as the Andhra Pradesh model and the peace talks in Jharkhand.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
Left Wing Extremism (LWE) movement has its roots in the Naxalbari area West Bengal in the 1960’s. These Maoists insurgents started running a parallel system of administration in parts of central and Eastern India. They kill civilians, destroy public buildings and extract ransom from businessmen. In the recent years, however, LWE movement is showing decline, because of the shift in the approach of the successive Governments. The recent statement by Home Minister noted that the geographical influence of the Maoists has reduced from 96 districts in 10 States in 2010 to 41 now.
Present state of LWE in India
• As per Home Ministry records, Maoist violence has come down by 77 per cent since 2010, and deaths of security forces and civilians have declined by 90 per cent.
• The number of Naxal-affected districts has come down from more than 200 in the early 2000s to 90, with violence mostly reported from 25 districts.
• The Maoist movement is hardly a force now in states such as Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha and Bihar, once its strongholds.
• In recent years, security operations have turned the heat on the movement and impaired its ability to recruit and operate freely.
• With the emphasis on violence, the Maoist movement has also hollowed out as a political project and seems hardly in a position to expand its cadre base.
• At the same time, the state has not only expanded its security muscle but has also built both physical and social infrastructure in left-wing extremism-affected districts and worked on development projects.
Factors leading to Left-wing extremism
• Political Factors Nature and apathy of the political system towards tribals remained one of the most important factors that led to such uprisings. Inability of political authority in India to provide avenues for structural uplift to the deprived sections of society in the affected states. Lack of political participation by the tribal community
• Nature and apathy of the political system towards tribals remained one of the most important factors that led to such uprisings.
• Inability of political authority in India to provide avenues for structural uplift to the deprived sections of society in the affected states.
• Lack of political participation by the tribal community
• Economic Factors Poverty and economic inequality and underdevelopment in the naxal affected regions. Entry of mining companies in Tribal lands and forests, posing threat to the livelihood of the tribals. Indigenous tribal population deprived of their lands, uprooted from their traditional source of livelihood. The benefits of the resource exploitation are not passed on the tribals.
• Poverty and economic inequality and underdevelopment in the naxal affected regions.
• Entry of mining companies in Tribal lands and forests, posing threat to the livelihood of the tribals.
• Indigenous tribal population deprived of their lands, uprooted from their traditional source of livelihood.
• The benefits of the resource exploitation are not passed on the tribals.
• Environmental Degradation Environmental degradation in the form of destruction of land and water resources due to mining and industrial activates.
• Environmental degradation in the form of destruction of land and water resources due to mining and industrial activates.
• Lack of basic facilities Lack of basic facilities like education, freedom, sanitation and food. The socially backward tribals form the major support base for Naxalites because of inequality, illiteracy and lack of opportunities.
• Lack of basic facilities like education, freedom, sanitation and food.
• The socially backward tribals form the major support base for Naxalites because of inequality, illiteracy and lack of opportunities.
• Discrimination against tribals Poor implementation of laws prohibiting transfer of tribal land to non-tribals in the Fifth Schedule areas. Non-regularisation of traditional land rights under FRA, 2006. Hasty rejections of land grants to tribals.
• Poor implementation of laws prohibiting transfer of tribal land to non-tribals in the Fifth Schedule areas.
• Non-regularisation of traditional land rights under FRA, 2006.
• Hasty rejections of land grants to tribals.
• Displacement of people Eviction from lands traditionally used by tribals. Forced Displacementscaused by mining, irrigation and power projects without adequate arrangements for rehabilitation. As a result, livelihoods were lost. Large scale land acquisition for ‘public purposes’ without appropriate compensationor rehabilitation
• Eviction from lands traditionally used by tribals.
• Forced Displacementscaused by mining, irrigation and power projects without adequate arrangements for rehabilitation. As a result, livelihoods were lost.
• Large scale land acquisition for ‘public purposes’ without appropriate compensationor rehabilitation
Measures needed by government to tackle the Maoist insurgency:
• Modernizing the police force: The scheme focuses on strengthening police infrastructure by construction of secure police stations, training centers, police housing (residential) and equipping police stations with required mobility, modern weaponry, communication equipment and forensic set-up etc. On the administrative side, changes include separation of investigation from law and order, specialized wings for Social and Cyber Crimes are initiated in several states. Various technological reforms are pushed including modernization of the control room, fast tracking Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and System (CCTNS), pushing for National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) and pushing for incorporation of new technology into policing
• On the administrative side, changes include separation of investigation from law and order, specialized wings for Social and Cyber Crimes are initiated in several states.
• Various technological reforms are pushed including modernization of the control room, fast tracking Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and System (CCTNS), pushing for National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) and pushing for incorporation of new technology into policing
• Social Integration: State Governments have surrender and rehabilitation policy, while the Central Government supplements the efforts of the State Governments through the Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme for LWE affected States. Additional incentives are given for surrendering with weapons/ammunition. The surrenderers are also imparted vocational training with a monthly stipend for a maximum period of 36 months. Skill Development: Skill Development in 34 Districts affected by Left Wing Extremism” under implementation from 2011-12 aims to establish ITIs and Skill Development Centers in LWE affected districts.
• Additional incentives are given for surrendering with weapons/ammunition.
• The surrenderers are also imparted vocational training with a monthly stipend for a maximum period of 36 months.
• Skill Development: Skill Development in 34 Districts affected by Left Wing Extremism” under implementation from 2011-12 aims to establish ITIs and Skill Development Centers in LWE affected districts.
• Infrastructure Development: Road Connectivity, communication needs to be rapidly scaled up in LWE affected districts. g.: Mobile towers being set up in remote areas.
• Community policing improves interface with citizens and makes police more sensitive. E.g. (i) Janamaithri Suraksha Padhathi, Kerala (ii) Friends of Police Movement (FOP), Tamil Nadu (iii) Suraksha Setu – Safe City Surat Project
• Improve communication network: There should be sharing of information & knowledge to improve the functioning of police force.
• Better Surveillance and Monitoring with standardization, deployment and integration of private security surveillance system.
Way forward
• It is the belief of the Government of India that through a holistic approach focusing on development and security-related interventions, the LWE problem can be successfully tackled.
• States play a vital role in maintaining law and order. So, emphasis should be laid on the capacity-building and modernization of the local police forces. Local forces can efficiently and effectively neutralize the LWE organizations.
• The Kargil Review Committee (KRC) report noted that in wake of Internal security challenges that the country faces, the role and the tasks of the paramilitary forces have to be restructured particularly with reference to command and control and leadership functions.
• A purely security-driven approach fraught with human rights’ violations has only added to the alienation among the poor in these areas.
• The Union government and the States must continue to learn from successes such as the expansion of welfare and rights paradigms in limiting the movement and failures that have led to the continuing spiral of violence in select districts.
• The Maoists must be compelled to give up their armed struggle and this can only happen if the tribal people and civil society activists promoting peace are also empowered.
Topic: Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
Topic: Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
6. The SAMADHAN strategy against the Maoists can be an effective doctrine to tackle left wing extremism but it has to be a coordinated battle on security and development fronts. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India.
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about the threats posed by the convergence of technology and terrorism and steps that should be taken to prevent it. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context of SAMADHAN doctrine. Body: First, write about the various features of the SAMADHAN strategy – S-smart leadership, A-aggressive strategy, M-motivation and training, A-actionable intelligence, D-dashboard-based KPIs (key performance indicators) and KRAs (key result areas), H-harnessing technology, A-action plan for each theatre and N-no access to financing. Next, write about the need to balanced approach on security and development fronts to tackle left wing extremism. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the threats posed by the convergence of technology and terrorism and steps that should be taken to prevent it.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context of SAMADHAN doctrine.
First, write about the various features of the SAMADHAN strategy – S-smart leadership, A-aggressive strategy, M-motivation and training, A-actionable intelligence, D-dashboard-based KPIs (key performance indicators) and KRAs (key result areas), H-harnessing technology, A-action plan for each theatre and N-no access to financing.
Next, write about the need to balanced approach on security and development fronts to tackle left wing extremism.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
The problem of LWE or Naxalism in India continues to rank high in the list of internal security challenges that the country faces. But past few years have seen a considerable improvement in the LWE scenario. The total number of violent incidents of LWE has drastically reduced from 1048 in 2016 to 908 in 2017. The related deaths have seen a 34% decline in 2017 as compared to 2013 indicating success of government efforts.
About SAMADHAN Strategy
It is a strategy of MHA to frame short term and long-term policies to tackle LWE.
It includes:
• S- Smart Leadership
• A- Aggressive Strategy
• M- Motivation and Training
• A- Actionable Intelligence
• D- Dashboard Based KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) and KRAs (Key Result Areas)
• H- Harnessing Technology
• A- Action plan for each Theatre
• N- No access to Financing
SAMADHAN Strategy in force
• Skill Development related Schemes: ROSHNI is a special initiative under, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana which envisages training and placement of rural poor youth from 27 LWE affected districts. Skill Development in 34 Districts affected by Left Wing Extremism” under implementation from 2011-12 aims to establish ITIs and Skill Development Centres in LWE affected districts.
• Skill Development in 34 Districts affected by Left Wing Extremism” under implementation from 2011-12 aims to establish ITIs and Skill Development Centres in LWE affected districts.
• Surrender and rehabilitation policies: State Governments have their own policy, while the Central Government supplements the efforts of the State Governments through the Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme for LWE affected States. Additional incentives are given for surrendering with weapons/ammunition. The surrenderees are also imparted vocational training with a monthly stipend for a maximum period of 36 months.
• Additional incentives are given for surrendering with weapons/ammunition. The surrenderees are also imparted vocational training with a monthly stipend for a maximum period of 36 months.
• Institutional measures: Black Panther combat force – A specialised anti-Naxal combat force for Chhattisgarh on the lines of Greyhounds unit in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Bastariya Batallion – A newly formed batallion of CRPF with more than 534 tribal youth from four highly naxal infested districts of Chhattisgarh along with adequate female representation in sync with the Government’s policy of 33% reservation for women making it the first composite battalion in any of paramilitary forces. o A process has also been initiated to create a separate vertical in the NIA for investigating important cases relating to Left Wing Extremism (LWE) Multi-disciplinary groups to check funding of Naxalites – Union ministry of home affairs has formed multi-disciplinary groups with officers from central agencies, including from the IB, NIA, CBI, ED and DRI, and state police to choke the financial flow to Maoists.
• Black Panther combat force – A specialised anti-Naxal combat force for Chhattisgarh on the lines of Greyhounds unit in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
• Bastariya Batallion – A newly formed batallion of CRPF with more than 534 tribal youth from four highly naxal infested districts of Chhattisgarh along with adequate female representation in sync with the Government’s policy of 33% reservation for women making it the first composite battalion in any of paramilitary forces. o A process has also been initiated to create a separate vertical in the NIA for investigating important cases relating to Left Wing Extremism (LWE)
• Multi-disciplinary groups to check funding of Naxalites – Union ministry of home affairs has formed multi-disciplinary groups with officers from central agencies, including from the IB, NIA, CBI, ED and DRI, and state police to choke the financial flow to Maoists.
• Constructively engaging youth through education: Seeing the success of educational hub and a livelihood centre in Dantewada district, the government has now opened up livelihood centres, known as Livelihood Colleges, in all the districts.
• Other measures: More bank branches have been opened to ensure financial inclusion. All India Radio stations in the three southern districts of Bastar will now broadcast regional programmes to increase entertainment options. And a new rail service in Bastar is set to throw open a new market for wooden artefacts and bell metal
Issues in handling LWE
• Negligence of established standard operating procedures at times leads to loss of valuable lives of security personnel.
• Certain vulnerabilities remain such as poor planning, inadequate numbers, insufficient intelligence backup etc.
• Structural deficits and deficiencies such as putting IPS deputationists into almost every senior position in CRPF ignoring the decades of experience within the Force.
• Sluggish Capacity building of police forces, for example – in Chattisgarh, there are about 10,000 vacancies in different ranks in state police and 23 sanctioned police stations have yet to be set up. · LWEs are well trained in guerilla warfare.
• Inefficient technology of mine detection: Present technology is unable to detect deep planted mines under the road.
• Delay in acquisition of technology: For example- Out of the 157 sanctioned MPVs, only 13 have been supplied by OFB to CAPFs so far.
• Laundering of funds: Naxal leaders operating in Bihar and Jharkhand are laundering extorted money through acquiring movable and immovable assets.
Conclusion
The two-pronged policy of direct action by the security forces combined with development is showing results — the government has already made a dent in most of the affected districts and is determined to check the expansion of Maoists. The paradigm of proactive policing and holistic development should ensure more such significant results in the future.
Value addition
Naxalism origins
• The Naxal insurgency in India originated in a 1967 uprising in Naxalbari, West Bengal by the Communist Party of India (Marxist). They are the group of people who believe in the political theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader Mao Zedong.
• The Naxalites claim to represent the most oppressed people in India, those who are often left untouched by India’s development and bypassed by the electoral process.
• The conflict is concentrated the Eastern part of the country, particularly an area known as the Red Corridor spread across the states of Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh.
• It aims to overthrow the government through people’s war.
• It creates conditions for non-functioning of the government and actively seeks disruption of development activities as a means to achieve its objective of ‘wresting control’.
• It spreads fear among the law-abiding citizens
General Studies – 4
Topic: Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;
Topic: Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;
7. What does this quote means to you? (150 words)
“The only person you should try to be better than is the person you were yesterday.” – Anonymous.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote. Body: Write about how there exist false notions of superiority based of class, profession, caste and religion etc. Bring out that despite these distinctions there is no “superiority” and it is just a part of egoism. Mention that being superior to oneself – as in being a better that you were yesterday makes you a truly superior person. Cite examples of substantiate. Conclusion: Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote in the present day.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote.
Write about how there exist false notions of superiority based of class, profession, caste and religion etc. Bring out that despite these distinctions there is no “superiority” and it is just a part of egoism. Mention that being superior to oneself – as in being a better that you were yesterday makes you a truly superior person. Cite examples of substantiate.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote in the present day.
Introduction
The above statement encapsulates the idea of personal growth and self-improvement. It suggests that the primary focus of our efforts should be on our own development and progress, rather than comparing ourselves to others. The milestones or achievements accomplished by others cannot become a yardstick for measuring our own progress or growth. Infact such a comparison leads to disappointment.
Importance of striving to be a better version of ourselves
• Self-reflection and growth: By looking inward and evaluating our actions, behaviors, and beliefs, we can identify areas where we can improve and strive to become a better version of ourselves. This approach emphasizes self-awareness and personal development.
• Individuality and uniqueness: Each person has their own unique journey, experiences, and strengths. Comparing ourselves to others can be counterproductive and may lead to feelings of inadequacy or unwarranted competition. Focusing on self-improvement acknowledges that our progress should be based on our own goals and aspirations, not on external benchmarks.
• Continuous learning and growth mindset: Embracing the idea of self-improvement encourages a mindset of lifelong learning. It emphasizes the importance of seeking new knowledge, acquiring new skills, and adopting new perspectives. By doing so, we can expand our horizons, overcome limitations, and evolve as individuals.
• Setting realistic and personal goals: Rather than solely focusing on outperforming others, setting personal goals that align with our values and aspirations allows us to channel our energy and efforts in a meaningful way. By setting realistic and achievable goals, we can track our progress and derive a sense of fulfilment from our personal accomplishments.
• Embracing self-compassion: While it is important to strive for personal growth, it is equally crucial to approach it with self-compassion. Acknowledge that growth takes time, and it is okay to make mistakes along the way. Cultivating self-compassion fosters a positive and supportive mindset that helps us persevere and learn from setbacks.
Conclusion
Personal growth is a lifelong journey, and it is unique to each individual. By focusing on becoming a better version of ourselves each day, we can foster self-improvement, build resilience, and lead a more fulfilling life.
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