Gene-edited bananas

Source: IE

Context: A UK-based biotech company, Tropic, has developed a gene-edited banana that remains fresh and yellow for 12 hours after peeling, reducing food waste.

• This breakthrough in genetic modification could help curb post-harvest losses and carbon emissions, contributing to sustainability.

Recent Advancements in Gene-Editing Technology

• CRISPR-Cas9 Breakthroughs: CRISPR-Cas9 remains the most widely used gene-editing tool, enabling precise DNA modifications.

• Scientists have improved base-editing techniques, allowing for single-nucleotide changes without breaking DNA strands.

• Prime Editing: A more refined version of CRISPR, Prime Editing, can directly write new genetic sequences without cutting DNA entirely.

• This technique enhances safety and accuracy in genetic modifications.

• Gene-Edited Crops for Agriculture: Non-browning bananas (Tropic) and Arctic apples (Okanagan Specialty Fruits) extend shelf life and reduce waste.

• Drought-resistant wheat, pest-resistant rice, and vitamin-enhanced tomatoes are advancing agricultural productivity.

• Therapeutic Applications: Gene editing is revolutionizing cancer treatment (CAR-T cell therapy).

• Ongoing trials aim to cure genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis.

About Gene Editing

What is Gene Editing?

• Gene editing involves modifying an organism’s DNA to enhance traits, eliminate defects, or develop resistance to diseases.

• Unlike traditional breeding, it allows precise and controlled alterations at the molecular level.

Methods Used

• CRISPR-Cas9 – Most common technique, cuts DNA at specific sites for modification.

• Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) – Custom DNA-binding proteins used to alter genes.

• TALENs (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases) – Precise cutting and editing of genetic sequences.

Regulatory Provisions in India

• Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) under MoEFCC oversees gene-editing approvals.

• The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) regulates genetically modified foods.

• India approved GM Mustard for commercial cultivation but has stricter regulations for gene-edited crops.

Current Status in India

• India has not approved CRISPR-based crops for commercial use yet, but research is underway.

• Gene-edited rice, wheat, and bananas are in developmental stages.

• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is exploring gene-editing to improve climate resilience and pest resistance in crops.