[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 2 April 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
*Topic: *Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
1.The Indian government’s success in advancing solar energy and harnessing its immense potential to address the nation’s expanding energy demands hinges on the effectiveness of its measures and policies. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question: The article discusses government finally bringing into effect a policy that will discourage solar power project developers from relying on imported panels. Key Demand of the question: To write about the scope and limiting factors in the growth of solar energy and measures taken by the government to promote them, Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context regarding the development of solar energy in India. Body: First, mention about the huge potential for growth, emission-free nature and consistent nature of solar energy production in contrast with other forms of energy. Next, evaluate the various constraining factors for a solar energy – such as land requirement, man power, financing, efficiency and manufacturing needs etc. Next, write about the various measures taken by the government to promote solar energy. Conclusion: Conclude with way forward.
Why the question:
The article discusses government finally bringing into effect a policy that will discourage solar power project developers from relying on imported panels.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the scope and limiting factors in the growth of solar energy and measures taken by the government to promote them,
Directive word:
- •Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.*
- •Structure of the answer:*
Introduction:
Begin by giving context regarding the development of solar energy in India.
First, mention about the huge potential for growth, emission-free nature and consistent nature of solar energy production in contrast with other forms of energy.
Next, evaluate the various constraining factors for a solar energy – such as land requirement, man power, financing, efficiency and manufacturing needs etc.
Next, write about the various measures taken by the government to promote solar energy.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction
Since 2011, India’s solar sector has grown at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 59%. From less than 10 MW in 2010, India has added significant solar PV capacity over the past decade, achieving over 50 GW by 2022. By 2030, India is targeting about 500 GW of renewable energy deployment, out of which 280 GW is expected from solar PV.
The new financial year has begun with the government finally bringing into effect a policy that will discourage solar power project developers from relying on imported panels. The major advantage is eligibility to compete for the government’s tenders for its flagship solar energy programmes. This includes the recently announced PM solar rooftop scheme.
Current status of Solar Energy in India
• The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), also known as the National Solar Mission (NSM),which commenced in January 2010, marked the first time the government focused on promoting and developing solar power in India.
• Under the scheme, the total installed capacity target was set as 20GW by 2022. In 2015, the target was revised to 100GW and in August 2021, the government set a solar target of 300GW by 2030.
• India currently ranks fifth after China, U.S., Japan and Germany in terms of installed solar power capacity.
• As of December 2021, the cumulative solar installed capacity of India is 55GW, which is roughly half the renewable energy (RE) capacity (excluding large hydro power) and 14% of the overall power generation capacity of India.
• Within the 55GW, grid-connected utility-scale projects contribute 77% and the rest comes from grid-connected rooftop and off-grid projects.
Scope & Opportunities
• India, being a tropical country is endowed with plenty of solar energy; hence, exploitation of solar energy becomes an important component of renewable energy sector
• India is endowed with vast solar energy potential. About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energyis incident over India’s land area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per sq. m per day
• About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energyis incident over India’s land area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per sq. m per day
• Karnataka leads India’s list of states producing solar energy, with a total installed solar power capacity of about 7,100MW; followed by Telangana, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat
• Also, India is now the fourth-largest solar power producer in the world
• India’s Bhadla Solar Park is the largest solar power park in the world, which contribute to an operational capacity of 2245MW.
Government Initiatives towards promotion of Solar Energy
• National Solar Mission (NSM): The 100 GW solar ambition at the heart of the world’s largest renewable energy expansion programme
• International Solar Alliance:In pursuance to enhance Solar Energy production, India along with France launched the International Solar Alliance with the aim to promote solar energy in 121 member countries and to mobilize over $1 trillion of investment for the deployment of solar energy at affordable costs.
• 100 GW target: The target set by India, for installed solar energy capacity is 100 GW by March 2023 — 40 GW rooftop solar and 60 GW ground-mounted utility scale
• Under ‘One sun One World One Grid’, India seeks to replicate its global solar leadership by encouraging the phased development of a single globally connected solar electricity grid to leverage the multiple benefits (Low cost, Zero pollution) of solar energy.
• India has pledged to mobilize more than US $ 1000 billion of investments needed by 2030 for massive deployment of solar energy.
Challenges
• India’s solar energy development is largely built over imported products.
• India is facing challenge to balance Prioritising domestic goals and WTO commitments.
• India is dependent on Chinese imports for solar equipment, such as solar cells, panels, etc.
• The dumping of products is leading to profit erosion of local manufacturers.
• Land availability in India for solar plant is less due to high population density.
• China’s strong manufacturing base is giving stiff challenge to domestic manufacturer.
• India’s solar waste is estimated to be around 1.8 million by 2050, which needs to be tackled.
• There is little fiscal space for large public investment in renewables, while private investment in renewables at scale is just starting.
• The willingness of developed countries to make available adequate low-cost finance and required technologies remains uncertain.
Way Forward
• Strong financial measures are required to finance the solar projects.
• Innovative steps like green bonds, institutional loans and clean energy fund can play a crucial role.
• Promotion of research and development in renewable energy sector, especially in storage technology.
• Along with prioritizing designing microgrids, public policy attention is needed for developing battery technologies at scale for local applications.
• India needs a Solar Waste Management and Manufacturing Standards Policy.
Conclusion
India’s bid to play a leadership role in setting up a World Solar Bank is laudable. It could galvanize domestic efforts and give the country a global voice in the push for a clean planet.
General Studies – 2
*Topic: *Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
2. While progress has been made in reducing hunger and improving food security in some regions, the persistence of these challenges underscores the necessity for more robust and sustainable strategies. Comment. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: The government’s 2020-21 clearing of FCI’s subsidy dues and other steps have improved both capital and food management. Key Demand of the question: To write about the reasons for lingering hunger in the country, despite various measures and suggest reforms to rectify it. Directive word: Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving the statistic about the widespread nature of hunger and food insecurity in the country. Body: First, Explain the various schemes and measures aimed towards elimination hunger in India – National Food Security mission, Poshan abhiyaan and Antyodaya Anna Yojana etc. Next, write about the causes for limitations in the above efforts– disruption in food systems, dried-up income sources, job losses and consequent financial hardships etc. Bring outs its impact. Next, suggest reforms that are needed to overcome the above. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The government’s 2020-21 clearing of FCI’s subsidy dues and other steps have improved both capital and food management.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the reasons for lingering hunger in the country, despite various measures and suggest reforms to rectify it.
Directive word:
Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving the statistic about the widespread nature of hunger and food insecurity in the country.
First, Explain the various schemes and measures aimed towards elimination hunger in India – National Food Security mission, Poshan abhiyaan and Antyodaya Anna Yojana etc.
Next, write about the causes for limitations in the above efforts– disruption in food systems, dried-up income sources, job losses and consequent financial hardships etc. Bring outs its impact.
Next, suggest reforms that are needed to overcome the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
“Food Security” is one of crucial factors of development and poverty alleviation around the globe the right to food is a principle of international human rights law. Food security, as defined by the United Nations’ Committee on World Food Security (CFS), is the condition in which all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Our current understanding of food security includes the four dimensions of access, availability, utilisation and stability.
India ranked 111th out of 125 countries in the Global Hunger Index-2023 with the country reporting the highest child wasting rate at 18.7 per cent. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool for comprehensively measuring and tracking hunger at global, regional, and national levels.
Various interventions to tackle hunger in the country
• The Government has enhanced the authorized working capital of FCI from Rs 10,000 Crore to Rs 21,000 Crore in February 2024.
• Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY): 6,000 is transferred directly to the bank accounts of pregnant women for availing better facilities for their delivery.
• POSHAN Abhiyaan:aims to reduce stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia and low birth weight babies through synergy and convergence among different programmes, better monitoring and improved community mobilisation.
• National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, aims to ensure food and nutrition security for the most vulnerable through its associated schemes and programmes, making access to food a legal right.
• Mid-day Meal (MDM)scheme aims to improve nutritional levels among school children which also has a direct and positive impact on enrolment, retention and attendance in schools.
• Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS),with its network of 1.4 million Anganwadi Centres, reaching almost 100 million beneficiaries who include pregnant and nursing mothers and children up to 6 years;
• Public Distribution System (PDS)that reaches over 800 million people under the National Food Security Act.
• Additionally, NITI Aayog has worked on a National Nutrition Strategy (NNS),isolated the 100 most backward districts for stunting and prioritised those for interventions.
The issue continues to be persistent sore in the nation’s food security
• Economic distress: The significant rise in food insecurity, as shown by these data, is a clear manifestation of the overall economic distress during this period marked by a deepening agrarian crisis, falling investments across sectors and shrinking employment opportunities. The latest PLFS data have shown that the unemployment rates in the recent years have been higher than in the last four decades. It is widely believed that demonetisation and introduction of the Goods and Services Tax were two prime causes of economic distress during this period.
• The significant rise in food insecurity, as shown by these data, is a clear manifestation of the overall economic distress during this period marked by a deepening agrarian crisis, falling investments across sectors and shrinking employment opportunities.
• The latest PLFS data have shown that the unemployment rates in the recent years have been higher than in the last four decades.
• It is widely believed that demonetisation and introduction of the Goods and Services Tax were two prime causes of economic distress during this period.
• NFSA issues: The NSFA does not guarantee universal right to food: Targeted –Restricts the right to food to only 75% of rural and 50% of urban population in India Act would not apply in times of “war, flood, drought, fire, cyclone or earthquake”. This a highly problematic clause given that food is becomes utmost necessary during these circumstances The Act focuses primarily on distribution of rice and wheat and fails to address the ‘utilization’ dimension of food security. Given that a major reason for micronutrient deficiency in India is because of a cereal-based diet; the NSFA does not address the issue of malnutrition and nutritional deficiency adequately. Under the National Food Security Act, the identification of beneficiaries is to be completed by State Governments. As per findings of Comptroller and Auditor General in 2016, a massive 49 % of the beneficiaries were yet to be identified by the State Governments.
• The NSFA does not guarantee universal right to food: Targeted –Restricts the right to food to only 75% of rural and 50% of urban population in India
• Act would not apply in times of “war, flood, drought, fire, cyclone or earthquake”. This a highly problematic clause given that food is becomes utmost necessary during these circumstances
• The Act focuses primarily on distribution of rice and wheat and fails to address the ‘utilization’ dimension of food security.
• Given that a major reason for micronutrient deficiency in India is because of a cereal-based diet; the NSFA does not address the issue of malnutrition and nutritional deficiency adequately.
• Under the National Food Security Act, the identification of beneficiaries is to be completed by State Governments. As per findings of Comptroller and Auditor General in 2016, a massive 49 % of the beneficiaries were yet to be identified by the State Governments.
• Quality issues: Inadequate distribution of food through public distribution mechanism, food adulterations in distributed food Beneficiaries have complained of receiving poor quality food grains.
• Inadequate distribution of food through public distribution mechanism, food adulterations in distributed food
• Beneficiaries have complained of receiving poor quality food grains.
• Issues with procurement: Open-ended Procurement: All incoming grains accepted even if buffer stock is filled creating a shortage in the open market. The recent implementation of Nation food security act would only increase the quantum of procurement resulting in higher prices for grains. The gap between required and existing storage capacity. The open market operations (OMO)are much less compared to what is needed to liquidate the excessive stocks.
• Open-ended Procurement: All incoming grains accepted even if buffer stock is filled creating a shortage in the open market.
• The recent implementation of Nation food security act would only increase the quantum of procurement resulting in higher prices for grains.
• The gap between required and existing storage capacity.
• The open market operations (OMO)are much less compared to what is needed to liquidate the excessive stocks.
• Issues with storage: Inadequate storage capacity with FCI. Food grains rotting or damaging on the CAP or Cover & Plinth storage. The money locked in these excessive stocks (beyond the buffer norm) is more than Rs 1 lakh crore.
• Inadequate storage capacity with FCI.
• Food grains rotting or damaging on the CAP or Cover & Plinth storage.
• The money locked in these excessive stocks (beyond the buffer norm) is more than Rs 1 lakh crore.
• Issues with allocation of food grains: Inaccurate identification of beneficiaries. Illicit Fair Price shops: The shop owners have created a large number of bogus cards or ghost cards (cards for non-existent people) to sell food grains in the open market.
• Inaccurate identification of beneficiaries.
• Illicit Fair Price shops: The shop owners have created a large number of bogus cards or ghost cards (cards for non-existent people) to sell food grains in the open market.
• Issues with transportation: Leakages in food grains distribution to be reduced as most leakages in PDS takes place in initial stages.
• Leakages in food grains distribution to be reduced as most leakages in PDS takes place in initial stages.
• Climate Change: Higher temperatures and unreliable rainfall makes farming difficult. Climate change not only impacts crop but also livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, and can cause grave social and economic consequences in the form of reduced incomes, eroded livelihoods, trade disruption and adverse health impacts.
• Higher temperatures and unreliable rainfall makes farming difficult. Climate change not only impacts crop but also livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, and can cause grave social and economic consequences in the form of reduced incomes, eroded livelihoods, trade disruption and adverse health impacts.
• Lack of access to remote areas: For the tribal communities, habitation in remote difficult terrains and practice of subsistence farming has led to significant economic backwardness.
• For the tribal communities, habitation in remote difficult terrains and practice of subsistence farming has led to significant economic backwardness.
• Increase in rural-to-urban migration, large proportion of informal workforce resulting in unplanned growth of slums which lack in the basic health and hygiene facilities, insufficient housing and increased food insecurity.
• Overpopulation, poverty, lack of education and gender inequality.
• Corruption: Diverting the grains to open market to get better margin, selling poor quality grains at ration shops, irregular opening of the shops adds to the issue of food insecurity.
• Diverting the grains to open market to get better margin, selling poor quality grains at ration shops, irregular opening of the shops adds to the issue of food insecurity.
Measures needed:
• Governments, private actors, and NGOs should carefully coordinate their responses to overlapping food and health crises and work with community organizations to make sure interventions are culturally acceptable, reach the most vulnerable, and preserve local ecosystems.
• Food should be priced not only by its weight or volume but also by its nutrient density, its freedom from contamination, and its contribution to ecosystem services and social justice.
• Governments should expand access to maternal and child health care, as well as education on healthy diets and child feeding practices.
• Supporting smallholder farmers in becoming sustainable and diversified producers; governments and NGOs must seek to improve those farmers’ access to agricultural inputs and extension services, coupling local and indigenous agricultural knowledge with new technologies.
• Existing human rights-based multilateral mechanisms and international standards—such as the Committee on World Food Security—must be strengthened to support inclusive policy making and sustainable food systems.
Conclusion
Prioritizing early childhood nutrition is key to ensuring India’s development rests on strong and steady shoulders. India’s ability to harness long-term demographic dividends rests on it prioritizing nutrition in its health agenda, and reforming the institutional framework through which interventions are delivered.
General Studies – 3
*Topic: *Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
3. Addressing climate change requires global cooperation and concerted efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to changing conditions, and build resilience in vulnerable communities and ecosystems. Elucidate. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights On India
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about the adverse effects of climate change on the planet and steps needed to tackle it. Elucidate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining climate change. Body: Write about the various impacts of climate change on various regions – water cycle, rainfall patterns, Coastal areas, extreme sea level events, melting of glaciers and ice sheets, Changes to the ocean, marine heatwaves, ocean acidification, and reduced oxygen levels etc. Cite statistic to substantiate your points. Next, write about the urgent steps that are required to combat climate change. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
- •To write about the adverse effects of climate change on the planet and steps needed to tackle it.*
Elucidate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining climate change.
Write about the various impacts of climate change on various regions – water cycle, rainfall patterns, Coastal areas, extreme sea level events, melting of glaciers and ice sheets, Changes to the ocean, marine heatwaves, ocean acidification, and reduced oxygen levels etc. Cite statistic to substantiate your points.
Next, write about the urgent steps that are required to combat climate change.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
Climate Change is a periodic modification of Earth’s climate brought about due to the changes in the atmosphere as well as the interactions between the atmosphere and various other geological, chemical, biological and geographical factors within the Earth’s system.
Climate change includes both global warming driven by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. Though there have been previous periods of climatic change, since the mid-20th century humans have had an unprecedented impact on Earth’s climate system and caused change on a global scale
Impact of climate change in India
Impact of Climate Change in various regions in India
• Indo gangetic plain:The Indo-Gangetic plain is one of the most populous and productive agricultural ecosystems in the world.Climate change will result in both flood and drought, impacting agriculture in the region Floods: High-intensity precipitation events projected to increase, leading to floods, particularly in the eastern parts of the basin. Drought: Western parts of the basin both Haryana and Punjab are likely to become vulnerable to drought.
• Floods: High-intensity precipitation events projected to increase, leading to floods, particularly in the eastern parts of the basin.
• Drought: Western parts of the basin both Haryana and Punjab are likely to become vulnerable to drought.
• Punjab:Drought days to extend by 23-46 days in lower Sutlej basin
• Increase in flash floods. Severe water-logging in south-western region
• West Bengal: Intensity of cyclone to increase and Sea surge height may increase to 7.46 metres. Sea level rise will be higher than global average Sunderbans and Darjeeling hill to have more rain
• Sunderbans and Darjeeling hill to have more rain
• UP and Bihar: A mere 1°C rise in temperature to reduce wheat yeilds significantly in UP
• Rice yeilds are expected to decline in Bihar Drought to increase in UP and Bihar
• Drought to increase in UP and Bihar
• The Indian Himalayan region: The Himalayas, which represent about 16.2 per cent of the total area of the country, are not only a key watershed of India but also play a crucial role in the monsoon system. Climate change impacts on the mountain range can affect the entire sub-continent The mean temperature of the Himalayas has gone up by 0.6°C in the past 30 years; the frequency of warmer days is also increasing The northeastern states of India, particularly parts of Assam and Manipur, are vulnerable. Flash flood due to glacial lake outbursts may lead to landslides and affect large-scale food security Himalayan glaciers melting faster than others elsewhere in the world Productivity of apple has decreased by 2-3% over the past few years. This will go down further Projected increase in intensity of rainy days is 2-12% in the Himalayan region
• The mean temperature of the Himalayas has gone up by 0.6°C in the past 30 years; the frequency of warmer days is also increasing
• The northeastern states of India, particularly parts of Assam and Manipur, are vulnerable. Flash flood due to glacial lake outbursts may lead to landslides and affect large-scale food security
• Himalayan glaciers melting faster than others elsewhere in the world
• Productivity of apple has decreased by 2-3% over the past few years. This will go down further
• Projected increase in intensity of rainy days is 2-12% in the Himalayan region
• Central and Peninsular India: The region covers most of India’s rainfed areas that contribute more than 40 per cent of the country’s food grain production. Already ravaged by frequent floods and droughts, this region will be severely impacted by climate change, affecting the country’s food security Temperature rise: Six of the 11 states will witness a temperature rise of 1°C to 4°C. Maharashtra will record a 3.4°C increase by 2100 Most states will have hotter summer and winter. The winter temperature in Jharkhand will rise to such an extent that the lowest minimum temperature in the 2080 will be higher than the highest minimum temperature in the 2020s Rainfall: Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra and Jharkhand will witness increase in rainfall. Summer rainfall will increase by the end of this century and the number of rainy days during summer will increase by up to 10 days by 2100 in Jharkhand The post-monsoon and pre-monsoon increase in rainfall is projected to be more than the increase in rainfall projected for the monsoon period for 2100 Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, parts of Madhya Pradesh and Karnatakawill witness less rainfall. In Andhra Pradesh, there will be drastic decrease in southwest rainfall over Anantapur and Kadapa districts Northern Karnataka, already witnessing less rainfall and higher temperature, will see the temperature trends accentuated The desert region: The Thar desert, covering 10 per cent of the total geographic area of India, is the seventh largest desert in the world. The region has witnessed unheard of floods in the recent past. Drought: Parts of Rajasthan and the Kutch region of Gujarat have the highest probability of occurrence of drought Rajasthan: The share of water for agriculture is set to reduce from 83% to 70% by 2050 Gujarat: There will be heat stress and water shortages in the state. Luni and the West-flowing rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra to experience acute water shortage The severity of drought for the Mahi and Sabarmati rivers will increase between 5% and 20% by 2050 The coast and islands: The region is already witnessing climate change impacts like frequent, severe cyclones and sea ingression due to sea level rise. Cyclone: The Kutch region in Gujarat and the entire eastern coastal region are projected to have the highest incidence of cyclone. Coconut yields in Kerala are projected to increase by 30% Sea water intrusion will impact drinking water sources A one-metre rise in sea level will displace 7.1 million people in India Temperature fluctuation will negatively impact winter crop in AP.
• Temperature rise: Six of the 11 states will witness a temperature rise of 1°C to 4°C. Maharashtra will record a 3.4°C increase by 2100
• Most states will have hotter summer and winter.
• The winter temperature in Jharkhand will rise to such an extent that the lowest minimum temperature in the 2080 will be higher than the highest minimum temperature in the 2020s
• Rainfall: Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra and Jharkhand will witness increase in rainfall. Summer rainfall will increase by the end of this century and the number of rainy days during summer will increase by up to 10 days by 2100 in Jharkhand The post-monsoon and pre-monsoon increase in rainfall is projected to be more than the increase in rainfall projected for the monsoon period for 2100 Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, parts of Madhya Pradesh and Karnatakawill witness less rainfall. In Andhra Pradesh, there will be drastic decrease in southwest rainfall over Anantapur and Kadapa districts Northern Karnataka, already witnessing less rainfall and higher temperature, will see the temperature trends accentuated
• Summer rainfall will increase by the end of this century and the number of rainy days during summer will increase by up to 10 days by 2100 in Jharkhand
• The post-monsoon and pre-monsoon increase in rainfall is projected to be more than the increase in rainfall projected for the monsoon period for 2100
• Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, parts of Madhya Pradesh and Karnatakawill witness less rainfall. In Andhra Pradesh, there will be drastic decrease in southwest rainfall over Anantapur and Kadapa districts
• Northern Karnataka, already witnessing less rainfall and higher temperature, will see the temperature trends accentuated
• The desert region: The Thar desert, covering 10 per cent of the total geographic area of India, is the seventh largest desert in the world. The region has witnessed unheard of floods in the recent past. Drought: Parts of Rajasthan and the Kutch region of Gujarat have the highest probability of occurrence of drought Rajasthan: The share of water for agriculture is set to reduce from 83% to 70% by 2050 Gujarat: There will be heat stress and water shortages in the state. Luni and the West-flowing rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra to experience acute water shortage The severity of drought for the Mahi and Sabarmati rivers will increase between 5% and 20% by 2050
• Drought: Parts of Rajasthan and the Kutch region of Gujarat have the highest probability of occurrence of drought
• Rajasthan: The share of water for agriculture is set to reduce from 83% to 70% by 2050
• Gujarat: There will be heat stress and water shortages in the state. Luni and the West-flowing rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra to experience acute water shortage
• The severity of drought for the Mahi and Sabarmati rivers will increase between 5% and 20% by 2050
• The coast and islands: The region is already witnessing climate change impacts like frequent, severe cyclones and sea ingression due to sea level rise. Cyclone: The Kutch region in Gujarat and the entire eastern coastal region are projected to have the highest incidence of cyclone. Coconut yields in Kerala are projected to increase by 30% Sea water intrusion will impact drinking water sources A one-metre rise in sea level will displace 7.1 million people in India Temperature fluctuation will negatively impact winter crop in AP.
• Cyclone: The Kutch region in Gujarat and the entire eastern coastal region are projected to have the highest incidence of cyclone.
• Coconut yields in Kerala are projected to increase by 30%
• Sea water intrusion will impact drinking water sources
• A one-metre rise in sea level will displace 7.1 million people in India
• Temperature fluctuation will negatively impact winter crop in AP.
Efforts to mitigate effects of climate change
• Deploying lower-carbon Energy: There are four main types of low-carbon energy: wind, solar, hydro or nuclear power. The first three are renewable, which means these are good for the environment – as natural resources are used (such as wind or sun) to produce electricity. Deploying lower carbon energy would help address both domestic and international climate challenges while simultaneously improving the economic well-being of India’s citizens.
• There are four main types of low-carbon energy: wind, solar, hydro or nuclear power. The first three are renewable, which means these are good for the environment – as natural resources are used (such as wind or sun) to produce electricity.
• Deploying lower carbon energy would help address both domestic and international climate challenges while simultaneously improving the economic well-being of India’s citizens.
• Mainstreaming Renewable energy: India’s energy mix is dominated by coal powered electric generation stations as of now. The need of the hour is increase the share of renewable energy in this energy mix.
• India’s energy mix is dominated by coal powered electric generation stations as of now.
• The need of the hour is increase the share of renewable energy in this energy mix.
• Focus on Energy Efficiency: Will need energy efficient buildings, lighting, appliances and industrial practicesto meet the net-zero goal.
• Will need energy efficient buildings, lighting, appliances and industrial practicesto meet the net-zero goal.
• Increased usage of Biofuels: Can help reduce emissions from light commercial vehicles, tractors in agriculture. In aviation, the only practical solution for reducing emissions is greater use of biofuels, until hydrogen technology gains scale.
• Can help reduce emissions from light commercial vehicles, tractors in agriculture.
• In aviation, the only practical solution for reducing emissions is greater use of biofuels, until hydrogen technology gains scale.
• Transition towards Electric vehicles: This will further help curb the carbon emissions.
• This will further help curb the carbon emissions.
• Carbon Sequestration: India willhave to rely on natural and man-made carbon sinks to soak up those emissions. Trees can capture 0.9 billion tons; the country will need carbon capture technologies to sequester the rest.
• India willhave to rely on natural and man-made carbon sinks to soak up those emissions. Trees can capture 0.9 billion tons; the country will need carbon capture technologies to sequester the rest.
• Carbon Pricing: India, which already taxes coal and petroleum fuels, should consider putting a tax on emissions to drive change.
• India, which already taxes coal and petroleum fuels, should consider putting a tax on emissions to drive change.
India’s action for Climate Change
• National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): outlines existing and future policies and programs addressing climate mitigation and adaptation. The Action Plan identifies eight core “national missions” running through to 2017: Solar Energy; Enhanced Energy Efficiency; Sustainable Habitat; Water; Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem; Green India; Sustainable Agriculture; and Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change. Most of these missions have strong adaptation imperatives.
• National Clean Energy Fund: The Government of India created the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) in 2010 for financing and promoting clean energy initiatives and funding research in the area of clean energy in the country. The corpus of the fund is built by levying a cess of INR 50 (subsequently increased to INR 100 in 2014) per tonne of coal produced domestically or imported.
• Paris Agreement: Under the Paris Agreement, India has made three commitments. India’s greenhouse gas emission intensity of its GDP will be reduced by 33-35% below 2005 levels by 2030. Alongside, 40% of India’s power capacity would be based on non-fossil fuel sources. At the same time, India will create an additional ‘carbon sink’ of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of Co2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.
• International Solar Alliance: ISA was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris on 30 November 2015 by India and France, in the presence of Mr. Ban Ki Moon, former Secretary-General of the United Nations.
• Bharat Stage (BS) Emission Norms: Emissions from vehicles are one of the top contributors to air pollution, which led the government at the time to introduce the BS 2000 (Bharat Stage 1) vehicle emission norms from April 2000, followed by BS-II in 2005. BS-III was implemented nationwide in 2010. However, in 2016, the government decided to meet the global best practices and leapfrog to BS-VI norms by skipping BS V altogether.
Conclusion
The socio-economic impact of decarbonising the economy and the way humans live would be crucial in setting our priorities. We have limited time and our resources are scarce. Paris agreement must be implemented on war footing in India as well as across the globe to limit the devastating impact of climate change.
*Topic: *Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
4. What is acid rain? Explain the various adverse impacts from acid rain. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To explain the adverse impacts of acid rain. Directive: Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin the defining acid rain. Body: Frist, in brief explain first the major reasons behind the occurrence of acid rains. Next, discuss that acid rains are harmful for both biotic and abiotic elements. it corrode the surface and rendered it riddled with hole. Yellowing of marble and lime stone and other such delicate surface gets destroyed. It is also harmful for textile and metals as it reduce their quality and make them weak. Moreover it makes the soil acidic and reduces the fertility. Next, discuss what needs to be done. Highlight the efforts of the government in this direction Conclusion: Write a way forward to mitigate the impact of acid rain.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To explain the adverse impacts of acid rain.
Directive:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin the defining acid rain.
Frist, in brief explain first the major reasons behind the occurrence of acid rains.
Next, discuss that acid rains are harmful for both biotic and abiotic elements. it corrode the surface and rendered it riddled with hole. Yellowing of marble and lime stone and other such delicate surface gets destroyed. It is also harmful for textile and metals as it reduce their quality and make them weak. Moreover it makes the soil acidic and reduces the fertility.
Next, discuss what needs to be done. Highlight the efforts of the government in this direction
Conclusion:
Write a way forward to mitigate the impact of acid rain.
Introduction
Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.
Formation of Acid Rain
• Acid rain results when sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted into the atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents.
• The SO2and NOX react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids.
• These then mix with water and other materials before falling to the ground.
Causes of Acid Rain
The major sources of SO2 and NOX in the atmosphere are:
• Burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity. Two thirds of SO2and one fourth of NOX in the atmosphere come from electric power generators.
• Vehicles and heavy equipment.
• Manufacturing, oil refineries and other industries.
• Volcanic eruptions.
Impacts of Acid rain
• Forest Ecosystem Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might strip nutrients from trees’ foliage, leaving them with brown or dead leaves and needles. The trees are then less able to absorb sunlight, which makes them weak and less able to withstand freezing temperatures.
• Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals.
• At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might strip nutrients from trees’ foliage, leaving them with brown or dead leaves and needles. The trees are then less able to absorb sunlight, which makes them weak and less able to withstand freezing temperatures.
• Soil Acid rain highly impacts on soil chemistry and biology. It means soil microbes and biological activity as well as soil chemical compositions such as soil pH are damaged or reversed due to the effects of acid rain.
• Acid rain highly impacts on soil chemistry and biology.
• It means soil microbes and biological activity as well as soil chemical compositions such as soil pH are damaged or reversed due to the effects of acid rain.
• Lakes & Rivers Without pollution or acid rain, most lakes and streams would have a pH level near 6.5. Acid rain, however, has caused many lakes and streams across places to have much lower pH levels. In addition, aluminum that is released into the soil eventually ends up in lakes and streams. Unfortunately, this increase in acidity and aluminum levels can be deadly to aquatic wildlife, including phytoplankton, mayflies, rainbow trout, small mouth bass, frogs, spotted salamanders, crayfish, and other creatures that are part of the food web.
• Without pollution or acid rain, most lakes and streams would have a pH level near 6.5.
• Acid rain, however, has caused many lakes and streams across places to have much lower pH levels.
• In addition, aluminum that is released into the soil eventually ends up in lakes and streams.
• Unfortunately, this increase in acidity and aluminum levels can be deadly to aquatic wildlife, including phytoplankton, mayflies, rainbow trout, small mouth bass, frogs, spotted salamanders, crayfish, and other creatures that are part of the food web.
• Health Problems Air pollution like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause respiratory diseases, or can make these diseases worse. Respiratory diseases like asthma or chronic bronchitis make it hard for people to breathe. The pollution that causes acid rain can also create tiny particles. Nitrogen oxides cause ground-level ozone. This ground-level ozone causes respiratory problems, like pneumonia and bronchitis, and can even cause permanent lung damage.
• Air pollution like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause respiratory diseases, or can make these diseases worse.
• Respiratory diseases like asthma or chronic bronchitis make it hard for people to breathe. The pollution that causes acid rain can also create tiny particles.
• Nitrogen oxides cause ground-level ozone. This ground-level ozone causes respiratory problems, like pneumonia and bronchitis, and can even cause permanent lung damage.
• Statues, monuments & buildings Statues, buildings, vehicles, pipes and cables can all suffer. The worst affected are things made from limestone or sandstone as these types of rock are particularly susceptible and can be affected by air pollution in gaseous form as well as by acid rain. The chemicals found in acid rain can cause paint to peel and stone statues to begin to appear old and worn down, which reduces their value and beauty. g.: Taj Mahal, one of the 7 wonders of the world, is largely affected by acid rain. The city of Agra has many industries which emit the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere. People continue to use low-quality coal and firewood as a domestic fuel, adding to this problem. Statue of Liberty in USA which is made of copper has also been damaged by the cumulative action of acid rain and oxidation for over 30 years and is, therefore, becoming green.
• Statues, buildings, vehicles, pipes and cables can all suffer. The worst affected are things made from limestone or sandstone as these types of rock are particularly susceptible and can be affected by air pollution in gaseous form as well as by acid rain.
• The chemicals found in acid rain can cause paint to peel and stone statues to begin to appear old and worn down, which reduces their value and beauty.
• g.: Taj Mahal, one of the 7 wonders of the world, is largely affected by acid rain. The city of Agra has many industries which emit the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere. People continue to use low-quality coal and firewood as a domestic fuel, adding to this problem.
• Statue of Liberty in USA which is made of copper has also been damaged by the cumulative action of acid rain and oxidation for over 30 years and is, therefore, becoming green.
Measures needed
• Reduce emissions: Burning fossil fuels is still one of the cheapest ways to produce electricity so people are now researching new ways to burn fuel which don’t produce so much pollution. Governments need to spend more money on pollution control even if it does mean an increase in the price of electricity. Sulphur can also be ‘washed’ out of smoke by spraying a mixture of water and powdered limestone into the smokestack. Cars are now fitted with catalytic converters which remove three dangerous chemicals from exhaust gases.
• Burning fossil fuels is still one of the cheapest ways to produce electricity so people are now researching new ways to burn fuel which don’t produce so much pollution.
• Governments need to spend more money on pollution control even if it does mean an increase in the price of electricity.
• Sulphur can also be ‘washed’ out of smoke by spraying a mixture of water and powdered limestone into the smokestack.
• Cars are now fitted with catalytic converters which remove three dangerous chemicals from exhaust gases.
• Alternative sources of energy Governments need to invest in researching different ways to produce energy. These include wind energy, geothermal energy, solar energy, hydropower, and nuclear power. Fuel cells, natural gas, and batteries can also substitute the use of fossil fuel as cleaner energy sources.
• Governments need to invest in researching different ways to produce energy.
• These include wind energy, geothermal energy, solar energy, hydropower, and nuclear power.
• Fuel cells, natural gas, and batteries can also substitute the use of fossil fuel as cleaner energy sources.
• Conserving Resources Greater subsidies of public transport by the government to encourage people to use public transport rather than always travelling by car. Every individual can make an effort to save energy by switching off lights when they are not being used and using energy-saving appliances – when less electricity is being used, pollution from power plants decreases. Walking, cycling and sharing cars all reduce the pollution from vehicles
• Greater subsidies of public transport by the government to encourage people to use public transport rather than always travelling by car.
• Every individual can make an effort to save energy by switching off lights when they are not being used and using energy-saving appliances – when less electricity is being used, pollution from power plants decreases.
• Walking, cycling and sharing cars all reduce the pollution from vehicles
• Restoring the Damage done by Acid Rain Lakes and rivers can have powdered limestone added to them to neutralise the water – this is called “liming”.
• Lakes and rivers can have powdered limestone added to them to neutralise the water – this is called “liming”.
Conclusion
Concerted efforts at global and national levels across the globe can help us tide over the harmful effects of Acid Rain.
*Topic: *Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
5. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) is significantly positioned to address money laundering activities. Its efficacy depends on the resolution of challenges in implementation, timely prosecution, and prevention of misuse. Critically examine (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Insights on India The Hindu ,
*Why the question: The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 was enacted with a distinct objective. Key Demand of the question: To write successes and limitations of PMLA in achieving its stated objectives. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by writing about the aims and objectives of PMLA. Body: First, write about the various features of PMLA – its successes and limitations when it comes to holding the launderers accountable. Next, write about the steps that have been taken to improve the conviction rate in the PMLA. Write about its impact. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward to holistically address the issue of money laundering in the country.*
*Why the question:*
The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 was enacted with a distinct objective.
*Key Demand of the question: *
To write successes and limitations of PMLA in achieving its stated objectives.
*Structure of the answer:*
*Introduction: *
Begin by writing about the aims and objectives of PMLA.
*Body:*
First, write about the various features of PMLA – its successes and limitations when it comes to holding the launderers accountable.
Next, write about the steps that have been taken to improve the conviction rate in the PMLA. Write about its impact.
*Conclusion:*
Conclude with a way forward to holistically address the issue of money laundering in the country.
Introduction
The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) was enacted in 2002 and it came into force in 2005. The chief objective of this legislation is to fight money laundering, that is, the process of converting black money into white. The act aims at Preventing money laundering, Combating the channelising of money into illegal activities and economic crimes, Providing for the confiscation of property derived from or involved in money laundering and Providing for any other matters connected with or incidental to the act of money laundering.
Critics argue that amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) stripped a person of his right under Article 20(3) (fundamental right against self-incrimination) of the Constitution.
About PMLA
• It is a criminal law enacted to prevent money laundering and to provide for confiscation of property derived from, or involved in, money-laundering and related matters.
• It forms the core of the legal framework put in place by India to combat Money Laundering.
• The provisions of this act are applicable to all financial institutions, banks (Including RBI), mutual funds, insurance companies, and their financial intermediaries.
• PMLA (Amendment) Act, 2012: Adds the concept of ‘reporting entity’ which would include a banking company, financial institution, intermediary etc. PMLA, 2002 levied a fine up to Rs 5 lakh, but the amendment act has removed this upper limit. It has provided for provisional attachment and confiscation of property of any person involved in such activities.
• Adds the concept of ‘reporting entity’ which would include a banking company, financial institution, intermediary etc.
• PMLA, 2002 levied a fine up to Rs 5 lakh, but the amendment act has removed this upper limit.
• It has provided for provisional attachment and confiscation of property of any person involved in such activities.
Efficacy of PMLA
• Indian banks were reluctant to depart from their strict bank secrecy policies, and this further allowed individuals in India to launder money. The problem of money laundering in India is complicated further by Hawala’s ancient underground banking system.
• ED has been given the responsibility to enforce the provisions of the PMLA by conducting investigation to trace the assets derived from proceeds of crime, to provisionally attach the property and to ensure prosecution of the offenders and confiscation of the property by the Special court.
• ED has been given the responsibility to conduct investigation into suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations, to adjudicate and impose penalties on those adjudged to have contravened the law.
Issues with PMLA
• PMLA is pulled into the investigation of even “ordinary” crimes and assets of genuine victims have been attached.
• PMLA was enacted in response to India’s global commitment (including the Vienna Convention) to combat the menace of money laundering. Instead, rights have been “cribbed, cabined and confined”.
• PMLA was a comprehensive penal statute to counter the threat of money laundering, specifically stemming from trade in narcotics. Currently, the offences in the schedule of the Act are extremely overbroad, and in several cases, have absolutely no relation to either narcotics or organised crime.
• Currently, the offences in the schedule of the Act are extremely overbroad, and in several cases, have absolutely no relation to either narcotics or organised crime.
• Even the Enforcement Case Information Report (ECIR) – an equivalent of the FIR – is considered an “internal document” and not given to the accused. The ED treats itself as an exception to these principles and practises [of criminal procedure law] and chooses to register an ECIR on its own whims and fancies on its own file.
• The ED treats itself as an exception to these principles and practises [of criminal procedure law] and chooses to register an ECIR on its own whims and fancies on its own file.
• There is also a lack of clarity about ED’s selection of cases to investigate. The initiation of an investigation by the ED has consequences which have the potential of curtailing the liberty of an individual.
Conclusion
The evolving threats of money laundering supported by the emerging technologies need to be addressed with the equally advanced Anti-Money Laundering mechanisms like big data and artificial intelligence. Both international and domestic stakeholders need to come together by strengthening data sharing mechanisms amongst them to effectively eliminate the problem of money laundering.
General Studies – 4
*Topic: * Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;
6. The utilitarian approach to ethics, which emphasizes maximizing overall happiness or utility, indeed offers a straightforward guideline for making ethical decisions. However, its simplicity and clarity also give rise to several limitations. Critically examine. (150 Words)
Difficulty Level: Tough
*Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: T o write about the philosophy of Utilitarianism and the way it resolves moral issues. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining the philosophy of Utilitarianism in brief. Body: In your own words, explain that Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole. Next, write a critique of utilitarianism. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.*
*Why the question: *
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
*Key Demand of the question: T*
o write about the philosophy of Utilitarianism and the way it resolves moral issues.
*Structure of the answer:*
*Introduction: *
Begin by defining the philosophy of Utilitarianism in brief.
*Body:*
In your own words, explain that Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole.
Next, write a critique of utilitarianism.
*Conclusion:*
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
Utilitarianism would say that an action is right if it results in the happiness of the greatest number of people in a society or a group. Utilitarianism is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and opposes actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole.
Concept of Utilitarianism
Greatest good of the greatest number, was famously given by Jeremy Bentham, the father of utilitarianism. Bentham’s fundamental axiom, which underlies utilitarianism, was that all social morals and government legislation should aim for producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism, therefore, emphasizes the consequences or ultimate purpose of an act rather than the character of the actor, the actor’s motivation, or the particular circumstances surrounding the act. It has these characteristics:
• Universality, because it applies to all acts of human behaviour, even those that appear to be done from altruistic motives;
• Objectivity, meaning it operates beyond individual thought, desire, and perspective;
• Rationality, because it is not based in metaphysics or theology; and
• Quantifiability in its reliance on utility.
Attempt to resolve moral issues on single criterion
Governments of nations can work and operate in such a way that they can gain legitimacy and consent of the majority. This is enough for a government to stay in power and uphold utilitarian principle of greatest happiness of greatest number. In such a scenario, minority needs and minority rights get shunned. For instance, in Nazi Germany Jews were ostracised and ultimately led to genocide. Most of the policies of a majoritarian governments are for the welfare of a certain community, race. This may deny the minority rights or not work towards these sections are they do not form vote banks.
Hence utilitarianism may not lead to justice and rights of minority sections. At the same time, most democracies have a Constitution that protects minorities.
Limitations
• A limitation of utilitarianism is that it tends to create a black-and-white construct of morality. In utilitarian ethics, there are no shades of gray—either something is wrong or it is right.
• Utilitarianism also cannot predict with certainty whether the consequences of our actions will be good or bad—the results of our actions happen in the future.
• Utilitarianism also has trouble accounting for values like justice and individual rights. For example, say a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. If a healthy person wanders into the hospital, his organs could be harvested to save four lives at the expense of his one life. This would arguably produce the greatest good for the greatest number. But few would consider it an acceptable course of action, let alone an ethical one.
Conclusion
Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism because it rests on the idea that it is the consequences or results of actions, laws, policies, etc. that determine whether they are good or bad, right or wrong. In general, whatever is being evaluated, we ought to choose the one that will produce the best overall results. In the language of utilitarians, we should choose the option that “maximizes utility,” i.e. that action or policy that produces the largest amount of good.
*Topic: *Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour;
7. Taking an empathetic approach towards de-addiction is crucial for supporting individuals with addiction in a compassionate, respectful, and empowering manner. Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
*Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To write about taking empathetic approach towards de-addiction. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context of rising forms of addictions – drugs, gaming, alcohol, social media etc. Body: First, bring out the adverse impact of addictions in brief. Next, write about empathetic approach towards de-addiction – breaking the stigma, persuading, care ethics, compassionate support, follow up etc. Conclusion: Conclude by writing about saving the youth from various addictions.*
*Why the question: *
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
*Key Demand of the question: *
To write about taking empathetic approach towards de-addiction.
*Directive word: *
*Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.*
*Structure of the answer:*
*Introduction: *
Begin by giving context of rising forms of addictions – drugs, gaming, alcohol, social media etc.
*Body:*
First, bring out the adverse impact of addictions in brief.
Next, write about empathetic approach towards de-addiction – breaking the stigma, persuading, care ethics, compassionate support, follow up etc.
*Conclusion:*
Conclude by writing about saving the youth from various addictions.
Introduction
Every youth who destroys his life by drug addiction is a loss to our society. Instead of treating it as a law-and-order issue, we must think of pro-active solutions to stop people from consuming drugs. We must identify and rehabilitate such people who are addicted so that they can become productive part of society. Moreover, branding addicts as criminal will ostracise them and make it difficult to integrate them in the society due to the stigma attached.
Background
There is also a correlation between drug abuse, social problems, antisocial behaviour and crime in many areas. People under the influence of drugs and alcohol have lowered inhibitions and this makes them more likely to commit crimes or indulge in antisocial behaviour. Petty theft to obtain funds to buy drugs is also more common in areas with high drug usage. Drug abuse places a huge burden on the financial and human resources. In India, consumption and possession of drugs is illegal and is an offence where arrest can be made.
Whether drug addiction is a moral issue
Treat the problem as social, not criminal. With addicts, treat them as patients and not as criminals because addiction is a medical problem. They need patience and care. Drug addiction is a social problem that needs to be taken seriously by society as a whole and not be swept under the carpet. One of the best ways to deal with drug dependency is for the addict to get the help that they need and for their family to be supported through the recovery process.
Residential rehab treatment has proved to be one of the most effective ways of treating drug addiction.
There are two types of people: those who believe that drug addiction treatment should be given to everyone, and those who think that drug addiction shouldn’t be treated as a criminal issue. Ultimately, it doesn’t matter who suffers from addiction, criminal or not. With the proper help and treatment, one will be able to overcome addiction and fit into society once again. Due to the process of drug rehabilitation, there is almost a countless number of people who took the necessary steps to beat their crippling addiction and even become pillars of various communities.
A middle path such as dealing drugs can be considered illegal and a crime, while drug addicts who are habitually consuming drugs must be identified and given the necessary help.
Government initiatives such as ‘Nasha Mukt Bharat’, or Drug-Free India Campaign which focuses on community outreach programs can go a long way in solving this issue.
Empathetic approach towards Addicts and helping in de-addiction
• Empathy and understanding work for addiction, not because they are a non-intervening, permissive attitude. But, knowing just how difficult it is to give up something you love (drugs and alcohol) makes the person who is addicted realize that you’re willing to understand, to relate.
• The long-term recovery is dependent upon a holistic approach to treatment. We are fortunate to live in a moment of human history, where there is a plethora of treatment options available for addiction.
• Recovery includes a plan for the future to ensure success, and reinforces a solid foundation. Recovery is a process that includes the entire familial and support system of the patient.
• Instead of ostracising someone for addiction, one must show empathy and try to reason with their behaviour. Counselling youth, making them realise the pain caused to those around them is one way to go about it.
• Rehabilitation of drug addicts and timely medical intervention are important ways of de-addiction of substance abuse.
• Finally, recovery is a holistic process and involves the rejuvenation of the mind, body, and soul.
Conclusion
Addiction should not be seen as a character flaw, but as an ailment that any other person could be struggling with. Therefore, the stigma associated with drug taking needs to be reduced. Society needs to understand that drug-addicts are victims and not criminals.
Join our Official Telegram Channel HERE
Please subscribe to Our podcast channel HERE
Follow our Twitter Account HERE
Follow our Instagram ID HERE