[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 21 March 2024

Click on EACH question to post/upload you answers.

#### How to Follow Secure Initiative?

#### How to Self-evaluate your answer?

#### MISSION – 2023: YEARLONG TIMETABLE

#### Join IPM 4.0 to get an assured review of 2 secure answers everyday

General Studies – 1

Topic: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

Topic: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

1. In the context of the World Happiness Report 2024, what criteria are used to measure happiness? Should India consider establishing its own happiness index? Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Live Mint

Why the question: The World Happiness Report for 2024 ranks Finns the happiest, with India at No. 126. Perhaps we need a more people-centric approach that results in a more even distribution of economic gains. Key Demand of the question: To write about the criteria of Happiness measurement and need for India to have its own index. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, write about the factors that measures happiness of the people – GDP per head, social support, life expectancy and freedom, apart from levels of generosity and corruption etc. Next, write about the need of a happiness index in the country and advantages it will bring. Next, write about the bottlenecks and issues associated with such an index in India. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

The World Happiness Report for 2024 ranks Finns the happiest, with India at No. 126. Perhaps we need a more people-centric approach that results in a more even distribution of economic gains.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the criteria of Happiness measurement and need for India to have its own index.

Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving context.

First, write about the factors that measures happiness of the people – GDP per head, social support, life expectancy and freedom, apart from levels of generosity and corruption etc.

Next, write about the need of a happiness index in the country and advantages it will bring.

Next, write about the bottlenecks and issues associated with such an index in India.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

India was ranked 126th out of 143 nations in the World Happiness Report 2024, a global happiness index which was released on March 20 to mark the UN’s International Day of Happiness. For the seventh successive year, Finland topped the list of the happiest countries in the world. Perhaps we need a more people-centric approach that results in a more even distribution of economic gains.

Highlights of the report w.r.t India

• Older age is associated with higher life satisfaction in India.

• The report said that older Indian men, particularly those in higher age brackets, presently married, and those with an education, tend to report greater life satisfaction compared to their counterparts.

• Marital status, social engagement, physical health, and satisfaction with living arrangements influence life satisfaction among older Indians.

• Older Indian women tend to report higher life satisfaction despite facing more stressors and health challenges.

• Satisfaction with living arrangements, perceived discrimination, and self-rated health emerged as the top three predictors of life satisfaction.

Factors Measuring Happiness:

• GDP per Capita: Economic prosperity significantly impacts well-being. Countries with higher GDP per capita tend to have better living standards, access to resources, and opportunities. However, GDP alone doesn’t capture overall happiness, as it neglects social and emotional aspects.

• Economic prosperity significantly impacts well-being. Countries with higher GDP per capita tend to have better living standards, access to resources, and opportunities.

• However, GDP alone doesn’t capture overall happiness, as it neglects social and emotional aspects.

• Social Support: Strong social networks, family bonds, and community connections contribute to happiness. Feeling supported and having meaningful relationships positively affect mental health.

• Strong social networks, family bonds, and community connections contribute to happiness.

• Feeling supported and having meaningful relationships positively affect mental health.

• Life Expectancy: Longer life expectancy correlates with better health, access to healthcare, and overall contentment. A healthy population tends to be happier.

• Longer life expectancy correlates with better health, access to healthcare, and overall contentment.

• A healthy population tends to be happier.

• Freedom and Autonomy: Personal freedom, civil liberties, and political stability foster happiness. The ability to make choices without undue restrictions enhances well-being.

• Personal freedom, civil liberties, and political stability foster happiness.

• The ability to make choices without undue restrictions enhances well-being.

• Generosity and Altruism: Societies that exhibit kindness, empathy, and generosity experience higher levels of happiness. Acts of giving create a positive feedback loop.

• Societies that exhibit kindness, empathy, and generosity experience higher levels of happiness.

• Acts of giving create a positive feedback loop.

• Corruption Levels: Low corruption promotes trust in institutions and social cohesion. Trust positively influences happiness.

• Low corruption promotes trust in institutions and social cohesion.

• Trust positively influences happiness.

Need for a Happiness Index:

• Holistic Measurement: GDP alone doesn’t reflect citizens’ quality of life. A happiness index provides a more comprehensive view. It considers emotional, social, and psychological well-being.

• GDP alone doesn’t reflect citizens’ quality of life. A happiness index provides a more comprehensive view.

• It considers emotional, social, and psychological well-being.

• Policy Guidance: Policymakers can use happiness data to design effective policies. Prioritizing well-being leads to sustainable development.

• Policymakers can use happiness data to design effective policies.

• Prioritizing well-being leads to sustainable development.

• Public Awareness: A happiness index educates citizens about holistic well-being. It encourages discussions beyond material wealth.

• A happiness index educates citizens about holistic well-being.

• It encourages discussions beyond material wealth.

Bottlenecks and Issues in India:

• Diverse Population: India’s vast cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic diversity poses challenges. A one-size-fits-all approach may not capture regional nuances.

• India’s vast cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic diversity poses challenges.

• A one-size-fits-all approach may not capture regional nuances.

• Subjectivity and Cultural Bias: Happiness is subjective and culturally influenced. Standardizing measurements across diverse contexts is complex.

• Happiness is subjective and culturally influenced.

• Standardizing measurements across diverse contexts is complex.

• Data Collection Challenges: Gathering accurate happiness data requires robust surveys and methodologies. India faces data gaps and uneven coverage.

• Gathering accurate happiness data requires robust surveys and methodologies.

• India faces data gaps and uneven coverage.

• Corruption and Inequality: High corruption levels and income disparities impact happiness. Addressing these issues is crucial.

• High corruption levels and income disparities impact happiness.

• Addressing these issues is crucial.

Way Forward:

• Contextualized Index: Customize the index to India’s unique context. Consider regional variations and cultural factors.

• Customize the index to India’s unique context.

• Consider regional variations and cultural factors.

• Invest in Data Infrastructure: Improve data collection mechanisms. Regular surveys on well-being are essential.

• Improve data collection mechanisms.

• Regular surveys on well-being are essential.

• Promote Mental Health: Prioritize mental health awareness and support. Address stigma and provide accessible services.

• Prioritize mental health awareness and support.

• Address stigma and provide accessible services.

• Inclusive Policies: Policies should target vulnerable populations. Focus on education, healthcare, and social safety nets.

• Policies should target vulnerable populations.

• Focus on education, healthcare, and social safety nets.

• Community Engagement: Involve citizens in shaping policies. Foster a sense of ownership and participation.

• Involve citizens in shaping policies.

• Foster a sense of ownership and participation.

Conclusion

A happiness index, when thoughtfully designed and implemented, can guide India toward a more holistic and fulfilling future.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.

Topic: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.

2. Forced counselling is a violation of the fundamental rights of LGBTIA+ individuals. Discuss the measures needed to protect the rights and well-being of LGBTIA+ individuals and creating more inclusive and equitable communities. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question: The Supreme Court has cautioned judges against using the court-ordered counselling of members of the LGBTQ+ community as a way to turn them against their own identity and sexual orientation. Key Demand of the question: To write about the evolution of LGBTQIA+ rights, the impact of forced counselling and measure need to address it. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, in brief, write about the evolution of LGBTQIA+ rights in India. Next, write about forced counselling and how it is ultra vires to fundamental rights mentioned in the constitution. Next, suggest steps to ensure that equality in true nature is achieved for the LGBTQIA+ community. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

The Supreme Court has cautioned judges against using the court-ordered counselling of members of the LGBTQ+ community as a way to turn them against their own identity and sexual orientation.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the evolution of LGBTQIA+ rights, the impact of forced counselling and measure need to address it.

Directive word:

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving context.

First, in brief, write about the evolution of LGBTQIA+ rights in India.

Next, write about forced counselling and how it is ultra vires to fundamental rights mentioned in the constitution.

Next, suggest steps to ensure that equality in true nature is achieved for the LGBTQIA+ community.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

The LGBTQIA+ community faces a lot of problems. The main problem is acceptance from people outside the community. For the Indian LGBT community, a truly inclusive society remains a distant dream. In urban India, where social media and corporate initiatives have created increasing awareness of LGBT rights, the scenario looks more upbeat for gay men than for transgender people or lesbian women. While urban LGBT voices that are heard through several online and real-world platforms form an important part of LGBT activism, these expose only a small part of the diverse challenges faced by the community.

The Supreme Court has cautioned judges against using the court-ordered counselling of members of the LGBTQ+ community as a way to turn them against their own identity and sexual orientation.

Evolution of LGBTQIA+ rights in India

• The Delhi High Court’s verdict in Naz Foundation vs Government of NCT of Delhi (2009) was a landmark in the law of sexuality and equality jurisprudence in India.

• The court held that Section 377 offended the guarantee of equality enshrined in Article 14 of the Constitution, because it creates an unreasonable classification and targets homosexuals as a class.

• In a retrograde step, the Supreme Court, in Suresh Kumar Koushal vs Naz Foundation (2013), reinstated Section 377 to the IPC. This setback highlighted the need for sustained advocacy and legal reform.

• The Supreme Court in National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014) recognized transgender people as the third gender. It affirmed their right to self-identify and access affirmative action.

• In K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) case, the Right to Privacy was upheld as a fundamental right. This decision indirectly supported LGBTQIA+ rights by emphasizing individual autonomy.

• However, the Supreme Court in Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. vs Union of India (2018) declared that the application of Section 377 IPC to consensual homosexual behaviour was “unconstitutional”.

• This Supreme Court judgment has been a great victory to the Indian individual in his quest for identity and dignity.

• The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019 aimed to protect transgender rights but faced criticism for inadequate provisions. It advocates continue to push for comprehensive legislation.

• The Kerala High Court in June 2022 set a trailblazing precedent recently by sanctioning a lesbian couple, Adhila Nasarin and Fathima Noora, to live together after they were coercively separated by their parents.

Forced Counselling and Fundamental Rights:

• Violation of Fundamental Rights: Forced counseling infringes upon an individual’s right to privacy, autonomy, and dignity. It perpetuates harmful stereotypes and undermines the right to self-identify.

• Forced counseling infringes upon an individual’s right to privacy, autonomy, and dignity.

• It perpetuates harmful stereotypes and undermines the right to self-identify.

• Ultra Vires to Constitution: Article 21 guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, including the right to make personal choices. Forced counseling violates this right by imposing external judgments on an individual’s identity.

• Article 21 guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, including the right to make personal choices.

• Forced counseling violates this right by imposing external judgments on an individual’s identity.

Steps for Achieving True Equality:

• Legal Reforms: Enact comprehensive anti-discrimination laws protecting LGBTQIA+ rights in employment, education, and healthcare. Recognize same-sex marriages and provide equal rights in inheritance, adoption, and guardianship.

• Enact comprehensive anti-discrimination laws protecting LGBTQIA+ rights in employment, education, and healthcare.

• Recognize same-sex marriages and provide equal rights in inheritance, adoption, and guardianship.

• Education and Awareness: Promote inclusive sex education in schools to foster acceptance and understanding. Sensitize the public through media campaigns and workshops.

• Promote inclusive sex education in schools to foster acceptance and understanding.

• Sensitize the public through media campaigns and workshops.

• Healthcare Access: Ensure transgender-friendly healthcare services. Address mental health needs and combat substance abuse.

• Ensure transgender-friendly healthcare services.

• Address mental health needs and combat substance abuse.

• Workplace Equality: Prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. Encourage diversity and inclusion policies.

• Prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.

• Encourage diversity and inclusion policies.

• Social Acceptance: Challenge stereotypes through positive representation in media. Celebrate LGBTQIA+ pride events and create safe spaces.

• Challenge stereotypes through positive representation in media.

• Celebrate LGBTQIA+ pride events and create safe spaces.

• Legal Literacy: Educate LGBTQIA+ individuals about their rights and legal recourse. Strengthen legal aid services for marginalized communities.

• Educate LGBTQIA+ individuals about their rights and legal recourse.

• Strengthen legal aid services for marginalized communities.

Conclusion

India’s journey toward LGBTQIA+ equality involves legal reforms, societal change, and compassion. By dismantling discriminatory barriers, we can create a more inclusive and equitable society where everyone’s rights are respected and celebrated.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

3. The Planning Commission and its Five-Year Plans contributed to significant economic and social development in India; however, they also faced numerous challenges and limitations. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about the successes and limitations of five-year plans and the limitations of planning commission. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving a brief about aims of the planning commission. Body: First, in detail write about the growth of Indian economy in the various FYPs from the first plan to the twelfth plan. Write about its successes and limitations. Next, write about the major limitations of the planning commission – No structural mechanism, Ineffective forum, one size fits all approach, bureaucratic inefficiency, inefficient allocation of resources, limited private sector participation etc. Conclusion: Conclude by mentioning the genesis of NITI Aayog.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the successes and limitations of five-year plans and the limitations of planning commission.

Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving a brief about aims of the planning commission.

First, in detail write about the growth of Indian economy in the various FYPs from the first plan to the twelfth plan. Write about its successes and limitations.

Next, write about the major limitations of the planning commission – No structural mechanism, Ineffective forum, one size fits all approach, bureaucratic inefficiency, inefficient allocation of resources, limited private sector participation etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude by mentioning the genesis of NITI Aayog.

Introduction

The term economic planning is used to describe the long term plans of the government of India to develop and coordinate the economy with efficient utilization of resources. Economic planning in India started after independence in the year 1950 when it was deemed necessary for economic growth and development of the nation.

About 5-year plans:

• After independence, India launched a programme of Five Year Plans to make the optimum use of country’s available resources and to achieve rapid economic Development

• In India, development plans were formulated and carried out within the framework of the mixed economy

• In India, economic planning was adopted in the form of Five Year Plans and was seen as a development tool on account of various reasons.

• The need for social justice as experience of the past five and-a- half decades suggests that in a free enterprise economy, economic gains do not necessarily trickle down and

• Judicious mobilisation and allocation of resources in the context of overall development programme in the light of the resource constraint in India

• So far, 12th Five Year Plans have been formulated since the year 12th Five-year Plan (2012- 2017), came into force once it was approved by the NDC on 27th December, 2012.

Achievements of 5 year plans:

• Economic Growth: Economic planning in India has been successful in increasing the national income and the per capita income of the country resulting in economic growth. The net national income at factor cost increased from Rs. 4393.45 billion in 1966- 67 to Rs.45, 733 billion in 2011-12 (at 2004-05 prices). The per capita income increased from Rs.8876 to Rs.38, 048 during the same period (at 2004-05 prices). The average growth rate has increased from 3.5 percent during 1950 to 1970 to about 5.5 percent after 1990’s. The economy recorded a growth rate of 7.8 percent during the eleventh five- year plan.

• Economic planning in India has been successful in increasing the national income and the per capita income of the country resulting in economic growth.

• The net national income at factor cost increased from Rs. 4393.45 billion in 1966- 67 to Rs.45, 733 billion in 2011-12 (at 2004-05 prices). The per capita income increased from Rs.8876 to Rs.38, 048 during the same period (at 2004-05 prices).

• The average growth rate has increased from 3.5 percent during 1950 to 1970 to about 5.5 percent after 1990’s. The economy recorded a growth rate of 7.8 percent during the eleventh five- year plan.

• Progress in Agriculture: The first five-year plan focused on agricultural development. However, agricultural sector did not receive priority in the subsequent plans. Yet, with various initiatives implemented in the agricultural sector such as the green revolution and agricultural pricing policies, there has been a considerable increase in the output of the agricultural sector. The index of agricultural production increased from 85.9 in 1970-71 to 165.7 in 1999-2000 (Base year- 1981-82). The production of major food grains which includes rice, wheat, coarse cereals and pulses has increased from 77.14 million tons in 1958-59 to 252.22 tons in 2015-16. With the introduction of green revolution, the yield per hectare of food grains has increased from 662 kg in 1959-60 to 2056 kg in 2015-16. Similarly, the production of commercial crops has also recorded an increasing trend. Various reforms in the agricultural sector such as the Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojana and Kisan credit cards during the ninth plan and National Food Security Mission and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana during the eleventh plan have been quite successful in improving the performance of the agricultural sector.

• The first five-year plan focused on agricultural development. However, agricultural sector did not receive priority in the subsequent plans. Yet, with various initiatives implemented in the agricultural sector such as the green revolution and agricultural pricing policies, there has been a considerable increase in the output of the agricultural sector.

• The index of agricultural production increased from 85.9 in 1970-71 to 165.7 in 1999-2000 (Base year- 1981-82). The production of major food grains which includes rice, wheat, coarse cereals and pulses has increased from 77.14 million tons in 1958-59 to 252.22 tons in 2015-16. With the introduction of green revolution, the yield per hectare of food grains has increased from 662 kg in 1959-60 to 2056 kg in 2015-16.

• Similarly, the production of commercial crops has also recorded an increasing trend. Various reforms in the agricultural sector such as the Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojana and Kisan credit cards during the ninth plan and National Food Security Mission and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana during the eleventh plan have been quite successful in improving the performance of the agricultural sector.

• Industrial Growth:

• Economic planning has also contributed to the progress of the industrial sector. The index of industrial production increased from 54.8 in 1950-51 to 152.0 in 1965-66 (Base year- 1960-61) which is about 176 percent increase in production during the first three five-year plans.

• It went up from 109.3 in 1981-82 to 232.0 in 1993-94 (Base year- 1980-81). Taking 2004-05 as the base year, the index of industrial production recorded an increase from 108.6 in 2005-06 to 181.1 in 2015-16. The introduction of reforms in 1991 relieved the industrial sector from numerous bureaucratic restrictions that were prevalent earlier.

• This has led to the rapid growth of the industrial sector in India. India has made remarkable progress in cotton textiles, paper, medicines, food processing, consumer goods, light engineering goods etc.

• Public Sector:

• The public sector played a predominant role in the economy immediately after the independence. While there were only 5 industrial public sector enterprises in 1951, the number increased to 244 in 1990 with an investment of Rs.99, 330 cores. However, the number of public sector enterprises fell to 217 in March 2010.

• Very high profits were recorded by petroleum, telecommunication services, power generation, coal and lignite, financial services, transport services and minerals and metal industries. The government has eliminated a number of restrictions on the operational and financial powers of the Navaratnas, Miniratnas and several other profit making public sector enterprises.

• Infrastructure:

• Development of infrastructure such as transport and communication, power, irrigation etc., is a pre-requisite to rapid economic growth and development. Expansion of transport facilities enables easy movement of goods and services and also enlarges the market. Irrigation projects contribute significantly to rural development.

• Power projects help in meeting the growing demand for power by both industrial and household sector. The total road length increased from about 400,000 km in 1951 to about 4.7 million km in 2011.

• The route length of the Indian railway network has increased from about 53,596 km in 1951 to about 64,450 km in 2011. The investment in infrastructure as a percentage of GDP was about 5.9 percent during the tenth plan and increased to about 7.2 percent during the eleventh plan.

• Education and Health Care:

• Education and health care are considered as human capital as they contribute to increased productivity of human beings. Considerable progress was achieved in the education as well as health sector during the five-year plans. The number of universities increased from about 22 in 1950-51 to 254 in 2000-01.

• The number of institutions in higher education has increased to over 100 percent since 2008. With the growth in the number of institutions, the literacy rate in India has increased from 16.7 percent in 1950-51 to 74.04 percent in 2011. With improvements in the health infrastructure, India has been able to successfully control a number of life threatening diseases such as small pox, cholera, polio, TB etc.

• As a result, there has been a fall in the death rate from 27.4 per thousand persons in 1950-51 to 7.3 per thousand persons in 2016. The life expectancy has increased from about 32.1 years in 1951 to 68.01 years in 2014. The infant mortality rate has declined from 149 per thousand in 1966 to 37.42 per thousand in 2015.

• Growth of Service Sector:

• Service sector is the key contributor to the economic growth of India. The service sector contributed to about 53.2 percent of the gross value added growth in 2015-16. The contribution of the IT sector to India’s GDP increased from about 1.2 percent in 1998 to 9.5 percent in 2015. The service sector has recorded a growth rate of about 138.5 percent in the last decade.

• Financial services, insurance, real estate and business services are some of the leading services that have been recording a robust growth in the past few years. The rapid growth of the service sector in India could be attributed to the inflow of huge amount of FDI in this sector. India’s share of service exports in the world service exports has increased from 0.6 percent in 1990 to 3.3 percent in 2011.

• Savings and Investment:

• Savings and Investments are major driving forces of economic growth. The gross domestic savings in India as a proportion of GDP has increased from 8.6 percent in 1950-51 to about 30 percent in 2012-13. The gross capital formation has increased from 8.4 percent in 1950-51 to 34.70 in 2012-13. Capital accumulation is the key to economic development. It helps in achieving rapid economic growth and has the ability to break the vicious circle of poverty.

• Science and Technology:

• India is the third most preferred destination for technology investments. It is among the top most countries in scientific research and space exploration. India is also making rapid progress in nuclear technology. ISRO has made a record of launching 104 satellites in one go on a single rocket. India today has the third largest scientific manpower after U.S.A and Russia.

• The government has undertaken various measures such as setting up of new institutions for science education and research, launching the technology and innovation policy in 2013, strengthening the infrastructure for research and development in universities, and encouraging public- private partnership etc.

• Foreign Trade:

• On the eve of independence, India’s primary exports were agricultural commodities and UK and US were its major trading partners. India was largely dependent on other countries for various capital and consumer goods. However, with the development of heavy industries during the five-year plans, India has been able to reduce its dependence on other countries and was able to achieve self-reliance in a number of commodities.

• With the liberalisation of trade, India now exports about 7500 commodities to about 190 countries and it imports about 6000 commodities from about 140 countries. The exports of the country increased from Rs. 54.08 billion in 1977- 78 to Rs. 17,144.24 billion in 2015-16. And imports have increased from Rs. 60.20 billion in 1977-78 to Rs. 24, 859.27 billion in 2015-16.

Major Failures of Planning:

• Slow Growth: The planning process in India has been able to achieve considerable increase in the national income and per capita income. Yet, the rate of increase has been slow as compared to developing countries like China, which have been able to achieve more than 10 percent growth rate consistently. India was able to achieve a growth rate of only about 4 to 5 percent during the pre-reform period. It was only during the post reform period that is after 1991, that the country could experience a growth rate of over 7 percent.

• The planning process in India has been able to achieve considerable increase in the national income and per capita income. Yet, the rate of increase has been slow as compared to developing countries like China, which have been able to achieve more than 10 percent growth rate consistently. India was able to achieve a growth rate of only about 4 to 5 percent during the pre-reform period. It was only during the post reform period that is after 1991, that the country could experience a growth rate of over 7 percent.

• Neglect of Agriculture: The five year plans failed to pay attention to the agricultural sector except for the first five-year plan. As a result, the agricultural growth rate declined from 3.62 percent in 1991-92 to 0.81 percent during 2009-10. And the share of agriculture in GDP declined from about 50 percent during 1950-51 to about 16 percent of the GDP in 2015.

• The five year plans failed to pay attention to the agricultural sector except for the first five-year plan. As a result, the agricultural growth rate declined from 3.62 percent in 1991-92 to 0.81 percent during 2009-10. And the share of agriculture in GDP declined from about 50 percent during 1950-51 to about 16 percent of the GDP in 2015.

• Unemployment: The plans have failed to address the problem of unemployment which is a cause of many social evils. The unemployment rate has marginally reduced from 8.35 percent during 1972-73 to about 6.53 percent in 2009-10. It was about 4.19 percent in 2013. The growth rate of employment has recorded a decline from 2.61 percent in 1972-73 to 1.50 percent during 2009-10. The employment in primary sector recorded a negative growth rate of 0.13 percent in 2009-10.

• The plans have failed to address the problem of unemployment which is a cause of many social evils. The unemployment rate has marginally reduced from 8.35 percent during 1972-73 to about 6.53 percent in 2009-10. It was about 4.19 percent in 2013. The growth rate of employment has recorded a decline from 2.61 percent in 1972-73 to 1.50 percent during 2009-10. The employment in primary sector recorded a negative growth rate of 0.13 percent in 2009-10.

• Widespread Poverty: Failure to address the problem of unemployment has resulted in widespread poverty in the country. The first four plans failed to address the problem of poverty. It was only during the fifth five-year plan that measures were taken to tackle poverty directly by introducing various poverty alleviation programmes. These programmes, however, have achieved only limited success. The poverty rate in India declined from about 26.1 percent in 2000 to 21.9 percent in 2011.

• Failure to address the problem of unemployment has resulted in widespread poverty in the country. The first four plans failed to address the problem of poverty. It was only during the fifth five-year plan that measures were taken to tackle poverty directly by introducing various poverty alleviation programmes. These programmes, however, have achieved only limited success. The poverty rate in India declined from about 26.1 percent in 2000 to 21.9 percent in 2011.

• Inflation: Poverty is aggravated under the situation of inflation. The five-year plans have not been able to stabilise the prices due to which there has been a steep rise in the general prices. The inflation rate was around 10 percent in 2012.

• Poverty is aggravated under the situation of inflation. The five-year plans have not been able to stabilise the prices due to which there has been a steep rise in the general prices. The inflation rate was around 10 percent in 2012.

• Rising Inequality: With rapid economic growth, the country has been witnessing a rise in the level of inequality. It has been estimated that the richest 1 percent own about 58 percent of the country’s wealth. Poor performance of the agricultural sector and lack of investments in rural infrastructure are cited as the primary reason for such rising inequalities.

• With rapid economic growth, the country has been witnessing a rise in the level of inequality. It has been estimated that the richest 1 percent own about 58 percent of the country’s wealth. Poor performance of the agricultural sector and lack of investments in rural infrastructure are cited as the primary reason for such rising inequalities.

• Political Instability: Political instability and inefficient administration are the major hurdles in successful implementation of the plans. Though the plans are formulated after complete analysis of the economic situation, most of the plans fail to achieve the targets due to inefficient administration, corruption, vested interests and red tapism.

• Political instability and inefficient administration are the major hurdles in successful implementation of the plans. Though the plans are formulated after complete analysis of the economic situation, most of the plans fail to achieve the targets due to inefficient administration, corruption, vested interests and red tapism.

Conclusion:

The achievements and failures of the economic planning in India, thus, reveal the underlying gaps in the process of planning. It is an undeniable fact that the current level of growth and development that the country has achieved could not have been possible without planning. Yet, systematic and efficient implementation of the plans and strategic policies to tackle the problem of unemployment and poverty could take the country to greater heights. It is strongly believed that the NITI Aayog would address these gaps that existed in the planning process in India and would strive to build a vibrant economy over the years.

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

4. The Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) reforms of 1991 played a significant role in transforming India’s economy, promoting growth, and attracting foreign investment. However, they also brought about social, environmental, and economic challenges that need to be addressed through further policy interventions and reforms. Critically analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India , Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about achievements and limitations of LPG reforms in India. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context about the LPG reforms. Body: First, in detail write about the LPG and their major achievements – increase economic growth, attract foreign investment, and improve competitiveness. Cite statistic and examples to substantiate. Next, write about the shortcomings of LPG reforms – increased inequality, dependency on foreign capital, limited benefits to agriculture, and environmental degradation etc. Next, write about the measures that are needed to overcome the shortcomings. Conclusion: Conclude by giving a balanced opinion on LPG reforms.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about achievements and limitations of LPG reforms in India.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving context about the LPG reforms.

First, in detail write about the LPG and their major achievements – increase economic growth, attract foreign investment, and improve competitiveness. Cite statistic and examples to substantiate.

Next, write about the shortcomings of LPG reforms – increased inequality, dependency on foreign capital, limited benefits to agriculture, and environmental degradation etc.

Next, write about the measures that are needed to overcome the shortcomings.

Conclusion:

Conclude by giving a balanced opinion on LPG reforms.

Introduction

The liberalization, privatization and globalization regime launched in 1991 completed its 30 years in 2021. The 1991 was a landmark moment in India’s post-independence history that changed the nature of the economy in fundamental ways.

A severe balance of payments problem triggered an acute economic crisis in 1991. In response, India’s economic establishment launched a multipronged reforms agenda to repair India’s macroeconomic balance sheet and ignite growth.

India’s Post-1990 Economic Strategy

• It dismantled the vast network of controls and permits that dominated the economic system.

• It redefined the role of the state as a facilitator of economic transactions and as a neutral regulator rather than the primary provider of goods and services.

• It led to moving away from a regime of import substitution and to integrate fully with the global trading system.

Positive effects of LPG Reforms

• India’s annual average growth rate from 1990 – 2010 has been 6.6 % which is almost double than pre reforms era. GDP growth rate surpassed 5% mark in early 1980’s.

• The 1991 reforms unleashed the energies of Indian entrepreneurs, gave untold choice to consumers and changed the face of the Indian economy.

• Far from poverty increasing, for the first time, there was a substantial reduction in it.

• 1991 reforms boosted services sector provided opportunities for individuals to develop their skills.

LPG reforms and inclusiveness

• During the reform period most Indian states experienced high average growth ratesin real unskilled informal wage and real unskilled agricultural wage. This explains the fall in poverty rates.

• Declining urban poverty and increasing income inequality were associated with growth in manufacturing exports and imports.

• Among manufacturing exports, during the 1990s, there was a phenomenal growth in exports of skill-intensive high-technology goods. This change in the skill compositionof Indian manufacturing export basket offers a plausible explanation of the rise in income inequality during the 1990s.

• This change in the skill compositionof Indian manufacturing export basket offers a plausible explanation of the rise in income inequality during the 1990s.

• Three unskilled labour-intensivemanufacturing goodsclothing, textiles, and leather still account for around 40% of manufacturing exports. Expectedly, their growth had a favourable impact on urban poverty through increase in the unskilled money wage.

• Expectedly, their growth had a favourable impact on urban poverty through increase in the unskilled money wage.

• Growth in aggregate output both in per capita net state domestic product (PCNSDP) and gross domestic product (GDP) is another source of lower urban poverty and higher income inequality.

• Exports found to be causing GDP growth means that the growth impact of trade may be an important factor underlying the observed changes in poverty and inequality. Growth in exports of high-technology goods seems to be one major source of such trade growth nexus.

• Growth in exports of high-technology goods seems to be one major source of such trade growth nexus.

Increasing inequalities post liberalisation

• Post liberalisation, there was more focus on assuring investor confidencefor which the fiscal deficit ought to be well within limitsand the climate for investment to be conducive.

• Socialist mind set thus far was to spontaneously change to pro-market.

• This saw an illustration of Karl Marx’s “Primitive Capital accumulation” wherein there was displacement of poor from their places which made them inevitablylose the opportunity to grow out of their livelihood option that they inherited.

• The job growth has seen only marginal increase of 0.2%in the period of great economic growth indicates this.

• If we go byGini index pertaining to consumption theinequality is starker as compared with that we obtain pertaining to income, another fact that reinforces the above claim.

• Thus, poverty has beenreduced in absolute terms butnot in equitable terms making inequality much deeper. India has to rein in over the income disparity to begin with.

Way Forward

• For reducing inequality, some advocate measures such asredistribution of assets and wealthin favour of the poor via higher taxes for the rich.

• However, these may not be pragmatic solutions. The tax/GDP ratio has to be raisedwith a wider tax base.

• Fiscal instruments like public investment in physical andsocial infrastructurecan be used to reduce inequality. The new generation wantsequality of opportunityrather than redistributive measures. Everyone irrespective of caste, class and gender should have equal opportunities in education, health, employment and entrepreneurship.

• The new generation wantsequality of opportunityrather than redistributive measures.

• Everyone irrespective of caste, class and gender should have equal opportunities in education, health, employment and entrepreneurship.

• Economic andemployment opportunities improve with education and skills.

• The new generation wants better quality in schools and higher education.

• Finally, economic reforms should focus more on efficient delivery systems of public services.

• Many reckon that poor governance is the biggest constraint in achieving the aspirations of a new generation and reduction in poverty and inequality.

• A major institutional challenge is the accountability of service providers, particularly the public sector.

• Recent literature also focused on eradication of corruption for reduction in inequalities.

• Issues like electoral reforms, crony capitalism, election funding and corruption should be part of thereform agenda to reduce inequalities.

Conclusion

The 1991 reforms helped the economy stave off a crisis and then bloom. It is time to outline a credible new reform agenda that will not just bring GDP back to pre-crisis levels, but also ensure growth rates higher than it had when it entered the pandemic.

Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

5. The management of electronic waste, or e-waste, is becoming a critical issue both domestically and globally due to its environmental and health impacts. Analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Down to Earth , Insights on India

Why the question: The world produced a whopping 62 billion kg of electronic waste (e-waste) in 2022. That number is projected to rise to 82 billion kg in 2030. Key Demand of the question: To mention the cause for the exponential growth of e waste across the world and effective measures to check it. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving few facts regarding the rising number of e waste production every year. Body: Firstly, highlight the various factors leading to high amount of e waste generation such as low product life cycle, technology getting redundant very quickly, low opportunities for repairs and recycles etc and impact of this on developing countries like India wand environment. Next, suggest various measures to control and minimise the cause of e waste production, highlight some of the provisions of e waste management rules,2016 and also the benefits of recycling e waste. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

The world produced a whopping 62 billion kg of electronic waste (e-waste) in 2022. That number is projected to rise to 82 billion kg in 2030.

Key Demand of the question:

To mention the cause for the exponential growth of e waste across the world and effective measures to check it.

Directive word:

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving few facts regarding the rising number of e waste production every year.

Firstly, highlight the various factors leading to high amount of e waste generation such as low product life cycle, technology getting redundant very quickly, low opportunities for repairs and recycles etc and impact of this on developing countries like India wand environment.

Next, suggest various measures to control and minimise the cause of e waste production, highlight some of the provisions of e waste management rules,2016 and also the benefits of recycling e waste.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

E- Wastes are discarded and end- of- life electronic products ranging from computer, TV and other electronic equipment and their electronic components. India is the third largest E-waste generator, after USA and China. E-waste is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 30% in the country.

The world produced a whopping 62 billion kg of electronic waste (e-waste) in 2022. That number is projected to rise to 82 billion kg in 2030.

Issues with handling e-waste

• E-waste Generation in India: According to the Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB), India generated more than 10 lakh tonnes of e-waste in 2019-20, an increase from 7 lakh tonnes in 2017-18. Against this, the e-waste dismantling capacity has not been increased from 82 lakh tonnes since 2017-18.

• Unsafe disposal:In 2018, the Ministry of Environment had told the tribunal that 95% of e-waste in India is recycled by the informal sector and scrap dealers unscientifically dispose of it by burning or dissolving it in acids.

• Gap in collection:National Green Tribunal noted gaps in collection targets, as the amount of e-waste collected in 2018-19 was 78,000 tonnes against a target of 1.54 lakh tonnes. There are clear governance deficits on the subject.

• Involvement of Child Labor: In India, about5 lakh child laborers in the age group of 10-14 are observed to be engaged in various E-waste activities and that toowithout adequate protection and safeguards in various yards and recycling workshops.

• Hazardous: E-waste contains over 1,000 toxic materials, which contaminate soil and groundwater.

• E-waste Imports: Cross-border flow of waste equipment into India- 80% of E-waste in developed countries meant for recycling is sent to developing countries such as India, China, Ghana and Nigeria.

Various measures needed to control and safely dispose e-waste

• E-waste clinic:India’s first e-waste clinic for segregating, processing and disposal of waste from household and commercial units has been set-up in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

• It is needed to come up with a strategy to engage with informal sector workersbecause doing so will not only go a long way in better e-waste management practices but also aid in environmental protection, improve the health and working conditions of labourers and provide better work opportunities to over a million people. This will make management environmentally sustainable and easy to monitor.

• This will make management environmentally sustainable and easy to monitor.

• The need of the hour is to generate employment, which can be done throughidentifying and promoting cooperatives and expanding the scope of the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 to these cooperatives or the informal sector workers.

• Effective implementation of regulations is the way ahead to managing the e-waste that is yet to be regulated in at least 115 countries.

Conclusion

There are various start-ups and companies in India that have now started to collect and recycle electronic waste. We need better implementation methodologies and inclusion policies that provide accommodation and validation for the informal sector to step up and help us meet our recycling targets in an environmentally sound manner. Also, successfully raising collection rates required every actor to be involved, including consumers.

General Studies – 4

Topic: Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity;

Topic: Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity;

6. What is probity? Discuss the importance of probity in the public sphere. (150 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining what is Probity. Body: Argue on the lines that for a moral society, it is necessary for all the stakeholders- the government, the corporate and the civil society must express the highest levels of probity in public life. Congruence and alignment of morality among the stakeholders is a major prerequisite to ensure a harmonious and ethic al existence of all the players promoting a just society. Illustrate the same with suitable examples. Conclusion: Conclude by saying that Probity is one of the main pillars for a just society.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.

Key Demand of the question:

Directive word:

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by defining what is Probity.

Argue on the lines that for a moral society, it is necessary for all the stakeholders- the government, the corporate and the civil society must express the highest levels of probity in public life. Congruence and alignment of morality among the stakeholders is a major prerequisite to ensure a harmonious and ethic al existence of all the players promoting a just society. Illustrate the same with suitable examples.

Conclusion:

Conclude by saying that Probity is one of the main pillars for a just society.

Introduction

Probity is “the quality or condition of having strong moral principles, integrity, good character, honesty, decency”. It is the act of adhering to the highest principles and ideals rather than avoiding corrupt or dishonest conduct. It balances service to the community against the self-interest of individuals.

Importance of Probity in Public sphere

In a democracy, probity espouses the principles of equality before law and a respect for the rights and duties of leaders towards their citizens. Conversely, probity is a societal expectation which citizens demand from decision makers and all those who function as a part of the state’s apparatus

• Legitimacy of the system:Foremost, it helps build up the legitimacy of the system, i.e. the state. It builds trusts in the institutions of the state and a belief that the actions of the state will be for welfare of the beneficiaries.

• Objectivity: It provides for an objective and independent view on the fairness of the process.

• Checks and balances: It helps in checking the abuse and misuse of power by various organs of government such as magistracy, police and all other providers of public service e.g. PWD, health, education, etc.

• Equitable and sustainable development: It is an essential and vital requirement for an efficient and effective system of governance and for socio-economic development.

• To serve the constitutional cause:Probity in Governance is required to serve the motto of Constitution. i.e. to provide Social, Political and economic justice to all. It enhances faith in the governance.

• Reduced politicization of bureaucracy:It helps address nepotism, Favouritism, Political partisanship. Public reposes more trust in governance and therefore it facilitates participatory governance. It leads to avoidance of sub-optimal outcomes, corruption and poor perception

Conclusion

It is a shared belief that the adoption of standards like “accountability”, “transparency” and “responsiveness” will lead to clean and efficient governance. However, standards do not, by themselves, ensure ethical behaviour: which requires a robust culture of integrity and probity in public life. The crux of ethical behaviour does not lie only in standards, but in their adoption in action and in issuing sanctions against their violation.

*Value addition*

*Concept of Probity*

• Probity is confirmed integrity. It is usually regarded as being incorruptible.

• It is the quality of having strong moral principles and strictly following them, such as honesty, uprightness, transparency and incorruptibility.

• Probity in Governance is concerned with the propriety and character of various organs of the government as to whether these uphold the procedural uprightness, regardless of the individuals manning these institutions.

• It involves adopting an ethical and transparent approach, allowing the process to withstand scrutiny.

• Probity goes further than the avoidance of being dishonest because it is determined by intangibles like personal and societal values.

• Probity has been described as a risk management approach ensuring procedural integrity.

• It is concerned with procedures, processes and systems rather than outcomes. The principles of probity, ethics and good governance operate on many levels – from, the individual, to the organization and on to the ‘watch-dog’.

*Probity principles*

There are several generally accepted probity concepts that serve to preserve the integrity of a system. These are:

• *Transparency:*It is sizeable that the procedure is transparent to the most volume feasible so that each one stakeholder can have faith within the consequences. Transparent, open techniques additionally decline the possibility for, and the threat of, corruption, and fraud.

• *Accountability: It*is the responsibility with a view to give an explanation for or account for the manner duties were achieved. The government has to have appropriate mechanisms in the area to expose that they may be liable for their practices and decisions.

• *Confidentiality: *Being employed, all public servants or other employees under a general responsibility of confidentiality to their corporation. Accordingly, it is not vital for participants of the Government Project Team who are public servants to execute a confidentiality project in terms of the mission. Moreover, all Government advisors, servants, members and some other third party that is aware of commercially sensitive statistics ought to ensure a proper venture to Government that they’ll preserve this information confidential.

• *Conflict of interest:*This is wherein the general public responsibility and private interests of a Board or staff member can be in conflict which results in their personal interest unreliably influencing their duties and needs. Stakeholders have the authority to count on that Board and staff contributors will best make selections in the best interest of the organization.

• *Impartiality:*People and companies interacting with an employer are predicted to be independent at every level of the method. If they do no longer trust the process is accurate or fair or unbiased, it may harm the popularity of the enterprise.

Topic: Work culture, Quality of service delivery,

Topic: Work culture, Quality of service delivery,

7. What are the factors that create and maintain a culture of ethical behaviour at the workplace? (150 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate.

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To write about components of ethical workplace culture and ways to build it. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by describing an ethical work culture. Body: Write about the major factors that create and maintain a culture of ethical behaviour – leadership, organizational structure, policies and procedures, training and communication, rewards and recognition, organizational values, and industry norms and regulations. Next, write about ways to build ethical workplace culture and environment. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about components of ethical workplace culture and ways to build it.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start by describing an ethical work culture.

Write about the major factors that create and maintain a culture of ethical behaviour – leadership, organizational structure, policies and procedures, training and communication, rewards and recognition, organizational values, and industry norms and regulations.

Next, write about ways to build ethical workplace culture and environment.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Work Culture or Organization Culture is set of collective beliefs, values, rules and behaviour which organisation as whole conforms to. In a layman approach it is culture that a group as an organisation follows. Culture varies with family, region, social class and hence in work environment.

Ethical behaviour in a workplace refers to the adherence to the ethical work culture by individuals belonging to the workplace.

Components of an ethical workplace culture and environment

• Priority to employee rights

• Fair procedures and treatment

• Equity in pay and promotion,

• Promotes tolerance, compassion, loyalty and honesty in the treatment of customers and employees.

Yes, acknowledging and providing incentives for ethical conduct can bolster the overall ethical culture

• A clear expectation for behaviour among all members of an organization is the first step towards a more ethical organizational culture.

• Organizational leaders must be mindful of their actions as others in the organization will likely follow their lead when it comes to ethical behaviour and attitudes.

• Offering opportunities for recognition, awards, and social reinforcements for desirable ethical behaviors’ can go a long way to promote the types of ethical culture desired in any organization.

• Workshops, easy to use reference materials, ongoing and readily available consultation from peers or mentors are just some of the many ways institutions can assist in training students and staff to best use the tools that are available to them to participate in better and more thoughtful ethical decision making.

• Ethical ambiguities can be reduced by creating and disseminating an organizational code of ethics. It should state the organization’s primary values and the ethical rules that employees are expected to follow.

• The organization needs to provide formal mechanisms so that employees can discuss ethical dilemmas and report unethical behaviour without fear of reprimand. This might include creation of ethical counsellors, ombudsmen, or ethical officers.

Measures I would take to make workplace more ethical

• Lead by example: a leader leads from the front. We should be able to do what we preach and is the best way to motivate our subordinates. e.g. SAM MANEKSHAW, valor of Alexander

• Persuasion: Senior can persuade the subordinates by making them informed about values and output they would create if they perform better. If subordinate understand what tangible their efforts would lead, they get motivated and work toward achieving that goal.

• Fairness: we should be fair in the task allocation and should treat all our subordinates in a fair manner irrespective of their background. e.g. without any differences of caste or creed

• Transparency: a public servant should be transparent in his working and should be open to suggestions.

• Flexibility: we should be flexible, open to suggestions and should hear suggestions from experienced subordinates. this would give them recognition and at the same time would be beneficial for the organization.

• Recognition: give recognition to the employees who have worked on the ground will motivate them to work even harder the next time. e.g. mayo hawthorne experiment

• Incentivization: Incentives whether financial or awards create an atmosphere of competitiveness among subordinates and therefore they get motivates and improve their performance.

• Employee engagement: in various constructive activities will help them to channelize their energies in the right direction. e.g. doing some activities with the employees

• Grievance redressal: keeping some part of the day especially for hearing and solving grievances will help them to be self-motivated. e.g in armed forces officers have daily some time for the grievance redressal of the jawans.

• Adopting physical fitness and healthy lifestyle culture, yoga-meditation so that people can be physically and emotionally fit to perform their duties. Making motivational courses intrinsic part of training.

Conclusion

A self-motivated worker will work his heart out for the betterment of the organizations and leaders should strive their best to achieve it.

Join our Official Telegram Channel HERE

Please subscribe to Our podcast channel HERE

Follow our Twitter Account HERE

Follow our Instagram ID HERE