[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 13 March 2024

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues.

Topic: Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues.

1. The plight of older women in India is a pressing issue that often goes unnoticed and unaddressed. These women face a myriad of challenges which exacerbate their vulnerability and marginalization within society. Discuss. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Down to Earth

Why the question: Older women in India face significant challenges, including abuse, abandonment, and neglect. The article discusses the same. Key Demand of the question: To write about the issues faced by the older women and measures needed to address them. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, write about those various challenges faced by older women in India – including abuse, abandonment, exploitation within families, lack social support, and face barriers to accessing healthcare and resources. Economic dependency, social isolation and neglect etc. Next, write about the measures that are needed to overcome the above. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

Older women in India face significant challenges, including abuse, abandonment, and neglect. The article discusses the same.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the issues faced by the older women and measures needed to address them.

Directive word:

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving context.

First, write about those various challenges faced by older women in India – including abuse, abandonment, exploitation within families, lack social support, and face barriers to accessing healthcare and resources. Economic dependency, social isolation and neglect etc.

Next, write about the measures that are needed to overcome the above.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Older women face additional challenges of financial insecurity, destitution and health challenges related to ageing. In a neoliberal society, people are valued for their economic contribution. A similar logic operates in many Indian families.

By 2050, women over 60 years would exceed the number of elderly men by 18.4 million, which would result in a unique characteristic of ‘feminisation’ of the elderly population in India as is being experienced in many provinces of China.

Situation of elderly women in India

• Changing family structure:- Many are forced to either live in a house uncared for or leave their homes with nowhere to go to. Although the degree of isolation may vary, with urbanisation and nuclear families on the rise, elderly women living in metropolitan cities are more likely to feel socially alienated than their rural counterparts. The traditional norms and values of Indian society also laid stress on showing respect and providing care for the elderly. However with the emerging prevalence of nuclear family set-ups in recent years, the elderly are likely to be exposed to emotional, physical and financial insecurity in the years to come. Due to the ever increasing trend of nuclear families, elder care management is getting more difficult, especially for working adult children who find themselves responsible for their parents well-being. Managing home care for the elderly is a massive challenge as multiple service providers nursing agencies, physiotherapists and medical suppliers are small, unorganized players who extend sub-optimal care.

• Many are forced to either live in a house uncared for or leave their homes with nowhere to go to.

• Although the degree of isolation may vary, with urbanisation and nuclear families on the rise, elderly women living in metropolitan cities are more likely to feel socially alienated than their rural counterparts.

• The traditional norms and values of Indian society also laid stress on showing respect and providing care for the elderly. However with the emerging prevalence of nuclear family set-ups in recent years, the elderly are likely to be exposed to emotional, physical and financial insecurity in the years to come.

• Due to the ever increasing trend of nuclear families, elder care management is getting more difficult, especially for working adult children who find themselves responsible for their parents well-being. Managing home care for the elderly is a massive challenge as multiple service providers nursing agencies, physiotherapists and medical suppliers are small, unorganized players who extend sub-optimal care.

• Lack of infrastructure:- Lack of physical infrastructure is a major deterrent to providing comfort to the aged.

• Lack of physical infrastructure is a major deterrent to providing comfort to the aged.

• Health issues:- Challenges of health securityget aggravated by the fact that elderly women often tend to underplay their ailments. Emphasis on geriatrics in the public health system is limited with few dedicated geriatric services. The other issues of the public health system are lack of infrastructure, limited manpower, poor quality of care and overcrowding of facilities due to insufficient focus on elderly care.

• Challenges of health securityget aggravated by the fact that elderly women often tend to underplay their ailments.

• Emphasis on geriatrics in the public health system is limited with few dedicated geriatric services. The other issues of the public health system are lack of infrastructure, limited manpower, poor quality of care and overcrowding of facilities due to insufficient focus on elderly care.

• Gender discrimination:- They face life time of gender-based discrimination.The gendered nature of ageing is such that universally, women tend to live longer than men.

• They face life time of gender-based discrimination.The gendered nature of ageing is such that universally, women tend to live longer than men.

• Widowhood:- In the advanced age of 80 years and above, widowhood dominatesthe status of women with 71 per cent of women and only 29 per cent of men having lost their spouse. The life of a widow is riddled with stringent moral codes, with integral rights relinquished and liberties circumvented.

• In the advanced age of 80 years and above, widowhood dominatesthe status of women with 71 per cent of women and only 29 per cent of men having lost their spouse. The life of a widow is riddled with stringent moral codes, with integral rights relinquished and liberties circumvented.

• Societal influence:- Social mores inhibitwomen from re-marrying, resulting in an increased likelihood of women ending up alone. Social bias often results in unjust allocation of resources, neglect, abuse, exploitation, gender-based violence, lack of access to basic services and prevention of ownership of assets.

• Social mores inhibitwomen from re-marrying, resulting in an increased likelihood of women ending up alone.

• Social bias often results in unjust allocation of resources, neglect, abuse, exploitation, gender-based violence, lack of access to basic services and prevention of ownership of assets.

• Ageing women are more likely to get excluded from social security schemes due to lower literacy and awareness levels.

• Lack of insurance:- Social isolation and loneliness has increased. Insurance cover that is elderly sensitive is virtually non- existent in India. The preexisting illnesses are usually not covered making insurance policies unviable for the elders.

• Social isolation and loneliness has increased. Insurance cover that is elderly sensitive is virtually non- existent in India.

• The preexisting illnesses are usually not covered making insurance policies unviable for the elders.

• Failure of government schemes: Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP) failure: The number of old age homes the Centre supports under the Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP) has seen a decline from 269 homes in 2012-13 to a dismal 137 in 2014-15. The Centre has asked State governments to ensure that there are old-age homes whose functioning can be supported under IPOP, but since it is optional for the State governments to do so, the total number of old-age homes remains abysmally low. Concerns with Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act in 2007 Despite this, however, it is a fact that most people in India would rather suffer than have the family name sullied by taking their own children to court for not providing for them. This need to maintain a facade is combined with a lack of knowledge of rights, the inherent inability of the elderly to approach a tribunal for recourse under the law, and poor implementation of the Act by various State governments. The elderly in India are much more vulnerable because of the less government spending on social security system.

• Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP) failure: The number of old age homes the Centre supports under the Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP) has seen a decline from 269 homes in 2012-13 to a dismal 137 in 2014-15. The Centre has asked State governments to ensure that there are old-age homes whose functioning can be supported under IPOP, but since it is optional for the State governments to do so, the total number of old-age homes remains abysmally low.

• The number of old age homes the Centre supports under the Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP) has seen a decline from 269 homes in 2012-13 to a dismal 137 in 2014-15.

• The Centre has asked State governments to ensure that there are old-age homes whose functioning can be supported under IPOP, but since it is optional for the State governments to do so, the total number of old-age homes remains abysmally low.

• Concerns with Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act in 2007 Despite this, however, it is a fact that most people in India would rather suffer than have the family name sullied by taking their own children to court for not providing for them. This need to maintain a facade is combined with a lack of knowledge of rights, the inherent inability of the elderly to approach a tribunal for recourse under the law, and poor implementation of the Act by various State governments.

• Despite this, however, it is a fact that most people in India would rather suffer than have the family name sullied by taking their own children to court for not providing for them.

• This need to maintain a facade is combined with a lack of knowledge of rights, the inherent inability of the elderly to approach a tribunal for recourse under the law, and poor implementation of the Act by various State governments.

• The elderly in India are much more vulnerable because of the less government spending on social security system.

Important measures taken by government

• The National Assistance Program consists of five sub-schemes:- Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS) Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme(IGNWPS) introduced in the year 2009,provides BPL(Below Poverty Line) widows in the age group 40 to 64(later revised 40 to 59) with a monthly pension of Rs. 200 per beneficiary. After they attain the age of 60,they qualify for pension under Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme(IGNOAPS). Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS) Eligibility: Individuals aged 18 years and above with more than 80% disability and living below the poverty line. Amount: ₹300 (US$4.70) per month (₹500 (US$7.80) for those 80 years and above). National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) In the event of death of a bread-winner in a household, the bereaved family will receive lumpsum assistance of ₹20,000 (US$310). The bread-winner should have been between 18–60 years of age. The assistance would be provided in every case of death of a bread-winner in a household. Annapurna Scheme This scheme aims to provide food security to meet the requirement of those senior citizens who, though eligible, have remained uncovered under the IGNOAPS. Under the Annapurna Scheme, 10 kg of free rice is provided every month to each beneficiary. Vayoshrestha Sammanis a Scheme of National Awards instituted by the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment initially in 2005. Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act in 2007. The model Act makes it obligatory for children or relatives to provide maintenance to senior citizens and parents. Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana has been launched in April 2017 to provide Physical Aids and Assisted-living Devices for Senior citizens belonging to BPL category. This is a 100% Central Sector Scheme, to be fully funded and implemented by the Central Government. The scheme has been launched for three years up to 2019-20. The eligible persons for this scheme are senior citizens from BPL category, suffering from any of the age related disability / infirmity such as low vision, hearing impairment, loss of teeth and locomotor disability. Such persons would be provided assisted-living devices. Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY): To provide social security during old age and protect elderly persons against a future fall in their interest income due to uncertain market conditions.

• Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS)

• Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS)

• Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme(IGNWPS) introduced in the year 2009,provides BPL(Below Poverty Line) widows in the age group 40 to 64(later revised 40 to 59) with a monthly pension of Rs. 200 per beneficiary. After they attain the age of 60,they qualify for pension under Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme(IGNOAPS).

• After they attain the age of 60,they qualify for pension under Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme(IGNOAPS).

• Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS) Eligibility: Individuals aged 18 years and above with more than 80% disability and living below the poverty line. Amount: ₹300 (US$4.70) per month (₹500 (US$7.80) for those 80 years and above).

• Eligibility: Individuals aged 18 years and above with more than 80% disability and living below the poverty line.

• Amount: ₹300 (US$4.70) per month (₹500 (US$7.80) for those 80 years and above).

• National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) In the event of death of a bread-winner in a household, the bereaved family will receive lumpsum assistance of ₹20,000 (US$310). The bread-winner should have been between 18–60 years of age. The assistance would be provided in every case of death of a bread-winner in a household.

• In the event of death of a bread-winner in a household, the bereaved family will receive lumpsum assistance of ₹20,000 (US$310).

• The bread-winner should have been between 18–60 years of age. The assistance would be provided in every case of death of a bread-winner in a household.

• Annapurna Scheme This scheme aims to provide food security to meet the requirement of those senior citizens who, though eligible, have remained uncovered under the IGNOAPS. Under the Annapurna Scheme, 10 kg of free rice is provided every month to each beneficiary.

• This scheme aims to provide food security to meet the requirement of those senior citizens who, though eligible, have remained uncovered under the IGNOAPS.

• Under the Annapurna Scheme, 10 kg of free rice is provided every month to each beneficiary.

• Vayoshrestha Sammanis a Scheme of National Awards instituted by the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment initially in 2005.

• Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act in 2007. The model Act makes it obligatory for children or relatives to provide maintenance to senior citizens and parents.

• The model Act makes it obligatory for children or relatives to provide maintenance to senior citizens and parents.

• Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana has been launched in April 2017 to provide Physical Aids and Assisted-living Devices for Senior citizens belonging to BPL category. This is a 100% Central Sector Scheme, to be fully funded and implemented by the Central Government. The scheme has been launched for three years up to 2019-20. The eligible persons for this scheme are senior citizens from BPL category, suffering from any of the age related disability / infirmity such as low vision, hearing impairment, loss of teeth and locomotor disability. Such persons would be provided assisted-living devices.

• Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana has been launched in April 2017 to provide Physical Aids and Assisted-living Devices for Senior citizens belonging to BPL category.

• This is a 100% Central Sector Scheme, to be fully funded and implemented by the Central Government. The scheme has been launched for three years up to 2019-20.

• The eligible persons for this scheme are senior citizens from BPL category, suffering from any of the age related disability / infirmity such as low vision, hearing impairment, loss of teeth and locomotor disability. Such persons would be provided assisted-living devices.

• Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY): To provide social security during old age and protect elderly persons against a future fall in their interest income due to uncertain market conditions.

• To provide social security during old age and protect elderly persons against a future fall in their interest income due to uncertain market conditions.

Way forward and conclusion

• As a signatory to Mipaa, India has the responsibility to formulate and implement public policy on population ageing. Issues of poverty, migration, urbanisation, ruralisation and feminisation compound the complexity of this emerging phenomenon. Public policy must respond to this bourgeoning need and mainstream action into developmental planning.

• Issues of poverty, migration, urbanisation, ruralisation and feminisation compound the complexity of this emerging phenomenon. Public policy must respond to this bourgeoning need and mainstream action into developmental planning.

• Gender and social concerns of elderly, particularly elderly women, must be integrated at the policy level. The elderly, especially women, should be represented in decision making. Increasing social/widow pension and its universalisation is critical for expanding the extent and reach of benefits.

• The elderly, especially women, should be represented in decision making.

• Increasing social/widow pension and its universalisation is critical for expanding the extent and reach of benefits.

• Renewed efforts should be made for raising widespread awareness and access to social security schemes such as National Old Age Pension and Widow Pension Scheme. Provisions in terms of special incentives for elderly women, disabled, widowed should also be considered..

General Studies – 2

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

2. Khelo India aims to unearth and nurture the next generation of sporting champions for India. Elaborate. (150 words).

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: The Hindu , pib.gov.in

Why the question: Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports Shri Anurag Singh Thakur announced that Khelo India medal winner athletes will now be eligible for government jobs. Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of Khelo India for sports sector in the country. Directive word: Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Write about the aims of Khelo India. Body: First, write about the features of Khelo India. Next, write about the achievements of Khelo India – development through infrastructure, training, coaching, scholarships, and talent identification programs. Next, write about its limitations. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports Shri Anurag Singh Thakur announced that Khelo India medal winner athletes will now be eligible for government jobs.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the importance of Khelo India for sports sector in the country.

Directive word:

Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Write about the aims of Khelo India.

First, write about the features of Khelo India.

Next, write about the achievements of Khelo India – development through infrastructure, training, coaching, scholarships, and talent identification programs.

Next, write about its limitations.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Khelo India, a national program for the development of sports in India, was launched in 2018 by the then Sports Minister, Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore. Its mission is to revive the sports culture at the grassroots level and establish India as a formidable sporting nation. The Khelo India mission has been the cornerstone of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of a nation oozing with energy. India is a young country: 65% of the population is below 35 years. Sports is arguably the ideal glue to bring everyone together.

Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports Shri Anurag Singh Thakur announced that Khelo India medal winner athletes will now be eligible for government jobs.

Importance of Khelo India games

• Talent Identification and Development: Identifying and nurturing young talentis at the core of Khelo India. The program aims to discover promising athletes across various disciplines. Annual financial assistanceof INR 5 lakh per annum for 8 years is granted to these talented athletes.

• Identifying and nurturing young talentis at the core of Khelo India.

• The program aims to discover promising athletes across various disciplines.

• Annual financial assistanceof INR 5 lakh per annum for 8 years is granted to these talented athletes.

• Career Option Sports now provides a serious career option to our youth. Several sportspersons have taken up coaching as a career.

• Sports now provides a serious career option to our youth.

• Several sportspersons have taken up coaching as a career.

• Rewards & recognition The Khelo India mission has contributed significantly to India’s glorious moments in international events including the Olympics, World Championships, Asian Games, and Commonwealth Games. Since 2018, both the participation of Khelo India athletes and their returns from global events have shown an upward trajectory. In 2022, 495 Khelo India athletes won 312 medals, with close to 63% of athletes returning with a medal. In 2018, 92 athletes won 82 medals.

• The Khelo India mission has contributed significantly to India’s glorious moments in international events including the Olympics, World Championships, Asian Games, and Commonwealth Games.

• Since 2018, both the participation of Khelo India athletes and their returns from global events have shown an upward trajectory.

• In 2022, 495 Khelo India athletes won 312 medals, with close to 63% of athletes returning with a medal. In 2018, 92 athletes won 82 medals.

• Structured Sporting Competitions: Khelo India organizes annual sports competitionsat different levels. These competitions provide a platform for athletes to showcase their skills and compete against peers. The focus is on fair play, discipline, and healthy competition.

• Khelo India organizes annual sports competitionsat different levels.

• These competitions provide a platform for athletes to showcase their skills and compete against peers.

• The focus is on fair play, discipline, and healthy competition.

• Infrastructure Development: To create a robust sporting ecosystem, Khelo India emphasizes top-notch infrastructure. State-level Khelo India Centresare established to provide training facilities. Play field developmentand upgradation of sports infrastructure are key components.

• To create a robust sporting ecosystem, Khelo India emphasizes top-notch infrastructure.

• State-level Khelo India Centresare established to provide training facilities.

• Play field developmentand upgradation of sports infrastructure are key components.

• Promotion of Sports for Women: Khelo India actively encourages female participation in sports. It aims to break gender barriers and empower women athletes.

• Khelo India actively encourages female participation in sports.

• It aims to break gender barriers and empower women athletes.

• Inclusion of Traditional Indian Games: The program recognizes the importance of traditional Indian games. By including them in Khelo India events, it seeks to revive their popularity.

• The program recognizes the importance of traditional Indian games.

• By including them in Khelo India events, it seeks to revive their popularity.

• Physical Fitness of School-Going Children: Khelo India promotes physical activity among school children. It fosters a culture of fitness and well-being from an early age.

• Khelo India promotes physical activity among school children.

• It fosters a culture of fitness and well-being from an early age.

• Sports for Peace and Development: Beyond medals, Khelo India believes in the transformative power of sports. It contributes to peace, unity, and holistic development.

• Beyond medals, Khelo India believes in the transformative power of sports.

• It contributes to peace, unity, and holistic development.

Conclusion

Khelo India is not just about medals; it’s about unearthing potential, providing world-class training, and instilling a passion for sports in the hearts of young Indians. Through this program, India aspires to stand tall on the global sporting stage.

Topic: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.

Topic: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.

3. Sub-classification within Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) ensures that policies are more inclusive, equitable, and impactful in addressing the socio-economic disparities experienced by marginalized communities. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question: Soon, a seven-judge Bench of the Supreme Court of India will deliver its judgment in State of Punjab vs Davinder Singh, on a question of law that carries with it enormous significance for the future of affirmative action and reservations under the Constitution. Key Demand of the question: To write about the need of sub-classification in reservation for excluding affluent sub-castes from the benefits of reservation. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Directive word: Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, write about the reasons for the need of sub-classification for excluding affluent sub-castes from the benefits of reservation – targeting reservation benefits towards the most disadvantaged individuals, preventing concentration among the affluent, efficient resource allocation and preventing inequitable distribution. Write about the other aspect of the argument in not excluding affluent sub-castes – lack of a proper criteria, needs for studies, resistance by groups etc. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a balanced opinion.

Why the question:

Soon, a seven-judge Bench of the Supreme Court of India will deliver its judgment in State of Punjab vs Davinder Singh, on a question of law that carries with it enormous significance for the future of affirmative action and reservations under the Constitution.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the need of sub-classification in reservation for excluding affluent sub-castes from the benefits of reservation.

Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Directive word:

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving context.

First, write about the reasons for the need of sub-classification for excluding affluent sub-castes from the benefits of reservation – targeting reservation benefits towards the most disadvantaged individuals, preventing concentration among the affluent, efficient resource allocation and preventing inequitable distribution.

Write about the other aspect of the argument in not excluding affluent sub-castes – lack of a proper criteria, needs for studies, resistance by groups etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a balanced opinion.

Introduction

It is examining the matter of whether state governments can identify and sub-classify groups within the Scheduled Caste category, with an eye on who deserves more. The matter was referred to this bench by a five-judge bench in 2020, when it held that a coordinate bench’s judgement on sub-classification not being permissible needed to be reconsidered.

Reasons to exclude affluent sub-castes

• Targeted Assistance:Critics argue that reservation policies should be designed to benefit those who are genuinely disadvantaged and marginalized within a community. Excluding affluent sub-castes could ensure that the benefits of reservation reach those who need it the most.

• Preventing Concentration of Privilege:Including affluent individuals within a reserved category may concentrate the benefits among a select few, leaving the majority of the community still disadvantaged. Exclusion could help prevent the perpetuation of privilege within a particular sub-caste.

• Effective Resource Allocation: Resources allocated for reservations are often limited. By excluding affluent sub-castes, policymakers aim to optimize the impact of these resources, ensuring that they reach individuals and communities with the greatest need. This approach promotes the efficient use of public resources to address social inequalities.

• Encouraging Meritocracy: Critics argue that including affluent individuals in reservation benefits can undermine the principles of meritocracy. By focusing on the economically and socially disadvantaged, reservation policies aim to provide equal opportunities based on merit, addressing historical inequalities without compromising on fairness.

• Avoiding Backlash and Resentment: Including affluent sub-castes within reservation benefits can lead to resentment and opposition from both within and outside the community. Excluding the economically well-off segments helps in maintaining public support for affirmative action policies and ensures that reservations remain a tool for uplifting the most marginalized.

• Focusing on Socially Marginalized: Affluence alone may not capture the full extent of social disadvantages faced by individuals within a community. By excluding affluent sub-castes, policymakers can focus on addressing the unique social, cultural, and historical barriers that have marginalized certain sections, leading to a more targeted and effective intervention.

• Encouraging Self-Reliance: Some argue that excluding affluent sub-castes promotes self-reliance within communities. By not providing reservation benefits to those who are already economically privileged, there is an expectation that these individuals can contribute to the community’s overall development, thereby reducing dependence on affirmative action measures.

Issues of exclusion

• Complexity of Disadvantage: Critics argue that disadvantage is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Exclusively relying on economic criteria may not fully capture the historical and social disadvantages faced by individuals within a community. Socio-economic indicators alone might overlook deep-rooted inequalities and discrimination.

• Critics argue that disadvantage is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Exclusively relying on economic criteria may not fully capture the historical and social disadvantages faced by individuals within a community. Socio-economic indicators alone might overlook deep-rooted inequalities and discrimination.

• Intersectionality: Disadvantage often intersects with various factors, such as caste, gender, and region. Excluding affluent sub-castes may overlook the nuanced ways in which individuals within these groups still face discrimination. Intersectionality calls for a more comprehensive understanding of disadvantage, considering various dimensions.

• Disadvantage often intersects with various factors, such as caste, gender, and region. Excluding affluent sub-castes may overlook the nuanced ways in which individuals within these groups still face discrimination. Intersectionality calls for a more comprehensive understanding of disadvantage, considering various dimensions.

• Need for Detailed Studies: To determine the impact of reservation policies accurately, comprehensive studies are necessary. Critics argue that decisions about exclusion should be based on empirical evidence that identifies the specific challenges faced by different sub-castes, rather than relying on broad assumptions about affluence.

• To determine the impact of reservation policies accurately, comprehensive studies are necessary. Critics argue that decisions about exclusion should be based on empirical evidence that identifies the specific challenges faced by different sub-castes, rather than relying on broad assumptions about affluence.

• Avoiding Stigmatization: Excluding certain sub-castes based on economic criteria alone can lead to stigmatization within communities. It may create divisions and internal conflicts, with accusations of unfair exclusion. A more inclusive approach is seen as fostering unity and preventing intra-community tensions.

• Excluding certain sub-castes based on economic criteria alone can lead to stigmatization within communities. It may create divisions and internal conflicts, with accusations of unfair exclusion. A more inclusive approach is seen as fostering unity and preventing intra-community tensions.

• Resistance from Within the Community: Within marginalized communities, there is often resistance against excluding any sub-caste from reservation benefits. This resistance may stem from a belief that historical discrimination affects all members of the community, regardless of their current economic status. Exclusion can be perceived as divisive and counterproductive.

• Within marginalized communities, there is often resistance against excluding any sub-caste from reservation benefits. This resistance may stem from a belief that historical discrimination affects all members of the community, regardless of their current economic status. Exclusion can be perceived as divisive and counterproductive.

• Economic Mobility: Some argue that economic status can change over time, and today’s affluent individuals might have faced historical discrimination. Excluding them based on current economic indicators may not account for the potential intergenerational impact of discrimination.

• Some argue that economic status can change over time, and today’s affluent individuals might have faced historical discrimination. Excluding them based on current economic indicators may not account for the potential intergenerational impact of discrimination.

• Ensuring Social Justice: The overarching goal of reservation policies is to achieve social justice by addressing historical injustices and promoting equality. Critics of exclusion argue that a more holistic and inclusive approach aligns better with the principles of justice and fairness.

• The overarching goal of reservation policies is to achieve social justice by addressing historical injustices and promoting equality. Critics of exclusion argue that a more holistic and inclusive approach aligns better with the principles of justice and fairness.

• Policy Reforms Instead of Exclusion: Rather than excluding certain sub-castes, advocates for inclusivity propose reforms within the reservation system. This may involve revising income criteria, implementing sub-quotas, or conducting regular reviews to ensure that the benefits are reaching those who need them the most.

• Rather than excluding certain sub-castes, advocates for inclusivity propose reforms within the reservation system. This may involve revising income criteria, implementing sub-quotas, or conducting regular reviews to ensure that the benefits are reaching those who need them the most.

Conclusion

The argument against excluding affluent sub-castes from reservation benefits underscores the importance of a nuanced and evidence-based approach. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive studies, acknowledges the complexity of disadvantage, and highlights potential negative consequences associated with exclusion. Striking a balance between addressing historical injustices and ensuring that reservation policies remain effective and fair is a challenging task that requires careful consideration and ongoing refinement.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

4. How does inflation affect welfare measures in the country? The government must carefully monitor inflationary trends and adjust welfare policies accordingly to mitigate adverse effects on vulnerable populations and ensure the effective delivery of social assistance programs. Analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about inflation, its impact and measures needed to keep it under control. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining inflation. Body: First, write about the impact of inflation on various welfare measures – eroding purchasing power, imposing budgetary constraints, increasing the cost of living, raising borrowing costs, and exacerbating income inequality. Next, write about the measures that are taken to keep inflation under tolerable limits – the monetary policy measures, fiscal policy measures and price control measures. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about inflation, its impact and measures needed to keep it under control.

Directive word:

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by defining inflation.

First, write about the impact of inflation on various welfare measures – eroding purchasing power, imposing budgetary constraints, increasing the cost of living, raising borrowing costs, and exacerbating income inequality.

Next, write about the measures that are taken to keep inflation under tolerable limits – the monetary policy measures, fiscal policy measures and price control measures.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Inflation refers to the rise in the prices of most goods and services of daily or common use, such as food, clothing, housing, recreation, transport, consumer staples, etc. Inflation measures the average price change in a basket of commodities and services over time. The opposite and rare fall in the price index of this basket of items is called ‘deflation’. Inflation is indicative of the decrease in the purchasing power of a unit of a country’s currency. This is measured in percentage.

Impact of Inflation on various macroeconomic parameters

• Inflation is a decrease in the purchasing power of currency due to a rise in prices across the economy. For instance, the average price of a cup of coffee was a 50 paisa. Today the price is closer to 25 Rupees.

• For instance, the average price of a cup of coffee was a 50 paisa. Today the price is closer to 25 Rupees.

• The value of currency unit decreases which impacts the cost of living in the country.

• When the rate of inflation is high, the cost of living also increases, which leads to a deceleration in economic growth.

• However, a healthy inflation rate (2-3%) is considered positive because it directly results in increasing wages and corporate profitability and maintains capital flowing in a growing economy.

Factors for the high rate of inflation in the Indian economy

• Fuel prices: The government has increased taxation of energy to raise resources. Since energy is used for all production, prices of all goods and services tend to rise and push up the rate of inflation. Further, this is an indirect tax, it is regressive and impacts the poor disproportionately It also makes the RBI’s task of controlling inflation difficult.

• Since energy is used for all production, prices of all goods and services tend to rise and push up the rate of inflation.

• Further, this is an indirect tax, it is regressive and impacts the poor disproportionately It also makes the RBI’s task of controlling inflation difficult.

• Supply shortage: The lockdowns disrupted supplies and that added to shortages and price rise.

• Prices of medicines and medical equipment rose dramatically. Prices of items of day-to-day consumption also rose. Fruits and vegetable prices rose since these items could not reach the urban markets.

• Prices of medicines and medical equipment rose dramatically.

• Prices of items of day-to-day consumption also rose.

• Fruits and vegetable prices rose since these items could not reach the urban markets.

• International factors: Most major economies have recovered and demand for inputs has increased while supplies have remained disrupted (like chips for automobiles).

• So, commodity and input prices have risen (like in the case of metals). Businesses claim increase in input costs underlies price rise.

• So, commodity and input prices have risen (like in the case of metals).

• Businesses claim increase in input costs underlies price rise.

• Data collection and methodology: In April and May 2020, data on production and prices could not be collected due to the strict lockdown.

• So, the current data on prices for April to July 2021 are not comparable with the same months of 2020. As such, the official inflation figures for these months in 2021 do not reflect the true picture.

• So, the current data on prices for April to July 2021 are not comparable with the same months of 2020.

• As such, the official inflation figures for these months in 2021 do not reflect the true picture.

• Weak Rupee: The weakening of the rupee also added to inflation.

Measures to keep the inflation under control

• Monetary policy Measures: Maintaining price stability is the foremost objective of the monetary policy committee of RBI. However, during the pandemic, growth has taken centre stage and RBI has rightly cut interest rates.

• Commodity prices: GoI needs to remove supply side bottlenecks. For example, GoI can immediately offload 10-20% of its pulses stock with NAFED in the open market.

• Fuel prices: Bringing them under GST would reduce the prices by at least 30 rupees. GST council must agree to this with haste.

• Policy measures: Navigating out of this will need a fiscal stimulus to shore up consumer spending, an investment revival to increase the productive capacity of the economy, and a careful management of inflationary expectations.

• Concomitantly, the government will also need to pursue redistribution of income to reduce the widening disparity.

• This also calls for fiscal prudence to cut wasteful spending, find new revenue through asset sales, mining and spectrum auctions, and build investor confidence.

Conclusion

With the rise in inflation amidst a second wave, the balancing acumen of the MPC will now be sorely tested. Factors like rising commodity prices, supply chain disruptions are expected to raise overall domestic inflation. Economists have pointed at India’s K-shaped recovery where a few have benefitted while others have fallen sharply behind. Big companies have benefitted and increased market share, revenues and profits sharply. They have also taken advantage of low interest rates to decrease the cost of their borrowings. Small and medium companies, struggling with falling revenues and cash flows, have not been able to take advantage of the rates. Hence inflation must also be controlled while growth is focussed upon.

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

5. Discuss the measures that are needed to stimulate economic growth, create employment opportunities, and address the challenges of unemployment and underemployment in India. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India.

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about steps that are needed to overcome unemployment in the country. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving the context regarding the unemployment in India. Body: Firstly, write about the important causes that led to the increasing the levels of unemployment – economic slowdowns, education and skills gaps, dominance of the informal sector, disparities in labor force participation, urban-rural imbalances etc. Next, write about the steps that must be taken to reduce the employment levels in the economy – Labour-intensive measures, Accelerating Investment, diversification of agriculture, decentralised development and upskilling etc. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about steps that are needed to overcome unemployment in the country.

Directive word:

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving the context regarding the unemployment in India.

Firstly, write about the important causes that led to the increasing the levels of unemployment – economic slowdowns, education and skills gaps, dominance of the informal sector, disparities in labor force participation, urban-rural imbalances etc.

Next, write about the steps that must be taken to reduce the employment levels in the economy – Labour-intensive measures, Accelerating Investment, diversification of agriculture, decentralised development and upskilling etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data recently reported a decline in India’s unemployment rate in urban areas to 6.6% during April-June 2023 against 7.6% a year ago period. The 19th Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) noted that the unemployment rate (UR) for persons aged 15 years and above in Urban areas was 7.6% in April-June 2022. It was 6.8% in January-March 2023, 7.2% in July-September 2022 as well as October-December 2022.

In a jobless growth economy, unemployment remains stubbornly high even as the economy grows. This tends to happen when a relatively large number of people have lost their jobs, and the ensuing recovery is insufficient to absorb the unemployed, under-employed, and those first entering the workforce. Jobless growth of the Indian economy is a “5C” problem: a Complicated Condition Created by Combinations of Causes.

Causes of unemployment in India

• Jobless growth: There is mounting concern that future growth could turn out to be jobless due to de-industrialization, de-globalization, the fourth industrial revolution and technological progress. As per the NSSO Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18, India’s labour force participation rate for the age-group 15-59 years is around 53%, that is, around half of the working age population is jobless.

• Asymmetric demography:The growth in the working-age ratio is likely to be concentrated in some of India’s poorest states and the demographic dividend will be fully realized only if India is able to create gainful employment opportunitiesfor this working-age population.

• Lack of skills:Most of the new jobs that will be created in the future will be highly skilled and lack of skill in Indian workforce is a major challenge. India may not be able to take advantage of the opportunities, due to alow human capital base and lack of skills.

• Low human development parameters:India ranks 130 out of 189 countries in UNDP’s Human Development Index, which is alarming. Therefore, health and education parameters need to be improved substantiallyto make the Indian workforce efficient and skilled.

• Informal nature of economy in Indiais another hurdle in reaping the benefits of demographic transition in India.

Public sector employment as a remedy: Critical analysis

• The latest data showed that there were 86 lakh vacant jobsamong all central government civilian posts as of March 2020.

• The government recently announcedAgnipath scheme for youth as a contract employment of four years.

• But even this measure would be ameliorative in the real economy that continues to remain distressed, a consequence ofeffects of the pandemic in the last few years.

• The country cannot afford to squander more years in its race to reap the benefits of its demographic dividend, and the push to provide jobs for those seeking to enter the labour force, even if belated, will help ease matters for the medium term.

• Real jobs in manufacturing, industries, MSME’s are the key to reaping demographic dividend. Skill development will also help in youth getting jobs in high paying services sector.

Measure needed and way forward

• Building human capital:Investing in people through healthcare, quality education, jobs and skills helps build human capital, which is key to supporting economic growth, ending extreme poverty, and creating a more inclusive society.

• Skill developmentto increase employability of young population. India’s labour force needs to be empowered with the right skills for the modern economy. Government has established the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) with the overall target of skilling/ up skilling 500 million people in India by 2022..

• Education:Enhancing educational levels by properly investing in primary, secondary and higher education. India, which has almost 41% of population below the age of 20 years, can reap the demographic dividend only if with a better education system. Also, academic-industry collaboration is necessary to synchronise modern industry demands and learning levels in academics. Establishment of Higher Education Finance Agency (HEFA)is a welcome step in this direction.

• Establishment of Higher Education Finance Agency (HEFA)is a welcome step in this direction.

• Health:Improvement in healthcare infrastructure would ensure higher number of productive days for young labourforce, thus increasing the productivity of the economy. Success of schemes like Ayushman Bharatand National Health Protection scheme (NHPS) is necessary. Also nutrition level in women and children needs special care with effective implementation of Integrated Child Development (ICDS) programme.

• Success of schemes like Ayushman Bharatand National Health Protection scheme (NHPS) is necessary. Also nutrition level in women and children needs special care with effective implementation of Integrated Child Development (ICDS) programme.

• Job Creation:The nation needs to create ten million jobs per year to absorb the addition of young people into the workforce. Promoting businesses’ interests and entrepreneurship would help in job creation to provide employment to the large labourforce. India’s improved ranking in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Indexis a good sign. Schemes like Start-up Indiaand Make in India , if implemented properly, would bring the desired result in the near future.

• India’s improved ranking in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Indexis a good sign.

• Schemes like Start-up Indiaand Make in India , if implemented properly, would bring the desired result in the near future.

• Urbanisation:The large young and working population in the years to come will migrate to urban areas within their own and other States, leading to rapid and large-scale increase in urban population. How these migrating people can have access to basic amenities, health and social services in urban areas need to be the focus of urban policy planning. Schemes such as Smart City Mission andAMRUT needs to be effectively and carefully implemented.

• Schemes such as Smart City Mission andAMRUT needs to be effectively and carefully implemented.

Conclusion

India is on the right side of demographic transition that provides golden opportunity for its rapid socio-economic development, if policymakers align the developmental policies with this demographic shift.

To reap the demographic dividend, proper investment in human capital is needed by focussing on education, skill development and healthcare facilities.

*Value-addition*

*Steps taken by government in recent times*

• *Dedicated Shram Suvidha Portal:*That would allot Labor Identification Number (LIN) to units and allow them to file online compliance for 16 out of 44 labor laws.

• *Random Inspection Scheme:*To eliminate human discretion in selection of units for Inspection, and uploading of Inspection Reports within 72 hours of inspection mandatory.

• *Universal Account Number:*Enables 4.17 crore employees to have their Provident Fund account portable, hassle-free and universally accessible.

• *Apprentice Protsahan Yojana:*Government will support manufacturing units mainly and other establishments by reimbursing 50% of the stipend paid to apprentices during first two years of their training.

• *Revamped Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana:*Introducing a Smart Card for the workers in the unorganized sector seeded with details of two more social security schemes.

• *The National Career Service *is being implemented as a mission mode project to provide various job-related services information on skills development courses, internships etc

Topic: Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and development of new technology.

Topic: Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and development of new technology.

6. India has made significant strides towards achieving ‘Aatmanirbharta’ in defence production. However, there is still a considerable distance to cover to achieve self-reliance. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: The Print

Why the question: Success of ‘Aatmanirbharta’ in defence can be seen with India’s tanks, cannons, fighter jets, helicopters & missile systems operated by three forces Key Demand of the question: To write about the measures taken by India in becoming self-reliant in defence production and suggest measures of what more can be done. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by showing data or facts about India’s defence sector with respect of self-reliance. Body: First, write about India’s spending on defence and how self-reliance is important in this sector. Next, write about measures taken by India – Make in India, Defense procurement from indigenous manufacturers etc. How far they have been successful? Next, write about the issues hovering indigenous defence industry and what measures can be taken to tackle them. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a forward.

Why the question:

Success of ‘Aatmanirbharta’ in defence can be seen with India’s tanks, cannons, fighter jets, helicopters & missile systems operated by three forces

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the measures taken by India in becoming self-reliant in defence production and suggest measures of what more can be done.

Directive word:

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start by showing data or facts about India’s defence sector with respect of self-reliance.

First, write about India’s spending on defence and how self-reliance is important in this sector.

Next, write about measures taken by India – Make in India, Defense procurement from indigenous manufacturers etc. How far they have been successful?

Next, write about the issues hovering indigenous defence industry and what measures can be taken to tackle them.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a forward.

Introduction

In the last 10 years, equipment worth Rs 6 lakh crore had been procured from Indian companies. During this period, defence production doubled to more than Rs 1 lakh crore. In the last 10 years, more than 150 defence startups had started and defence forces had given them orders worth Rs 1,800 crore, the Prime Minister said during Bharat Shakti exercise.

The Government has taken several policy initiatives and brought reforms to promote self-reliance in defence manufacturing. These policy initiatives are aimed at encouraging indigenous design & development, innovation and manufacture of defence equipment in the country, thereby reducing dependency on imports in long run.

Background

• The Bharat Shakti exercise included the T-90 (IM) Tanks, Dhanush and Sarang Gun Systems, Akash Weapons System, Logistics Drones, Robotic Mules, Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) and an array of UAVs among others.

• Indian Navy’s assets included Naval Anti-Ship Missiles, Autonomous Cargo Carrying Aerial Vehicles, and Expendable Aerial Targets, highlighting maritime strength and technological sophistication.

• The Indian Air Force (IAF) deployed the indigenously developed Light Combat Aircraft Tejas, Light Utility Helicopters, and Advanced Light Helicopters, demonstrating air superiority and versatility in air operations.

Measures taken to make India self-reliant in defence production

• Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP 2020) is promulgated to maximize acquisition of defence equipment through indigenous sources and promote domestic manufacturing.

• Government of India has ensured that the most preferred option for capital acquisition is ‘Buy Indigenously Designed Developed and Manufactured (IDDM)’ category equipment followed by ‘Buy (Indian)’ category. The ‘Make’ categories aim to achieve the objective of self-reliance by involving greater participation of Indian industrial eco-system including private sector.

• The provisions of Government funding have been introduced for Make-I, Technology Development Fund (TDF) and Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) projects.

• TDF Scheme executed by DRDO supports indigenous development of components, products, systems and technologies by MSMEs and Start-ups. Funding under TDF scheme was enhanced from Rs 10 crore to Rs 50 crore per Project, and the same under iDEX Prime scheme has been enhanced from Rs 1.5 crore to Rs 10 crore It will give further boost to the vision of ‘Aatmanirbharta in defence’.

• Four ‘Positive Indigenization Lists’ of defence equipment and platforms for which there would be an embargo on the import.

• The ‘Development cum Production Partner (DcPP)’ model of DRDO is implemented where-in Industry is taken up as DcPP in system development projects. Both development and production units are manufactured by industry along with life cycle support.

• DRDO test facilities have been opened to the industries for utilisation. The test facilities have been listed on DRDO website and have been communicated to them. The facilities are being utilized by the industries.

• Two Defence Industrial Corridors have been set up in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu to catalyse indigenous production of defence and aerospace-related items.

• Defence R&D has been opened up for industry, start-ups and academia with 25% of defence R&D budget earmarked for the purpose. This is being implemented through various existing schemes and new schemes have been proposed.

• In order to promote indigenous design and manufacturing, funds have also been earmarked for procurement from indigenous sources. For the FY 2023-24, funds have been earmarked in the ratio 67.75:32.25 between Domestic and Foreign procurement in the Capital Acquisition Budget of the Ministry of Defence (MoD). In addition, the MoD has also directed for spending an amount of Rs 1,500 crore towards procurement from start-ups.

• Nil Transfer of Technology (ToT) fees are being charged from DcPPs/PAs/LSI.

• Industries have been provided with free access for DRDO patents.

• Lists of systems which will be developed by industry only have been identified by DRDO. The same has been promulgated by MoD. DRDO will not develop such systems.

• DRDO is skilling youth (Internships, apprenticeship, electives in B Tech, M Tech courses) to make ready for Defence industries.

More reforms that can be implemented

• The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) could examine the defence acquisitions from a tri-service angle, this may avoid delays and speed up the defence procurement process.

• Mandatory Transfer of Technology for Subsystems: It is imperative that when India imports any weapon systems, there should be a plan for the ammunition and spares to be eventually manufactured in India so that we are not driven to seek urgent replenishments from abroad during crises. The same goes for repair, maintenance and overhaul facilities for the upgrading of the weapons platforms.

• The same goes for repair, maintenance and overhaul facilities for the upgrading of the weapons platforms.

• Modernising Ordnance Factories Board: Over the decades, ordnance factories have been the backbone of indigenous supplies to India’s armed forces, from weapons systems to spares, ammunition and auxiliaries. Their structure, work culture and the product range now need to be responsive to technology and quality demands of modern armed forces.

• Their structure, work culture and the product range now need to be responsive to technology and quality demands of modern armed forces.

• Overhauling of Existing Regulations and Practices: A long-term integrated perspective plan of the requirements of the armed forces should give the industry a clear picture of future requirements. The next Defence Procurement Procedure should incorporate guidelines to promote forward-looking strategic partnerships between Indian and foreign companies, with a view to achieving indigenisation over a period of time for even sophisticated platforms.

• The next Defence Procurement Procedure should incorporate guidelines to promote forward-looking strategic partnerships between Indian and foreign companies, with a view to achieving indigenisation over a period of time for even sophisticated platforms.

• Promoting Defence Exports: Investment, Indian or foreign, will be viable when the door to defence exports is promoted with a transparent policy.

• Resolving Conflict of Interest: The role of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as the government’s sole adviser, developer and evaluator of technologies creates a conflict of interest for entry of private players. Thus, the role of DRDO should be revised, in order to give private industry a level playing field for developing defence technologies.

• Thus, the role of DRDO should be revised, in order to give private industry a level playing field for developing defence technologies.

Conclusion

Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is a crucial component of effective defence capability and to maintain national sovereignty and achieve military superiority. The attainment of this will ensure strategic independence, cost-effective defence equipment and may lead to saving on defence import bill, which can subsequently finance the physical and social infrastructure.

General Studies – 4

Topic: Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.

Topic: Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.

7. Compare and contrast attitude and behaviour. (150 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Introduction: Start with defining Attitude and Behaviour. Body: Attitudes are views, beliefs, or evaluations of people about something (the attitude object). The attitude object can be a person, place, thing, ideology, or an event. Attitudes can be positive or negative While attitude involves mind’s predisposition to certain ideas, values, people, systems, institutions; behaviour relates to the actual expression of feelings, action or inaction orally or/and through body language. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.

Introduction:

Start with defining Attitude and Behaviour.

Attitudes are views, beliefs, or evaluations of people about something (the attitude object). The attitude object can be a person, place, thing, ideology, or an event. Attitudes can be positive or negative

While attitude involves mind’s predisposition to certain ideas, values, people, systems, institutions; behaviour relates to the actual expression of feelings, action or inaction orally or/and through body language.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a powerful influence over behaviour.

Behaviour is the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others. Hence, behaviour comprises of our actions with concern to the interactions or the relationships we maintain with the external environment.

The main difference between two is that behaviour is the reflection of one’s attitude towards something or someone.

Difference between attitude and behaviour

Attitude | Behaviour

Attitude refers to a person’s mental view, regarding the way he/she thinks or feels about someone or something. | Behaviour implies the actions and conduct of an individual or group towards other persons.

Attitude is more personal. | Behaviour is more social.

Factors like environment, experiences, and moral values mainly influence attitudes. | Attitudes, character traits, biological factors like endocrine and nervous responses influence our behaviour.

It is a hypothetical construct whose direct observation is not possible. | Behaviour is visible through consequences and result.

A person’s attitude is mainly based on the experiences gained by him during the course of his life and observations. | The behaviour of a person is basedon the situation and circumstances.

Attitude is a person’s inner thoughts and feelings. | Behaviour is an expression of person’s attitude.

Attitude is defined by the way we perceive things. | Behaviour is ruled by social norms.

Attitude reflects one’s emotions, opinions and thoughts. | Behaviour reflects one’s attitude as actions are the reflection of our thoughts.

Similarities between attitude and behaviour

• Components: Both attitude and behavior are composed of two basic components: The action itself: Behavior represents the observable actions, responses, and mannerisms of an individual or group. The attitude toward that action: Attitude reflects a person’s mental view regarding how they think or feel about someone or something. Influence: Both attitude and behavior are influenced by various factors: Attitude: It is shaped by education, experience, and the environment. Attitudes affect our decisions, actions, and responses to stimuli. Behavior: It can be influenced by social norms, situational constraints, and individual characteristics. Outward Expression: Both attitude and behavior are outward expressions of inner character: Attitude: It shapes how we respond to situations, interact with others, and manage our emotions. Behavior: It reflects what we actually do in response to specific actions, people, or environments. Alignment: Generally, positive attitudes tend to lead to positive behaviors: When attitudes align with behavior, individuals are more likely to act consistently with their inner beliefs and feelings.

• Both attitude and behavior are composed of two basic components: The action itself: Behavior represents the observable actions, responses, and mannerisms of an individual or group. The attitude toward that action: Attitude reflects a person’s mental view regarding how they think or feel about someone or something.

• The action itself: Behavior represents the observable actions, responses, and mannerisms of an individual or group.

• The attitude toward that action: Attitude reflects a person’s mental view regarding how they think or feel about someone or something.

• Influence: Both attitude and behavior are influenced by various factors: Attitude: It is shaped by education, experience, and the environment. Attitudes affect our decisions, actions, and responses to stimuli. Behavior: It can be influenced by social norms, situational constraints, and individual characteristics. Outward Expression: Both attitude and behavior are outward expressions of inner character: Attitude: It shapes how we respond to situations, interact with others, and manage our emotions. Behavior: It reflects what we actually do in response to specific actions, people, or environments. Alignment: Generally, positive attitudes tend to lead to positive behaviors: When attitudes align with behavior, individuals are more likely to act consistently with their inner beliefs and feelings.

• Both attitude and behavior are influenced by various factors: Attitude: It is shaped by education, experience, and the environment. Attitudes affect our decisions, actions, and responses to stimuli. Behavior: It can be influenced by social norms, situational constraints, and individual characteristics.

• Attitude: It is shaped by education, experience, and the environment. Attitudes affect our decisions, actions, and responses to stimuli.

• Behavior: It can be influenced by social norms, situational constraints, and individual characteristics.

• Outward Expression: Both attitude and behavior are outward expressions of inner character: Attitude: It shapes how we respond to situations, interact with others, and manage our emotions. Behavior: It reflects what we actually do in response to specific actions, people, or environments. Alignment: Generally, positive attitudes tend to lead to positive behaviors: When attitudes align with behavior, individuals are more likely to act consistently with their inner beliefs and feelings.

• Both attitude and behavior are outward expressions of inner character: Attitude: It shapes how we respond to situations, interact with others, and manage our emotions. Behavior: It reflects what we actually do in response to specific actions, people, or environments.

• Attitude: It shapes how we respond to situations, interact with others, and manage our emotions.

• Behavior: It reflects what we actually do in response to specific actions, people, or environments.

• Alignment: Generally, positive attitudes tend to lead to positive behaviors: When attitudes align with behavior, individuals are more likely to act consistently with their inner beliefs and feelings.

• Generally, positive attitudes tend to lead to positive behaviors: When attitudes align with behavior, individuals are more likely to act consistently with their inner beliefs and feelings.

• When attitudes align with behavior, individuals are more likely to act consistently with their inner beliefs and feelings.

Conclusion

Becoming aware of the effect of cognitive dissonance on our decisions and understanding how we can overcome it can help us make better decisions and help us make positive behavior changes rather than continue lying to ourselves.

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