[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 18 May 2024

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

Answer the following questions in 150 words:

General Studies – 1

1. Preventing ethnic clashes in diverse societies requires a multifaceted approach that addresses the root causes of conflict. Analyse.

Reference: The Hindu

Introduction

In ethnically diverse societies like India, the coexistence of various cultural and tribal groups often brings both vibrancy and complexity to the social fabric. However, it also presents challenges, as the potential for ethnic clashes and conflicts lurk beneath the surface. Understanding the underlying causes of these conflicts is essential for effective prevention and resolution. In this context, civil society organizations emerge as crucial players, wielding their influence to promote peace, dialogue, and harmony among diverse ethnic communities.

Causes of ethnic clashes in diverse societies

• Historical Grievances: Long-standing historical grievances, often stemming from events like colonial rule, partition, and regional tensions, can contribute to ethnic animosities.

• Economic Disparities: Economic inequality, particularly when it aligns along ethnic lines, can exacerbate tensions. Unequal access to resources and opportunities can create a sense of injustice and marginalization. The Naxalite movement in India, primarily in states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha, is fuelled by economic disparities, with marginalized communities feeling left out of the benefits of economic development. Meiteis vs Kukis in Manipur, where the valley people are more prosperous vis-a-vis the hill dwelling people. The conflict in the Niyamgiri Hills arose due to economic disparities related to mining. The Dongria Kondh tribe opposed mining activities by a multinational company, citing threats to their livelihoods and environment.

• The Naxalite movement in India, primarily in states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha, is fuelled by economic disparities, with marginalized communities feeling left out of the benefits of economic development.

• Meiteis vs Kukis in Manipur, where the valley people are more prosperous vis-a-vis the hill dwelling people.

• The conflict in the Niyamgiri Hills arose due to economic disparities related to mining. The Dongria Kondh tribe opposed mining activities by a multinational company, citing threats to their livelihoods and environment.

• Political Manipulation: Politicians may exploit ethnic differences for their own gain, using divisive rhetoric or policies to consolidate support within their own ethnic group.

• Cultural and Religious Differences: Diverse societies often have various cultural and religious practices. When these are not respected or are perceived as a threat, it can lead to conflict. The Kuki-Naga conflict in Manipur is rooted in cultural and ethnic differences between the Kuki and Naga tribes. Disputes over territory and political representation have led to violent clashes.

• The Kuki-Naga conflict in Manipur is rooted in cultural and ethnic differences between the Kuki and Naga tribes. Disputes over territory and political representation have led to violent clashes.

• Lack of Effective Governance: Weak governance, corruption, and ineffective law enforcement can contribute to a sense of lawlessness and mistrust in the state’s ability to protect citizens. Example: Jharkhand Tribal Uprising (2001), The Jharkhand tribal uprising was a result of perceived neglect and exploitation of tribal communities. The demand for a separate state, Jharkhand, was driven by a sense of disillusionment with governance.

• Example: Jharkhand Tribal Uprising (2001), The Jharkhand tribal uprising was a result of perceived neglect and exploitation of tribal communities. The demand for a separate state, Jharkhand, was driven by a sense of disillusionment with governance.

• Territorial Disputes: Land and territorial disputes, particularly in areas with diverse ethnic populations, can be a significant source of conflict. The Bodo-Adivasi conflict in Assam has roots in territorial disputes between Bodo tribes and Adivasi communities who migrated to the region for agricultural purposes. Disputes over land have led to violent clashes.

• The Bodo-Adivasi conflict in Assam has roots in territorial disputes between Bodo tribes and Adivasi communities who migrated to the region for agricultural purposes. Disputes over land have led to violent clashes.

• Lack of Social Integration: When there is limited interaction between different ethnic groups, stereotypes and prejudices can persist, leading to mistrust and hostility. Example: Santhal-Ho Conflict in Jharkhand. The Santhal-Ho conflict in Jharkhand involves tensions between the Santhal and Ho tribal communities. Lack of social integration and historical animosities have contributed to sporadic clashes.

• Example: Santhal-Ho Conflict in Jharkhand. The Santhal-Ho conflict in Jharkhand involves tensions between the Santhal and Ho tribal communities. Lack of social integration and historical animosities have contributed to sporadic clashes.

Multifaceted approach to prevent ethnic clashes

• Reducing Inequality: Socio-economic disparities often underpin ethnic tensions. Ensuring equitable access to resources, opportunities, and services such as education, healthcare, and employment can help mitigate feelings of marginalization and resentment among ethnic groups. Reservation for tribals ie ST community.

• Reservation for tribals ie ST community.

• Inclusive Economic Policies: Implementing policies that promote inclusive economic growth can help distribute the benefits of development more evenly across different ethnic communities. North Eastern Region Vision 2020: This vision document aims to develop infrastructure, enhance economic growth, and integrate the North Eastern states with the rest of India, addressing economic disparities and fostering regional integration.

• North Eastern Region Vision 2020: This vision document aims to develop infrastructure, enhance economic growth, and integrate the North Eastern states with the rest of India, addressing economic disparities and fostering regional integration.

• Inclusive Governance: Ensuring that all ethnic groups are fairly represented in political institutions is crucial. This can be achieved through proportional representation, decentralization of power, and affirmative action policies. Panchayati Raj system: These institutions reserve seats for SCs, STs, and women, ensuring their participation in local governance. India’s constitution provides for the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Parliament and State Assemblies

• Panchayati Raj system: These institutions reserve seats for SCs, STs, and women, ensuring their participation in local governance.

• India’s constitution provides for the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Parliament and State Assemblies

• Political Participation: Encouraging active participation of minority groups in the political process can help address their concerns and reduce feelings of exclusion. This includes ensuring their voices are heard in decision-making processes.

• Dialogue Initiatives: Facilitating dialogue between different ethnic groups through community programs, interfaith initiatives, and cultural exchanges can foster mutual understanding and reconciliation.

• Eg: Festivals like the Surajkund International Crafts Mela in Haryana and the Hornbill Festival in Nagaland celebrate India’s cultural diversity and promote interethnic dialogue

Conclusion

Ethnic clashes in diverse societies, particularly within the context of India’s intricate tapestry of tribal communities, stem from a complex interplay of historical, economic, political, cultural, and governance-related factors. These conflicts often result in deep-seated grievances and tensions among various ethnic groups.

By addressing the root causes of ethnic conflict through these multifaceted approaches, societies can create an environment conducive to peace, stability, and harmonious coexistence among diverse ethnic groups.

2. By taking a leadership role in exploratory activities related to freshwater extraction, India can contribute to global efforts to ensure water security and promote sustainable development. Discuss.

Reference: The Hindu

Introduction

While freshwater extraction holds promise, India’s leadership should prioritize sustainable methods and responsible management practices within the broader framework of UNCLOS and the ISA or develop new frameworks if needed. International collaboration is essential to ensure freshwater access for all while protecting the marine environment.

Background

Fresh water scarcity is a growing concern globally, and India is one country heavily impacted. Here’s a quick background:

• Water Scarcity: Many regions in India face water shortages due to factors like population growth, climate change, and uneven water distribution.

• Freshwater Extraction Methods: Traditional methods like surface water (rivers, lakes) and groundwater extraction are reaching their limits.

• Seabed as a Potential Source: The vast ocean floors hold potential reserves of freshwater trapped in underground aquifers.

Challenges faced by India wrt water

• Water Scarcity and Conflict: Anticipation that future wars may be fought over water due to its increasing scarcity and value, highlighting the importance of freshwater resources.

• The potential of the “Area” for Freshwater: With freshwater becoming scarce and expensive, the “Area” could qualify as a potential zone for freshwater exploration and extraction, similar to oil exploration.

• Lack of Legislation: Currently, there is a lack of specific legislation and terminologies governing the exploration and extraction of resources beyond national jurisdiction, particularly freshwater.

• Complexities in Governance: The governance of activities beyond national jurisdiction, such as freshwater exploration, is complicated by multiple legislations governing the law of the sea.

• Environmental impact of seabed freshwater extraction needs thorough evaluation. The potential disruption of marine ecosystems and unknown long-term consequences must be considered.

• The potential disruption of marine ecosystems and unknown long-term consequences must be considered.

• International cooperation is crucial to ensure responsible and equitable access to freshwater resources, especially for developing countries.

Measures to be taken

• Opportunity for Legislative Development: There is a need for the international community to develop laws of the sea, particularly concerning exploratory activities related to freshwater from the “Area.”

• Sustainable Development Goals: The effort aligns with the global agenda of SDG 14, emphasizing the importance of sustainable resource management beyond national jurisdictions.

• Potential Role for India: India is suggested to take a lead role in addressing these legislative challenges and advancing exploration activities in the “Area,” which could benefit mankind significantly.

• Human Priorities Over Space Exploration: It advocates for prioritizing efforts to secure freshwater resources on Earth over investing in space exploration, highlighting the immediate and pressing need for water security.

Conclusion and way forward

• India can leverage its position in UNCLOS and potentially the ISA (if freshwater extraction moves beyond EEZs) to advocate for responsible resource management and environmental protection.

• Balancing water security needs with sustainable practices is key for long-term solutions.

• India needs to work towards involvement in amending existing conventions like UNCLOS or drafting new agreements tailored to address the unique challenges of freshwater resource management.

General Studies – 2

3. Military diplomacy is crucial for India to promote national interests, ensure regional stability, and assert itself as a responsible global power. Analyse.

Reference: Indian Express

Introduction

India’s renewed thrust on military diplomacy is significant. Given our growing geopolitical interests, it is imperative to calibrate engagements and develop leverages to promote national interest. India will be sending new defence attachés to Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Mozambique and Djibouti, the last a strategically located country in the Horn of Africa that overlooks the crucial maritime route through the Gulf of Aden.

About military diplomacy

• In recent times, a military or defence attaché, also called a defence advisor, has become a permanent feature at embassies in most countries.

• The position is always held by a serving military officer supported by other officers, depending on bilateral relations and strategic requirements.

• India maintains separate Army, Navy and Air Force attachés in big countries with which it maintains defence ties. The officer and his deputies are given diplomatic status.

• Primarily, military diplomacy uses military assets and engagements to achieve strategic objectives in foreign policy. For a country like India, with a long military history and growing geopolitical interests, it is imperative to calibrate its military engagements and develop leverages for promoting national interest, in a rapidly evolving international multipolar global order.

• For a country like India, with a long military history and growing geopolitical interests, it is imperative to calibrate its military engagements and develop leverages for promoting national interest, in a rapidly evolving international multipolar global order.

• Assisting the ambassador with crucial inputs on developments in his domain of work and file reports to the Ministry of Defence in Delhi are also integral parts of the defence attaché’s role.

• Military exports: The export of military hardware is an important part of this initiative. Yerevan has acquired the PINAKA multi barrel rocket launchers , anti-tank missiles, rockets and anti-drone systems from India. The Philippines has bought the Brahmos missiles from India under a $375-million agreement and the defence attaché’s office in Manila will be strengthened.

• Yerevan has acquired the PINAKA multi barrel rocket launchers , anti-tank missiles, rockets and anti-drone systems from India.

• The Philippines has bought the Brahmos missiles from India under a $375-million agreement and the defence attaché’s office in Manila will be strengthened.

Significance of military diplomacy for India

• Intelligence gathering: The main functions of a defence attaché is to gather information, report on developments in the defence sector, liaison with the defence forces of the host country, handle defence-related exchanges, coordinate defence procurement for India’s armed forces, and keep track of advances in military technologies.

• Provide training: India also provides training to military officers from many countries who attend courses at the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, the National Defence College, Delhi, and the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington. The defence attaché coordinates such training programmes.

• The defence attaché coordinates such training programmes.

• Covert intelligence: It is said they also are a part of a country’s espionage network to gather intelligence. These functions are part of the international legal framework of diplomatic relations. During the Cold War, there were instances of defence attachés being expelled by the US and the Soviet Union.

• Humanitarian aspects: The attaché also plays a crucial role in coordinating Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, whose primary actors overseas are the Navy and Air Force. The other overseas responsibility is deployment for the UN Peacekeeping Operations, for which deployment is from the Indian Army.

Way forward

• India’s foreign policy trajectory has evolved since the end of Cold War—from non-alignment to multi-alignment and strategic autonomy—in its quest to be a leading power.

• In an era wherein the global geopolitical and geoeconomic landscape is changing rapidly, India’s foreign policy has adapted with major and subtle changes under PM Narendra Modi’s leadership.

• India’s decision to open new defence attaché offices, the majority of them in African nations, is a significant policy initiative.

Conclusion

Defence diplomacy is critical for India’s relations in West Asia. India conducts joint exercises with countries like the UAE, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Israel and Oman. From the traditional domain of energy, India has steadily upped its military-security cooperation with countries in this region. India’s ties with West Asia have broken restrictions of the old paradigm and branched out into defence and security sectors like counterterrorism and cybersecurity.

General Studies – 3

4. As forest fires become more frequent in India, it’s crucial to implement measures to combat them effectively in both the short term and long term. Discuss.

Reference: Indian Express

Introduction

Forest fires are considered as one of the most widespread hazards in a forested landscape. They have a serious threat to forest and its flora and fauna. Forest fires essentially are ‘quasi-natural’, which means that they are not entirely caused by natural reasons (like volcanoes, earthquakes and tropical storms), but are caused by human activities as well. In India’s case, a combination of hot weather, oxygen and dry vegetation is a potent recipe for forest fires.

Higher forest fire incidents are reported in India during March, April and May, due to the ample availability of dry biomass following the end of winter and the prevailing summer season. Amid forest fires in Uttarakhand’s Nainital district, the Indian Air Force was engaged in firefighting operations on Sunday (April 28), the second day the fires continued raging.

Reasons for Increasing frequency of forest fires

• Forest fires can be caused by a number of natural causes, but officials say many major fires in India are triggered mainly by human activities.

• Natural: Such as lightning, high atmospheric temperatures, and dryness (low humidity) offer favourable circumstances.

• Man-made: When a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette, or bidi comes into contact with inflammable material.

• Emerging studies link climate change to rising instances of fires globally, especially the massive fires of the Amazon forests in Brazil and in Australia in the last two years.

• Fires of longer duration, increasing intensity, higher frequency and highly inflammable nature are all being linked to climate change.

• In India, forest fires are most commonly reported during March and April, when the ground has large quantities of dry wood, logs, dead leaves, stumps, dry grass and weeds that can make forests easily go up in flames if there is a trigger.

• Under natural circumstances, extreme heat and dryness, friction created by rubbing of branches with each other also have been known to initiate fire.

• In Uttarakhand, the lack of soil moisture too is being seen as a key factor.

• In two consecutive monsoon seasons (2019 and 2020), rainfall has been deficient by 18% and 20% of the seasonal average, respectively.

the role of climate change in exacerbating the forest fire risk

• Climate change has been a key factor in increasing the risk and extent of wildfires.

• Research shows that changes in climate create warmer, drier conditions.

• Climate change induced increasing global temperature and variability in rainfall results in more dried vegetation, which works as fuel for the fire.

• Thus climate change, in addition to human population pressure is one of the main causes of the increased number of forest fires and their increased intensities.

• Since the beginning of the Industrial period, the Earth’s temperature has increased by almost 20C.

• This increasing heat is contributing to two main components for forest fire, i.e. heat and the availability of fuel in the form of dry vegetation.

• Increased drought, and a longer fire season are boosting these increases in wildfire risk.

Measures to control forest fires

• Forest fire line:Successive Five-Year Plans have provided funds for forests fighting. During the British period, fire was prevented in the summer through removal of forest litter all along the forest boundary. This was called “Forest Fire Line”. This line used to prevent fire breaking into the forest from one compartment to another. The collected litter was burnt in isolation.

• This line used to prevent fire breaking into the forest from one compartment to another.

• The collected litter was burnt in isolation.

• Firebreaks: Generally, the fire spreads only if there is continuous supply of fuel (Dry vegetation) along its path. The best way to control a forest fire is therefore, to prevent it from spreading, which can be done by creating firebreaksin the shape of small clearings of ditches in the forests.

• Forest Survey of India monitors forest fire events through satellites on two platforms– MODIS and SNPP-VIIRS, both in collaboration with the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). While the SNPP-VIIRS identifies, alerts and tracks fire incidents on real time data at 375X375 sq meter pixel, the older version MODIS detects it in the range of 1kmX1km. Forest fire suppression relies very heavily on “dry” firefighting techniques because of poor water availability.

• While the SNPP-VIIRS identifies, alerts and tracks fire incidents on real time data at 375X375 sq meter pixel, the older version MODIS detects it in the range of 1kmX1km.

• Forest fire suppression relies very heavily on “dry” firefighting techniques because of poor water availability.

• Integrated forest protection: The main objective is to control forest fires and strengthen the forest protection. The works like Fireline clearing,assistance to Joint Forest Management committees, creating water bodies, purchase of vehicles and communication equipment, purchase of firefighting tools, etc., needs to be undertaken.

• Prevention of human-caused firesthrough education and environmental modification. It will include silvicultural activities, engineering works, people participation, and education and enforcement. It is proposed that more emphasis be given to people participation through Joint Forest Fire Management for fire prevention.

• Prompt detectionof fires through a well-coordinated network of observation points, efficient ground patrolling, and communication networks. Remote sensing technology is to be given due importance in fire detection. For successful fire management and administration, a National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) and Fire Forecasting System are to be developed in the country.

• Introducing a forest fuel modification system at strategic points.

• National Action Plan on Forest Fires (NAPFF): It was launched in 2018 to minimize forest fires by informing, enabling and empowering forest fringe communities and incentivizing them to work with the State Forest Departments.

Conclusion

It is important to prevent the lungs of the nation from ravages of fire. With climate change and global warming on the rise, India must prevent human-made disaster to ensure our carbon sinks are protected.

5. Explain the process additive manufacturing. Examine advantages and limitations of the additive manufacturing process.

Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India

Introduction

Additive manufacturing, also commonly known as 3D printing, is a process of creating three-dimensional objects from a digital file. Unlike traditional subtractive manufacturing (e.g., machining, where material is removed from a solid block), additive manufacturing builds the object layer by layer.

Additive manufacturing process

• Digital Design: The object is first designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software or 3D scanning technology.

• Slicing: The digital model is sliced into thin, horizontal layers.

• Material Deposition: A 3D printer deposits material (filament, powder, resin) layer by layer based on the sliced model.

• Bonding: The deposited material fuses or hardens to form the desired shape.

• Completion: The process repeats until all layers are complete, resulting in the final 3D object.

Advantages of additive manufacturing

• Design Freedom: Complex geometries and intricate designs can be created that are impossible with traditional methods.

• Rapid Prototyping: Allows for quick and iterative creation of prototypes for testing and design improvement.

• Reduced Waste: Material is only used where needed, minimizing waste compared to subtractive manufacturing.

• Lightweight Structures: Complex internal structures can be designed, leading to lighter and stronger objects.

• On-Demand Manufacturing: Enables localized production and reduces reliance on long supply chains.

• Customization: Objects can be easily personalized or customized for specific needs.

Limitations of Additive Manufacturing

• Material Limitations: Not all materials can be used for additive manufacturing, and material properties might differ from traditional methods.

• Build Size Limitations: Current printers have limitations on the size of objects they can produce.

• Surface Finish: Surface finishes might require additional post-processing compared to traditional techniques.

• Cost: While costs are decreasing, additive manufacturing can still be expensive compared to mass production methods for some applications.

• Strength Limitations: Strength of additively manufactured parts can be anisotropic (varying depending on direction) compared to traditional methods.

• Design Expertise: Designing for additive manufacturing requires specific knowledge and skills.

Conclusion

Overall, additive manufacturing offers a powerful tool for creating complex and innovative objects. However, understanding its advantages and limitations is crucial for determining if it’s the right approach for a specific application.

Answer the following questions in 250 words(15 marks each):

General Studies – 1

6. India’s ancient literary traditions showcase the country’s rich cultural heritage. It’s inclusion in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Regional Register ensures that this invaluable documentary heritage is preserved for future generations and appreciated by a global audience. Analyse.

Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India

Introduction

UNESCO’s global Memory of the World Programme was launched in 1992 and is an international programme aimed at safeguarding, preserving and facilitating access to and the use of documentary heritage. Its objectives include Facilitating preservation of the world’s documentary heritage; Catalysing universal access to documentary heritage; Enhancing public awareness worldwide of the significance of documentary heritage.

Recently, the Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra, and Sahṛdayāloka-Locana were included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register.

Importance of adding three literary works in UNESCO’s global Memory of the World Programme

• Ramcharitmanas, authored by Goswami Tulsidas, is an epic poem written in Awadhi language. It narrates the life and adventures of Lord Rama, emphasizing devotion and righteousness.

• Ramcharitmanas transcends time and place. Not only is it revered in India, but it also resonates with readers in Southeast Asian countries like Cambodia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. The text’s influence extends beyond borders, making it a cultural bridge across nations.

• Two versions of Ramcharitmanas were submitted to UNESCO—one by Tulsidas and another in Arabic from the 18th century. The latter highlights its appeal in West Asia and other parts of the world.

• Panchatantra, a collection of ancient Indian fables, imparts moral lessons through animal characters. Written by Vishnu Sharma, it has universal appeal.

• The fables in Panchatantra address human behavior, ethics, and wisdom. Their timeless relevance makes them valuable across cultures and generations.

• By inscribing Panchatantra in the MoW register, UNESCO acknowledges its role in transmitting wisdom and ethical principles to humanity.

• Sahṛdayaloka-Locana, composed by Kashmiri scholars Acharya Anandvardhan and Abhinavagupta, is a 15th-century work.

• This text stands out for its aesthetics. It reflects the beauty of Kashmiri literary traditions and showcases the region’s rich cultural heritage.

• By including Sahṛdayaloka-Locana, UNESCO celebrates the diversity of literary expressions and artistic narratives that shape our shared humanity.

• The inclusion of these three literary works is a proud moment for India, a confirmation of the country’s rich literary heritage and cultural legacy.

• It signifies a step forward in global cultural preservation efforts, highlighting the importance of recognizing and safeguarding the diverse narratives and artistic expressions that shape our shared humanity.

Conclusion

The inscription of these literary masterpieces on UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register not only honors India’s cultural legacy but also fosters global appreciation. By safeguarding these texts, we ensure that future generations can explore and learn from our rich literary heritage.

General Studies – 2

7. Both India-Nepal have experienced political changes in recent years, with shifts in leadership and governance structures. Ensuring mutual respect for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity is essential for fostering trust and cooperation. Analyse.

Reference: The Hindu

Introduction

Nepal is an important neighbour of India and occupies special significance in its foreign policy because of the geographic, historical, cultural and economic linkages/ties that span centuries. India and Nepal share similar ties in terms of Hinduism and Buddhism with Buddha’s birthplace Lumbini located in present day Nepal. Over the past few years, we have been witness to the deteriorating India-Nepal relations. Reserves of goodwill which India had accumulated is fast depleting in Nepal.

The new government in India in June this year could consider offering Nepal a new and holistic development road map which would excite public imagination and enable cross-party political consensus.

Need of a rebalancing India Nepal ties

• Nepal shares borders with 5 Indian states- Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Sikkim and Bihar and with free movement of people and thereby acting as an important point of cultural and economic exchange in India-Nepal relations.

• Nepal unveiled a new political map that claimed strategically important land Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh of Uttarakhandas part of its sovereign territory.

• The misunderstanding created during the constitution framing / Madhesi agitationchanged the entire gamut of relations between India and Nepal.

• Internal Securityis a major concern for India; Indo-Nepal border is virtually open and lightly policed which is exploited by terrorist outfits and insurgent groups from North Eastern part of India eg. supply of trained cadres, fake Indian currency.

• Nepal over the years has witnessed chronic political instability, including a 10-year violent insurgency, damaging Nepal’s development and economy.

• There is anti-India feeling among certain ethnic groupsin Nepal which emanates from the perception that India indulges too much in Nepal and tinkers with their political sovereignty.

• The establishment of diplomatic relations between Nepal and Chinaand its growing influence in Nepal has resulted in declining traditional leverage of India in Nepal.

• Overtime trust deficit has widened between India-Nepal because of the Indian reputation for delaying implementation of various projects.

• The Mahakali agreement has remained in limbo for over two decades. In 2008, the collapse of Koshi’s embankment unleashed massive flooding, highlighting India’s failure to take precautionary measures and its refusal to take responsibility.

Areas of Cooperation in the India-Nepal Relationship:

| Examples

Unique India-Nepal Ties | The relationship between India and Nepal has been unique due to factors such as social, religious, and community exchanges, inter-marriages, and peaceful coexistence along their 1,770-kilometer border.

Economic Interdependencies | India is Nepal’s as its largest trade partner, highest source of foreign direct investment (FDI), transit for third-country trade, a major supplier of petroleum, and one of the top sources of inward remittances.

Defence Cooperation | India assists in modernizing Nepal Army through equipment supply and training. Joint military exercises (e.g., Surya Kiran), disaster assistance, and bilateral visits. Recruitment of Nepalese soldiers in Gorkha regiments of the Indian Army.

Connectivity | Construction of integrated check posts and hydroelectric projects (see examples above).

Power Cooperation | Cross-border transmission lines to supply power from India to Nepal (see examples above)

Educational, People-to-People, and Cultural Exchanges | Visa-free entry for citizens of both countries. Nepalese citizens living and working in India. Promoting people-to-people exchanges through agreements and initiatives. Cultural centres, sister city agreements, and alumni networks.

Multilateral Partnership | BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation), Non-Aligned Movement, and SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) etc.

Challenges in India-Nepal Relationship:

Challenges | Examples

Boundary Issues | The ongoing dispute over areas like Kalapani and Susta. Limited progress in resolving the dispute. Tensions escalated with the publication of new Indian and Nepali maps.

Treaty Revision | Nepal’s request to revise the 1950 Friendship treaty was perceived as unequal. Lack of progress in initiating talks or accepting EPG recommendations.

China’s Influence | Nepal’s increased engagement with China, including infrastructure agreements. Joining the Belt and Road Initiative. Concerns over Chinese interference in Nepali politics.

Connectivity Issues | Nepal seeking air connectivity, particularly through specific airports in India. Dependence on Indian permission for international flights. Infrastructure projects constructed by Chinese companies but requiring Indian viability.

Economic Factors | Transition to formal economy in India impacting informal trade arrangements. Difficulty in doing business with India compared to China. The decline in Indian investments was replaced by Chinese investments

Terrorism | Porous and poorly patrolled borders enabled the smuggling of weapons, ammunition, and counterfeit currency. Pose security risks to India from terrorist organizations and insurgent groups operating in India’s northeast.

Trust Issues | Growing trust gap due to the slow pace of project implementation by India. Perception of India’s interference in Nepal’s politics. Challenges in maintaining trust and political sovereignty.

Way forward

• On border issue: The two countries have managed to settle about 98% of the common border. More than 8,500 boundary pillars have been installed reflecting the agreed alignment. As both countries are laying claim to the same piece of land, the time has come for both countries to sit for talks to solve this issue.

• The two countries have managed to settle about 98% of the common border.

• More than 8,500 boundary pillars have been installed reflecting the agreed alignment.

• As both countries are laying claim to the same piece of land, the time has come for both countries to sit for talks to solve this issue.

• Completion of the ongoing process of updating the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship: India must recognise that as in all other developing economies, Nepal’s aspirational young population is also looking beyond the open Indian border for opportunities, and its desire to turn his “land-locked” country into a “land-linked” country with a merchant navy must be considered positively.

• India must recognise that as in all other developing economies, Nepal’s aspirational young population is also looking beyond the open Indian border for opportunities, and its desire to turn his “land-locked” country into a “land-linked” country with a merchant navy must be considered positively.

• People-to-people inter-dependence must lead the relationship along with civil society and business-commercial level interactions.

• India’s major foray should be in innovation and technology transfer, multidisciplinary dialogues, educational and technical institutions, local and global migration management and skills and capacity-building.

• India needs to finish the infrastructure projects on time for instance Pancheswar project has been pending for over 20 years now.

• Nepal could be the fountainhead of climate change knowledge and connect to India’s larger dynamics of the management of the ecology of hills and mountains.

• Effective delivery on the pending projects, the remaining ICPs, the five railway connections, postal road network in the Terai and the petroleum pipeline so that connectivity is enhanced and the idea of ‘inclusive development and prosperity’ assumes reality.

• Negotiate diplomatically to resolve the boundary dispute with Nepal under the aegis of international law on Trans-Boundary Water Disputes.In this case, boundary dispute resolution between India and Bangladesh should serve as a model for this.

• India should maintain a policy of keeping away from the internal affairs of Nepal, while at the same time, in the spirit of friendship, India should guide the nation towards a more inclusive democracy.

• With its immense strategic relevance in the Indian context as Indian security concern, stable and secure Nepal is one requisite which India can’t afford to overlook.

• India needs to formulate a comprehensive and long-term Nepal policy.

• India should stop looking at Nepal purely through a security prism, and at bilateral relations only as transactional and part of a zero-sum game with China.

• Focus on working towards multifaceted relationships to the advantage of both nations.

8. Wildlife trafficking remains a pervasive issue despite extensive efforts at both international and national levels. Discuss the comprehensive measures that are necessary to effectively combat wildlife trafficking worldwide.

Reference: Down to Earth

Introduction

Illegal wildlife trade encompasses unlawful activities related to the capture, collection, transportation, and commerce of wildlife and their products, including live animals, animal components, and derivatives.

The rhino and the cedar were the animal and plant species most affected by global illegal wildlife trade during 2015-2021, the 2024 World Wildlife Crime Report released by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime on May 13, 2024, noted. Another key takeaway of the report was that with thousands of wildlife species affected and a diverse range of distinct markets driving multiple environmental and societal harms, interventions to reduce wildlife trafficking needed to be prioritised and more strategic.

Reasons for Wildlife Trafficking:

• Profitability: Description:Wildlife trafficking is a lucrative business due to the high demand for exotic animals, their parts, and products. Impact:Criminal networks exploit this demand to generate substantial profits. Example:Ivory from elephant tusks fetches high prices in black markets.

• Description:Wildlife trafficking is a lucrative business due to the high demand for exotic animals, their parts, and products.

• Impact:Criminal networks exploit this demand to generate substantial profits.

• Example:Ivory from elephant tusks fetches high prices in black markets.

• Weak Legal Enforcement: Description:Inadequate enforcement of wildlife protection laws allows traffickers to operate with relative impunity. Impact:Traffickers exploit legal loopholes and weak penalties. Example:Insufficient resources for patrolling protected areas lead to rampant poaching.

• Description:Inadequate enforcement of wildlife protection laws allows traffickers to operate with relative impunity.

• Impact:Traffickers exploit legal loopholes and weak penalties.

• Example:Insufficient resources for patrolling protected areas lead to rampant poaching.

• High Demand for Exotic Species: Description:Collectors, pet enthusiasts, and traditional medicine practitioners drive demand for rare and unique species. Impact:This demand fuels trafficking and threatens biodiversity. Example:Rare reptiles and birds are often smuggled across borders.

• Description:Collectors, pet enthusiasts, and traditional medicine practitioners drive demand for rare and unique species.

• Impact:This demand fuels trafficking and threatens biodiversity.

• Example:Rare reptiles and birds are often smuggled across borders.

• Organized Crime Involvement: Description:Wildlife trafficking is linked to transnational criminal networks. Impact:These networks engage in other illegal activities (e.g., drugs, arms) alongside wildlife trafficking. Example:Rhino horn trafficking is often connected to larger criminal syndicates.

• Description:Wildlife trafficking is linked to transnational criminal networks.

• Impact:These networks engage in other illegal activities (e.g., drugs, arms) alongside wildlife trafficking.

• Example:Rhino horn trafficking is often connected to larger criminal syndicates.

• Poverty: Description:Poverty drives local communities to engage in wildlife trafficking for economic survival. Impact:Poachers and traffickers exploit vulnerable populations. Example:Impoverished villagers may trap and sell endangered species.

• Description:Poverty drives local communities to engage in wildlife trafficking for economic survival.

• Impact:Poachers and traffickers exploit vulnerable populations.

• Example:Impoverished villagers may trap and sell endangered species.

• Inadequate International Cooperation: Description:Wildlife trafficking is a global issue, but cooperation among countries remains insufficient. Impact:Traffickers exploit gaps in cross-border coordination. Example:Smugglers exploit porous borders between neighboring nations.

• Description:Wildlife trafficking is a global issue, but cooperation among countries remains insufficient.

• Impact:Traffickers exploit gaps in cross-border coordination.

• Example:Smugglers exploit porous borders between neighboring nations.

Measures needed

• Robust Legislation and Enforcement: Description:Strengthen wildlife protection laws and ensure rigorous enforcement. Example:Increase penalties for traffickers and provide adequate resources for law enforcement agencies.

• Description:Strengthen wildlife protection laws and ensure rigorous enforcement.

• Example:Increase penalties for traffickers and provide adequate resources for law enforcement agencies.

• Increased Awareness: Description:Educate the public about the consequences of wildlife trafficking. Example:Awareness campaigns, school programs, and media outreach can inform people about the impact on ecosystems.

• Description:Educate the public about the consequences of wildlife trafficking.

• Example:Awareness campaigns, school programs, and media outreach can inform people about the impact on ecosystems.

• International Cooperation: Description:Foster collaboration among countries to combat trafficking. Example:Share intelligence, harmonize legal frameworks, and coordinate efforts to disrupt criminal networks.

• Description:Foster collaboration among countries to combat trafficking.

• Example:Share intelligence, harmonize legal frameworks, and coordinate efforts to disrupt criminal networks.

• Support for Alternative Livelihoods: Description:Provide sustainable income alternatives for communities dependent on wildlife exploitation. Example:Promote eco-tourism, handicrafts, and sustainable agriculture to reduce reliance on trafficking.

• Description:Provide sustainable income alternatives for communities dependent on wildlife exploitation.

• Example:Promote eco-tourism, handicrafts, and sustainable agriculture to reduce reliance on trafficking.

• Community Engagement: Description:Involve local communities in conservation efforts. Example:Engage indigenous knowledge, empower community patrols, and create incentives for protecting wildlife.

• Description:Involve local communities in conservation efforts.

• Example:Engage indigenous knowledge, empower community patrols, and create incentives for protecting wildlife.

• Sustainable Tourism: Description:Promote responsible tourism that benefits both wildlife and local communities. Example:Eco-friendly lodges, guided wildlife tours, and revenue-sharing models can support conservation.

• Description:Promote responsible tourism that benefits both wildlife and local communities.

• Example:Eco-friendly lodges, guided wildlife tours, and revenue-sharing models can support conservation.

• Technological Solutions: Description:Leverage technology for monitoring and enforcement. Example:Drones, camera traps, and data analytics can enhance surveillance and track traffickers.

• Description:Leverage technology for monitoring and enforcement.

• Example:Drones, camera traps, and data analytics can enhance surveillance and track traffickers.

Way Forward:

• Holistic Approach: Description:Address wildlife trafficking as part of broader conservation efforts. Example:Integrate anti-trafficking measures into national biodiversity strategies.

• Description:Address wildlife trafficking as part of broader conservation efforts.

• Example:Integrate anti-trafficking measures into national biodiversity strategies.

• Global Commitment: Description:Encourage international agreements and conventions. Example:Strengthen the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

• Description:Encourage international agreements and conventions.

• Example:Strengthen the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

• Empower Local Communities: Description:Involve communities in decision-making and conservation planning. Example:Recognize their role as stewards of wildlife habitats.

• Description:Involve communities in decision-making and conservation planning.

• Example:Recognize their role as stewards of wildlife habitats.

• Educate Consumers: Description:Raise awareness among consumers about the impact of their choices. Example:Highlight the ethical and ecological consequences of purchasing wildlife products.

• Description:Raise awareness among consumers about the impact of their choices.

• Example:Highlight the ethical and ecological consequences of purchasing wildlife products.

Conclusion

combating wildlife trafficking requires concerted efforts at local, national, and global levels. By addressing the root causes and implementing effective strategies, we can protect our planet’s rich biodiversity for generations to come.

General Studies – 3

1.India’s pharmaceutical industry stands at a crucial juncture where enhancing research and development (R&D), fostering innovation, and maintaining high-quality manufacturing are pivotal for sustained growth and global competitiveness. Discuss.

Reference: Live Mint

Introduction

The Indian pharmaceutical industry is one of the major contributors to the Indian economy and it is the world’s third-largest industry by volume. The Indian pharmaceutical industry’s success can be credited to its world-class capabilities in formulation development, entrepreneurial abilities of its people, and the vision of its business leaders to establish India’s footprint in the United States and other large international markets.

Strengths of Indian Pharmaceutical Sector

• According to the Economic Survey of 2020-21, the Indian pharmaceuticals sector is expected to expand multifold and become a $ 130 billion industry by 2030, while medicine spending is projected to grow rapidly too, leading India to become one of the top 10 countries in terms of such expenditure.

• Potential of Pharma sector: The Indian pharmaceutical industry, valued at $41 billion, is expected to grow to $65 billion by 2024 and $120-130 billion by 2030, noted the new Economic survey.

• Rise in exports: Indian pharma exports have registered a growth of 103 percent since 2013-14. This happens to be Pharma Sector’ best export performance ever till 2021-22.

• Positive growth: Drug formulations, biologicals have consistently registered positive growth and the highest increase in absolute terms in recent months. This led to a rise in its share to 7.1 percent in April-November 2020 from 5 percent in April-November 2019, making it the second-largest exported commodity among the top 10 export commodities. This shows that India has the potential to be the ‘pharmacy of the world’”, the survey said.

• This led to a rise in its share to 7.1 percent in April-November 2020 from 5 percent in April-November 2019, making it the second-largest exported commodity among the top 10 export commodities.

• This shows that India has the potential to be the ‘pharmacy of the world’”, the survey said.

• In 1969, Indian pharmaceuticals had a 5 per cent share of the market in India, and global pharma had a 95 per cent share. By 2020, it was the reverse, with Indian pharma having an almost 85 per cent share and global, 15 per cent.

• Significant advantage: The availability of a significant raw material base and skilled workforce have enabled India to emerge as an international manufacturing hub for generic medicines.

• Further, India is the only country with the largest number of USFDA compliant pharma plants (more than 262 including APIs) outside of the US.

• Capacity: The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that India can not only innovate but also rapidly distribute time-critical drugs to every part of the globe that needs it.

• Global leader: Presently, over 80% of the antiretroviral drugs used globally to combat AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) are supplied by Indian pharmaceutical firms.

Issues facing the Pharma industry:

• Overdependence: Indian pharma industries import about 80% of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients(API) from China. The API forms the base of drugs. With trade-wars at global levels and wavering bilateral relations, there is a looming threat which can stall the Indian pharma industries. In FY19, Indian pharma companies imported bulk drugs and intermediates worth $2.4 million from China.

• Compliance issues and good manufacturing practices: Diversifying the global market has been a problem with countries China and USA imposing Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary(SPS) barriers of WTO against generic drugs. The selective targeting by US Food and Drug Administration and Chinese Drug regulators are a problem still.

• Drug Price Control Order: The companies sight that the reforms of the Government for the essential medicines has caused them to lower the price of drugs. This has been done by the Government for the betterment of the public.

• Stronger IP regulations: IP regulation has always been a thorn in the skin for the companies, especially the foreign companies. The companies strongly feel that the rules have to be amended and the so-called victim of the lax regulations have been the foreign entrants.

• Because of fewer costs associated with generic medicines, multiple applications for generic drugs are often approved to market a single product; this creates competition in the marketplace globally, typically resulting in lower prices. Pharma sector in India is also facing steep headwinds on account of this.

• There is a lack of proper assessment of the performance of the pharmaceutical industry and its efficiency and productivity and due to this many plants have not survived.

• Unregulated online pharmacies or e-pharmacies emerging in India have been a major concern for authorized setups.

• There has been a significant drop in the flow of prescriptions as the Indian pharmaceutical industry has been witnessing a decline in the overall quality of its medical representatives (MRs). This is mainly on account of lack of training and support by the industry.

• In countries such as Russia, one requires to be a medical graduate to be a pharma sales representative. In the European Union, one needs to pass stringent examinations to become an MR. Once they qualify, they need to renew their certification every three years. But in India, even non-graduates are performing as MRs without proper guidance.

Measures needed:

• India’s strong innovation capabilities aided partnerships would help in overcoming these problems.

• Developing our R&D sector to reduce dependency on foreign countries for raw materials

• The introduction of pharmaceutical product patents and the mandatory implementation of good manufacturing practices is the need of the hour.

• It is necessary for the Indian pharmaceutical industry to become globally competitive through world-class manufacturing capabilities, with improved quality and a higher efficiency of production, and there is a need to stress on the up-gradation of R&D capabilities.

• Training and development of human resources for the pharmaceutical industry and drug research and development should be done accordingly;

• There is also a need to promote public-private partnership for the development of the pharmaceuticals industry; promote environmentally sustainable development of the pharmaceutical industry; and enable the availability, accessibility, and affordability of drugs.

• Improvement in industrial practices to provide better training and support services for employees to perform their job functions.

• Using multilateral organisation like WTO against the illegal trade practices.

• Funding for the pharma companies might be a way to move forward.

• IPR Think Tank formed by the Government to draft stronger national IP policies.

Conclusion:

The affordability of healthcare is an issue of concern even in India, and people here would welcome some clarity on the principles of fair pricing vis-à-vis medical products. It is important that the accused companies are given a good hearing. The Government of India has taken up a number of initiatives to create an ecosystem that fosters manufacturing in pharma industries.

10. The alarming trend of weather-related disasters causing more displacement globally than conflict and violence presents a pressing need for comprehensive action to address the impacts of climate change on the human population. Elaborate.

Reference: Down to Earth

Introduction

Climate Change is a periodic modification of Earth’s climate brought about due to the changes in the atmosphere as well as the interactions between the atmosphere and various other geological, chemical, biological and geographical factors within the Earth’s system.

Climate change is accelerating due to global warming driven by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases and there is resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns.

Impact of climate change

• Coastal areas:7500 km long coastline is already vulnerable to various disasters like cyclone, coastal flooding, storm surges, heavy rainfall (as seen in Mumbai) etc. The rise in the sea temperature and level will only increase the frequency of such hazards endangering the life and livelihood of the coastal population. Also, India being close to the equator will experience much higher increase in sea level than higher latitudes

• The rise in the sea temperature and level will only increase the frequency of such hazards endangering the life and livelihood of the coastal population.

• Also, India being close to the equator will experience much higher increase in sea level than higher latitudes

• Monsoon: Phenomenon such as El Nino will increase the variabilityof the monsoon worsening the agricultural crisiswith more than 50% area still being rain-fed and threatening the food security. Climate change has about 4-9 per cent impact on agriculture each year. As agriculture contributes 15 per cent to India’s GDP, climate change presumably causes about 1.5 per cent loss in GDP(1).

• Climate change has about 4-9 per cent impact on agriculture each year.

• As agriculture contributes 15 per cent to India’s GDP, climate change presumably causes about 1.5 per cent loss in GDP(1).

• Disasters: More weather aberrations as recently seen in Mumbai and Chennai and increase incidence of the disasters likeflood and drought will threaten both rural and urban economy

• Biodiversity: Loss of biodiversity put the livelihood of the forest dependent and hill communities at risk and disturb the biogeochemical cycles that help maintain the flow of nutrient, water and pure air. Increase in human-wildlife conflict as observed in State like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand is another threat.

• Increase in human-wildlife conflict as observed in State like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand is another threat.

• Health: Increased disease outbreaks especially of the tropical diseases like Malaria and Dengue, heat waves aggravating the urban heat island effect andwater scarcity compelling people to consume polluted water will increase the burden of mortality and morbidity.

• Migration: Rising inequalities as poor will be most affected due to climate change will increase the burden of migration and cripple the urban economies. Illegal migration from the neighbour countries will also cause security threats.

• Illegal migration from the neighbour countries will also cause security threats.

India’s action for Climate Change

• National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): outlines existing and future policies and programs addressing climate mitigation and adaptation. The Action Plan identifies eight core “national missions” running through to 2017: Solar Energy; Enhanced Energy Efficiency; Sustainable Habitat; Water; Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem; Green India; Sustainable Agriculture; and Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change. Most of these missions have strong adaptation imperatives.

• National Clean Energy Fund:The Government of India created the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) in 2010 for financing and promoting clean energy initiatives and funding research in the area of clean energy in the country. The corpus of the fund is built by levying a cess of INR 50 (subsequently increased to INR 100 in 2014) per tonne of coal produced domestically or imported.

• Paris Agreement:Under the Paris Agreement, India has made three commitments. India’s greenhouse gas emission intensity of its GDP will be reduced by 33-35% below 2005 levels by 2030. Alongside, 40% of India’s power capacity would be based on non-fossil fuel sources. At the same time, India will create an additional ‘carbon sink’ of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of Co2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

• International Solar Alliance:ISA was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris on 30 November 2015 by India and France, in the presence of Mr. Ban Ki Moon, former Secretary-General of the United Nations.

• Bharat Stage (BS) Emission Norms:Emissions from vehicles are one of the top contributors to air pollution, which led the government at the time to introduce the BS 2000 (Bharat Stage 1) vehicle emission norms from April 2000, followed by BS-II in 2005. BS-III was implemented nationwide in 2010. However, in 2016, the government decided to meet the global best practices and leapfrog to BS-VI norms by skipping BS V altogether.

Evaluation of India’s response to climate change

• Exceeding the NDC commitment:India is on track (as reports/documents show) to meet and exceed the NDC commitment to achieve 40% electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based sources by 2030.

• Reduction in emission intensity of GDP:Against the voluntary declaration for reducing the emission intensity of GDP by 20%-25% by 2020, India has reduced it by 24% between 2005-2016.

• More importantly, we achieved these targets with around 2% out of the $100 billion committed to developing nations in Copenhagen (2009),realised by 2015.

• Renewable energy expansion: India is implementing one of the most extensive renewable energy expansion programmesto achieve 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and 450 GW by 2030.

• Investment in green measures:As part of the fiscal stimulus after the pandemic, the government announced several green measures, including: a $26.5-billion investment in biogas and cleaner fuels, $3.5 billion in incentivesfor producing efficient solar photovoltaic (PV) and advanced chemistry cell battery, and $780 million towards an afforestation programme.

• a $26.5-billion investment in biogas and cleaner fuels,

• $3.5 billion in incentivesfor producing efficient solar photovoltaic (PV) and advanced chemistry cell battery, and $780 million towards an afforestation programme.

• India’s contribution to global emissions is well below its equitable share of the worldwide carbon budget by any equity criterion.

Way Forward

• Mitigation efforts begin with understanding the direct and indirect pathways by which climate change impacts health and assessing the burden. Currently, the health information systems are not modified to gather this data.

• Currently, the health information systems are not modified to gather this data.

• The benefits from upstream interventions that focus on better urban planning, green cover, water conservation, and public health interventions will be much larger — not only for health but for many determinants of health.

• Action to control climate change needs to happen at global, regional, and local levels.

• Pathways of climate change and their impact will determine the appropriate area of intervention.

• India has to recognise climate change and its impact on health as a problem that can be and needs to be addressed.

• Researchers who work in this area need to come up with policy options for action.

• National, State, and local governments have to decide to act on the policy options that have been generated by research.

• When the three streams of problematization, policy options, and political decision-making come together, meaningful change is likely to happen.

Conclusion

• Any self-sacrificial declaration of carbon neutrality today in the current international scenario would be a wasted gesture reducing the burden of the developed world and transferring it to the backs of the Indian people.

• India’s twin burden of low-carbon development and adaptation to climate impacts, is onerous and no doubt requires serious, concerted action.

• India’s approach to eventual net-zero emissions is contingent on deep first world emissions reductions and an adequate and unambiguous global carbon budget.

• Meanwhile, India must reject any attempt to restrict its options and be led into a low-development trap, based on pseudo-scientific narratives.

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