[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 10 May 2024

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

1. The evolution of architectural styles during Delhi Sultanate period demonstrates a synthesis of indigenous Indian traditions with external influences. Discuss. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1. Key Demand of the question: To write about the nature of architecture under Sultans of Delhi, its evolution and influence of Indian architecture on them. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by mentioning the with arrival of Turks, new form of architecture got introduced in India. Body: First, mention the major religious and secular structures constructed under the various dynasties of the Sultanate with a special reference to Tughlaq dynasty. Next, write about significant and new changes in construction technologies introduced by the Sultans. Give examples of few monuments. Next, mention the influences of earlier Indian architecture which was adopted by Sultans of Delhi. Cite examples by substantiating. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the nature of architecture under Sultans of Delhi, its evolution and influence of Indian architecture on them.

Directive word:

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by mentioning the with arrival of Turks, new form of architecture got introduced in India.

First, mention the major religious and secular structures constructed under the various dynasties of the Sultanate with a special reference to Tughlaq dynasty.

Next, write about significant and new changes in construction technologies introduced by the Sultans. Give examples of few monuments.

Next, mention the influences of earlier Indian architecture which was adopted by Sultans of Delhi. Cite examples by substantiating.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

The Muslim invasions into India had ultimately resulted in the establishment of Delhi Sultanate which existed from A.D. 1206 to 1526. Five different dynasties – the Slave, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyids and Lodis – ruled under the Delhi Sultanate. New architectural forms and styles were introduced in India during the medieval period. The synthesis of Indian and Islamic architectural features led to emergence of Indo-Saracenic or Indo-Islamic architecture.

The Indo-Islamic architecture under the sultans of Delhi includes both religious and secular structures

• Both secular and religious buildings are influenced by Indo-Islamic architecture which exhibit Indian, Islamic, Persian, Central Asian, Arabic and Ottoman Turkish influences.

Religious buildings

• Earliest example of building activity by a Sultan of Delhi was the Quwat-ul-Islam mosques built by Qutub-ud-din Aibak.

• Another architectural specimen of this period was the mosques-Arhai Din ka Jhonpra, built at Ajmer.

• Other notable imperial monuments constructed by Iltutmish were Hauz-i-Shamshi, Shamsi-idgah, the Jami Masjid at Badaun and the Atarkin ka Darwaza at Nagpur.

• Alauddin Khilji built Jamait Khan Mosque at the shrine of Nizam -ud-din Auliya and the Alai Darwaza at the Qutub Minar.

• The Tombs of Mubarak Shah and Muhammad Shah of the Sayyid Dynasty and the Tomb of Sikandar Lodhi of the Lodhi Dynasty were noteworthy architectural specimens of the Sayyid and Lodhi rule.

Secular Buildings

• The most magnificent piece of architecture of this era was the Qutub Minar. Qutub-ud-din Aibak started the construction of the Qutub Minar at Delhi but could not complete it during his life time. It was completed by Iltutmish.

• Alauddin Khilji founded the city of Siri and built a palace of thousand pillar within it,

• Alauddin Khilji also constructed a magnificent tank known as the Hauz-i-Khas near the city of Siri.

• The city of Tughlaqabaad constructed by GhiyasuddinTughlaq was a notable construction of the Tughlaq rule.

• Mohammad bin Tughlaq constructed the new city of Jahanpanah near the City of old Delhi, the fort of Adilabaad and some other buildings in Daulatabaad.

• The city of Firozabaad, Firoz shah Kotla fort- palace were important imperial constructions of the time of Firoz Shah Tughlaq

The new structural changes introduced by the Sultanate rulers

• The Turks introduced arche and dome method, slab and beam method, lofty towers or minarets and decorations using the Arabic script. They used the skill of the Indian stone cutters.

• The use of lime-mortarin the construction of buildings and houses altered the building techniques

• They also added colour to their buildings by using marbles, red and yellow sand stones.

• Synthesis of indigenous motifsuch as ball motif, lotus etc.

• In the beginning, they converted temples and other structures demolished into mosques. For example, the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque near Qutub Minar in Delhi was built by using the materials obtained from destroying many Hindu and Jain temples.

• Later, they began to construct new structures. The most magnificent building of the 13th century was the Qutub Minar which was founded by Aibek and completed by Iltutmish.

• With the arrival of artisans from West Asia the arch and dome began to show up with precision and perfection. Gradually local artisans also acquired the skill. The tomb of Balban was adorned with the first true archand the Alai Darwaza built by Alaud-din Khalji as a gateway to the Quwwatul-Islam Mosque is adorned with the first true dome.

• Tughlaqs went for introduction of innovative features in architecture also, such as “batter” or sloping walls use of stone rubble as the principle building material a new type of arch called the four centred arch the emergence of the pointed dome the introduction of an octagonal plan of tomb building.

• “batter” or sloping walls

• use of stone rubble as the principle building material

• a new type of arch called the four centred arch

• the emergence of the pointed dome

• the introduction of an octagonal plan of tomb building.

Conclusion

Later on, with the Mughals, the art of pietra dura, jali work became more prominent. They also built lofty forts, palaces and cities. The Mughals were also fond of laying gardens with running water, which is an extension of gardens introduced by Delhi Sultanate. Delhi Sultanate paved way for large scale construction of buildings in Indo-Islamic architecture.

Topic: Diversity of India.

Topic: Diversity of India.

2. Linguistics has had a profound impact on nearly every aspect of human life, from individual cognition to global interactions, shaping how we communicate, think, and interact with the world around us. Examine. (150 words).

Reference: Tough

Reference: Live Mint

Why the question: The article discusses linguistics has profoundly shaped the world in various ways Key Demand of the question: To write about the impact of linguistics in shaping the world. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by giving context. Body: Write about as to how linguistics has shaped the world – facilitating communication, preserving cultural diversity, driving technological innovations, improving education, and fostering understanding across cultures and disciplines. Its influence extends to politics, society, cognition, global relations, and legal contexts, making it a fundamental aspect of human life. Cite examples to substantiate. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

Why the question:

The article discusses linguistics has profoundly shaped the world in various ways

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the impact of linguistics in shaping the world.

Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start by giving context.

Write about as to how linguistics has shaped the world – facilitating communication, preserving cultural diversity, driving technological innovations, improving education, and fostering understanding across cultures and disciplines. Its influence extends to politics, society, cognition, global relations, and legal contexts, making it a fundamental aspect of human life. Cite examples to substantiate.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Linguistics, as the scientific study of language, plays a multifaceted role in shaping our world. From facilitating communication to influencing technological innovations, it permeates various aspects of human existence.

Impact of Linguistics on our life

• Communication and Understanding: Language Diversity: Linguistics recognizes the rich tapestry of languages spoken worldwide. It celebrates linguistic diversity, emphasizing that each language reflects unique cultural perspectives and ways of thinking. Translation and Interpretation: Linguists bridge communication gaps by translating texts, interpreting spoken language, and facilitating cross-cultural understanding. For instance, professional translators enable global business transactions, diplomacy, and international cooperation.

• Language Diversity: Linguistics recognizes the rich tapestry of languages spoken worldwide. It celebrates linguistic diversity, emphasizing that each language reflects unique cultural perspectives and ways of thinking.

• Translation and Interpretation: Linguists bridge communication gaps by translating texts, interpreting spoken language, and facilitating cross-cultural understanding. For instance, professional translators enable global business transactions, diplomacy, and international cooperation.

• Preserving Cultural Diversity: Language Vitality: Linguists advocate for the preservation of endangered languages. By documenting and revitalizing dying languages, they safeguard cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge. Language Revitalization: Initiatives like the revitalization of Hawaiian or Welsh demonstrate how linguistics contributes to cultural continuity.

• Language Vitality: Linguists advocate for the preservation of endangered languages. By documenting and revitalizing dying languages, they safeguard cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge.

• Language Revitalization: Initiatives like the revitalization of Hawaiian or Welsh demonstrate how linguistics contributes to cultural continuity.

• Technological Innovations: Natural Language Processing (NLP): Linguistics underpins NLP, enabling chatbots, voice assistants, and machine translation. For example, Google Translate relies on linguistic algorithms to provide accurate translations. Speech Recognition: Linguistic research informs speech recognition systems, enhancing voice-controlled devices like Siri or Alexa.

• Natural Language Processing (NLP): Linguistics underpins NLP, enabling chatbots, voice assistants, and machine translation. For example, Google Translate relies on linguistic algorithms to provide accurate translations.

• Speech Recognition: Linguistic research informs speech recognition systems, enhancing voice-controlled devices like Siri or Alexa.

• Education: Grammar Instruction: Despite debates, grammar instruction remains crucial. Explicit teaching of grammar rules improves writing skills and fosters language awareness. Language Acquisition: Linguistics informs language teaching methodologies, benefiting students learning second or foreign languages.

• Grammar Instruction: Despite debates, grammar instruction remains crucial. Explicit teaching of grammar rules improves writing skills and fosters language awareness.

• Language Acquisition: Linguistics informs language teaching methodologies, benefiting students learning second or foreign languages.

• Politics and Society: Language Policies: Linguists influence language policies, advocating for multilingualism and language rights. For instance, the European Union recognizes 24 official languages. Political Discourse: Analyzing political speeches reveals power dynamics, persuasion techniques, and ideological biases.

• Language Policies: Linguists influence language policies, advocating for multilingualism and language rights. For instance, the European Union recognizes 24 official languages.

• Political Discourse: Analyzing political speeches reveals power dynamics, persuasion techniques, and ideological biases.

• Cognition and Perception: Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Linguistics explores how language shapes thought. The hypothesis suggests that language influences our perception of reality. For example, Eskimo languages have multiple words for snow, reflecting their environment. Metaphors: Linguistic metaphors (e.g., “time is money”) shape our conceptual understanding.

• Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Linguistics explores how language shapes thought. The hypothesis suggests that language influences our perception of reality. For example, Eskimo languages have multiple words for snow, reflecting their environment.

• Metaphors: Linguistic metaphors (e.g., “time is money”) shape our conceptual understanding.

• Global Relations and Legal Contexts: Diplomacy: Linguists facilitate diplomatic negotiations by ensuring accurate translations and cultural sensitivity. Forensic Linguistics: Analyzing language in legal contexts helps solve crimes, identify authorship, and interpret legal documents.

• Diplomacy: Linguists facilitate diplomatic negotiations by ensuring accurate translations and cultural sensitivity.

• Forensic Linguistics: Analyzing language in legal contexts helps solve crimes, identify authorship, and interpret legal documents.

Examples:

• Emoji: These visual symbols transcend language barriers, allowing global communication.

• Pidgin Languages: Creole languages emerge from contact between different linguistic groups, exemplifying linguistic adaptation.

• Sign Languages: Linguists study sign languages, recognizing them as full-fledged languages with complex grammar.

• Legal Disputes: Forensic linguists analyze threatening letters, ransom notes, or anonymous messages to aid criminal investigations.

Conclusion

Linguistics, far from being an esoteric field, permeates our daily lives. It shapes how we communicate, understand each other, and navigate a diverse world. In a world increasingly interconnected, linguistics remains fundamental to our global existence.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation

3. What are the causes of gender inequality in India? Enacting and enforcing laws that promote gender equality in employment, education, and healthcare are essential steps in addressing systemic gender inequality and advancing women’s rights. Examine. (250 words).

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India

Why the question: A new government will soon be taking up the challenge of making India viksit by 2047. With women lagging behind on several parameters of well-being in the country today, empowering them economically lies at the heart of the challenge we face in transforming India into a developed country. Key Demand of the question: To write about the causes for gender inequality and its impact and ways to overcome it. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by giving context. Body: First, write about the various causes for gender inequality – historic, educational, economic and social causes. Next, write about the how the gender inequality impacts the Indian society. Cite examples and statistics to substantiate. Next, write about the various measures needed to bridge the gender gap. Throw light on the importance of laws in promoting gender equality. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

A new government will soon be taking up the challenge of making India viksit by 2047. With women lagging behind on several parameters of well-being in the country today, empowering them economically lies at the heart of the challenge we face in transforming India into a developed country.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the causes for gender inequality and its impact and ways to overcome it.

Directive word:

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start by giving context.

First, write about the various causes for gender inequality – historic, educational, economic and social causes.

Next, write about the how the gender inequality impacts the Indian society. Cite examples and statistics to substantiate.

Next, write about the various measures needed to bridge the gender gap. Throw light on the importance of laws in promoting gender equality.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Gender inequality is discrimination on the basis of sex or gender causing one sex or gender to be routinely privileged or prioritized over another. Gender equality is a fundamental human right and that right is violated by gender-based discrimination. Gender disparity starts in childhood and is right now limiting the lifelong potential of children around the world – disproportionately affecting girls.

India ranks 135 among a total of 146 countries in the Global Gender Gap Index, 2022, released by the World Economic Forum. The Global Gender Gap Report, 2022, says it will now take 132 years to reach gender parity, with the gap reducing only by four years since 2021 and the gender gap closed by 68. 1%. India ranks poorly among its neighbours and is behind Bangladesh (71), Nepal (96), Sri Lanka (110), Maldives (117) and Bhutan (126). Only the performance of Iran (143), Pakistan (145) and Afghanistan(146) was worse than India in South Asia. In 2021, India ranked 140 out of 156 nations.

Causes for Gender inequality in the country

• High gender divide: The gender gap in the country has widened, with only 62.5% of it closed and especially low gender parity in political empowerment and economic participation and opportunity.

• Wage gap: Women are paid considerably less than men, with some research showing that the gender pay gap between women and men in the same jobs with equivalent qualifications can be as much as 34%.

• Labour force participation: India, as of 2020, has the lowest female labour force participation rate among South Asian nations, with four out of five women neither working nor looking for jobs.

• High Job loss: According to Oxfam, 17 million women in India lost their jobs in April 2020, with their unemployment rate rising far higher than that among men.

• Lesser opportunities for women: Women were found to be seven times more likely to lose their jobs during the lockdown phases, and if rendered unemployed, were 11 times more likely to remain jobless than their male counterparts.

• Uneven domestic responsibility: Potential reasons for this include the increased burden of domestic responsibilities that Indian women typically had to bear, in terms of not just household chores but extra time needed for elderly care and children’s studies, with schools shut.

• Even pre-pandemic, a Time Use Survey conducted by the National Sample Survey Office showed that women spent nearly 4.5 hours on childcare and other care-giving responsibilities, in contrast with the meagre 0.88 hours for men.

Impact on society

• Pre-natal sex-selective Abortion:The most extreme expression of the preference for sons is female infanticide and sex selective abortion. A study in a Bombay hospital found that 96% of female were aborted.

• Sexual Harassment at work places: is a harassment of a sexual nature, typically in the work place. Sexual harassment is considered a form of illegal discrimination. Sexual harassment at work place is not an isolated phenomenon but a mainfestaion of the larger gender discrimination in society.

• Female are malnourished: India has exceptionally high rate of child malnutrition, because tradition in India requires that women eat last and least throughout their lives, even when pregnant.

• Women are uneducated: Families are far less likely to educate girls than boys and far more likely to pull them out of school, either to help out at home or from fear of violence. So women and girls receive far less education than men both due to social norms and fears of violence.

• Women are in Poor health: Females receive less health care than males. Many women die in childbirth. The practice of breast feeding female children for shorter periods of time reflects the strong desire for sons.

• Women are overworked: Women work longer hours and their work is more than the men (agricultural Work).

• Women are Unskilled: Women have unequal access to resources.

• Injustice Policy of Reservation in Public office:The women occupy 46% of the Indian population but reservation is given for only 33% where reserved.

• Women are mistreated:In recent year there has been an alarming rise in atrocities against women in India in term s of rapes, assaults and dowry related murders.

• Women are Powerless:While women are guaranteed equality under the constitution. But due to lack of power to decide who they will marry and are often married off as children.

Need of the hour

• Behavioral Nudge: For instance, by using taxes to incentivize fairly sharing child-care responsibilities, or by encouraging women and girls to enter traditionally male-dominated sectors such as the armed forces and information technology. Eg Supreme Court in India declared that women could now hold commanding positions in Army. Paternity leaves for men, to share the responsibility of child rearing. Incentivizing companies to employ women, and reach 50% target.

• Paternity leaves for men, to share the responsibility of child rearing.

• Incentivizing companies to employ women, and reach 50% target.

• Gender Justice at Work Bridging the wage gap for equal work. Making work places safer through strong laws. India has enacted Sexual Harassment at workplaces act. Promote diversity and anti-bias courses for all employees. Comprehensive leadership training for women to excel in their fields.

• Bridging the wage gap for equal work.

• Making work places safer through strong laws. India has enacted Sexual Harassment at workplaces act.

• Promote diversity and anti-bias courses for all employees.

• Comprehensive leadership training for women to excel in their fields.

• Gender sensitization: Breaking the social barriers by gender sensitization and education at families, schools and workplaces. Eg : In the NCERT Books, gender roles, bias and prejudice inducing writings were removed.

• Social security and financial literacy: Formalization of jobs should be pushed to avail benefits to many women. Until then, social security benefits should be provided to women in unorganized sector. Eg : Self Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme in India Embedding financial literacy in programmes where women have significant representation could be a good starting point.

• Embedding financial literacy in programmes where women have significant representation could be a good starting point.

• Strong laws and policies wrt equal pay for equal work, maternity benefits are needed to promote women’s representation in economy.

• Political Representation: India has provided 33% reservation for women in the Panchayats and Local Bodies. Capacity Building and training can increase their capabilities further.

Way forward

• Learning from the Nordic region, noteworthy participation of women in politics, institutions and public life is the catalyst for transformational change.

• Women need to be equal participants in the labour force to pioneer the societal changes the world needs in this integral period of transition.

• Every effort must be directed towards achieving gender parallelism by facilitating women in leadership and decision-making positions.

• Social protection programmes should be gender-responsive and account for the differential needs of women and girls.

• Research and scientific literature also provide unequivocal evidence that countries led by women are dealing with the pandemic more effectively than many others.

Conclusion

Gender equality is a human right which entitles all persons irrespective of their gender to live with dignity and with freedom. Gender equality is also a precondition for development and reducing of poverty. Gender shouldn’t be an unreasonable determining factor curbing the potential of women.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

4. The implementation of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 needs concerted efforts to enhance expertise, streamline procedures, and address legal complexities to ensure the efficient functioning of the insolvency regime. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India

Why the question: During the resolution plan approval, only about 15% is paid by the purchaser and the repayment takes years without any further interest collected by the banks, according to the financial stability report released by banking regulator Reserve Bank of India on December 28, 2023. Key Demand of the question: To write about the various issues in IBC and steps needed to resolve it. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by writing about Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) its aims and objectives. Body: First, list down the various features and achievements of IBC since its introduction. Next, write about the various limitations in the performance of IBC. Next, write about the reform that is needed to ensure that IBC performance leads to strengthening of its supporting role in capital formation and economic growth of the country. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

Why the question:

During the resolution plan approval, only about 15% is paid by the purchaser and the repayment takes years without any further interest collected by the banks, according to the financial stability report released by banking regulator Reserve Bank of India on December 28, 2023.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the various issues in IBC and steps needed to resolve it.

Directive word:

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by writing about Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) its aims and objectives.

First, list down the various features and achievements of IBC since its introduction.

Next, write about the various limitations in the performance of IBC.

Next, write about the reform that is needed to ensure that IBC performance leads to strengthening of its supporting role in capital formation and economic growth of the country.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

The game-changing IBC law made its debut in 2016, in the form of India’s Insolvency and Bankruptcy (IBC) Code, which allowed companies an easy and time-bound exit. The IBC effected a tectonic shift in the way lending was perceived. At the start of its implementation, a default as small as ₹1 lakh could lead to insolvency proceedings being initiated by the affected creditor. This gave creditors the confidence that borrowers, especially promoters, would take their debt obligations seriously.

Success of IBC Code

• The IBC has initiated a cultural shift in the dynamics between lender and borrower, promoter and creditor. It played a critical role in reshaping behaviour of borrowers.

• Before enactment of the IBC, the recovery mechanisms available to lenders were through Lok Adalat, Debt Recovery Tribunal and SARFAESI Act. While the earlier mechanisms resulted in a low average recovery of 23%, the recoveries have risen to 43% under the IBC regime.

• While the earlier mechanisms resulted in a low average recovery of 23%, the recoveries have risen to 43% under the IBC regime.

• Since enactment of the IBC, India significantly improved its ‘Resolving Insolvency’ ranking 108 in 2019 from 134 in 2014 where it remained stagnant for several years.

• India won the Global Restructuring Review award for the most improved jurisdiction in 2018.

• An IMF-World Bank study in January 2018 observed that India is moving towards a new state-of-the-art bankruptcy regime.

• Insolvency law has led to stability in financial systems.

• Recovery through the IBC was about Rs 70,000 crore in fiscal 2019 twice the amount recovered through other resolution mechanisms such as the Debt Recovery Tribunal, Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act, and Lok Adalat in fiscal 2018.

• The recovery rate is also twice the liquidation value for these 94 cases, which underscores the value maximisation possible through the IBC process.

Issues persisting

• In its initial years, the IBC faced teething problems and it was expected that with the passage of time, these will be resolved and its functioning will improve.

• However, according to the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) newsletter for January-March 2022, 7% of all the cases admitted for the corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) since 2016 that have been closed, 11% have been withdrawn, about 14 % settled, 30% liquidated and 9% resolved (wherein a resolution plan was approved).

• Data released by the IBBI shows that the resolution rate of cases under CIRP is rather low and that the number of cases seeing liquidation are three times more than those being resolved.

• Thus, it is clear that the CoC and courts have been bottlenecks for the IBC’s success.

• Banks, especially those in the public sector, are unable to take pragmatic decisions as any risk-taking that could potentially yield a low rate of dues recovery in the short term may be subjected to vigilance inquiries and audits.

Measures to be taken

• Freedom to banks: Allow banks to take bold decisions and not create an environment where they limit their decisions to choosing the ‘L1’ or lowest possible haircut quote in fear of future trouble. Most importantly, banks need to be freed of this regulatory overhang so that they can take bold measures for restructuring. To achieve this, bankers should be protected for bona fide decision-making during the resolution process, based on a premise like the ‘business judgement’ rule available for board directors in many countries.

• Most importantly, banks need to be freed of this regulatory overhang so that they can take bold measures for restructuring.

• To achieve this, bankers should be protected for bona fide decision-making during the resolution process, based on a premise like the ‘business judgement’ rule available for board directors in many countries.

• Written plea: Also, given that most of the delay occurs at the stage of case admission, it is worth making applications for admission under sections 7, 9 and 10 of the IBC disposable on a written plea rather than on oral arguments.

• Further, one could identify provisions under the IBC where courts are mandated not to adjudicate but only administrate. But concerns will remain over the expertise of commercial court judges to decide on such matters. Commercial courts need fresh talent with an understanding of business for proper decision-making.

• But concerns will remain over the expertise of commercial court judges to decide on such matters.

• Commercial courts need fresh talent with an understanding of business for proper decision-making.

• The insolvency litigation procedure should aim at reducing the duration of the process and also case volumes, so as to reduce uncertainties that result. This can be done by shortening the window within which a party must lodge a claim, whether it is an initial challenge or an appeal, which elsewhere is often shorter than in other civil or criminal litigation. In France, it is usually 10 days; in 2021, through insolvency and restructuring law reforms, it extended this further by providing for the full judicial resolution of certain disputes ahead of the confirmation of a restructuring plan by a court. In the same spirit of limiting insolvency litigation, the reform also limits which parties may initiate certain legal actions. These entail court-appointed insolvency practitioners or parties involved in the restructuring process.

• This can be done by shortening the window within which a party must lodge a claim, whether it is an initial challenge or an appeal, which elsewhere is often shorter than in other civil or criminal litigation.

• In France, it is usually 10 days; in 2021, through insolvency and restructuring law reforms, it extended this further by providing for the full judicial resolution of certain disputes ahead of the confirmation of a restructuring plan by a court.

• In the same spirit of limiting insolvency litigation, the reform also limits which parties may initiate certain legal actions.

• These entail court-appointed insolvency practitioners or parties involved in the restructuring process.

• Another feature that is worth weighing is to either give some adjudicating power to the case’s insolvency professional or appoint a supervisory judge for each case. In France, such judges have exclusive power to authorize important settlements with the insolvent company, some of which also require insolvency court ratification. They are often the first to decide an issue, and though their decisions are subject to challenge at the insolvency court and the latter’s decision can be challenged before a court of appeal, insolvency courts tend to confirm the orders of supervisory judges. Most litigants expect they would need to escalate their case to a court of appeal to effectively challenge a supervisory judge’s decision, which is not easy.

• They are often the first to decide an issue, and though their decisions are subject to challenge at the insolvency court and the latter’s decision can be challenged before a court of appeal, insolvency courts tend to confirm the orders of supervisory judges. Most litigants expect they would need to escalate their case to a court of appeal to effectively challenge a supervisory judge’s decision, which is not easy.

• Most litigants expect they would need to escalate their case to a court of appeal to effectively challenge a supervisory judge’s decision, which is not easy.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we need a serious rethink on how to design a suitable insolvency ecosystem for India amid our existing challenges of limited court capacity and high regulatory cholesterol. Whatever the government decides, it is important to act in time before the IBC loses its sheen and stakeholders who looked up to this law as a saviour give up hope and search of a newer regime.

Value Addition

About IBC

The IBC was enacted in 2016, replacing a host of laws, with the aim to streamline and speed up the resolution process of failed businesses.

The Code also consolidates provisions of the current legislative framework to form a common forum for debtors and creditors of all classes to resolve insolvency.

The Code creates various institutions to facilitate resolution of insolvency. These are as follows:

• Insolvency Professionals.

• Insolvency Professional Agencies.

• Information Utilities.

• Adjudicating authorities: The National Companies Law Tribunal (NCLT); and the Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT).

• Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board.

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

5. A ban on agricultural exports may initially lower domestic prices but can disrupt supply chains, harm farmers, and strain international relations. Critically examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Indian Express

Why the question: The article discusses that India’s agricultural exports fell 8.2% in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 on the back of shipment curbs on a host of commodities, from cereals and sugar to onions. Key Demand of the question: To write about the implications of curbs on certain agricultural exports by the government and its impact. Directive word: Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a balanced judgment on the topic. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: In the first part, bring out the factors as to why the agricultural exports are banned. Next, write about the implications of the curbs – on food security, on farmers, wheat prices, exports, procurement etc. Next, writ about the negatives of the above. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

Why the question:

The article discusses that India’s agricultural exports fell 8.2% in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 on the back of shipment curbs on a host of commodities, from cereals and sugar to onions.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the implications of curbs on certain agricultural exports by the government and its impact.

Directive word:

Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a balanced judgment on the topic.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving context.

In the first part, bring out the factors as to why the agricultural exports are banned.

Next, write about the implications of the curbs – on food security, on farmers, wheat prices, exports, procurement etc.

Next, writ about the negatives of the above.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

Agricultural export bans, while often implemented with good intentions, can have far-reaching consequences.

India’s agricultural exports fell 8.2% in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 on the back of shipment curbs on a host of commodities, from cereals and sugar to onions.

Reasons for Agricultural Export Bans:

• Domestic Food Security: Governments may restrict exports to ensure sufficient food supply for their own citizens. During crises or shortages, this protective measure aims to stabilize domestic prices and prevent scarcity.

• Price Control: Export bans can curb rising prices by limiting the transmission of global inflationary pressures to domestic markets. This is especially relevant for staple commodities like wheat, rice, and sugar.

• Political Considerations: Bans may be driven by political motives, such as appeasing farmers or addressing public discontent over high food prices.

• Supply Disruptions: Unforeseen events (e.g., extreme weather, geopolitical conflicts) disrupt supply chains, prompting export restrictions.

Implications of Export Curbs:

• Food Security: While export bans protect domestic consumers, they can exacerbate food insecurity in importing countries. These restrictions reduce global supply, leading to higher prices and potential shortages.

• Farmers’ Income: Export bans impact farmers differently. In India, the ban on wheat exports did not adversely affect farmers’ income, as domestic prices remained above the Minimum Support Price (MSP).

• Global Wheat Prices: India’s ban unsettled global markets, causing the Chicago benchmark wheat index to rise by nearly 6%. Buyers relying on Indian supplies faced price surges due to disrupted Black Sea exports.

• Trade Relations: Export bans strain international relations. Countries heavily reliant on Indian wheat imports faced uncertainty, affecting diplomatic ties and trade partnerships.

Challenges and Negatives:

• Supply Chain Disruptions: Export bans disrupt established supply chains, affecting traders, processors, and logistics providers. This can lead to inefficiencies and delays.

• Farmers’ Dilemma: While bans protect consumers, farmers face uncertainty. They may have surplus produce but limited access to global markets.

• Market Distortions: Bans create artificial scarcity, distorting market dynamics. Prices may not reflect actual supply-demand fundamentals.

• Economic Costs: Reduced exports impact foreign exchange earnings and overall economic growth. It also affects employment in related sectors.

Way Forward:

• Balanced Policies: Governments should adopt nuanced policies that balance domestic needs with global responsibilities. Temporary measures should be well-calibrated.

• Transparency: Clear communication about the rationale behind export bans is crucial. Transparency builds trust and minimizes market shocks.

• Strategic Reserves: Investing in strategic food reserves can mitigate the need for sudden export restrictions during crises.

• Regional Cooperation: Countries can collaborate to manage food security collectively. Regional trade agreements and coordinated policies can enhance stability.

Conclusion

While export bans serve short-term goals, their long-term impact requires careful consideration. Striking a balance between domestic needs and global responsibilities is essential for sustainable agricultural trade.

General Studies – 4

Topic: Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion

Topic: Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion

6. Changing attitudes can influence behaviour by reducing cognitive dissonance, shaping self-perceptions, activating associated beliefs, and through social learning processes.. Elucidate. (150 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications.

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: to develop a link between changing your attitude and changing your behaviour. Directive: Elucidate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated facts Structure of the answer: Introduction: In the introduction, define attitude and behaviour. Mention the difference between attitude and behaviour. Body: With relevant examples elaborate on how attitude can be change and that change in the resultant behaviour. How behavior and attitude affect us and the need to adopt behaviours which are of empathy, compassion, fortitude and integrity. Conclusion: Complete the answer by stressing how changing to right behaviours and attitude can impact our life positively.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.

Key Demand of the question:

to develop a link between changing your attitude and changing your behaviour.

Directive:

Elucidate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated facts

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

In the introduction, define attitude and behaviour. Mention the difference between attitude and behaviour.

With relevant examples elaborate on how attitude can be change and that change in the resultant behaviour.

How behavior and attitude affect us and the need to adopt behaviours which are of empathy, compassion, fortitude and integrity.

Conclusion:

Complete the answer by stressing how changing to right behaviours and attitude can impact our life positively.

Introduction

Attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a powerful influence over behavior. Behaviour implies the actions and conduct of an individual or group towards other persons

Attitude guides an individual’s behavior

• Attitude is one of the main factors that trigger emotions, decision-making, thinking and behavior in an individual. Following are some examples of how attitude influence the behavior:

• A positive attitude can will lead to a positive behavior. Ex: A person who has positive attitudes towards work and co-workers (such as contentment, friendliness, etc.) can positively influence those around them.

• Similarly, negative attitude led to negative behavior. Ex: if a person has a negative attitude towards women, he will discriminate women in all fronts of life.

• A selfish attitude will guide individual’s action in same manner. Ex: A cricketer who put his self-interest and profit above the nation, will take money to lose the game.

• Logic or rational attitudes develop a rational behavior. Ex: a rational person will not act superstitiously and will always try to find rational behind any act.

• An egoistic attitude will result in a negative attitude and behavior. Ex: elder individuals control their younger siblings even if they are wrong to satisfy their ego of being elder.

• An attitude based on values and beliefs will act according to the values. Ex: in India touching feet of elders is guided by attitude of giving respect to them.

Conclusion:

Thus, it can be said that attitude guides one behavior. Therefore, a person’s attitude will define his/her actions. By training and persuading the people the attitude and behaviour can be changed in the right direction

*Value addition:*

Attitude | Behaviour

Attitude refers to a person’s mental view, regarding the way he/she thinks or feels about someone or something. | Behaviour implies the actions and conduct of an individual or group towards other persons.

Attitude is more personal. | Behaviour is more social.

Factors like environment, experiences, and moral values mainly influence attitudes. | Attitudes, character traits, biological factors like endocrine and nervous responses influence our behaviour.

It is a hypothetical construct whose direct observation is not possible. | Behaviour is visible through consequences and result.

A person’s attitude is mainly based on the experiences gained by him during the course of his life and observations. | The behavior of a person is based on the situation and circumstances.

Attitude is a person’s inner thoughts and feelings. | Behaviour is an expression of person’s attitude.

Attitude is defined by the way we perceive things. | Behaviour is ruled by social norms.

Attitude reflects one’s emotions, opinions and thoughts. | Behaviour reflects one’s attitude as actions are the reflection of our thoughts.

Topic: Case Study

Topic: Case Study

7. As the food department prepares to launch a grand poverty and hunger alleviation scheme involving mass distribution of food grains to the poor, Senior IAS Officer Suresh must decide who will be his deputy to oversee the entire process, from procurement to last mile delivery. He is presented with two highly capable candidates: Salman and Shahrukh.

Salman is a seasoned officer with 10 years of service. He has prior experience from a deputation at the Food Corporation of India, making him well-versed in the logistics of food distribution. Despite having a pending vigilance case related to alleged disproportionate assets, Salman is a team player and highly respected among his peers. He is a family-oriented man with a pregnant wife and a child. His popularity stems from his ability to connect with people and inspire teamwork.

Shahrukh, on the other hand, boasts 15 years of service. He is known for his unwavering commitment to rules and regulations, a trait that has sometimes caused delays due to his meticulous approach. His dedication is evident in his willingness to work long hours, even beyond office hours and on weekends. While he is unmarried, Shahrukh’s professional rigidity sometimes clashes with colleagues, particularly his previous boss who is a friend of Suresh.

• Who should Suresh choose? Why? Which is more a severe moral hazard – concerns about a person’s integrity or his poor work efficiency? How can Salman be improved to be a better officer? How can Shahrukh be improved to be a better officer?

• Who should Suresh choose? Why?

• Which is more a severe moral hazard – concerns about a person’s integrity or his poor work efficiency?

• How can Salman be improved to be a better officer?

• How can Shahrukh be improved to be a better officer?

Introduction

Suresh has a challenging decision to make in choosing between Salman and Shahrukh for the role of overseeing the poverty and hunger alleviation scheme. When the question of food security is posed especially in a nation where malnutrition is rampant, no compromise can be made wrt quality of service delivery.

Factors to be analyzed for the choice to be made

• Experience and Expertise: Salman’s prior experience at the Food Corporation of India gives him valuable insights into food distribution logistics, which is directly relevant to the task at hand. Shahrukh’s longer service tenure might indicate a broader range of experiences, but it’s not clear if his experience is directly related to the food distribution domain.

• Salman’s prior experience at the Food Corporation of India gives him valuable insights into food distribution logistics, which is directly relevant to the task at hand.

• Shahrukh’s longer service tenure might indicate a broader range of experiences, but it’s not clear if his experience is directly related to the food distribution domain.

• Personal Traits: Salman is a team player and is respected among his peers, which could facilitate better teamwork and collaboration within the department. Shahrukh’s commitment to rules and regulations could ensure strict adherence to protocols, but it might also lead to delays and conflicts.

• Salman is a team player and is respected among his peers, which could facilitate better teamwork and collaboration within the department.

• Shahrukh’s commitment to rules and regulations could ensure strict adherence to protocols, but it might also lead to delays and conflicts.

• Integrity and Ethical Concerns: Salman has a pending vigilance case related to alleged disproportionate assets, which raises concerns about his integrity. Shahrukh, despite his rigid approach, does not have any reported ethical concerns.

• Salman has a pending vigilance case related to alleged disproportionate assets, which raises concerns about his integrity.

• Shahrukh, despite his rigid approach, does not have any reported ethical concerns.

• Personal Circumstances: Salman has a family to support, including a pregnant wife and a child, which may influence his decision-making regarding the scheme.

Choice

(Based on justification, one can choose either Salman or Sharukh; the justification is most important since the answer is subjective. There is no one correct answer)

• Salman: Suresh should choose Salman for this role. Despite the vigilance case, Salman’s relevant experience, ability to connect with people, and his reputation as a team player make him a better fit for overseeing a mass distribution scheme. However, Suresh should closely monitor the vigilance case and ensure it does not interfere with Salman’s duties.

• Sharukh: Shahrukh’s extensive experience, commitment to rules and ethics, dedication to the job, and the absence of integrity concerns make him a suitable candidate for overseeing a complex government scheme like poverty and hunger alleviation. However, it’s essential to provide him with support and coaching to enhance his interpersonal skills and reduce the potential for conflicts with colleagues.

Moral Hazard: In this context, concerns about a person’s integrity (as seen in Salman’s case with the pending vigilance case) could be considered a more severe moral hazard. Poor work efficiency (as seen in Shahrukh’s case) might lead to delays and inefficiencies, but it doesn’t necessarily involve ethical or integrity concerns.

Improving Salman as an officer:

• Salman needs to address the pending vigilance case promptly and transparently to clear any doubts about his integrity.

• He should work on balancing his family commitments with his professional responsibilities to ensure he can give his full attention to the task at hand.

• Salman should continue to foster his team-player attitude and people skills to ensure effective teamwork and communication.

Improving Shahrukh:

• Shahrukh should consider adopting a more flexible approach when necessary to avoid unnecessary delays and conflicts.

• He should work on building better relationships with colleagues, including his superiors, to ensure a more harmonious working environment.

• While commitment to rules is important, it should not come at the expense of adaptability and efficiency, especially in a dynamic task like mass food distribution.

Conclusion

Ultimately, the choice should be based on the specific requirements and challenges of the poverty and hunger alleviation scheme, and Suresh should consider how each candidate’s strengths and weaknesses align with those requirements. Regular monitoring and mentoring can help both Salman and Shahrukh improve their performance and professionalism.

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