[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 20 May 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
1. India’s narrative tradition is a testament to its rich cultural heritage, offering timeless wisdom and universal themes that resonate across different eras and societies. Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question: The article highlights the richness of India’s narrative tradition, exemplified by epic storytellers like Valmiki (Ramayana) and Vyasa (Mahabharata). Key Demand of the question: To write in detail about India’s narrative tradition of ancient India and its contribution. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, write about the rich corpus of ancient India’s narrative tradition encompasses epic literature like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, mythological Puranas, moral Jataka tales, and classical Sanskrit poetry. Next, write about how the narrative tradition of ancient India has influenced various art forms, including classical dance, music, and visual arts, creating a holistic cultural experience. These stories continue to shape the Indian ethos, providing moral guidance and cultural identity. Cite examples. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.
Why the question:
The article highlights the richness of India’s narrative tradition, exemplified by epic storytellers like Valmiki (Ramayana) and Vyasa (Mahabharata).
Key Demand of the question:
To write in detail about India’s narrative tradition of ancient India and its contribution.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
First, write about the rich corpus of ancient India’s narrative tradition encompasses epic literature like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, mythological Puranas, moral Jataka tales, and classical Sanskrit poetry.
Next, write about how the narrative tradition of ancient India has influenced various art forms, including classical dance, music, and visual arts, creating a holistic cultural experience. These stories continue to shape the Indian ethos, providing moral guidance and cultural identity. Cite examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
India’s narrative tradition transcends boundaries. It whispers to us across millennia, reminding us of our shared humanity. It stands as a magnificent tapestry woven across centuries, carrying within it the essence of wisdom, morality, and universal truths. The vibrant tapestry of ancient India’s narrative tradition has had a profound impact on various art forms.
• Epic Literature: Mahabharata: This colossal epic, attributed to sage Vyasa, weaves together intricate tales of honor, duty, and cosmic battles. It encompasses the Bhagavad Gita, a spiritual dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna. Ramayana: Valmiki’s Ramayana narrates the life of Lord Rama, his exile, the abduction of Sita by Ravana, and the ultimate triumph of dharma (righteousness). Mythological Puranas: These texts delve into creation myths, genealogies of gods, and moral lessons. The Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, and Devi Bhagavata Purana are prominent examples. Jataka Tales: These stories recount the previous lives of Gautama Buddha, emphasizing compassion, selflessness, and ethical conduct. Classical Sanskrit Poetry: Works like Kalidasa’s “Shakuntala” and Jayadeva’s “Gita Govinda” celebrate love, nature, and devotion.
• Mahabharata: This colossal epic, attributed to sage Vyasa, weaves together intricate tales of honor, duty, and cosmic battles. It encompasses the Bhagavad Gita, a spiritual dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna.
• Ramayana: Valmiki’s Ramayana narrates the life of Lord Rama, his exile, the abduction of Sita by Ravana, and the ultimate triumph of dharma (righteousness).
• Mythological Puranas: These texts delve into creation myths, genealogies of gods, and moral lessons. The Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, and Devi Bhagavata Purana are prominent examples.
• Jataka Tales: These stories recount the previous lives of Gautama Buddha, emphasizing compassion, selflessness, and ethical conduct.
• Classical Sanskrit Poetry: Works like Kalidasa’s “Shakuntala” and Jayadeva’s “Gita Govinda” celebrate love, nature, and devotion.
Influence on Art Forms:
• Classical Dance: Bharatanatyam: Rooted in the Natya Shastra, this dance form incorporates storytelling through mudras (hand gestures), abhinaya (expressions), and rhythmic footwork. Epics and Puranas inspire its repertoire. Odissi: Evoking grace and devotion, Odissi draws from the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Jayadeva’s “Ashtapadi.” Kathak: Originating from the Kathakars (storytellers), Kathak narrates tales of Radha-Krishna, mythological episodes, and historical events.
• Bharatanatyam: Rooted in the Natya Shastra, this dance form incorporates storytelling through mudras (hand gestures), abhinaya (expressions), and rhythmic footwork. Epics and Puranas inspire its repertoire.
• Odissi: Evoking grace and devotion, Odissi draws from the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Jayadeva’s “Ashtapadi.”
• Kathak: Originating from the Kathakars (storytellers), Kathak narrates tales of Radha-Krishna, mythological episodes, and historical events.
• Classical Music: Ragas and Bhajans: Ancient compositions in classical music often invoke deities, heroes, and celestial landscapes. Ragas like “Bhairavi” evoke devotion, while bhajans celebrate divine love. Dhrupad and Kirtan: These forms blend music and spirituality, drawing from sacred texts and epics.
• Ragas and Bhajans: Ancient compositions in classical music often invoke deities, heroes, and celestial landscapes. Ragas like “Bhairavi” evoke devotion, while bhajans celebrate divine love.
• Dhrupad and Kirtan: These forms blend music and spirituality, drawing from sacred texts and epics.
• Visual Arts: Miniature Paintings: Rajasthani and Mughal miniature paintings depict scenes from epics, capturing emotions, landscapes, and courtly life. Frescoes and Temples: Ancient temples, such as Khajuraho and Ellora, feature intricate carvings and frescoes inspired by mythological narratives. Kalighat Paintings: Originating in Kolkata, these vibrant folk paintings narrate stories of gods, goddesses, and everyday life.
• Miniature Paintings: Rajasthani and Mughal miniature paintings depict scenes from epics, capturing emotions, landscapes, and courtly life.
• Frescoes and Temples: Ancient temples, such as Khajuraho and Ellora, feature intricate carvings and frescoes inspired by mythological narratives.
• Kalighat Paintings: Originating in Kolkata, these vibrant folk paintings narrate stories of gods, goddesses, and everyday life.
Holistic Cultural Experience:
• Moral Guidance: Ancient narratives provide ethical frameworks. The Ramayana teaches loyalty, duty, and sacrifice, while the Mahabharata grapples with dilemmas and virtues. Jataka tales emphasize compassion, empathy, and karma.
• Ancient narratives provide ethical frameworks. The Ramayana teaches loyalty, duty, and sacrifice, while the Mahabharata grapples with dilemmas and virtues.
• Jataka tales emphasize compassion, empathy, and karma.
• Cultural Identity: These stories shape India’s collective consciousness, fostering a sense of identity and continuity. The Ramayana’s influence extends to Southeast Asia, where it’s celebrated in local art and traditions.
• These stories shape India’s collective consciousness, fostering a sense of identity and continuity.
• The Ramayana’s influence extends to Southeast Asia, where it’s celebrated in local art and traditions.
Conclusion
Ancient India’s narrative tradition transcends time, infusing art forms with spirituality, beauty, and wisdom.
Topic: population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
Topic: population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
2. Child labour in India persists due to poverty, which forces families to rely on children’s income, and limited access to quality education. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India.
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1. Key Demand of the question: To write about the causes behind child labour menace and role of universal social protection in ending it. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving statistic relating to child labour in India. Body: First, write about the various measures to curb child labour and reasons for its continuance despite it – Poverty, inequality, lack of educational opportunities, slow demographic transition, traditions and cultural expectations etc. Next, write about measures that can help in curbing child labour. Cite examples and facts to substantiate the same. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward and importance of ending child labour in achieving SDG’s.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the causes behind child labour menace and role of universal social protection in ending it.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving statistic relating to child labour in India.
First, write about the various measures to curb child labour and reasons for its continuance despite it – Poverty, inequality, lack of educational opportunities, slow demographic transition, traditions and cultural expectations etc.
Next, write about measures that can help in curbing child labour. Cite examples and facts to substantiate the same.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward and importance of ending child labour in achieving SDG’s.
Introduction
Child labour typically means the employment of children in any manual work with or without payment. It is a deep rooted social ill in India. As per the 2011 Census, in the age group 5-14 years, 10.1 million of 259.6 million constituted working children. Even though there was a decline in the number of working children to 3.9% in 2011 from 5% in 2001, the decline rate is grossly insufficient to meet target 8.7 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is to end child labour in all forms by 2025.
A parliamentary standing committee on labour, textiles and skill development in its 52nd report on ‘National Policy on Child Labourers’ has said that it was “practically not possible” to meet the international commitment to eliminating child labour by 2025.
Current state of Child Labour in India:
Efforts taken to eradicate child labour in India:
• Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act(1986)to prohibit the engagement of children in certain employments and to regulate the conditions of work of children in certain other employments
• Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 : The Amendment Act completely prohibits the employment of children below 14 years.
• The amendment also prohibits the employment of adolescents in the age group of 14 to 18 years in hazardous occupations and processes and regulates their working conditions where they are not prohibited.
• On World Day Against Child Labour (June 12) in 2017, India ratified two core conventionsof the International Labour Organization on child labour.
• National Policy on Child Labour (1987), with a focus more on rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations and processes, rather than on prevention.
• Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act2000and amendment of the JJ Act in 2006: includes the working child in the category of children in need of care and protection, without any limitation of age or type of occupation.
• Section 23 (cruelty to Juvenile) and Section 26 (exploitation of juvenile employee)specifically deal with child labour under children in need of care and protection.
• Pencil: The government has launched a dedicated platform viz. pencil.gov.in to ensure effective enforcement of child labour laws and end child labour.
• The Right to Education Act 2009has made it mandatory for the state to ensure that all children aged six to 14 years are in school and receive free education. Along with Article 21A of the Constitution of India recognizing education as a fundamental right, this constitutes a timely opportunity to use education to combat child labour in India.
• Amendments made to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Actprescribes severe punishment for people found guilty of retaining bonded labour.
• The amendment stipulates rigorous imprisonment for those who force children to beg, handle or carry human waste and animal carcasses.
• The draft National Policy for Domestic Workers, when goes into force, will ensure minimum Rs.9,000 salary for household helpers.
• Every police station in the country has a separate cell for juvenile, women and child protection.
• Many NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan, CARE India, Child Rights and You, Global march against child labour, RIDE India, Child line etc. have been working to eradicate child labour in India.
Gaps still persist:
• Multiple forms exist: Child labour is not uniform. It takes many forms depending upon the type of work that children are made to do, the age and sex of the child and whether they work independently or with families.
• Due to this complex nature of child labour, there is no one strategy that can be used to eliminate it.
• The absence of national legislation to give effect to global conventions on the employment of children in hazardous industries, as well as on the minimum age of work.
• The lack of harmony between global commitments and domestic priorities.
• Incoherency between laws that prescribe a minimum age for employment and those for completion of compulsory school education. It also means that the expansion of quality universal basic education has to extend beyond the fulfilment of statutory provisions.
• Lack of effective labour inspections in the informal economy. Around 71% of working children are concentrated in the agriculture sector, with 69% of them undertaking unpaid work in family units.
Way forward:
• Abolition of child trafficking, elimination of poverty, free and compulsory education, and basic standards of living can reduce the problem to a great extent.
• Strict implementation of labour laws is also essential in order to prevent exploitation by parties or multinational companies
• Strengthening policy and legislative enforcement, and building the capacities of government, workers’ and employers’ organisations as well as other partners at national, State and community levels should be prioritized.
• Education: Spreading literacy and education is a potent weapon against the practice of child labour, because illiterate persons do not understand the implications of child labour The single most effective way to stem the flow of school-aged children into child labour is to improve access to and quality of schooling.
• Spreading literacy and education is a potent weapon against the practice of child labour, because illiterate persons do not understand the implications of child labour
• The single most effective way to stem the flow of school-aged children into child labour is to improve access to and quality of schooling.
• Eradicate Unemployment: Another way to stop child labour is to eliminate or rein in unemployment. Because of inadequate employment, many families cannot afford to meet all their expenses. If employment opportunities are increased, they will be able to let their children read and write and become worthy citizens
• Another way to stop child labour is to eliminate or rein in unemployment. Because of inadequate employment, many families cannot afford to meet all their expenses. If employment opportunities are increased, they will be able to let their children read and write and become worthy citizens
• Continued progress against child labour requires policies that help mitigate the economic vulnerability of households. Accelerating progress towards universal social protection is key, as social protection helps prevent poor households from having to rely on child labour as a coping mechanism.
• Attitude change: It is important that the attitudes and mindsets of people are changed to instead employ adults and allow all children to go to school and have the chance to learn, play and socialize as they should. A sector-wide culture of child labour-free businesses has to be nurtured.
• It is important that the attitudes and mindsets of people are changed to instead employ adults and allow all children to go to school and have the chance to learn, play and socialize as they should.
• A sector-wide culture of child labour-free businesses has to be nurtured.
Conclusion:
Eliminating child labour is firmly placed within Goal 8 of the SDGs. A stronger nexus between the discourse on SDGs and the discourse on eliminating child labour can take the advantage of complementarities and synergies of a wide range of actors engaged in both areas of work. The fight against child labour is not just the responsibility of one, it is the responsibility of all.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.
Topic: Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.
3. Local body elections in India face several challenges that hinder their effectiveness and democratic integrity. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2. Key Demand of the question: To write about the issues with local body election in India and ways to resolve them. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Briefly explain the significance of local body elections in India. Body: First, write about the Issues in Local Body Elections in India -Lack of awareness and voter education, Low voter turnout, Limited knowledge about candidates and inadequate representation and inclusivity etc. Next, write about the steps to counter issues in local body elections. Conclusion: Suggest a way forward.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the issues with local body election in India and ways to resolve them.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Briefly explain the significance of local body elections in India.
First, write about the Issues in Local Body Elections in India -Lack of awareness and voter education, Low voter turnout, Limited knowledge about candidates and inadequate representation and inclusivity etc.
Next, write about the steps to counter issues in local body elections.
Conclusion:
Suggest a way forward.
Introduction
Local Self Government is the management of local affairs by such local bodies who have been elected by the local people. The local self-Government includes both rural and urban government. It is the third level of the government. There are 2 types of local government in operation – panchayatas in rural areas and Municipalities in urban areas.
Local body elections plagued by issues
• Lack of voter awareness: Many citizens, especially in rural areas, lack awareness about the importance of local body elections, the roles and responsibilities of local representatives, and the impact of their votes. This leads to low voter turnout and undermines the democratic process.
• Political violence: Local body elections often suffer from significant political interference, with political parties attempting to influence the outcomes by promoting their candidates or engaging in unethical practices. This can result in unfair competition and undermine the principles of free and fair elections. Eg: In West Bengal Opposition parties have not been able to file nominations in about 50 of the 341 blocks of the State amid reports of the intimidation of candidates.
• Eg: In West Bengal Opposition parties have not been able to file nominations in about 50 of the 341 blocks of the State amid reports of the intimidation of candidates.
• Money power and corruption: Local body elections in India are notorious for the influence of money power. Candidates, especially those backed by major political parties, often engage in bribery and other corrupt practices to secure votes. This marginalizes genuine candidates who lack financial resources and hampers the representation of the people’s true choice.
• Caste and identity politics: Local body elections frequently witness the exploitation of caste and identity-based divisions. Candidates often leverage these divisions to secure votes along caste or religious lines, leading to polarization and a distortion of the democratic process. This undermines the focus on development and governance issues.
• Inadequate infrastructure and logistics: Elections require substantial infrastructure and logistical support, such as polling booths, ballot papers, electronic voting machines, and adequate security measures. In many cases, these arrangements are inadequate or poorly managed, leading to confusion, delays, and voter disenfranchisement. Eg: The State government and the SEC do not have enough resources at their disposal to conduct the mammoth exercise across the State on a single day
• Eg: The State government and the SEC do not have enough resources at their disposal to conduct the mammoth exercise across the State on a single day
• Women’s underrepresentation: Local body elections often witness low representation of women candidates and elected representatives. Despite reservation quotas for women, there are challenges in implementing them effectively, and deep-rooted patriarchal norms and social barriers still limit women’s participation and influence in local governance. Pati Panchayat is rampant all over India where women are only the mouthpiece of their male counterparts.
• Pati Panchayat is rampant all over India where women are only the mouthpiece of their male counterparts.
• Lack of accountability: Once elected, local body representatives may lack mechanisms for accountability to their constituents. This can result in poor governance, corruption, and neglect of local issues. Inadequate oversight and monitoring mechanisms exacerbate this problem. The elected candidates are often illiterate and there is no substantial outcome.
• The elected candidates are often illiterate and there is no substantial outcome.
Strategies to address the issues
• Increasing voter awareness through civic education and outreach programs.
• Strengthening regulatory bodies to curb political interference and ensure fair elections.
• Implementing effective measures to reduce money power and corruption, such as transparent campaign financing and stricter enforcement of election expenditure limits.
• Promoting social inclusion and discouraging identity-based politics through public discourse and awareness campaigns.
• Enhancing infrastructure and logistical arrangements to ensure smooth and efficient elections.
• Encouraging greater participation of women through affirmative action, awareness campaigns, and capacity-building programs.
• Establishing robust mechanisms for monitoring and holding local body representatives accountable for their actions and performance.
Conclusion
It is important for government bodies, civil society organizations, and citizens to collaborate in addressing these challenges and strengthening the democratic fabric of local body elections in India.
*Value Addition*
• *Rural Local Governments: Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) is a system of rural local self-government in India. PRI was constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 to build democracy at the grass roots level and was entrusted with the task of rural development in the country. This act has added a new Part-IX to the Constitution of India. This part is entitled as ‘The Panchayats’ and consists of provisions from Articles 243 to 243 O. In addition, the act has also added a new Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution. This schedule contains 29 functional items of the panchayats. It deals with Article 243-G. In its present form and structure PRI has completed 30 years of existence. However, a lot remains to be done in order to further decentralization and strengthen democracy at the grass root level.*
• Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) is a system of rural local self-government in India.
• PRI was constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 to build democracy at the grass roots level and was entrusted with the task of rural development in the country. This act has added a new Part-IX to the Constitution of India. This part is entitled as ‘The Panchayats’ and consists of provisions from Articles 243 to 243 O.* In addition, the act has also added a new Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution. This schedule contains 29 functional items of the panchayats. It deals with Article 243-G.*
• This act has added a new Part-IX to the Constitution of India. This part is entitled as ‘The Panchayats’ and consists of provisions from Articles 243 to 243 O.**
• In addition, the act has also added a new Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution. This schedule contains 29 functional items of the panchayats. It deals with Article 243-G.
• In its present form and structure PRI has completed 30 years of existence. However, a lot remains to be done in order to further decentralization and strengthen democracy at the grass root level.
• *Urban Local Governments: Urban Local Governments were established with the purpose of democratic decentralisation.* *There are eight types of urban local governments in India* – Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area Committee, Town Area Committee, Cantonment Board, township, port trust, special purpose agency. At the Central level the subject of ‘urban local government’ is dealt with by the following three Ministries. The Ministry of Urban Development was created as a separate ministry in 1985 (now Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs). Ministry of Defense in the case of cantonment boards. Ministry of Home Affairs in the case of Union Territories. The 74th Amendment Act pertaining to urban local government was passed during the regime of P.V. Narsimha Rao’s government in 1992. It came into force on 1st June, 1993. Added Part IX -A and consists of provisions from articles 243-P to 243-ZG. Added 12th Schedule to the Constitution. It contains 18 functional items of Municipalities and deals with Article 243 W.
• *Urban Local Governments* were established with the purpose of democratic decentralisation.
• There are eight types of urban local governments in India – Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area Committee, Town Area Committee, Cantonment Board, township, port trust, special purpose agency.
• At the Central level the subject of ‘urban local government’ is dealt with by the following three Ministries. The Ministry of Urban Development was created as a separate ministry in 1985 (now Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs). Ministry of Defense in the case of cantonment boards. Ministry of Home Affairs in the case of Union Territories.
• The Ministry of Urban Development was created as a separate ministry in 1985 (now Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs).
• Ministry of Defense in the case of cantonment boards.
• Ministry of Home Affairs in the case of Union Territories.
• The 74th Amendment Act pertaining to urban local government was passed during the regime of P.V. Narsimha Rao’s government in 1992. It came into force on 1st June, 1993. Added Part IX -A and consists of provisions from articles 243-P to 243-ZG. Added 12th Schedule to the Constitution. It contains 18 functional items of Municipalities and deals with Article 243 W.
• Added Part IX -A and consists of provisions from articles 243-P to 243-ZG.
• Added 12th Schedule to the Constitution. It contains 18 functional items of Municipalities and deals with Article 243 W.
Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
4. The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a valuable tool in strengthening U.S.-India trade relations. GSP can play a pivotal role in elevating the strategic partnership between both the countries. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: The article emphasizes the importance of renewing the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) for strengthening U.S.-India trade relations. Key Demand of the question: To write about the scope of India–United States (US) relations – in trade and role of GSP in doing so. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context regarding the growth of the India-U.S relationship in the recent past. Body: In the first part, write about the US as India’s most comprehensive strategic partner, and cooperation between the two extends across multiple areas such as trade, defense, multilateralism, intelligence, cyberspace, civil nuclear energy, education, and healthcare. Next, write about the role of GSP – offering duty-free entry for many Indian products into the U.S. market. This boosts Indian exports, supports SMEs, and strengthens bilateral trade, particularly in strategic sectors like textiles and agriculture etc. Write about the various bottlenecks in renewing GSP. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The article emphasizes the importance of renewing the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) for strengthening U.S.-India trade relations.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the scope of India–United States (US) relations – in trade and role of GSP in doing so.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context regarding the growth of the India-U.S relationship in the recent past.
In the first part, write about the US as India’s most comprehensive strategic partner, and cooperation between the two extends across multiple areas such as trade, defense, multilateralism, intelligence, cyberspace, civil nuclear energy, education, and healthcare.
Next, write about the role of GSP – offering duty-free entry for many Indian products into the U.S. market. This boosts Indian exports, supports SMEs, and strengthens bilateral trade, particularly in strategic sectors like textiles and agriculture etc. Write about the various bottlenecks in renewing GSP.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
India USA have seen ascendance of relationship in the 21st century, which was crystalised by 2008 India Nuclear Civil Nuclear Agreement. Various factors, including LPG reforms, rise of China, increasing influence of Indian community in USA are the factors behind this. Also, the shared values of democracy, rule of law, human rights, religious freedom bind the countries together.
India and USA relations aligned with each other
• Security: Combat terrorism and weapons of mass destruction Protect global commons like sea routes and sea lanes of communication. Eg: India has mentioned Taiwan issue in public for the first time while USA has been passing through South China sea and Taiwan straits to protect freedom of navigation in high seas.
• Eg: India has mentioned Taiwan issue in public for the first time while USA has been passing through South China sea and Taiwan straits to protect freedom of navigation in high seas.
• Global cooperation: International Cooperation through platforms like UN, ASEAN, G-20, IMF, Quad. Quad security dialogue has been initiated to reign in China’s dominance in the region.
• Defence cooperation: Defence agreements Iike LEMOA, COMCASA, Industrial Security Agreement and BECA; Bilateral military exercises like Yudh Abhyaas, Vajra prahar, etc have been taking place every year.
• Space cooperation: Indo-US science and technology cooperation agreement; Joint Microwave remote sensing satellite named NISAR.
• Diaspora and people to people ties: Strength of Indian diaspora in US is around 4.5 million which is around 1% of its population. Indian diaspora is a source and agent of soft power, an effective public diplomacy tool and is acknowledged for its work ethos, discipline, non-interference and peaceful living with the locals.
Divergences and friction areas
• Tariffs war: Since 2018 both countries were engaged in tariffs war. E.g. In 2018, the US imposed additional tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminium imports from various countries, including India. India’s refusal to remove the 20% tariffs on ICT products caused the trade deal between India and USA to delay which remains still pending.
• WTO disputes: India USA are involved in WTO disputes on issues like, Capping prices of medical devices by India, greater Indian market access for American agriculture and dairy products etc.
• IPR: India is also on U.S.’s “Priority Watch List” which identifies countries posing challenges to American intellectual property rights. Also, The US wants India to strengthen patent regulations, and to ease the limitations American companies investing in India face.
• USA tensions with Iran, Russia: Putting unilateral curbs on Russian and Iranian imports into India through CAATSA would impinge on India’s relations with Iran, Russia, both relations in which India has strong stakes.
• Divergence of interests in Afghanistan: In the backdrop of Afghan Peace deal, U.S. left Afghanistan. Decades of work was scrapped as Taliban took over and freedom of people and the developmental work India did is hampered.
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
GSP is a U.S. trade program designed to promote economic growth in the developing world by providing preferential duty-free entry for up to 4,800 products from 129 designated beneficiary countries and territories.
The privilege was withdrawn by outgoing President Donald Trump’s administration in Washington DC in June 2019 and India has been prodding the United States to restore it.
What is the objective of GSP?
• The objective of GSP was to give development support to poor countries by promoting exports from them into the developed countries.
• GSP promotes sustainable development in beneficiary countries by helping these countries to increase and diversify their trade with the United States.
Benefits of GSP:
• GSP can play a vital role in establishing stable market access for developing countries that otherwise struggle to tap into global trade flows.
• It can be especially valuable for small businesses and women-owned enterprises, thus helping to empower them beyond limited domestic markets.
• More recent analysis suggests that GSP is vital in offering alternatives to Chinese imports and providing an advantage to suppliers in trusted developing country markets.
• GSP criteria promote reforms on labour and environmental sustainability and intellectual property rights protection.
• GSP imports also help reduce the tariff bills paid by American companies, many of which are small- and medium-sized enterprises.
• Indian exporters benefit indirectly – through the benefit that accrues to the importer by way of reduced tariff or duty free entry of eligible Indian products
• Reduction or removal of import duty on an Indian product makes it more competitive to the importer – other things (e.g. quality) being equal.
• This tariff preference helps new exporters to penetrate a market and established exporters to increase their market share and to improve upon the profit margins, in the donor country.
Conclusion
The changing geopolitics, and increased Chinese aggression necessitates closer cooperation between India USA. Thus, the relationship is two-sided. Just as India benefited from US inputs during Doklam and recent India China standoff, the US has benefited from Indian defence spending.
As the U.S.-India strategic partnership continues to grow and the two countries play critical, collaborative roles in the Indo-Pacific, they should aim much higher in their trade relationship. GSP is not the full answer to comprehensively achieving this, but it would be a strong statement of their mutual desire to be on this path.
General Studies – 3
Topic: money laundering and its prevention.
Topic: money laundering and its prevention.
5. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) has achieved significant successes in combating money laundering, addressing its limitations will be crucial for enhancing its effectiveness and ensuring comprehensive prevention of financial crimes. Critically examine (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India
Why the question: The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 was enacted with a distinct objective. Key Demand of the question: To write successes and limitations of PMLA in achieving its stated objectives. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by writing about the aims and objectives of PMLA. Body: First, write about the various features of PMLA – its successes and limitations when it comes to holding the launderers accountable. Next, write about the steps that have been taken to improve the conviction rate in the PMLA. Write about its impact. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward to holistically address the issue of money laundering in the country.
Why the question:
The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 was enacted with a distinct objective.
Key Demand of the question:
To write successes and limitations of PMLA in achieving its stated objectives.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by writing about the aims and objectives of PMLA.
First, write about the various features of PMLA – its successes and limitations when it comes to holding the launderers accountable.
Next, write about the steps that have been taken to improve the conviction rate in the PMLA. Write about its impact.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward to holistically address the issue of money laundering in the country.
Introduction
The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) was enacted in 2002 and it came into force in 2005. The chief objective of this legislation is to fight money laundering, that is, the process of converting black money into white. The act aims at Preventing money laundering, Combating the channelising of money into illegal activities and economic crimes, Providing for the confiscation of property derived from or involved in money laundering and Providing for any other matters connected with or incidental to the act of money laundering.
Critics argue that amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) stripped a person of his right under Article 20(3) (fundamental right against self-incrimination) of the Constitution.
About PMLA
• It is a criminal law enacted to prevent money laundering and to provide for confiscation of property derived from, or involved in, money-laundering and related matters.
• It forms the core of the legal framework put in place by India to combat Money Laundering.
• The provisions of this act are applicable to all financial institutions, banks (Including RBI), mutual funds, insurance companies, and their financial intermediaries.
• PMLA (Amendment) Act, 2012: Adds the concept of ‘reporting entity’ which would include a banking company, financial institution, intermediary etc. PMLA, 2002 levied a fine up to Rs 5 lakh, but the amendment act has removed this upper limit. It has provided for provisional attachment and confiscation of property of any person involved in such activities.
• Adds the concept of ‘reporting entity’ which would include a banking company, financial institution, intermediary etc.
• PMLA, 2002 levied a fine up to Rs 5 lakh, but the amendment act has removed this upper limit.
• It has provided for provisional attachment and confiscation of property of any person involved in such activities.
Efficacy of PMLA
• Indian banks were reluctant to depart from their strict bank secrecy policies, and this further allowed individuals in India to launder money. The problem of money laundering in India is complicated further by Hawala’s ancient underground banking system.
• ED has been given the responsibility to enforce the provisions of the PMLA by conducting investigation to trace the assets derived from proceeds of crime, to provisionally attach the property and to ensure prosecution of the offenders and confiscation of the property by the Special court.
• ED has been given the responsibility to conduct investigation into suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations, to adjudicate and impose penalties on those adjudged to have contravened the law.
Issues with PMLA
• PMLA is pulled into the investigation of even “ordinary” crimes and assets of genuine victims have been attached.
• PMLA was enacted in response to India’s global commitment (including the Vienna Convention) to combat the menace of money laundering. Instead, rights have been “cribbed, cabined and confined”.
• PMLA was a comprehensive penal statute to counter the threat of money laundering, specifically stemming from trade in narcotics. Currently, the offences in the schedule of the Act are extremely overbroad, and in several cases, have absolutely no relation to either narcotics or organised crime.
• Currently, the offences in the schedule of the Act are extremely overbroad, and in several cases, have absolutely no relation to either narcotics or organised crime.
• Even the Enforcement Case Information Report (ECIR) – an equivalent of the FIR – is considered an “internal document” and not given to the accused. The ED treats itself as an exception to these principles and practises [of criminal procedure law] and chooses to register an ECIR on its own whims and fancies on its own file.
• The ED treats itself as an exception to these principles and practises [of criminal procedure law] and chooses to register an ECIR on its own whims and fancies on its own file.
• There is also a lack of clarity about ED’s selection of cases to investigate. The initiation of an investigation by the ED has consequences which have the potential of curtailing the liberty of an individual.
Conclusion
The evolving threats of money laundering supported by the emerging technologies need to be addressed with the equally advanced Anti-Money Laundering mechanisms like big data and artificial intelligence. Both international and domestic stakeholders need to come together by strengthening data sharing mechanisms amongst them to effectively eliminate the problem of money laundering.
General Studies – 4
Topic: Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in-human actions; dimensions of ethics;
Topic: Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in-human actions; dimensions of ethics;
6. Governments can operate in ways that make the majority happy while ignoring the needs and rights of the minority according to the philosophy of utilitarianism. Do you agree with this view? Debate. (150 words)
Difficulty Level: Tough
Reference: plato.stanford.edu
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To write about the relation between needs of majority and utilitarian ethics. Directive: Debate – Weigh up to what extent something is true. Persuade the reader of your argument by citing relevant research but also remember to point out any flaws and counter- arguments as well. Conclude by stating clearly how far you agree with the original proposition. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by describing utilitarianism. Body: First, write about the limitations of utilitarianism which paves the way for governments to function in ways that bring happiness to a majority but ignore the wishes and rights of a minority. Substantiate with examples. Next, counter the above as to how utilitarianism is not just about majority or minority but about maximum good for maximum people. Cite examples. Conclusion: Conclude the answer by giving a balanced opinion.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the relation between needs of majority and utilitarian ethics.
Directive:
Debate – Weigh up to what extent something is true. Persuade the reader of your argument by citing relevant research but also remember to point out any flaws and counter- arguments as well. Conclude by stating clearly how far you agree with the original proposition.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by describing utilitarianism.
First, write about the limitations of utilitarianism which paves the way for governments to function in ways that bring happiness to a majority but ignore the wishes and rights of a minority. Substantiate with examples.
Next, counter the above as to how utilitarianism is not just about majority or minority but about maximum good for maximum people. Cite examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude the answer by giving a balanced opinion.
Introduction
Utilitarianism would say that an action is right if it results in the happiness of the greatest number of people in a society or a group. Utilitarianism is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and opposes actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole.
Concept of Utilitarianism
Greatest good of the greatest number, was famously given by Jeremy Bentham, the father of utilitarianism. Bentham’s fundamental axiom, which underlies utilitarianism, was that all social morals and government legislation should aim for producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism, therefore, emphasizes the consequences or ultimate purpose of an act rather than the character of the actor, the actor’s motivation, or the particular circumstances surrounding the act. It has these characteristics:
• Universality, because it applies to all acts of human behaviour, even those that appear to be done from altruistic motives;
• Objectivity, meaning it operates beyond individual thought, desire, and perspective;
• Rationality, because it is not based in metaphysics or theology; and
• Quantifiability in its reliance on utility.
Utilitarianism and ways of Government
Governments of nations can work and operate in such a way that they can gain legitimacy and consent of the majority. This is enough for a government to stay in power and uphold utilitarian principle of greatest happiness of greatest number. In such a scenario, minority needs and minority rights get shunned. For instance, in Nazi Germany Jews were ostracised and ultimately led to genocide. Most of the policies of a majoritarian governments are for the welfare of a certain community, race. This may deny the minority rights or not work towards these sections are they do not form vote banks.
Hence utilitarianism may not lead to justice and rights of minority sections. At the same time, most democracies have a Constitution that protects minorities.
Conclusion
Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism because it rests on the idea that it is the consequences or results of actions, laws, policies, etc. that determine whether they are good or bad, right or wrong. In general, whatever is being evaluated, we ought to choose the one that will produce the best overall results. In the language of utilitarians, we should choose the option that “maximizes utility,” i.e. that action or policy that produces the largest amount of good.
Topic: Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
Topic: Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
7. Gandhi’s trusteeship philosophy offers a holistic approach to socio-economic transformation, emphasizing the ethical and moral dimensions of wealth distribution and resource management. Comment. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: mkgandhi.org
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To explain about the trusteeship of Mahatma Gandhi and its aim of protecting dignity of beings over materialism. Directive: Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by defining the core idea of trusteeship philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. Body: Further elaborate the concept of trusteeship with examples from Gandhian times to contemporary times. Gandhi’s economic ideas were part of his general crusade against poverty, exploitation against socio-economic injustice, and deteriorating moral standards. He wanted to liberate the modern economic philosophy from the quagmire of materialism and bring it to a higher spiritual plane. Human actions were motivated by social objectives of the protection of human rights. Conclusion: End the answer by stressing the need and importance of trusteeship in present times.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To explain about the trusteeship of Mahatma Gandhi and its aim of protecting dignity of beings over materialism.
Directive:
Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by defining the core idea of trusteeship philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi.
Further elaborate the concept of trusteeship with examples from Gandhian times to contemporary times. Gandhi’s economic ideas were part of his general crusade against poverty, exploitation against socio-economic injustice, and deteriorating moral standards.
He wanted to liberate the modern economic philosophy from the quagmire of materialism and bring it to a higher spiritual plane. Human actions were motivated by social objectives of the protection of human rights.
Conclusion:
End the answer by stressing the need and importance of trusteeship in present times.
Introduction
Trusteeship is a socio-economic philosophy that was propounded by Mahatma Gandhi. It provides a means by which the wealthy people would be the trustees of trusts that looked after the welfare of the people in general. Gandhi believed that the wealthy people could be persuaded to part with their wealth to help the poor. Trusteeship is not merely a principle not even a philosophy. His idea of trusteeship needs to be revisited in today’s times of growing inequality.
Gandhiji’s doctrine of Trusteeship
• Gandhi’s economic ideas were part of his general crusade against poverty, exploitation against socio-economic injustice, and deteriorating moral standards.
• Gandhi was an economist of the masses and his approach was rooted in human dignity.
• His pragmatic approach gave a new direction to the existing socio-economic problems in the process of protecting human dignity.
• Gandhism as a socio-economic philosophy suits not only to accomplish the higher ideals of democratic freedom and socialism but it was also thoroughly developed to meet the challenge of national and international forces of communism and capitalism.
• The core of Gandhian economic thought is the protection of the dignity of human person and not mere material prosperity.
• He aimed at the development, upliftment, and enrichment of human liferather than a higher standard of living with scant respect for human and social values.
• Fundamental ethical valuesdominated his economic ideas. He wanted to liberate the modern economic philosophy from the quagmire of materialismand bring it to a higher spiritual plane.
• Human actionswere motivated by social objectives of the protection of human rights.
• He based his doctrine of trusteeship on the first sloka of Isopanisad, according to which one is asked to dedicate everything to God and then use it only to the required extent.
• The principal condition laid down in it is that one must not covet what belongs to others.
• In other words, in the first instance, everything must be surrendered to Godand then out of it one may use only that which is necessary for the service of God’s creation, according to one’s strict needs.
• This makes it clear beyond doubt that it is not in industrial and business sectors only that the doctrine of trusteeship is to be made applicable.
• The spirit of this doctrine is detachment and service. Unless these two virtues are inculcated, it is impossible to obey the command “covet not anybody’s riches.”
• Therefore, Gandhi’s idea of trusteeship arose from his faith in the law of non-possession.
• Man’s dignity,and not his material prosperity, is the centre of Gandhian economics. Gandhian economics aims at a distribution of material prosperity keeping only human dignity in view.
• Thus, it is dominated more by moral values than by economic ideas.
• According to Gandhi, trusteeship is the only ground on which he can work out an ideal combination of economics and morals.
Relevance of trusteeship in contemporary world:
• The revolutions that are raised from time to time in different countries are motivated by the same objectives of human dignity, justice, and equity.
• It is very clear that the idea is relevant today as it aims at the social, economic, and political changes in the world.
• One of the first steps to achieve this human dignity, justice, and equity is to eliminate the ever-present troublesome element of class struggle in the society.
• Though the Gandhian concept of trusteeship does not seek to destroy any particular class, it provides us with an idea of how to narrow the class gap.
• The practice of all the democratic nations has been to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor to a minimum.
• In India we find this motive behind our cooperative policies, the community development projects, and the taxation policy that heavily taxes the upper class and gives some relief to the lower strata of society.
• We find the manifestations of the Gandhian concept of trusteeship in these policies.
Conclusion
The philosophy of Trusteeship believes in inherent goodness of human beings. The Gandhian perspective is more relevant today than it was ever before. Gandhi wanted to ensure distributive justice by ensuring that business acts as a trustee to its many stakeholders, and specified that economic activities cannot be separated from humanitarian activities. Economics is part of the way of life which is related to collective values.
Join our Official Telegram Channel HERE
Please subscribe to Our podcast channel HERE
Follow our Twitter Account HERE
Follow our Instagram ID HERE