[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 16 April 2024

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent);

Topic: Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent);

1. India recognizes the potential of the Arctic as a future source of resources and its engagement in the region is guided by broader considerations of environmental sustainability and global climate action. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question: While the Indian government seems keen to benefit from seabed mining and resource exploitation in the Arctic, it ought to unequivocally back a sustainable mode of extraction. Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of Arctic region and features of India’s arctic policy. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving the extent of Arctic region. Body: In the first part, write about the climatic importance of Arctic – world’s climate in balance, circulate the world’s ocean currents, moving cold and warm water around the globe etc. Next, write about economic importance – huge commercial and economic opportunities, particularly in shipping, energy, fisheries and mineral resources etc. Next, write about the key features of India’s arctic policy – actively engages in the Arctic region through scientific research expeditions, contributing to global understanding of climate change, potential as a future resource hub etc. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

Why the question:

While the Indian government seems keen to benefit from seabed mining and resource exploitation in the Arctic, it ought to unequivocally back a sustainable mode of extraction.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the importance of Arctic region and features of India’s arctic policy.

Directive word:

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving the extent of Arctic region.

In the first part, write about the climatic importance of Arctic – world’s climate in balance, circulate the world’s ocean currents, moving cold and warm water around the globe etc.

Next, write about economic importance – huge commercial and economic opportunities, particularly in shipping, energy, fisheries and mineral resources etc.

Next, write about the key features of India’s arctic policy – actively engages in the Arctic region through scientific research expeditions, contributing to global understanding of climate change, potential as a future resource hub etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

The Arctic encompasses the northernmost part of Earth, extending beyond the Arctic Circle (approximately 66.5°N latitude). It includes the Arctic Ocean, land areas in Canada, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the US (Alaska).

While the Indian government seems keen to benefit from seabed mining and resource exploitation in the Arctic, it ought to unequivocally back a sustainable mode of extraction.

Climatic Importance of the Arctic:

• Global Climate Regulation: The Arctic acts as Earth’s “icebox,” helping cool the planet. It shapes the jet stream and influences weather patterns worldwide.

• The Arctic acts as Earth’s “icebox,” helping cool the planet.

• It shapes the jet stream and influences weather patterns worldwide.

• Ocean Currents: The Arctic Ocean plays a pivotal role in the global oceanic conveyor belt. The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current are regulated by Arctic processes.

• The Arctic Ocean plays a pivotal role in the global oceanic conveyor belt.

• The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current are regulated by Arctic processes.

• Unique Features: Arctic climate changes impact the entire planet due to its disproportionate influence.

• Arctic climate changes impact the entire planet due to its disproportionate influence.

Economic Significance of the Arctic:

• Resource Potential: Estimated 90 billion barrels of oil (16% of global total) and 1,669 trillion cubic feet of gas (30%). Abundant natural gas liquids and renewable energy sources (wind, tidal, geothermal).

• Estimated 90 billion barrels of oil (16% of global total) and 1,669 trillion cubic feet of gas (30%).

• Abundant natural gas liquids and renewable energy sources (wind, tidal, geothermal).

• Commercial Opportunities: Shipping routes (Northern Sea Route) shorten distances between Europe and Asia. Fisheries and mineral resources (rare earth minerals, metals). Tourism potential due to pristine landscapes and wildlife.

• Shipping routes (Northern Sea Route) shorten distances between Europe and Asia.

• Fisheries and mineral resources (rare earth minerals, metals).

• Tourism potential due to pristine landscapes and wildlife.

India’s Arctic Policy:

• Scientific Research: India actively engages in Arctic research, studying climate change connections. Observatories and atmospheric laboratories established in Kongsfjorden.

• India actively engages in Arctic research, studying climate change connections.

• Observatories and atmospheric laboratories established in Kongsfjorden.

• Global Understanding of Climate Change: India’s Arctic research contributes to understanding climate dynamics. Focus on glaciers, sea-level changes, flora, fauna, and monsoon connections.

• India’s Arctic research contributes to understanding climate dynamics.

• Focus on glaciers, sea-level changes, flora, fauna, and monsoon connections.

• Future Resource Hub: India aims to enhance cooperation with the resource-rich Arctic. Procuring an ice-class research vessel for Arctic exploration.

• India aims to enhance cooperation with the resource-rich Arctic.

• Procuring an ice-class research vessel for Arctic exploration.

Way Forward:

• Collaboration and Capacity Building: Strengthen partnerships with Arctic Council members. Develop infrastructure for Arctic research and exploration.

• Strengthen partnerships with Arctic Council members.

• Develop infrastructure for Arctic research and exploration.

• Environmental Stewardship: Combat climate change and protect fragile Arctic ecosystems. Promote sustainable practices in resource extraction.

• Combat climate change and protect fragile Arctic ecosystems.

• Promote sustainable practices in resource extraction.

• Balancing Economic Development and Conservation: Leverage economic opportunities while safeguarding the environment.

• Leverage economic opportunities while safeguarding the environment.

Conclusion

The Arctic, though remote, is a global player. Its melting ice, resource wealth, and strategic importance demand responsible stewardship.

Topic: geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

Topic: geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

2. In recent years, India has adopted a proactive policy aimed at transforming the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Examine the strategic and economic importance of Andaman & Nicobar Islands for India. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India

Why the question: The new thrust on developing strategic infrastructure, both civilian and military, on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is decades overdue. Key Demand of the question: To understand the importance of Andaman & Nicobar Islands both strategically and economically for India. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving a brief on the geographical location of Andaman & Nicobar Islands with respect to mainland India. Body: Mention the economic importance such as the prospects of blue economy, tourism sector and strategic importance such as critical role it plays in India’s engagement with the East Asian nations, potential to act as a check on Chinese aggression in the seas, access to important trade routes and sea routes etc. Next mention the need to develop the island to harness its importance through regional infrastructure development as well as robust policy formulation. Conclusion: Conclude by stating that the island is filled with best opportunities and needs to be harnessed rightly for India’s benefit.

Why the question:

The new thrust on developing strategic infrastructure, both civilian and military, on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is decades overdue.

Key Demand of the question:

To understand the importance of Andaman & Nicobar Islands both strategically and economically for India.

Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving a brief on the geographical location of Andaman & Nicobar Islands with respect to mainland India.

Mention the economic importance such as the prospects of blue economy, tourism sector and strategic importance such as critical role it plays in India’s engagement with the East Asian nations, potential to act as a check on Chinese aggression in the seas, access to important trade routes and sea routes etc. Next mention the need to develop the island to harness its importance through regional infrastructure development as well as robust policy formulation.

Conclusion:

Conclude by stating that the island is filled with best opportunities and needs to be harnessed rightly for India’s benefit.

Introduction

The strategic and economic importance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is increasing in the power corridors of New Delhi. The enhanced focus of New Delhi on the strategic importance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is reflected by the renewed emphasis on the creation of major military infrastructure (revamping of airfields, jetties, habitat for troops) in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Government of India had earlier constituted Islands Development Agency (IDA) and a NITI Aayog committee for holistic socio-economic development of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Importance and Significance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands for India

Geo-strategic and Geo-Political Significance

• Crucial Node for peace and security in the Indo-Pacific:India can leverage the strategic position of the Andaman and Nicobar islands to emerge as the ‘net security provider’ in the Indo-Pacific region.

• Enhances the scope of Maritime Partnership: Andaman and Nicobar’s geo-strategic location enhances the scope for India’s maritime partnership with the US, Japan, Australia and France. For ex-Enhances their scope for participation in Exercise KAVACH.

• Countering the growing Chinese influence:Andaman and Nicobar Islands is like a ‘Metal chain‘ strung right down the Bay of Bengal to the mouth of the Malacca, with the potential to block China’s access to the Indian Ocean. Beefing up of military infrastructure creates a ‘Malacca Dilemma‘ for China due to the proximity of Andaman and Nicobar Island to the Malacca Strait.

• Protection of Maritime Choke points:Its geo-strategic location gives India advantage of securing the Malacca Strait from where more than 90,000 merchant ships carrying about 30 per cent of the world’s traded goods pass every year.

Geo-Economic Significance

• Mineral Deposits:The island provides India with 300,000 sq km of exclusive economic zone with the potential of undersea hydrocarbon and mineral deposits.

• Tourism Potential:The pristine beaches of the Andaman and Nicobar Island has a large tourism potential which can attract FDI in the hospitality sector in India.

• Maritime and Startup Hub:NITI Aayog has identified the potential for development of Andaman and Nicobar Island as a maritime and startup Hub. For ex- NITI Aayog’s proposed project for Great Nicobar which includes international container trans-shipment terminal, a greenfield international airport, a power plant and a township complex.

Social Importance

• Treasure of Tribes:The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are home to 5 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups- Great Andamanese, Jarawas, Onges, Shompens and North Sentinelese. These tribal groups are a treasure for enrichment of our anthropological understanding.

• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR):The Andaman and Nicobar Island provides an opportunity for India to undertake disaster-relief, medical aid, countering piracy and human smuggling, aircraft/submarine search and rescue operations for the social welfare in the Indo-Pacific region.

Challenges in the realisation of full development potential of these Islands

• Environmental Concerns:There are environmental concerns around the large scale development projects being undertaken in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These developmental projects can endanger the flora and fauna of the island state. For ex-Proposed Great Nicobar project will endanger the Giant Leatherback in the Galathea Bay area & threat to coral reefs and mangroves in the area.

• Geo Political insecurity: The geopolitical influence of Chinese military facility at Myanmar’s Coco Islands lying 55 km north of A&N Islands poses a threat to India’s blue economy and maritime security.

• Maritime Challenges: There are maritime threats and challenges arising from illegal migration, human trafficking, poaching, and subversive threats from the seas.

• Geological Vulnerability:The Andaman and Nicobar island group’s location in the highly active geological zone makes it prone to a number of natural disasters. For ex- 2004 earthquake and tsunami wiping one-fifth of the population and 90% of mangroves in Nicobar and Car Nicobar island.

• Lack of coordination: The development of islands and strategic infrastructure is a multidimensional project involving several ministries, departments, and agencies, that presents significant coordination challenges

• Encroachment in Tribal Space: There has been intrusion in the tribal space due to encroachment into their areas in the name of development, and lack of effective rehabilitation program.

• Socio-economic Challenges: The influx of settlers, job-seekers, labourers, and migrants that has created socio-economic problems on the island. The high cost of living, lack of employment opportunities, and distance from the mainland have led to a sense of negativity among the islanders.

Way forward

• Development in accordance with Sustainable Island Development Framework: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment should be made mandatory for any development activity in the Andaman and Nicobar Region. Planned habitation of uninhabited islands should be considered by providing incentives such as free or subsidised land, where eco-friendly entrepreneurial efforts could be encouraged.

• Developing Island Security Model:A long-term Capability Development Plan must be prepared for the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the Coast Guard, and the Andaman Police for developing and implementing an Island Security Model. There must be robust maritime security to keep the vast area around the islands under surveillance.

• Increasing the pace of Development Works:The pace of Socio-economic and Infrastructural Development works must be increased for the holistic development of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It’s crucial to develop infrastructure on the southern group of islands, strategically positioned along the main shipping route from the Indian Ocean to Southeast Asia, to support India’s maritime economy.

• Making the Andaman’s a formidable maritime bastion: This will extend India’s defensive perimeter and also bestow the ability to project power or extend a hand of friendship to maritime neighbours.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

3. The implications of nanoplastics on cardiovascular health, represent an emerging threat that warrants attention from both the scientific community and policymakers. Analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Down to Earth

Why the question: Microplastics and nanoplastics are an emerging threat to cardiovascular health. Key Demand of the question: To write about genome sequencing and its application. Directive word: Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start with a defining nanoplastics. Body: Firstly, write about the threats posed by nanoplastics. – threat to aquatic life, migrate through the intestinal wall and travel to lymph nodes, carcinogenic, potential for both bioaccumulation and biomagnification etc. Next, write about that are needed to combat threats posed by nanoplastics. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

Microplastics and nanoplastics are an emerging threat to cardiovascular health.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about genome sequencing and its application.

Directive word:

Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start with a defining nanoplastics.

Firstly, write about the threats posed by nanoplastics. – threat to aquatic life, migrate through the intestinal wall and travel to lymph nodes, carcinogenic, potential for both bioaccumulation and biomagnification etc.

Next, write about that are needed to combat threats posed by nanoplastics.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Nanoplastics are extremely small pieces of plastic, typically less than 100 nanometers in size. They arise from the breakdown of larger plastic objects or as byproducts of industrial processes.

Each litre of bottled water contains 110,000 to 370,000 plastic particles — and about 90 per cent of them are nanosized (less than 1 micrometer in size)— research published in journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences noted.

Threats to Cardiovascular Health:

• Microplastics in Arteries: Recent research has linked microplastics (including nanoplastics) found in artery-clogging plaques to a significantly increased risk of heart attack, stroke, or death. These tiny flecks of plastic inside arteries disrupt normal function and pose a quadrupled risk.

• Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Nanoplastics can disturb the balance of oxidative and inflammatory processes in the gut, affecting cardiovascular health.

• Epithelial Permeability Disruption: Nanoplastics impair the integrity of the gut’s epithelial lining, potentially allowing harmful substances to enter the bloodstream.

Other threats posed by Nanoplastics

• Bioaccumulation:Nanoplastics are ingested by marine organisms, leading to bioaccumulation in the food chain, with potential harm to larger marine species, including fish and marine mammals.

• Disruption of Gut Microbiota: Nanoplastics alter the gut microbiota, leading to dysbiosis and potential health consequences.

• Carrier Effect: Nanoplastics can carry environmental pollutants and pathogens, posing risks to aquatic ecosystems.

• Toxicity:Nanoplastics can carry adsorbed pollutants, leading to enhanced toxicity when ingested by marine life.

Terrestrial Ecosystem:

• Soil Contamination:Nanoplastics in soil can alter soil structure and impact plant growth, potentially affecting agricultural productivity.

• Plant Uptake:Nanoplastics may be taken up by plants, potentially entering the food chain and affecting human health.

Carcinogenic Potential:

• Long-Term Risk: Carcinogenesis is a gradual process, and the continuous exposure to nanoplastics makes them potential carcinogens.

• Bhas-42 Cell Transformation Assay: In vitro studies have assessed the carcinogenic potential of nanoplastics like polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polylactic acid (PLA). Preliminary results indicate PS lacks carcinogenic potential, but more research is needed for PET and PLA.

Measures to combat Nanoplastic Threats

• Research and Monitoring: Invest in comprehensive research to understand nanoplastic behavior, toxicity, and distribution.

• Regulation and Waste Management: Implement stricter regulations on plastic production, usage, and disposal. Promote recycling and sustainable alternatives.

• Public Awareness and Education: Educate the public about the risks of nanoplastics and encourage responsible plastic use.

Way Forward:

Regulatory Measures:

• Ban or Restriction on Intentional Nanoplastics: Implement regulations that restrict or ban the intentional use of nanoplastics in consumer products, especially in cosmetics, personal care items, and other applications where intentional production is unnecessary.

• Microplastic-Free Certification: Establish standards and certifications for products that are free from intentional micro- and nanoplastics, encouraging industries to adopt environmentally friendly alternatives.

Waste Management and Recycling:

• Enhanced Waste Collection: Improve waste collection systems to minimize the release of macroplastics into the environment, recognizing that nanoplastics often originate from the breakdown of larger plastic items.

• Advanced Recycling Technologies: Invest in and promote the development of advanced recycling technologies that can effectively capture and process nanoplastics from various waste streams.

Consumer Awareness and Behavior:

• Educational Campaigns: Launch public awareness campaigns to educate consumers about the sources and impacts of nanoplastic pollution, encouraging responsible plastic use and disposal.

• Promotion of Sustainable Alternatives: Encourage the use of sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to plastic products, reducing overall plastic consumption.

Research and Monitoring:

• Funding for Nanoplastic Research: Allocate research funding to better understand the sources, behavior, and ecological impacts of nanoplastics, including studies on their potential health effects on humans.

• Development of Detection Methods: Invest in the development of reliable and standardized methods for detecting and quantifying nanoplastics in various environmental matrices, facilitating more accurate assessments of nanoplastic pollution levels.

International Cooperation:

• Global Agreements: Facilitate international cooperation and agreements to address nanoplastic pollution, fostering collaboration between countries to develop and implement effective strategies.

• Sharing Best Practices: Establish a platform for sharing best practices and successful initiatives in nanoplastic mitigation among nations, encouraging the adoption of proven methods.

Innovation and Technology:

• Nanoplastic Filtration Systems: Develop innovative filtration systems for wastewater treatment plants to capture and remove nanoplastics before they enter aquatic environments.

• Biodegradable Plastics: Invest in research and development of biodegradable plastics that break down into harmless components, reducing the persistence of plastic particles in the environment.

Corporate Responsibility:

• Product Labeling: Encourage companies to label products containing micro- or nanoplastics, allowing consumers to make informed choices.

• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Implement EPR programs, making producers responsible for the entire life cycle of their products, including proper disposal and recycling.

Community Engagement:

• Community Cleanup Initiatives: Mobilize communities to participate in cleanup initiatives focused on removing plastic debris from natural environments, preventing further fragmentation into nanoplastics.

• Local Action Plans: Develop local action plans involving communities, businesses, and local authorities to address nanoplastic pollution at a regional level.

Conclusion

Safeguarding our planet from nanoplastic hazards requires collective action, informed decisions, and a commitment to sustainable practices.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, Nano-technology, biotechnology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.

Topic: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, Nano-technology, biotechnology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.

4. Genome India Project hold immense promise for advancing scientific understanding, driving innovation, and addressing the unique genetic challenges and opportunities in India. Explain. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about Genome India Project and its application. Directive word: Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start with a defining genome sequencing. Body: Firstly, in brief, explain the process of genome sequencing. Write about the advantages offered by the genome sequencing. Cite the recent Nobel prize for Medicine was based on genome sequencing. Next, write about the aims and objectives and Genome India Project as well as steps taken so far in this regard. Write about its advantages in healthcare and research in India, and its contribution to global efforts to combat genetic diseases. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about Genome India Project and its application.

Directive word:

Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start with a defining genome sequencing.

Firstly, in brief, explain the process of genome sequencing. Write about the advantages offered by the genome sequencing. Cite the recent Nobel prize for Medicine was based on genome sequencing.

Next, write about the aims and objectives and Genome India Project as well as steps taken so far in this regard. Write about its advantages in healthcare and research in India, and its contribution to global efforts to combat genetic diseases.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Genome Sequencing refers to the method through which the order of DNA nucleotides, or bases, in a genome, the order of As, Cs, Gs, and Ts that make up an organism’s DNA are figured. The human genome is made up of over 3 billion of these genetic letters

About Genome sequencing

• A Genome is the complete genetic material of an organism. It is like an instruction manual which contains information about the make-up of the organism.

• While human genomes are made of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), a virus genome can be made of either DNA or RNA (Ribonucleic acid).

• DNA and RNA provide genetic instructions for growth and functioning of organisms.

• Coronavirus is made of RNA. Genome sequencing is a technique that reads and interprets genetic information found within DNA or RNA.

Genome India Project

• Taking inspiration from the Human Genome Project, this year, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) initiated the ambitious “Genome India Project” (GIP) on 3rd January 2020.

• The Genome India Project, a Centre-backed initiative to sequence 10,000 Indian human genomes and create a database, is about two-thirds completed and will be 100% complete by year-end.

• Of the 7,000 genomes sequenced about 3,000 are already available for public access (as per the Department of Biotechnology)

• This project is led by the Centre for Brain Research at Bengaluru-based Indian Institute of Science, which acts as the central coordinator between a collaboration of 20 leading institutions, each collecting samples and conducting its own research.

• Institutes involved include the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bengaluru as well as several Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).

• For conducting the project, investigators in hospitals will lead the data collection through a simple blood test from participants and the information will be added to biobanks.

Significance of Genome India Project

• India’s population of4 billion is made up of over 4,600 diverse population groups, many of which are endogamous or marry within close ethnic groups.

• These groups haveunique genetic variations and disease-causing mutations that cannot be compared to other populations.

• By creating a database of Indian genomes, researchers can learn about these unique genetic variants and use the information to create personalized drugs and therapies.

• The project aims to develop personalized medicine based on patients’ genomes to anticipate and modulate diseases.

• By mapping disease propensities to genetic variations, interventions can be targeted more effectively, and diseases can be anticipated before they develop.

• For example, variations across genomes may explain why cardiovascular disease leads to heart attacks in South Asians but to strokes in most parts of Africa.

• Similar benefits will come to agriculture if there is a better understanding of the genetic basis of the susceptibility of plants to pests, insects and other issues hampering productivity.

• This can reduce dependence on chemicals.

• Global science will also benefit from a mapping project in one of the world’s most diverse gene pools.

• The project is said to be among the most significant of its kind in the world because of its scale and the diversity it would bring to genetic studies.

Conclusion

Finally, genes account for less than 25 percent of the DNA in the genome, and so knowing the entire genome sequence will help scientists study the parts of the genome outside the genes. This includes the regulatory regions that control how genes are turned on and off, as well as long stretches of “nonsense” or “junk” DNA—so called because significance of it hasn’t been established.

*Value addition*

*Importance of genome sequencing*

• Genome sequencing helps researchers understand the arrangement of the make up of DNA or RNA. Sequencing the genome will help us understand where the certain virus for instance of SARS-CoV-2 came from and how it spread

• Participants of genome-sample collections represent diversity of the country’s population. It will help in following ways:

• The first obvious use would be in personalised medicine, anticipating diseases and modulating treatment according to the genome of patients. Several diseases develop through the interplay of the environment with multiple genes, which differ across populations.

• Human genome sequencing is important to establish a link between diseases and the unique genetic make-up of each individual. For instance, cardiovascular disease generally leads to heart attacks in South Asians. If such propensities can be mapped to variations across genomes, it is believed public health interventions can be targeted better.

• While genes may render some insensitive to certain drugs, genome sequencing has shown that cancer too can be understood from the viewpoint of genetics, rather than being seen as a disease of certain organs.

• Another advantage of genome sequencing is that information regarding drug efficacy or adverse effects of drug usecan be obtained. Drugs developed in the Western world and sold in India are pricey and may not be effective on the Indian gene. Mapping of India’s genetic landscape is critical for next generation medicine.

• It will enhance India’s scientific capabilities. Next step would be genome sequencing of crops that would help in better understanding of the genetic basis of susceptibility of crops to blights, rusts and pests. It may become possible to deter them genetically, and reduce dependence on chemicals.

• Global science would also benefit from genome sequencing, which would provide data useful for the mapping of the spread and migration of a range of life forms in the old World and thus would help in better understanding of human evolution.

Topic: Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

Topic: Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

5. The ability of gene editing technology to precisely modify DNA offers unprecedented opportunities to address pressing challenges and improve the quality of life for humans, animals, and the environment. Explain. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India.

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about the gene editing technology is with its potential applications in various fields. Directive word: Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start with what you understand by Gene editing technology. Body: In the first part, write about the process of gene editing technology with a brief diagram. Next, write about the possible advantages of Gene editing and cite examples to substantiate. Next, write about the limitations of the above. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the gene editing technology is with its potential applications in various fields.

Directive word:

Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start with what you understand by Gene editing technology.

In the first part, write about the process of gene editing technology with a brief diagram.

Next, write about the possible advantages of Gene editing and cite examples to substantiate.

Next, write about the limitations of the above.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Gene Editing is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified or replaced in the genome of a living organism. Unlike early genetic engineering techniques that randomly insert genetic material into a host genome, genome editing targets the insertions to site specific locations.

CRISPRs (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) are sections of DNA, while CAS-9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is an enzyme. Often described as “a pair of molecular scissors,” CRISPR is widely considered the most precise, most cost-effective and quickest way to edit genes.

Working

Applications

• Most uses of genome editing have been in scientific research – for example to investigate models of human disease.

• Genome editing has the potential to alter any DNA sequence, whether in a bacterium, plant, animal or human being.

• It is a powerful tool that can reshape the way society deals many issues of healthcare, food scarcity and the environment.

• Crops and livestock (e.g. increasing yield, introducing resistance to disease and pests, tolerance of different environmental conditions).

• Industrial biotechnology (e.g. developing ‘third generation’ biofuels and producing chemicals, materials and pharmaceuticals).

• Biomedicine (e.g. pharmaceutical development, xenotransplantation, gene and cell-based therapies, control of insect-borne diseases).

• Reproduction (e.g. preventing the inheritance of a disease trait).

• Engineering mosquitoes to control malaria and dengue.

• It can help fight against blood-related disorders such as haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia, and BetaThalassemia.

• All such applications together can drive India’s economic growth over the next decade to new heights.

• Most uses of genome editing have been in scientific research –for example to investigate models of human disease.

• Genome editing has the potential to alter any DNA sequence, whether in a bacterium, plant, animal or human being.

• It is a powerful tool that can reshape the way society deals many issues of healthcare, food scarcity and the environment.

• Crops and livestock (e.g. increasing yield, introducing resistance to disease and pests, tolerance of different environmental conditions).

• Industrial biotechnology (e.g. developing ‘third generation’ biofuels and producing chemicals, materials and pharmaceuticals).

• Biomedicine (e.g. pharmaceutical development, xenotransplantation, gene and cell-based therapies, control of insect-borne diseases).

• Reproduction (e.g. preventing the inheritance of a disease trait).

• Engineering mosquitoes to control malaria and dengue.

• It can help fight against blood-related disorders such as haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia, and Beta-Thalassemia.

• All such applications together can drive India’s economic growth over the next decade to new heights.

• Study by Stanford University, U.S., found that the CRISPR-Cas9 system introduces unexpected off-target (outside of the intended editing sites) effects in mice. The fear that the CRISPR system is being prematurely rushed for clinical use lingers. Three recent reports have exacerbated this fear even further.

• Studies highlighted that CRISPR-Cas9-edited cells might trigger cancer.

• P53 protein: CRISPR-Cas9 system induced activation of a protein called P53. This P53 protein acts like a gatekeeper or guardian in the cells to keep them healthy and prevents them (the cells) from turning cancerous. In many cancers, cells lose their ability to repair deleterious genetic changes due to an impaired P53 function. In cells where editing is adequate, the cell’s P53 protein may be dysfunctional. Therefore, a functional pP53 protein is good for the cells to be healthy but makes the Cas9-mediated editing process less effective.

• CRISPR-Cas9 system induced activation of a protein called P53. This P53 protein acts like a gatekeeper or guardian in the cells to keep them healthy and prevents them (the cells) from turning cancerous. In many cancers, cells lose their ability to repair deleterious genetic changes due to an impaired P53 function.

• In cells where editing is adequate, the cell’s P53 protein may be dysfunctional. Therefore, a functional pP53 protein is good for the cells to be healthy but makes the Cas9-mediated editing process less effective.

• The impending danger of mosaicism, in which some cells inherit the target mutation, while others don’t.

• Scientists are far from understanding how exactly individual genes influence phenotypes, or the visible traits of people.

• Every gene likely influences multiple traits, depending on the environment it interacts This makes it hard to predict the ultimate outcome of an embryo-editing exercise without decades of follow-up.

• Every gene influences trade-offs, which scientists barely understand today. Example: while protecting against HIV, a deactivated CCR5 gene can also make people more susceptible to West-Nile Fever.

• Editing human embryos to repair disease-causing genes is far more controversial.

• Issue of Designer babies: The eyes of the mother, the hair of the father, the complexion from the maternal side and a cute little dimple from the paternal is what makes the kid loved by one and all. Designing the babies to look like celebrities might get the kids to thank you later in life but might loosen the bond that is supposed to be the significant part of the relationship.

• There are prospects of irreversible harms to the health of future children and generations, to concerns about opening the door to new forms of social inequality, discrimination, and conflict.

• Such living experiments are done in secret, outside of any formal institution, and apparently without any independent scrutiny or review by the scientific fraternity.

• Bioethicists fear abuse of gene editing, not just by misguided governments hoping to create a ‘superior’ race.

The debate about gene editing has been going on for a long time now. Gene editing should be encouraged to enhance the advancements in field of science and improve the standard of living of people E.g.: CRISPR technology is targeting to treat the rare disease caused by mutation of one gene. At the same time a common guidelines need to be developed by international community’s which set the guidelines of what risks are acceptable and what are not.

Way Forward:

• India’s current regulatory architecture for approving novel treatments is ambiguous and assigns overlapping functions to different governmental bodies. This framework needs to be restructured to optimize trial approval time while addressing safety requirements.

• A two-step model wherein the government works with industry and research groups to accelerate clinical research is recommended. This model consists of a national apex committee working in collaboration with existing institutional ethics committees and independent accreditation agencies.

• It is envisaged that, India will emerge as a significant contributor to the world bioinformatics market and position itself as a global hub for bioinformatics.

• Indian bioinformatics sector has numerous strengths and competitive advantages to make bioinformatics sector a sunrise industry of India.

• With the improvements in the IPR regime, increasing support from the government and continuing efforts of the private sector companies, it is very much likely that India could repeat its IT success story in bioinformatics too.

• Much research on animal models and isolated human cells should be conducted before any full-scale routine application in humans.

Topic: issues relating to intellectual property rights.

Topic: issues relating to intellectual property rights.

6. Monetization of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in India faces several challenges, ranging from legal and regulatory hurdles to practical issues in implementation. Examine. Suggest reforms to have a thriving IPR regime in the country. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India

Why the question: We should put in place a policy framework to help startups, etc., use intangible assets as collateral. This will aid the evolution of India’s economy. Key Demand of the question: To write about the types of IPRs, issues in its administrations and steps to resolve them. Directive: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start with the definition of IPR and its objectives. Body: First, write about the different types of IPRs. Next, write about the various issues in IPRs monetisation – complex legal frameworks, lengthy registration processes, inadequate enforcement mechanisms, lack of awareness and capacity, high litigation costs, counterfeiting, piracy, lack of incentives for innovation, and the need for international cooperation. Next, write about the reforms that are needed. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

We should put in place a policy framework to help startups, etc., use intangible assets as collateral. This will aid the evolution of India’s economy.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the types of IPRs, issues in its administrations and steps to resolve them.

Directive:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start with the definition of IPR and its objectives.

First, write about the different types of IPRs.

Next, write about the various issues in IPRs monetisation – complex legal frameworks, lengthy registration processes, inadequate enforcement mechanisms, lack of awareness and capacity, high litigation costs, counterfeiting, piracy, lack of incentives for innovation, and the need for international cooperation.

Next, write about the reforms that are needed.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.

India, as a member of the World Trade Organization and signatory to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is obliged to align its intellectual property rights laws with the TRIPS agreement.

Challenges in Monetizing IPRs

• Complex Legal Frameworks: Issue: The legal landscape governing IPRs is intricate, leading to confusion and delays. Impact: Lengthy registration processes and unclear guidelines hinder efficient monetization.

• Issue: The legal landscape governing IPRs is intricate, leading to confusion and delays.

• Impact: Lengthy registration processes and unclear guidelines hinder efficient monetization.

• Inadequate Enforcement Mechanisms: Issue: Weak enforcement of IPRs allows infringement and counterfeiting to thrive. Impact: Creators struggle to protect their rights, discouraging investment in innovation.

• Issue: Weak enforcement of IPRs allows infringement and counterfeiting to thrive.

• Impact: Creators struggle to protect their rights, discouraging investment in innovation.

• Lack of Awareness and Capacity: Issue: Many stakeholders, especially small businesses and artisans, lack awareness about IPRs. Impact: Inadequate knowledge prevents effective utilization and monetization.

• Issue: Many stakeholders, especially small businesses and artisans, lack awareness about IPRs.

• Impact: Inadequate knowledge prevents effective utilization and monetization.

• High Litigation Costs: Issue: Legal battles over IPR infringement are expensive and time-consuming. Impact: Small creators often cannot afford litigation, leading to loss of rights.

• Issue: Legal battles over IPR infringement are expensive and time-consuming.

• Impact: Small creators often cannot afford litigation, leading to loss of rights.

• Counterfeiting and Piracy: Issue: Rampant piracy and counterfeiting erode the value of IPRs. Impact: Genuine creators suffer revenue losses, affecting their willingness to innovate.

• Issue: Rampant piracy and counterfeiting erode the value of IPRs.

• Impact: Genuine creators suffer revenue losses, affecting their willingness to innovate.

• Lack of Incentives for Innovation: Issue: Insufficient rewards for inventors discourage investment in research and development. Impact: Innovation stagnates, hindering overall economic growth.

• Issue: Insufficient rewards for inventors discourage investment in research and development.

• Impact: Innovation stagnates, hindering overall economic growth.

• Need for International Cooperation: Issue: IPRs transcend national boundaries, necessitating global collaboration. Impact: Harmonization of IPR laws and cooperation with other countries are essential.

• Issue: IPRs transcend national boundaries, necessitating global collaboration.

• Impact: Harmonization of IPR laws and cooperation with other countries are essential.

Reforms for a Thriving IPR Regime

• Rethinking the National IPR Policy, 2016: Reassessment: Evaluate the existing policy in light of emerging trends in innovation. Involving State Governments: Engage state governments in framing IPR policies to address regional nuances.

• Reassessment: Evaluate the existing policy in light of emerging trends in innovation.

• Involving State Governments: Engage state governments in framing IPR policies to address regional nuances.

• Investment in Research and Development (R&D): Funding Allocation: Allocate funds to government departments for research. Private Sector Incentives: Encourage private companies to invest in R&D through incentives.

• Funding Allocation: Allocate funds to government departments for research.

• Private Sector Incentives: Encourage private companies to invest in R&D through incentives.

• Enhanced Awareness Programs: Targeting Small Businesses: DPIIT should increase awareness among small businesses, artisans, and remote establishments. NGO Participation: Involve non-governmental organizations to spread awareness effectively.

• Targeting Small Businesses: DPIIT should increase awareness among small businesses, artisans, and remote establishments.

• NGO Participation: Involve non-governmental organizations to spread awareness effectively.

• IP Financing and Valuation: Amend Insurance Act: Minimize monetary risks from IPR infringement. Uniform Valuation System: Devise a uniform valuation method for IP assets. Legislation for Financing Standards: Enact laws to protect and standardize IP financing.

• Amend Insurance Act: Minimize monetary risks from IPR infringement.

• Uniform Valuation System: Devise a uniform valuation method for IP assets.

• Legislation for Financing Standards: Enact laws to protect and standardize IP financing.

• Strengthening Enforcement Mechanisms: Stringent Legislation: Coordinate inter-departmental efforts to combat piracy and counterfeiting. Capacity Building: Enhance enforcement agencies’ capabilities, including state police IPR cells. Product Labeling: Label products as “patent pending” to deter misuse and enhance marketing.

• Stringent Legislation: Coordinate inter-departmental efforts to combat piracy and counterfeiting.

• Capacity Building: Enhance enforcement agencies’ capabilities, including state police IPR cells.

• Product Labeling: Label products as “patent pending” to deter misuse and enhance marketing.

• IP Appellate Board Reforms: Structural Autonomy: Grant greater autonomy to the IP Appellate Board. Timely Appointments: Ensure timely appointment of officials and manpower.

• Structural Autonomy: Grant greater autonomy to the IP Appellate Board.

• Timely Appointments: Ensure timely appointment of officials and manpower.

• Amendments to Patent, Trademark, and Copyright Acts: Regular Review: Continuously assess and update these acts to align with global standards.

• Regular Review: Continuously assess and update these acts to align with global standards.

Conclusion

Beliefs, attitudes and approaches towards IPRs in India must change for the sake of the ambitions articulated in this government’s many initiatives—from Make in India to Startup India and Smart Cities. Indian policymakers do not adequately appreciate the fundamental reality that IP laws and policies are meant to incentivize innovation by establishing enforceable boundaries to protect new products, processes, and original works of expression. Adequate safeguards though necessary should not cripple innovation or new technology that can come to India and benefit the larger public.

*Value addition*

*Overview of IPR and patents in India*

• The issue of IP enforcement has become all the more sensitive considering a bulk of patent applications in India are filed by foreign companies.

• As an example, the data provided by the Indian IP office in its annual report of 2017-2018 shows the applications filed by foreign applicants were more than double (32,304) compared to those by Indian residents (15,550).

• The International IP Index 2017 released by the US Chamber of Commerce, compares India’s intellectual property environment with that of 44 other world economies. The index ranked India at a dismal 43rd position out of 45 countries.

• This shows that challenges to innovation continue to exist in India and, therefore, the government needs to build upon the positive rhetoric of its IPR policy with the substantial legislative reforms that innovators need.

*National IPR Policy*

A comprehensive National IPR policy was adopted in May 2016, to stimulate innovation and creativity across sectors, and provide a clear vision regarding IPR issues. Objectives enshrined in the policy are hereunder:

• *IPR Awareness – Outreach and Promotion – To create public awareness about the economic, social and cultural benefits of IPRs among all sections of society; · Generation of IPRs – To stimulate the generation of IPRs;*

• *Legal and Legislative Framework – *To have strong and effective IPR laws, which balance the interests of rights’ owners with larger public interest

• *Administration and Management – *To modernize and strengthen service-oriented IPR administration;

• *Commercialization of IPRs – Get value for IPRs through commercialization; 6 · Enforcement and Adjudication – To strengthen the enforcement and adjudicatory mechanisms for combating IPR infringements; and*

• *Human Capital Development – *To strengthen and expand human resources, institutions and capacities for teaching, training, research and skill building in IPRs.

General Studies – 4

Topic: Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;

Topic: Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;

7. What does this quote means to you? (150 words)

“Independence can be meaningful only if it becomes instrument for expression of our Culture.” – Deen Dayal Upadhyaya

Difficulty level: Easy

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote and highlighting its core meaning about importance of culture Body: Write about how independence by nature should allow people to express their culture. If there are restrictions place of people’s culture, it will defeat the purpose of independence. Conclusion: Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote in the present day.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote and highlighting its core meaning about importance of culture

Write about how independence by nature should allow people to express their culture. If there are restrictions place of people’s culture, it will defeat the purpose of independence.

Conclusion:

Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote in the present day.

Introduction

Before independence of India, all nationalist political parties and freedom fighters had a single aim, to get independence and to drive the British away. But what independence means and how we are going to develop our country and our people, are the most important issues. In this light, Deendayal Upadhyaya made this famous quote.

Culture is the set of practices in a social system. India- Bharat, has its unique culture- The Bharatiya culture. Its main feature is that it views life as an integrated whole, as against the Western culture, where life is treated as various parts which are mended together. He firmly advocated that “one culture policy” is this policy that can preserve the unity and integrity of India and can solve all our problems. The base of our culture is diversity and plurality.

Independence is closely related to one’s own culture. What one means by independence is being dependent on one’s traditions, religion, life style, behaviour, history, principles etc. Independence is being able to do what one desires. Folks should not be forced by the government or by any other agencies to follow a culture. So independence must give freedom for each person to express his/her culture. It shouldn’t be curtailed. Only then, independence of India will contribute to our progress in future.

A nation creates for itself some social systems/ associated cultures. How we live socially is our social culture. Some of these social systems later become an interruption to prosperity of the country. At that point we must give up those systems. As time progresses, those systems may again be useful for us in our future. Certain cultural practices may not be useful in later phases of a country. Forcing to stick to the old culture/ traditions and not being adaptive is a loss of cultural independence. Independence can be summarized as the amalgamation of all the elements that create what we are at a given point of time. Not being able to adapt ourselves like this is a loss of cultural independence

Conclusion

Along with political independence, Indians must have cultural independence too. Else it’s as bad as not getting independence from British.

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