[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 13 May 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
1. During the colonial period, Indian handicrafts declined, and they did not improve much post-independence. India has to promote its rich heritage of handicrafts, empower artisan communities, and revitalize this important sector for its growth and development. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1. Key Demand of the question: To write about the reasons for decline of Indian handicrafts under British rule. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context about flourishing Indian handicrafts before arrival of British. Body: Write the reasons for collapse of handicrafts under colonial rule – introduction of British made goods and ignorance of Indian Handicrafts Industries, policy of De-industrialization, transformed India to a mere exporter of raw materials for the upcoming modern industries in Britain etc. Next, write about the steps that are needed to promote them – supportive policies, market access, skill development, technology adoption, cultural heritage promotion, and institutional support etc. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the reasons for decline of Indian handicrafts under British rule.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context about flourishing Indian handicrafts before arrival of British.
Write the reasons for collapse of handicrafts under colonial rule – introduction of British made goods and ignorance of Indian Handicrafts Industries, policy of De-industrialization, transformed India to a mere exporter of raw materials for the upcoming modern industries in Britain etc.
Next, write about the steps that are needed to promote them – supportive policies, market access, skill development, technology adoption, cultural heritage promotion, and institutional support etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
The systemic ruin of Indian handicraft industries at the expense of Industrially revolutionizing Britain in which political force was misused to cause economic misery via discriminatory taxation, forceful coercion of artisans and market capturing via mercantalistic policies caused the demise of traditional Handicraft industries. Paul Bairoch, the economic historian estimated that India’s share of manufacturing output in the world was as high as 19.7% in 1800. In a span of 60 years, it plummeted to 8.6% (in 1860) and to 1.4% in 1913.
Reasons for collapse of Indian handicrafts during colonial rule
• Impact of Industrial Revolution: Machine made textile goods of Britain, did the great damage to this Indian industry since 1750. Consequent upon industrial revolution in textile industry there had been massive growth of British imports in India and the domination of British cloth in the Indian market did the havoc; it created large scale unemployment as well as unbelievable drop in wages among the spinners and weavers. Cotton industry, jute handloom weaving of Bengal, woolen manufactures of Kashmir, silk manufacture of Bengal, hand-paper industry, glass industry, lac, bangles, etc.
• Raw Material Shortage: The process of de-industrialization of India began with the gradual disappearance of raw material for Indian artisans which was taken away to feed English machines and consequently moving manufactured products from the list of India’s exports and the remarkable growth of manufactures in the list of her imports mainly from Britain. That is why it is said that Britain “inundated the very mother country of cotton with cottons”, thereby eclipsing India’s traditional handicraft industries. For example the British exported raw materials, like cotton, indigo for the textile industries in Lancashire. As a result, the prices of the raw materials soared high and cost of the handicrafts increased.
• For example the British exported raw materials, like cotton, indigo for the textile industries in Lancashire. As a result, the prices of the raw materials soared high and cost of the handicrafts increased.
• Discriminatory Taxation: C. Dutt held that the tariff policy pursued by the British Government as the leading cause or ‘the first among equals’ towards the decay of handicrafts. This tariff policy came to be known as ‘one-way free trade’ policy which preached that what was good for England was considered to be good for India. To put her manufacturing industries on a sound footing at home, England pursued the policy of protection through the imposition of import duties. But for India, she preached the gospel of free trade. g.: British manufacturers were levied an 85% tax for importing Indian hand woven calico (chintz) and 44% for importing Indian muslin under the British Raj. On the other hand, British textiles were only imposed with a 5% import tax in India.
• g.: British manufacturers were levied an 85% tax for importing Indian hand woven calico (chintz) and 44% for importing Indian muslin under the British Raj. On the other hand, British textiles were only imposed with a 5% import tax in India.
• Loss of Native states: The main source or rather the entire source of demandfor the products of these handicrafts came from the royal courts, and the urban aristocrats. With the abolition of the royal court, one source of demand for the products of these crafts dried up. The new ‘aristocracy’ preferred imported goods.
• Competition from machine-made goods: In terms of quality, though machine-made goods could not compete in quality with the products of the urban weaver, in the matter of lower priceand deep respect for goods bearing foreign trademark (i.e., change in tastes) he was hopelessly beaten by machine-made goods.
• Price fixing and buyer monopolies:They bound local weaver into contracts and that made them sell exclusively to British. The prices were low and exploitative and artisans could recover only 80% cost of production. It pushed the artisans toward indebtedness and eventual poverty.
• Coercing the artisans:The services and the labour of the craftsmen were hired at very low wages. It was impossible for the craftsmen to adopt their traditional profession. So they were force to abandon those crafts. The worst affected were the weavers of Bengal and textile industry of Bengal was virtually closed. It was said that the thumbs of the weavers were cut off. Actually it meant that thousands of weavers were made jobless due to closure of weaving industry.
• Acceleration of ruin by railways: Introduction of railways opened a new era for the transport system in India. But the railways served the political and economic interest of the British to a larger extent. Through railways the machine products of Britain found it much easier to enter into the rural India.
• No efforts to re-industrialise India:There was no attempt for growth of modern industry to take the place of the cottage Industries. As a result, the handicraftsman and artisans had no scope to find suitable employment according to their skill. Rather, they were compelled to switch over to agriculture for employment.
The above mentioned factors point to the nature of British rule and their mercantilist policies which caused the ruining of industries in India. However there are others factors as well that led to their decline such as:
• No efforts were made to explore markets for products. India’s foreign trade was in the hands of foreigners. This meant that the Indian artisans and producers were at the mercy of foreign merchants so far as sales or demand propagation in overseas markets were concerned.
• Guild organization in India was definitely very weak. Finally, she did not possess a class of industrial entrepreneurs.
Conclusion
Though there are some internal factors the led to de-industrialization of India, but the Indian economy had been systematically slaughtered by the British Government and in the process, traditional handicraft industries slipped away to their demise and the process of de-industrialization proved to be a process of pure immiseriation for the several million persons. The only bright side to it was that the ruin coupled with other miseries heaped upon India led to the emergency of economic nationalism India and economic critique becomes a potent weapon in the arsenal of the nationalists.
Topic: geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
Topic: geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
2. By taking a leadership role in exploratory activities related to freshwater extraction, India can contribute to global efforts to ensure water security and promote sustainable development. Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: Statistics show that the total volume of water on earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km3, where 97.5% is salt water and 2.5% freshwater. Out of this freshwater, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface, which means that the rest of the freshwater is underground, including on or under the ocean bed. Key Demand of the question: To write about demand for freshwater and role India can play in freshwater extraction. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving statistic about freshwater. Body: In the first part, write about the water scarcity across the world. Next, write about the measures that India can take in this regard to extract freshwater in a sustainable and equitable manner. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.
Why the question:
Statistics show that the total volume of water on earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km3, where 97.5% is salt water and 2.5% freshwater. Out of this freshwater, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface, which means that the rest of the freshwater is underground, including on or under the ocean bed.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about demand for freshwater and role India can play in freshwater extraction.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving statistic about freshwater.
In the first part, write about the water scarcity across the world.
Next, write about the measures that India can take in this regard to extract freshwater in a sustainable and equitable manner.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
While freshwater extraction holds promise, India’s leadership should prioritize sustainable methods and responsible management practices within the broader framework of UNCLOS and the ISA or develop new frameworks if needed. International collaboration is essential to ensure freshwater access for all while protecting the marine environment.
Background
Fresh water scarcity is a growing concern globally, and India is one country heavily impacted. Here’s a quick background:
• Water Scarcity: Many regions in India face water shortages due to factors like population growth, climate change, and uneven water distribution.
• Freshwater Extraction Methods: Traditional methods like surface water (rivers, lakes) and groundwater extraction are reaching their limits.
• Seabed as a Potential Source: The vast ocean floors hold potential reserves of freshwater trapped in underground aquifers.
Challenges faced by India wrt water
• Water Scarcity and Conflict: Anticipation that future wars may be fought over water due to its increasing scarcity and value, highlighting the importance of freshwater resources.
• The potential of the “Area” for Freshwater: With freshwater becoming scarce and expensive, the “Area” could qualify as a potential zone for freshwater exploration and extraction, similar to oil exploration.
• Lack of Legislation: Currently, there is a lack of specific legislation and terminologies governing the exploration and extraction of resources beyond national jurisdiction, particularly freshwater.
• Complexities in Governance: The governance of activities beyond national jurisdiction, such as freshwater exploration, is complicated by multiple legislations governing the law of the sea.
• Environmental impact of seabed freshwater extraction needs thorough evaluation. The potential disruption of marine ecosystems and unknown long-term consequences must be considered.
• The potential disruption of marine ecosystems and unknown long-term consequences must be considered.
• International cooperation is crucial to ensure responsible and equitable access to freshwater resources, especially for developing countries.
Measures to be taken
• Opportunity for Legislative Development: There is a need for the international community to develop laws of the sea, particularly concerning exploratory activities related to freshwater from the “Area.”
• Sustainable Development Goals: The effort aligns with the global agenda of SDG 14, emphasizing the importance of sustainable resource management beyond national jurisdictions.
• Potential Role for India: India is suggested to take a lead role in addressing these legislative challenges and advancing exploration activities in the “Area,” which could benefit mankind significantly.
• Human Priorities Over Space Exploration: It advocates for prioritizing efforts to secure freshwater resources on Earth over investing in space exploration, highlighting the immediate and pressing need for water security.
Conclusion and way forward
• India can leverage its position in UNCLOS and potentially the ISA (if freshwater extraction moves beyond EEZs) to advocate for responsible resource management and environmental protection.
• Balancing water security needs with sustainable practices is key for long-term solutions.
India needs to work towards involvement in amending existing conventions like UNCLOS or drafting new agreements tailored to address the unique challenges of freshwater resource management.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
3. The trade agreement between India and EFTA is expected to give a much-needed boost to bilateral trade and economic relations, laying the groundwork for deeper cooperation and mutual benefits in the years to come. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: Before election fever gripped the country, India managed to clinch a historic trade deal, in March, with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), comprising Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Key Demand of the question: To write about the impact of India signing trade agreement with EFTA Directive word: Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, write about the major features of the trade agreement with EFTA. Next, write about major benefits it is expected to bring – significant economic benefits, such as better integrated and more resilient supply etc. Next, write about the major concerns associated with it – geopolitical implications, actual scale of investment etc. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
Before election fever gripped the country, India managed to clinch a historic trade deal, in March, with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), comprising Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the impact of India signing trade agreement with EFTA
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
First, write about the major features of the trade agreement with EFTA.
Next, write about major benefits it is expected to bring – significant economic benefits, such as better integrated and more resilient supply etc.
Next, write about the major concerns associated with it – geopolitical implications, actual scale of investment etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
On 10 March, in a first, India signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with a Western grouping of four developed nations. The European Free Trade Association (EFTA)—a key economic bloc in Europe—comprises the four non-EU countries of Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. Despite a small population of 13 million, the bloc has a combined GDP of over US$1 trillion and is the world’s ninth-largest trader in goods and fifth largest in services.
India and EFTA Trade
• India’s exports to EFTA countries during 2022-23 stood at USD 1.92 billion, while imports were at USD 16.74 billion.
• The bilateral trade between India and EFTA stood at USD 18.65 billion in 2022-23.
• Switzerland is the largest trading partner of India followed by Norway. In fact, India has a trade deficit with Switzerland, largely due to gold imports.
• In fact, India has a trade deficit with Switzerland, largely due to gold imports.
• India-European Free Trade Association signed a Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) in March 2024.
Features of the trade deal between India-EFTA
• EFTA has committed to promoting investments to increase the stock of foreign direct investments by USD 100 billion in India in the next 15 years, and to facilitate the generation of 1 million direct employment in India, through such investments.
• For the first ever time in the history of FTAs, a legal commitment is being made to promoting target-oriented investment and the creation of jobs.
• EFTA is offering 92.2% of its tariff lines which covers 99.6% of India’s exports.
• India is offering 82.7% of its tariff lines which covers 95.3% of EFTA exports of which more than 80% of import is Gold. The effective duty on Gold remains untouched.
• The EFTA’s market access offer covers 100% of non-agri products and tariff concession on Processed Agricultural Products (PAP).
• India has offered 105 sub-sectors to the EFTA and secured commitments in 128 sub-sectors from Switzerland, 114 from Norway, 107 from Liechtenstein, and 110 from Iceland.
• TEPA has provisions for Mutual Recognition Agreements in professional services like nursing, chartered accountants, architects, etc.
Significance
• Boosting trade and investment: The anticipated USD 100 billion in FDI from EFTA countries over 15 years is crucial for India’s infrastructure development, technological advancement, and job creation. TEPA will give impetus to “Make in India” and Atmanirbhar Bharat by encouraging domestic manufacturing in sectors such as Infrastructure and Connectivity, Manufacturing, Machinery, Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Food Processing, Transport and Logistics, Banking and Financial Services and Insurance. TEPA would stimulate our services exports in sectors such as IT services, business services, personal, cultural, sporting and recreational services, other education services, audio-visual services etc.
• TEPA will give impetus to “Make in India” and Atmanirbhar Bharat by encouraging domestic manufacturing in sectors such as Infrastructure and Connectivity, Manufacturing, Machinery, Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Food Processing, Transport and Logistics, Banking and Financial Services and Insurance.
• TEPA would stimulate our services exports in sectors such as IT services, business services, personal, cultural, sporting and recreational services, other education services, audio-visual services etc.
• Market access: Under the India-EFTA free-trade agreement, Indian customers will get access to high-quality Swiss products such as watches, chocolates, biscuits, and clocks at lower prices as India will phase out customs duties under the trade pact on these goods over 10 years.
• Technology access: The deal can foster knowledge sharing and joint research ventures, accelerating India’s technological development. It facilitates technology collaboration and access to world-leading technologies in precision engineering, health sciences, renewable energy, Innovation and R&D.
• It facilitates technology collaboration and access to world-leading technologies in precision engineering, health sciences, renewable energy, Innovation and R&D.
• The TEPA incorporates provisions for promoting sustainable development practices in trade and investment. This ensures environmentally conscious growth and aligns with global sustainability goals.
Conclusion
The deal presents a unique opportunity to forge a stronger, more integrated partnership that benefits both sides and sets a positive precedent for future trade agreements. As India and EFTA countries embark on this exciting journey, the focus should remain on collaborative efforts, open communication, and a shared vision for a thriving economic partnership
Value Addition
EFTA Background
• It is an intergovernmental organization set up for the promotion of free trade and economic integration to the benefit of its four Member States – Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland – and the benefit of their trading partners around the globe.
• It was established by a Convention signed in Stockholm on 4th January 1960.
• It aimed to serve as an alternative trade bloc for those European states that were unable or unwilling to join the then European Economic Community (EEC), the main predecessor of the European Union (EU).
General Studies – 3
Topic: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, Nano-technology, biotechnology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
Topic: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, Nano-technology, biotechnology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
4. Explain the process additive manufacturing. Examine advantages and limitations of the additive manufacturing process. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India
Why the question: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully tested a liquid rocket engine made with the help of additive manufacturing technology — commonly known as 3D printing. Key Demand of the question: To write about additive manufacturing or 3D printing, its potential and limitations. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining additive manufacturing or 3D printing Body: First, write about process of 3D printing in detail – digital 3D model is created, then sliced into layers, generating instructions for the printer. The printer follows these instructions, depositing material layer by layer and solidifying or bonding it. Use flow chart for better presentation. Next, write about the potential applications of 3D printing. Cite examples to substantiate. Next, write about the limitations of 3D printing – complexity and scalability of the process, quality control issues, and high costs. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.
Why the question:
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully tested a liquid rocket engine made with the help of additive manufacturing technology — commonly known as 3D printing.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about additive manufacturing or 3D printing, its potential and limitations.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining additive manufacturing or 3D printing
First, write about process of 3D printing in detail – digital 3D model is created, then sliced into layers, generating instructions for the printer. The printer follows these instructions, depositing material layer by layer and solidifying or bonding it. Use flow chart for better presentation.
Next, write about the potential applications of 3D printing. Cite examples to substantiate.
Next, write about the limitations of 3D printing – complexity and scalability of the process, quality control issues, and high costs.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction
Additive manufacturing, also commonly known as 3D printing, is a process of creating three-dimensional objects from a digital file. Unlike traditional subtractive manufacturing (e.g., machining, where material is removed from a solid block), additive manufacturing builds the object layer by layer.
Additive manufacturing process
• Digital Design: The object is first designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software or 3D scanning technology.
• Slicing: The digital model is sliced into thin, horizontal layers.
• Material Deposition: A 3D printer deposits material (filament, powder, resin) layer by layer based on the sliced model.
• Bonding: The deposited material fuses or hardens to form the desired shape.
• Completion: The process repeats until all layers are complete, resulting in the final 3D object.
Advantages of additive manufacturing
• Design Freedom: Complex geometries and intricate designs can be created that are impossible with traditional methods.
• Rapid Prototyping: Allows for quick and iterative creation of prototypes for testing and design improvement.
• Reduced Waste: Material is only used where needed, minimizing waste compared to subtractive manufacturing.
• Lightweight Structures: Complex internal structures can be designed, leading to lighter and stronger objects.
• On-Demand Manufacturing: Enables localized production and reduces reliance on long supply chains.
• Customization: Objects can be easily personalized or customized for specific needs.
Limitations of Additive Manufacturing
• Material Limitations: Not all materials can be used for additive manufacturing, and material properties might differ from traditional methods.
• Build Size Limitations: Current printers have limitations on the size of objects they can produce.
• Surface Finish: Surface finishes might require additional post-processing compared to traditional techniques.
• Cost: While costs are decreasing, additive manufacturing can still be expensive compared to mass production methods for some applications.
• Strength Limitations: Strength of additively manufactured parts can be anisotropic (varying depending on direction) compared to traditional methods.
• Design Expertise: Designing for additive manufacturing requires specific knowledge and skills.
Conclusion
Overall, additive manufacturing offers a powerful tool for creating complex and innovative objects. However, understanding its advantages and limitations is crucial for determining if it’s the right approach for a specific application.
Topic: Disaster and disaster management.
Topic: Disaster and disaster management.
5. As forest fires become more frequent in India, it’s crucial to implement measures to combat them effectively in both the short term and long term. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question: The article explains the recent forest fires that occurred in Goa, India, in March 2023. It describes the causes and impact of the fires, which destroyed large areas of forest and wildlife habitats. Key Demand of the question: To write about causes of forest fires in India and measures need to mitigate them. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by defining forest fires and statistic regarding rising instances of forest fires in India. Body: Draw a small illustrative diagram showing major forest fire prone areas and discuss the reasons of forest fires Next, discuss the efforts that are needed to be taken in this direction. Short term- early detection, rapid response, community engagement, collaboration, and public awareness campaigns. Next, write about Long-term strategies – sustainable forest management, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation, capacity building, research, innovation, and policy strengthening etc. Conclusion: Conclude with way forward.
Why the question:
The article explains the recent forest fires that occurred in Goa, India, in March 2023. It describes the causes and impact of the fires, which destroyed large areas of forest and wildlife habitats.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about causes of forest fires in India and measures need to mitigate them.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by defining forest fires and statistic regarding rising instances of forest fires in India.
Draw a small illustrative diagram showing major forest fire prone areas and discuss the reasons of forest fires
Next, discuss the efforts that are needed to be taken in this direction. Short term- early detection, rapid response, community engagement, collaboration, and public awareness campaigns.
Next, write about Long-term strategies – sustainable forest management, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation, capacity building, research, innovation, and policy strengthening etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction
Forest fires are considered as one of the most widespread hazards in a forested landscape. They have a serious threat to forest and its flora and fauna. Forest fires essentially are ‘quasi-natural’, which means that they are not entirely caused by natural reasons (like volcanoes, earthquakes and tropical storms), but are caused by human activities as well. In India’s case, a combination of hot weather, oxygen and dry vegetation is a potent recipe for forest fires.
Higher forest fire incidents are reported in India during March, April and May, due to the ample availability of dry biomass following the end of winter and the prevailing summer season. Amid forest fires in Uttarakhand’s Nainital district, the Indian Air Force was engaged in firefighting operations on Sunday (April 28), the second day the fires continued raging.
Reasons for Increasing frequency of forest fires
• Forest fires can be caused by a number of natural causes, but officials say many major fires in India are triggered mainly by human activities.
• Natural: Such as lightning, high atmospheric temperatures, and dryness (low humidity) offer favourable circumstances.
• Man-made: When a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette, or bidi comes into contact with inflammable material.
• Emerging studies link climate change to rising instances of fires globally, especially the massive fires of the Amazon forests in Brazil and in Australia in the last two years.
• Fires of longer duration, increasing intensity, higher frequency and highly inflammable nature are all being linked to climate change.
• In India, forest fires are most commonly reported during March and April, when the ground has large quantities of dry wood, logs, dead leaves, stumps, dry grass and weeds that can make forests easily go up in flames if there is a trigger.
• Under natural circumstances, extreme heat and dryness, friction created by rubbing of branches with each other also have been known to initiate fire.
• In Uttarakhand, the lack of soil moisture too is being seen as a key factor.
• In two consecutive monsoon seasons (2019 and 2020), rainfall has been deficient by 18% and 20% of the seasonal average, respectively.
the role of climate change in exacerbating the forest fire risk
• Climate change has been a key factor in increasing the risk and extent of wildfires.
• Research shows that changes in climate create warmer, drier conditions.
• Climate change induced increasing global temperature and variability in rainfall results in more dried vegetation, which works as fuel for the fire.
• Thus climate change, in addition to human population pressure is one of the main causes of the increased number of forest fires and their increased intensities.
• Since the beginning of the Industrial period, the Earth’s temperature has increased by almost 20C.
• This increasing heat is contributing to two main components for forest fire, i.e. heat and the availability of fuel in the form of dry vegetation.
• Increased drought, and a longer fire season are boosting these increases in wildfire risk.
Measures to control forest fires
• Forest fire line:Successive Five-Year Plans have provided funds for forests fighting. During the British period, fire was prevented in the summer through removal of forest litter all along the forest boundary. This was called “Forest Fire Line”. This line used to prevent fire breaking into the forest from one compartment to another. The collected litter was burnt in isolation.
• This line used to prevent fire breaking into the forest from one compartment to another.
• The collected litter was burnt in isolation.
• Firebreaks: Generally, the fire spreads only if there is continuous supply of fuel (Dry vegetation) along its path. The best way to control a forest fire is therefore, to prevent it from spreading, which can be done by creating firebreaksin the shape of small clearings of ditches in the forests.
• Forest Survey of India monitors forest fire events through satellites on two platforms– MODIS and SNPP-VIIRS, both in collaboration with the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). While the SNPP-VIIRS identifies, alerts and tracks fire incidents on real time data at 375X375 sq meter pixel, the older version MODIS detects it in the range of 1kmX1km. Forest fire suppression relies very heavily on “dry” firefighting techniques because of poor water availability.
• While the SNPP-VIIRS identifies, alerts and tracks fire incidents on real time data at 375X375 sq meter pixel, the older version MODIS detects it in the range of 1kmX1km.
• Forest fire suppression relies very heavily on “dry” firefighting techniques because of poor water availability.
• Integrated forest protection: The main objective is to control forest fires and strengthen the forest protection. The works like Fireline clearing,assistance to Joint Forest Management committees, creating water bodies, purchase of vehicles and communication equipment, purchase of firefighting tools, etc., needs to be undertaken.
• Prevention of human-caused firesthrough education and environmental modification. It will include silvicultural activities, engineering works, people participation, and education and enforcement. It is proposed that more emphasis be given to people participation through Joint Forest Fire Management for fire prevention.
• Prompt detectionof fires through a well-coordinated network of observation points, efficient ground patrolling, and communication networks. Remote sensing technology is to be given due importance in fire detection. For successful fire management and administration, a National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) and Fire Forecasting System are to be developed in the country.
• Introducing a forest fuel modification system at strategic points.
• National Action Plan on Forest Fires (NAPFF): It was launched in 2018 to minimize forest fires by informing, enabling and empowering forest fringe communities and incentivizing them to work with the State Forest Departments.
Conclusion
It is important to prevent the lungs of the nation from ravages of fire. With climate change and global warming on the rise, India must prevent human-made disaster to ensure our carbon sinks are protected.
General Studies – 4
Topic: Citizen’s Charters
Topic: Citizen’s Charters
6. Citizen charters in India face inadequacies which impede their effectiveness. Analyse. (150 words)
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Key Demand of the question: To write about limitations of citizen charters and measures to overcome them. Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining citizen charter. Body: First, mention the shortcoming of citizen charters – not formulated through a consultative process, lack of awareness, absence of grievance redressal etc. Next, suggest steps to overcome the above shortcomings. Conclusion: Conclude by stressing on need to make the charters effective to provide high quality public service delivery.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about limitations of citizen charters and measures to overcome them.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining citizen charter.
First, mention the shortcoming of citizen charters – not formulated through a consultative process, lack of awareness, absence of grievance redressal etc.
Next, suggest steps to overcome the above shortcomings.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stressing on need to make the charters effective to provide high quality public service delivery.
Introduction
A Citizen’s Charter is a voluntary and written document that outlines an organization’s commitment to fulfilling the needs of citizens or customers. It focuses on service quality, information dissemination, consultation, non-discrimination, accessibility, grievance redressal, courtesy, and value for money. The charter aims to preserve trust between service providers and citizens by clearly defining service standards and expectations.
Shortcomings of Citizen Charters:
• Lack of Consultation: Many citizen charters are formulated without adequate consultation with the public. This omission can lead to a disconnect between the promised services and citizens’ actual needs and expectations.
• Low Awareness: Inadequate awareness campaigns often result in citizens being unaware of their rights and the commitments made by service providers in the charter. Without awareness, citizens cannot hold authorities accountable.
• Absence of Grievance Redressal Mechanisms: Some charters lack clear provisions for addressing grievances. When citizens encounter issues, they need effective channels to seek redressal. Without such mechanisms, trust erodes.
• Delayed Revisions: Timely revision of charters is crucial to keep them relevant. However, delays in updating charters can lead to outdated commitments and unmet expectations.
Steps to Overcome Shortcomings:
• Stakeholder Consultation: Involve citizens, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders during the formulation and revision of charters. Conduct surveys, focus group discussions, and public consultations to gather feedback on service expectations and grievances.
• Involve citizens, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders during the formulation and revision of charters.
• Conduct surveys, focus group discussions, and public consultations to gather feedback on service expectations and grievances.
• Awareness Campaigns: Launch targeted awareness campaigns to educate citizens about their rights, entitlements, and the provisions of the charter. Use multiple channels, including social media, community meetings, and pamphlets, to disseminate information.
• Launch targeted awareness campaigns to educate citizens about their rights, entitlements, and the provisions of the charter.
• Use multiple channels, including social media, community meetings, and pamphlets, to disseminate information.
• Effective Grievance Redressal: Establish robust grievance redressal mechanisms within each organization. Ensure transparency in the process, clear timelines for resolution, and accessibility for citizens to lodge complaints.
• Establish robust grievance redressal mechanisms within each organization.
• Ensure transparency in the process, clear timelines for resolution, and accessibility for citizens to lodge complaints.
• Regular Review and Revision: Set specific intervals (e.g., every two years) for reviewing and updating charters. Involve citizens and experts in the revision process to align commitments with changing needs.
• Set specific intervals (e.g., every two years) for reviewing and updating charters.
• Involve citizens and experts in the revision process to align commitments with changing needs.
• Training and Capacity Building: Train frontline staff and officials on the charter’s provisions, emphasizing courteous behavior and efficient service delivery. Bridge the hierarchy gap between officers and field personnel to foster cooperation and motivation.
• Train frontline staff and officials on the charter’s provisions, emphasizing courteous behavior and efficient service delivery.
• Bridge the hierarchy gap between officers and field personnel to foster cooperation and motivation.
Conclusion:
To enhance public service delivery, citizen charters must evolve beyond mere documents. They should embody the spirit of accountability, transparency, and responsiveness. By addressing shortcomings and implementing effective charters, governments can build trust, empower citizens, and ensure high-quality services for all. The need of the hour is to strive for a governance system where citizens’ rights are upheld, and their expectations are met through well-implemented charters.
Topic: ethical issues in international relations and funding;
Topic: ethical issues in international relations and funding;
7. By integrating pluralism and responsibility into their foreign policies and diplomatic practices, countries across the world can transform ethics from a theoretical concept into a guiding principle of international relations. Elaborate. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To explain about role of pluralism and responsibility in upholding international ethics. Directive word: Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by describing the ethical issues in international relations. Body: Write about as to how ethics in international relations remain a theory as they are seldom implemented in practice. Substantiate with examples. Next, write about how pluralism, responsibility and fairness can make a difference in transforming ethic in international relations. Link these to recent happenings across the world. Conclusion: Conclude by mentioning the need of uphold ethics in international relations.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To explain about role of pluralism and responsibility in upholding international ethics.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by describing the ethical issues in international relations.
Write about as to how ethics in international relations remain a theory as they are seldom implemented in practice. Substantiate with examples.
Next, write about how pluralism, responsibility and fairness can make a difference in transforming ethic in international relations. Link these to recent happenings across the world.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning the need of uphold ethics in international relations.
Introduction
Ethical questions are central to the study of international relations, as it is a field of study concerned with war and peace, trade and production, and law and rights. Yet, a persistent conventional wisdom suggests ethics are marginal to international relations.
Realism, the dominant perspective in global politics, assumes that international relations are fundamentally conflictual and guided by national self-interest rooted in power. According to this tradition, morality is not an essential consideration in governmental action. Rather, what motivates and guides diplomats are the vital interests of states. Eg: Chinese conduct in South-China Sea, Galwan valley clash, and the recent Russian invasion of Ukraine are guided by narrow self-interest rather than fairness or morality.
According to Thucydides, “Strong do what they can and weak suffer what they must”. This quote summarizes the relation between states in the international context. Hans Morgenthau, a noted Realist scholar said that nations do not give heed to universal acceptance of their action or judge their moves through a moral lens. National interest reigns supreme. Like, how man is a self-centric being, even nations are inward looking. Ultimately all nations look for national interest.
Eg: USA-China Trade war was detrimental to global trade, but the two nations still retaliated economically to show their hegemonic tendencies and power.
Another example is China’s policy of aggression against its smaller neighbours like Vietnam, Philippines, Taiwan. Its claim to south china sea is refuted by all, yet China’s heft had subdued them all. Pakistan’s policy of state sponsored terrorism against India tells us that there is no morality in international relations.
The United Nations failed to intervene effectively in the Syrian war and Yemen civil war because the nations involved, especially the P5 had divergent interest. And neither of them thought from humanitarian perspective or moral perspective with respect to human rights. This shows that, nations were acting selfishly for materialist gains in middle-east.
Ensuring pluralism, responsibility and fairness
• Rights and Responsibilities: The UN Peackeeping mission is based on the principle of universal peace. This is the responsibility of the Security Council and all the nations to maintain universal peace. India believes in this ideology and has been the largest cumulative troop contributing nation.
• Equality: Ethics aim at “Peaceful World”, “Respect for All” & “Equality” while forming international organizations, declarations & forums. E.g.: The demand for equality in IMF & UNO shows the demand of adhering to ethics in a way.
• Resolving Tensions: Ethics helps to avoid the “Ego Clash” & “Ideological Clash” between two or more nations. For instance, the disruption between India & Pakistan relations can be avoided if both take a decision based on ethics.
• Solidarity: Natural disasters and refugee crisis situations require a more compassionate view of the global community. These are not isolated events and rather, the duty of every global citizen to help in the times of crisis. g.- Aid during natural disasters (Nepal earthquake)
• Human rights: Adherence to human rights is vital after the Decalaration of Human Rights in the UN Charter. Eg- lack of ethics in the international relation has been the cause of wars & genocide many times in history (Rwanda and Burundi) and also like the first world war.
Conclusion
Nations view their foreign policy as zero-sum game which leads to narrow thinking and destructive consequences. Morality must play a role in every aspect of human life, including international relations. International ethic is not just an ethic of some leading country, it is not simply an ethic of a powerful country having obligations towards others, because of the power they have over others. International ethics may be elaborated as, that which enables one to participate more actively in shaping and building good international community. Human rights and their dignity can be protected only when relations between nations become ethical and moral.
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