Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Kartavya Desk Staff
Source: IE
Context: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) has been confirmed as the cause behind the death of 16 spotted deer at Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park, Pune, prompting urgent reviews of epidemic control.
About Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD):
• What is FMD? Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs, and deer. It causes fever, painful blisters, and lameness, severely impacting animal productivity and economic output.
• Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs, and deer. It causes fever, painful blisters, and lameness, severely impacting animal productivity and economic output.
• Historical Overview:
• First identified: In the United States in 1870 and eradicated by 1929. Current Status: Endemic in many parts of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Zoonotic Potential: FMD does not affect humans and is not a food safety threat.
• First identified: In the United States in 1870 and eradicated by 1929.
• Current Status: Endemic in many parts of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
• Zoonotic Potential: FMD does not affect humans and is not a food safety threat.
• Transmission and Symptoms:
• Transmission: Direct contact, contaminated feed, tools, vehicles, and airborne particles. Vector Hosts: Cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, deer (like the Pune zoo chitals). Incubation: 2–14 days. Symptoms: High fever for 2–3 days. Blisters on mouth, tongue, hooves, mammary glands. Excessive salivation and lameness. Low milk yield, abortions, and sterility. Diagnosis: Laboratory testing at accredited institutes (e.g., ICAR-NIFMD, Bhubaneswar).
• Transmission: Direct contact, contaminated feed, tools, vehicles, and airborne particles.
• Vector Hosts: Cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, deer (like the Pune zoo chitals).
• Incubation: 2–14 days.
• Symptoms: High fever for 2–3 days. Blisters on mouth, tongue, hooves, mammary glands. Excessive salivation and lameness. Low milk yield, abortions, and sterility.
• High fever for 2–3 days.
• Blisters on mouth, tongue, hooves, mammary glands.
• Excessive salivation and lameness.
• Low milk yield, abortions, and sterility.
• Diagnosis: Laboratory testing at accredited institutes (e.g., ICAR-NIFMD, Bhubaneswar).
• Control Measures and Government Interventions:
• National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP): Launched in 2019, 100% centrally funded. Targets FMD and Brucellosis eradication by 2030. Integrated with Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP): Supports vaccination, ear-tagging, disease surveillance, cold chain, and awareness. Institutional Infrastructure: ICAR-NIFMD, IVRI Bareilly, NIVEDI Bengaluru conduct vaccine R&D, monitoring, and outbreak reporting.
• National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP): Launched in 2019, 100% centrally funded. Targets FMD and Brucellosis eradication by 2030.
• Launched in 2019, 100% centrally funded.
• Targets FMD and Brucellosis eradication by 2030.
• Integrated with Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP): Supports vaccination, ear-tagging, disease surveillance, cold chain, and awareness.
• Institutional Infrastructure: ICAR-NIFMD, IVRI Bareilly, NIVEDI Bengaluru conduct vaccine R&D, monitoring, and outbreak reporting.