DAY – 8 : Insta 75 Days Revision Plan-2025 : GEOGRAPHY

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• Question 1 of 30 1. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs of straits and the water bodies they connect: Strait Water Bodies Connected 1. Strait of Hormuz Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman 2. Bab-el-Mandeb Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea 3. Bosphorus Strait Black Sea and Sea of Marmara 4. Strait of Malacca South China Sea and Andaman Sea How many pairs given above are correctly matched? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: C Strait of Hormuz: Correctly matched. It connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman. Bab-el-Mandeb: Incorrectly matched. It connects the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, not the Mediterranean Sea. Bosphorus Strait: Correctly matched. It connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara. Strait of Malacca: Correctly matched. It connects the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) with the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean). Incorrect Solution: C Strait of Hormuz: Correctly matched. It connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman. Bab-el-Mandeb: Incorrectly matched. It connects the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, not the Mediterranean Sea. Bosphorus Strait: Correctly matched. It connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara. Strait of Malacca: Correctly matched. It connects the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) with the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean).

#### 1. Question

Consider the following pairs of straits and the water bodies they connect:

Strait | Water Bodies Connected

1.Strait of Hormuz | Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
2.Bab-el-Mandeb | Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea
3.Bosphorus Strait | Black Sea and Sea of Marmara
4.Strait of Malacca | South China Sea and Andaman Sea

How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: C

Strait of Hormuz: Correctly matched. It connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman.

Bab-el-Mandeb: Incorrectly matched. It connects the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, not the Mediterranean Sea.

Bosphorus Strait: Correctly matched. It connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara.

Strait of Malacca: Correctly matched. It connects the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) with the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean).

Solution: C

Strait of Hormuz: Correctly matched. It connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman.

Bab-el-Mandeb: Incorrectly matched. It connects the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, not the Mediterranean Sea.

Bosphorus Strait: Correctly matched. It connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara.

Strait of Malacca: Correctly matched. It connects the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) with the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean).

• Question 2 of 30 2. Question 1 points Arrange the following cities from North to South: Addis Ababa Khartoum Nairobi Mogadishu Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 2-1-3-4 (b) 1-2-3-4 (c) 2-1-4-3 (d) 1-2-4-3 Correct Solution: C Khartoum: approximately 15.5°N Addis Ababa: approximately 9°N Mogadishu: Located in 2.03oN. Nairobi: located in southern Kenya at 1.29o S. The correct order from North to South is: Khartoum (2) – Addis Ababa (1) – Mogadishu (4) – Nairobi (3) Incorrect Solution: C Khartoum: approximately 15.5°N Addis Ababa: approximately 9°N Mogadishu: Located in 2.03oN. Nairobi: located in southern Kenya at 1.29o S. The correct order from North to South is: Khartoum (2) – Addis Ababa (1) – Mogadishu (4) – Nairobi (3)

#### 2. Question

Arrange the following cities from North to South:

• Addis Ababa

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 2-1-3-4

• (b) 1-2-3-4

• (c) 2-1-4-3

• (d) 1-2-4-3

Solution: C

Khartoum: approximately 15.5°N

Addis Ababa: approximately 9°N

Mogadishu: Located in 2.03oN.

Nairobi: located in southern Kenya at 1.29o S.

The correct order from North to South is:

Khartoum (2) – Addis Ababa (1) – Mogadishu (4) – Nairobi (3)

Solution: C

Khartoum: approximately 15.5°N

Addis Ababa: approximately 9°N

Mogadishu: Located in 2.03oN.

Nairobi: located in southern Kenya at 1.29o S.

The correct order from North to South is:

Khartoum (2) – Addis Ababa (1) – Mogadishu (4) – Nairobi (3)

• Question 3 of 30 3. Question 1 points Which of the following African countries is completely landlocked and does not share its border with any of the Great Lakes of Africa? (a) Uganda (b) Burundi (c) Botswana (d) Rwanda Correct Solution: C Botswana is a completely landlocked country in southern Africa that does not share its border with any of the African Great Lakes. It is bordered by Namibia to the north and west, Zimbabwe to the northeast, and South Africa to the south and southeast. Uganda borders Lake Victoria and Lake Albert. Burundi is part of the African Great Lakes region and borders Lake Tanganyika. Rwanda is also part of the African Great Lakes region and borders Lake Kivu Incorrect Solution: C Botswana is a completely landlocked country in southern Africa that does not share its border with any of the African Great Lakes. It is bordered by Namibia to the north and west, Zimbabwe to the northeast, and South Africa to the south and southeast. Uganda borders Lake Victoria and Lake Albert. Burundi is part of the African Great Lakes region and borders Lake Tanganyika. Rwanda is also part of the African Great Lakes region and borders Lake Kivu

#### 3. Question

Which of the following African countries is completely landlocked and does not share its border with any of the Great Lakes of Africa?

• (a) Uganda

• (b) Burundi

• (c) Botswana

• (d) Rwanda

Solution: C

Botswana is a completely landlocked country in southern Africa that does not share its border with any of the African Great Lakes. It is bordered by Namibia to the north and west, Zimbabwe to the northeast, and South Africa to the south and southeast.

• Uganda borders Lake Victoria and Lake Albert.

• Burundi is part of the African Great Lakes region and borders Lake Tanganyika.

• Rwanda is also part of the African Great Lakes region and borders Lake Kivu

Solution: C

• Uganda borders Lake Victoria and Lake Albert.

• Burundi is part of the African Great Lakes region and borders Lake Tanganyika.

• Rwanda is also part of the African Great Lakes region and borders Lake Kivu

• Question 4 of 30 4. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs of mountain ranges and the countries they pass through: Mountain Range Countries 1. Carpathian Mountains Romania, Ukraine, Poland 2. Atlas Mountains Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia 3. Caucasus Mountains Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan 4. Zagros Mountains Iran, Iraq, Turkey How many pairs given above are correctly matched? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: D Carpathian Mountains: Correctly matched. The Carpathians pass through Romania, Ukraine, and Poland, among other countries. Atlas Mountains: Correctly matched. The Atlas Mountains run through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Caucasus Mountains: Correctly matched. The Caucasus region includes Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Zagros Mountains: Correctly matched. Zagros Mountains, mountain range in southwestern Iran, extending northwest-southeast from the border areas of eastern Turkey and northern Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz. Incorrect Solution: D Carpathian Mountains: Correctly matched. The Carpathians pass through Romania, Ukraine, and Poland, among other countries. Atlas Mountains: Correctly matched. The Atlas Mountains run through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Caucasus Mountains: Correctly matched. The Caucasus region includes Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Zagros Mountains: Correctly matched. Zagros Mountains, mountain range in southwestern Iran, extending northwest-southeast from the border areas of eastern Turkey and northern Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following pairs of mountain ranges and the countries they pass through:

Mountain Range | Countries

1.Carpathian Mountains | Romania, Ukraine, Poland
2.Atlas Mountains | Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
3.Caucasus Mountains | Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan
4.Zagros Mountains | Iran, Iraq, Turkey

How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: D

Carpathian Mountains: Correctly matched. The Carpathians pass through Romania, Ukraine, and Poland, among other countries.

Atlas Mountains: Correctly matched. The Atlas Mountains run through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.

Caucasus Mountains: Correctly matched. The Caucasus region includes Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.

Zagros Mountains: Correctly matched. Zagros Mountains, mountain range in southwestern Iran, extending northwest-southeast from the border areas of eastern Turkey and northern Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz.

Solution: D

Carpathian Mountains: Correctly matched. The Carpathians pass through Romania, Ukraine, and Poland, among other countries.

Atlas Mountains: Correctly matched. The Atlas Mountains run through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.

Caucasus Mountains: Correctly matched. The Caucasus region includes Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.

• Question 5 of 30 5. Question 1 points With reference to places recently in news, consider the following statements: Zaporizhzhia is located on the banks of the Dnieper River in Ukraine. Nagorno-Karabakh is a disputed region between Azerbaijan and Armenia. Houthi-controlled Hodeidah is a port city located on the Red Sea coast. Gaza Strip shares its borders with Israel, Egypt, and Lebanon. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2 and 4 only Correct Solution: A Zaporizhzhia is located on the banks of the Dnieper River in Ukraine: Correct. Zaporizhzhia is a city in southeastern Ukraine situated on the banks of the Dnieper River. Nagorno-Karabakh is a disputed region between Azerbaijan and Armenia: Correct. Nagorno-Karabakh has been a long-standing disputed region between Azerbaijan and Armenia. Houthi-controlled Hodeidah is a port city located on the Red Sea coast: Correct. Hodeidah, controlled by the Houthis, is a port city on Yemen’s Red Sea coast. Gaza Strip shares its borders with Israel, Egypt, and Lebanon: Incorrect. The Gaza Strip shares its borders with Israel and Egypt but not Lebanon Incorrect Solution: A Zaporizhzhia is located on the banks of the Dnieper River in Ukraine: Correct. Zaporizhzhia is a city in southeastern Ukraine situated on the banks of the Dnieper River. Nagorno-Karabakh is a disputed region between Azerbaijan and Armenia: Correct. Nagorno-Karabakh has been a long-standing disputed region between Azerbaijan and Armenia. Houthi-controlled Hodeidah is a port city located on the Red Sea coast: Correct. Hodeidah, controlled by the Houthis, is a port city on Yemen’s Red Sea coast. Gaza Strip shares its borders with Israel, Egypt, and Lebanon: Incorrect. The Gaza Strip shares its borders with Israel and Egypt but not Lebanon

#### 5. Question

With reference to places recently in news, consider the following statements:

• Zaporizhzhia is located on the banks of the Dnieper River in Ukraine.

• Nagorno-Karabakh is a disputed region between Azerbaijan and Armenia.

• Houthi-controlled Hodeidah is a port city located on the Red Sea coast.

• Gaza Strip shares its borders with Israel, Egypt, and Lebanon.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) 1, 2 and 3 only

• (b) 2, 3 and 4 only

• (c) 1, 3 and 4 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 4 only

Solution: A

• Zaporizhzhia is located on the banks of the Dnieper River in Ukraine: Correct. Zaporizhzhia is a city in southeastern Ukraine situated on the banks of the Dnieper River.

• Nagorno-Karabakh is a disputed region between Azerbaijan and Armenia: Correct. Nagorno-Karabakh has been a long-standing disputed region between Azerbaijan and Armenia.

• Houthi-controlled Hodeidah is a port city located on the Red Sea coast: Correct. Hodeidah, controlled by the Houthis, is a port city on Yemen’s Red Sea coast.

• Gaza Strip shares its borders with Israel, Egypt, and Lebanon: Incorrect. The Gaza Strip shares its borders with Israel and Egypt but not Lebanon

Solution: A

• Zaporizhzhia is located on the banks of the Dnieper River in Ukraine: Correct. Zaporizhzhia is a city in southeastern Ukraine situated on the banks of the Dnieper River.

• Nagorno-Karabakh is a disputed region between Azerbaijan and Armenia: Correct. Nagorno-Karabakh has been a long-standing disputed region between Azerbaijan and Armenia.

• Houthi-controlled Hodeidah is a port city located on the Red Sea coast: Correct. Hodeidah, controlled by the Houthis, is a port city on Yemen’s Red Sea coast.

• Gaza Strip shares its borders with Israel, Egypt, and Lebanon: Incorrect. The Gaza Strip shares its borders with Israel and Egypt but not Lebanon

• Question 6 of 30 6. Question 1 points Arrange the following seas from West to East: Barents Sea Kara Sea Laptev Sea Chukchi Sea Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1-2-3-4 (b) 4-3-2-1 (c) 1-3-2-4 (d) 4-2-3-1 Correct Solution: A Barents Sea: Located to the west of the Kara Sea, near Norway and Russia. Kara Sea: Lies to the east of the Barents Sea and west of the Laptev Sea. Laptev Sea: Located east of the Kara Sea and west of the Chukchi Sea. Chukchi Sea: The easternmost sea, located near Alaska and Russia’s eastern coast. Incorrect Solution: A Barents Sea: Located to the west of the Kara Sea, near Norway and Russia. Kara Sea: Lies to the east of the Barents Sea and west of the Laptev Sea. Laptev Sea: Located east of the Kara Sea and west of the Chukchi Sea. Chukchi Sea: The easternmost sea, located near Alaska and Russia’s eastern coast.

#### 6. Question

Arrange the following seas from West to East:

• Barents Sea

• Laptev Sea

• Chukchi Sea

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1-2-3-4

• (b) 4-3-2-1

• (c) 1-3-2-4

• (d) 4-2-3-1

Solution: A

Barents Sea: Located to the west of the Kara Sea, near Norway and Russia.

Kara Sea: Lies to the east of the Barents Sea and west of the Laptev Sea.

Laptev Sea: Located east of the Kara Sea and west of the Chukchi Sea.

Chukchi Sea: The easternmost sea, located near Alaska and Russia’s eastern coast.

Solution: A

Barents Sea: Located to the west of the Kara Sea, near Norway and Russia.

Kara Sea: Lies to the east of the Barents Sea and west of the Laptev Sea.

Laptev Sea: Located east of the Kara Sea and west of the Chukchi Sea.

Chukchi Sea: The easternmost sea, located near Alaska and Russia’s eastern coast.

• Question 7 of 30 7. Question 1 points Regarding India’s uranium reserves and nuclear energy sector, consider the following statements: India’s nuclear power generation is constrained by a lack of uranium reserves. India relies on the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) members for uranium imports. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Answer: C Explanation: India has limited uranium reserves, and most of its uranium deposits are of low grade. The country’s uranium resources are primarily found in Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, and Telangana. However, the quality and quantity are not sufficient for self-sufficiency. India’s nuclear power generation is constrained by a lack of uranium reserves. Since India has limited uranium reserves, its nuclear power generation is significantly affected. Before the 2008 Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement, India faced difficulties in acquiring uranium due to restrictions imposed by the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Indigenous uranium reserves were prioritized for fuelling pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs), limiting India’s nuclear power expansion. India relies on the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) members for uranium imports. Post-2008, following the NSG waiver, India was allowed to engage in civil nuclear trade despite not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Since then, India has signed agreements with several NSG members, including Kazakhstan, Canada, Russia, and Australia, to import uranium for its nuclear power plants. Hence, both statements are correct here. Incorrect Answer: C Explanation: India has limited uranium reserves, and most of its uranium deposits are of low grade. The country’s uranium resources are primarily found in Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, and Telangana. However, the quality and quantity are not sufficient for self-sufficiency. India’s nuclear power generation is constrained by a lack of uranium reserves. Since India has limited uranium reserves, its nuclear power generation is significantly affected. Before the 2008 Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement, India faced difficulties in acquiring uranium due to restrictions imposed by the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Indigenous uranium reserves were prioritized for fuelling pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs), limiting India’s nuclear power expansion. India relies on the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) members for uranium imports. Post-2008, following the NSG waiver, India was allowed to engage in civil nuclear trade despite not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Since then, India has signed agreements with several NSG members, including Kazakhstan, Canada, Russia, and Australia, to import uranium for its nuclear power plants. Hence, both statements are correct here.

#### 7. Question

Regarding India’s uranium reserves and nuclear energy sector, consider the following statements:

• India’s nuclear power generation is constrained by a lack of uranium reserves.

• India relies on the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) members for uranium imports.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation:

• India has limited uranium reserves, and most of its uranium deposits are of low grade. The country’s uranium resources are primarily found in Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, and Telangana. However, the quality and quantity are not sufficient for self-sufficiency.

• India’s nuclear power generation is constrained by a lack of uranium reserves. Since India has limited uranium reserves, its nuclear power generation is significantly affected. Before the 2008 Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement, India faced difficulties in acquiring uranium due to restrictions imposed by the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Indigenous uranium reserves were prioritized for fuelling pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs), limiting India’s nuclear power expansion.

• Before the 2008 Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement, India faced difficulties in acquiring uranium due to restrictions imposed by the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).

• Indigenous uranium reserves were prioritized for fuelling pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs), limiting India’s nuclear power expansion.

• India relies on the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) members for uranium imports. Post-2008, following the NSG waiver, India was allowed to engage in civil nuclear trade despite not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Since then, India has signed agreements with several NSG members, including Kazakhstan, Canada, Russia, and Australia, to import uranium for its nuclear power plants.

• Since then, India has signed agreements with several NSG members, including Kazakhstan, Canada, Russia, and Australia, to import uranium for its nuclear power plants.

Hence, both statements are correct here.

Explanation:

• Before the 2008 Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement, India faced difficulties in acquiring uranium due to restrictions imposed by the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).

• Indigenous uranium reserves were prioritized for fuelling pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs), limiting India’s nuclear power expansion.

• Since then, India has signed agreements with several NSG members, including Kazakhstan, Canada, Russia, and Australia, to import uranium for its nuclear power plants.

Hence, both statements are correct here.

• Question 8 of 30 8. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs of islands and the countries they belong to: Island Country 1. Socotra Yemen 2. Lampedusa Greece 3. Spratly Islands Philippines 4. Falkland Islands United Kingdom How many pairs given above are correctly matched? a) Only one b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: B Socotra – Yemen: Correct. Socotra is an island that belongs to Yemen. Lampedusa – Greece: Incorrect. Lampedusa is actually an Italian island, part of the Sicilian province of Agrigento. Spratly Islands – Philippines: Incorrect. The Spratly Islands are disputed, with claims from multiple countries including the Philippines, but they are not exclusively Philippine territory. Falkland Islands – United Kingdom: Correct. The Falkland Islands are a British overseas territory. Incorrect Solution: B Socotra – Yemen: Correct. Socotra is an island that belongs to Yemen. Lampedusa – Greece: Incorrect. Lampedusa is actually an Italian island, part of the Sicilian province of Agrigento. Spratly Islands – Philippines: Incorrect. The Spratly Islands are disputed, with claims from multiple countries including the Philippines, but they are not exclusively Philippine territory. Falkland Islands – United Kingdom: Correct. The Falkland Islands are a British overseas territory.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following pairs of islands and the countries they belong to:

Island | Country

1.Socotra | Yemen
2.Lampedusa | Greece
3.Spratly Islands | Philippines
4.Falkland Islands | United Kingdom

How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: B

• Socotra – Yemen: Correct. Socotra is an island that belongs to Yemen.

• Lampedusa – Greece: Incorrect. Lampedusa is actually an Italian island, part of the Sicilian province of Agrigento.

• Spratly Islands – Philippines: Incorrect. The Spratly Islands are disputed, with claims from multiple countries including the Philippines, but they are not exclusively Philippine territory.

• Falkland Islands – United Kingdom: Correct. The Falkland Islands are a British overseas territory.

Solution: B

• Socotra – Yemen: Correct. Socotra is an island that belongs to Yemen.

• Lampedusa – Greece: Incorrect. Lampedusa is actually an Italian island, part of the Sicilian province of Agrigento.

• Spratly Islands – Philippines: Incorrect. The Spratly Islands are disputed, with claims from multiple countries including the Philippines, but they are not exclusively Philippine territory.

• Falkland Islands – United Kingdom: Correct. The Falkland Islands are a British overseas territory.

• Question 9 of 30 9. Question 1 points With reference to rivers of the world, arrange the following in descending order of their length: Yenisei Mississippi-Missouri Yangtze Nile Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 3-4-2-1 (b) 4-3-2-1 (c) 3-2-4-1 (d) 4-2-3-1 Correct Solution: B Nile River: 6,650 km (4,130 miles). The Yangtze River, locally known as the Chang Jiang, spans an impressive 6,300 kilometers (3,917 miles). It holds the title of the longest river in Asia and ranks as the third-longest river in the world. Mississippi-Missouri River System: 5,971 km (3,710 miles). Yenisei River System: 5,540 km (if including Selenga–Angara–Yenisei) Incorrect Solution: B Nile River: 6,650 km (4,130 miles). The Yangtze River, locally known as the Chang Jiang, spans an impressive 6,300 kilometers (3,917 miles). It holds the title of the longest river in Asia and ranks as the third-longest river in the world. Mississippi-Missouri River System: 5,971 km (3,710 miles). Yenisei River System: 5,540 km (if including Selenga–Angara–Yenisei)

#### 9. Question

With reference to rivers of the world, arrange the following in descending order of their length:

• Mississippi-Missouri

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 3-4-2-1

• (b) 4-3-2-1

• (c) 3-2-4-1

• (d) 4-2-3-1

Solution: B

Nile River: 6,650 km (4,130 miles).

The Yangtze River, locally known as the Chang Jiang, spans an impressive 6,300 kilometers (3,917 miles). It holds the title of the longest river in Asia and ranks as the third-longest river in the world.

Mississippi-Missouri River System: 5,971 km (3,710 miles).

Yenisei River System: 5,540 km (if including Selenga–Angara–Yenisei)

Solution: B

Nile River: 6,650 km (4,130 miles).

Mississippi-Missouri River System: 5,971 km (3,710 miles).

Yenisei River System: 5,540 km (if including Selenga–Angara–Yenisei)

• Question 10 of 30 10. Question 1 points Recently in news, the “Northern Sea Route” provides a maritime connection between: (a) Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean through the Arctic (b) Baltic Sea and Black Sea through Russian rivers (c) Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea through the Suez Canal (d) Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea around Scandinavia Correct Solution: A The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is a shipping lane that runs along the Russian Arctic coast, connecting the Atlantic Ocean (via the Barents Sea) to the Pacific Ocean (via the Bering Strait). It provides a shorter alternative for maritime trade between Europe and Asia compared to traditional routes like the Suez Canal. This route does not involve the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, or Norwegian Sea as described in other options. Incorrect Solution: A The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is a shipping lane that runs along the Russian Arctic coast, connecting the Atlantic Ocean (via the Barents Sea) to the Pacific Ocean (via the Bering Strait). It provides a shorter alternative for maritime trade between Europe and Asia compared to traditional routes like the Suez Canal. This route does not involve the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, or Norwegian Sea as described in other options.

#### 10. Question

Recently in news, the “Northern Sea Route” provides a maritime connection between:

• (a) Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean through the Arctic

• (b) Baltic Sea and Black Sea through Russian rivers

• (c) Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea through the Suez Canal

• (d) Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea around Scandinavia

Solution: A

The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is a shipping lane that runs along the Russian Arctic coast, connecting the Atlantic Ocean (via the Barents Sea) to the Pacific Ocean (via the Bering Strait). It provides a shorter alternative for maritime trade between Europe and Asia compared to traditional routes like the Suez Canal.

This route does not involve the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, or Norwegian Sea as described in other options.

Solution: A

This route does not involve the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, or Norwegian Sea as described in other options.

• Question 11 of 30 11. Question 1 points The Reykjanes Peninsula, often seen in news due to volcanic activities, is part of: (a) Norway (b) New Zealand (c) Iceland (d) Ukraine Correct Solution: C The Reykjanes Peninsula please locate it in Southwest Iceland which is the continuation of the submarine Reykjanes Ridge (part of the mid Atlantic Ridge). The Peninsula is home to several volcanic systems like Reykjanes, Svartsengi, Fagradalsfjall, Krysuvik and Hengill; characterized by echelon fissure systems. It is a tourist spot; popular attractions include volcano tours hiking and the Blue Lagoon geothermal Spa. Iceland is a Nordic Island nation which is defined by its dramatic landscape with volcanoes, geysers, Hot strings and Lava fields; Reykjavik is its capital. The country lies on a rift between tectonic plates and its geological activity include geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. Hence option C is correct Incorrect Solution: C The Reykjanes Peninsula please locate it in Southwest Iceland which is the continuation of the submarine Reykjanes Ridge (part of the mid Atlantic Ridge). The Peninsula is home to several volcanic systems like Reykjanes, Svartsengi, Fagradalsfjall, Krysuvik and Hengill; characterized by echelon fissure systems. It is a tourist spot; popular attractions include volcano tours hiking and the Blue Lagoon geothermal Spa. Iceland is a Nordic Island nation which is defined by its dramatic landscape with volcanoes, geysers, Hot strings and Lava fields; Reykjavik is its capital. The country lies on a rift between tectonic plates and its geological activity include geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. Hence option C is correct

#### 11. Question

The Reykjanes Peninsula, often seen in news due to volcanic activities, is part of:

• (a) Norway

• (b) New Zealand

• (c) Iceland

• (d) Ukraine

Solution: C

• The Reykjanes Peninsula please locate it in Southwest Iceland which is the continuation of the submarine Reykjanes Ridge (part of the mid Atlantic Ridge).

• The Peninsula is home to several volcanic systems like Reykjanes, Svartsengi, Fagradalsfjall, Krysuvik and Hengill; characterized by echelon fissure systems.

• It is a tourist spot; popular attractions include volcano tours hiking and the Blue Lagoon geothermal Spa.

• Iceland is a Nordic Island nation which is defined by its dramatic landscape with volcanoes, geysers, Hot strings and Lava fields; Reykjavik is its capital.

• The country lies on a rift between tectonic plates and its geological activity include geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions.

Hence option C is correct

Solution: C

• The Reykjanes Peninsula please locate it in Southwest Iceland which is the continuation of the submarine Reykjanes Ridge (part of the mid Atlantic Ridge).

• The Peninsula is home to several volcanic systems like Reykjanes, Svartsengi, Fagradalsfjall, Krysuvik and Hengill; characterized by echelon fissure systems.

• It is a tourist spot; popular attractions include volcano tours hiking and the Blue Lagoon geothermal Spa.

• Iceland is a Nordic Island nation which is defined by its dramatic landscape with volcanoes, geysers, Hot strings and Lava fields; Reykjavik is its capital.

• The country lies on a rift between tectonic plates and its geological activity include geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions.

Hence option C is correct

• Question 12 of 30 12. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Malanjkhand mine is the single largest copper deposit of India. Hindustan Copper Limited is the only approved copper producer in India. The Malanjkhand mine contributes to more than 60% of total copper production of Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL). Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: A The Malanjkhand copper belt ine Madhya Pradesh comprises of a large body of copper ore in granite rocks varying from diorite to granite in composition. The Malanjkhand Copper project was established in 1982 by Hindustan Copper Limited to exploit copper ore through an open pit mine. This copper deposit located 20 km away from the Kanha National park, is the single largest copper deposit of India with nearly 70% of the country’s reserve and contributing around 80% to HCL’s total copper production. Hence statements 1 and 3 are correct HCL, a public sector undertaking is a major player in copper mining and production in India. It is the only vertically integrated copper producer in India. But there are several other copper producers in India including Vedanta Limited, Hindalco Industries, Rajnandini metal Limited and others. Hence statement 2 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: A The Malanjkhand copper belt ine Madhya Pradesh comprises of a large body of copper ore in granite rocks varying from diorite to granite in composition. The Malanjkhand Copper project was established in 1982 by Hindustan Copper Limited to exploit copper ore through an open pit mine. This copper deposit located 20 km away from the Kanha National park, is the single largest copper deposit of India with nearly 70% of the country’s reserve and contributing around 80% to HCL’s total copper production. Hence statements 1 and 3 are correct HCL, a public sector undertaking is a major player in copper mining and production in India. It is the only vertically integrated copper producer in India. But there are several other copper producers in India including Vedanta Limited, Hindalco Industries, Rajnandini metal Limited and others. Hence statement 2 is incorrect

#### 12. Question

Consider the following statements:

• Malanjkhand mine is the single largest copper deposit of India.

• Hindustan Copper Limited is the only approved copper producer in India.

• The Malanjkhand mine contributes to more than 60% of total copper production of Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL).

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 and 3 only

• (b) 1 and 2 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: A

• The Malanjkhand copper belt ine Madhya Pradesh comprises of a large body of copper ore in granite rocks varying from diorite to granite in composition.

• The Malanjkhand Copper project was established in 1982 by Hindustan Copper Limited to exploit copper ore through an open pit mine.

• This copper deposit located 20 km away from the Kanha National park, is the single largest copper deposit of India with nearly 70% of the country’s reserve and contributing around 80% to HCL’s total copper production.

Hence statements 1 and 3 are correct

• HCL, a public sector undertaking is a major player in copper mining and production in India.

• It is the only vertically integrated copper producer in India.

• But there are several other copper producers in India including Vedanta Limited, Hindalco Industries, Rajnandini metal Limited and others.

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

Solution: A

• The Malanjkhand copper belt ine Madhya Pradesh comprises of a large body of copper ore in granite rocks varying from diorite to granite in composition.

• The Malanjkhand Copper project was established in 1982 by Hindustan Copper Limited to exploit copper ore through an open pit mine.

Hence statements 1 and 3 are correct

• HCL, a public sector undertaking is a major player in copper mining and production in India.

• It is the only vertically integrated copper producer in India.

• But there are several other copper producers in India including Vedanta Limited, Hindalco Industries, Rajnandini metal Limited and others.

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

• Question 13 of 30 13. Question 1 points Consider the following countries: Germany Sweden Slovakia Estonia Netherlands Latvia How many of the above countries border the Baltic Sea? (a) 1, 2, 4 and 6 (b) 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 (c) 1, 3, 4 and 5 (d) 2, 3, 4 and 5 Correct Solution: A The Baltic Sea forms part of the North Atlantic Ocean situated in Northern Europe separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from continental Europe The countries surrounding the Baltic Sea are Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Finland and Sweden. It connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the Danish straight facilitating Global trade and connectivity The Gulf of Bothnia lies to the north, the Gulf of Finland to the east and Gulf of Riga to the south About 250 rivers drain into the Baltic Sea with the Neva river being the largest one. It has over 20 islands and archipelagos with Gotland (off the coast of Sweden) being the largest. Hence option A is correct Incorrect Solution: A The Baltic Sea forms part of the North Atlantic Ocean situated in Northern Europe separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from continental Europe The countries surrounding the Baltic Sea are Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Finland and Sweden. It connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the Danish straight facilitating Global trade and connectivity The Gulf of Bothnia lies to the north, the Gulf of Finland to the east and Gulf of Riga to the south About 250 rivers drain into the Baltic Sea with the Neva river being the largest one. It has over 20 islands and archipelagos with Gotland (off the coast of Sweden) being the largest. Hence option A is correct

#### 13. Question

Consider the following countries:

• Netherlands

How many of the above countries border the Baltic Sea?

• (a) 1, 2, 4 and 6

• (b) 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

• (c) 1, 3, 4 and 5

• (d) 2, 3, 4 and 5

Solution: A

• The Baltic Sea forms part of the North Atlantic Ocean situated in Northern Europe separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from continental Europe

• The countries surrounding the Baltic Sea are Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Finland and Sweden.

• It connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the Danish straight facilitating Global trade and connectivity

• The Gulf of Bothnia lies to the north, the Gulf of Finland to the east and Gulf of Riga to the south

• About 250 rivers drain into the Baltic Sea with the Neva river being the largest one.

• It has over 20 islands and archipelagos with Gotland (off the coast of Sweden) being the largest.

Hence option A is correct

Solution: A

• The Baltic Sea forms part of the North Atlantic Ocean situated in Northern Europe separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from continental Europe

• The countries surrounding the Baltic Sea are Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Finland and Sweden.

• It connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the Danish straight facilitating Global trade and connectivity

• The Gulf of Bothnia lies to the north, the Gulf of Finland to the east and Gulf of Riga to the south

• About 250 rivers drain into the Baltic Sea with the Neva river being the largest one.

• It has over 20 islands and archipelagos with Gotland (off the coast of Sweden) being the largest.

Hence option A is correct

• Question 14 of 30 14. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement – I: United Arab Emirates is the largest exporter of diamonds to India since last three years. Statement – II: United Arab Emirates is the largest producer of uncut diamonds globally since last five years. Which of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct and Statement -II explains Statement -I (b) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct but Statement -II does not explain Statement -I (c) Statement- I is correct but Statement -II is incorrect (d) Statement- I is incorrect but Statement -II is correct Correct Solution: C India is a net importer of diamonds. Since last 3 years (2022, 2023, 2024), the largest exporter of diamonds to India was United Arab Emirates followed by Belgium and Hong Kong. However, the top importers of diamond globally in 2023 were United States, United Arab Emirates, India, Hong Kong and Belgium. Hence statement 1 is correct Since 2021 Russia has been the world’s largest producer of uncut diamonds. Alrosa, a state-owned company in Russia, dominates the diamond industry. Russia is known for having the largest diamond reserves in the world. In 2022 Russia produced a proximity 35% of the total volume of diamonds produced globally. In 2023 Russia produced around 37.3 million carats, followed by Botswana and Canada. In 2024 Russia held the largest industrial Diamond reserves and producing 16 million carats followed by Botswana with 8 million carats. However, United Arab Emirates is a major Global Diamond trading hub particularly for rough diamonds with Dubai acting as the key centre; but UAE does not have any diamond mines; it relies on imports and exports. Hence statement 2 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: C India is a net importer of diamonds. Since last 3 years (2022, 2023, 2024), the largest exporter of diamonds to India was United Arab Emirates followed by Belgium and Hong Kong. However, the top importers of diamond globally in 2023 were United States, United Arab Emirates, India, Hong Kong and Belgium. Hence statement 1 is correct Since 2021 Russia has been the world’s largest producer of uncut diamonds. Alrosa, a state-owned company in Russia, dominates the diamond industry. Russia is known for having the largest diamond reserves in the world. In 2022 Russia produced a proximity 35% of the total volume of diamonds produced globally. In 2023 Russia produced around 37.3 million carats, followed by Botswana and Canada. In 2024 Russia held the largest industrial Diamond reserves and producing 16 million carats followed by Botswana with 8 million carats. However, United Arab Emirates is a major Global Diamond trading hub particularly for rough diamonds with Dubai acting as the key centre; but UAE does not have any diamond mines; it relies on imports and exports. Hence statement 2 is incorrect

#### 14. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement – I:

United Arab Emirates is the largest exporter of diamonds to India since last three years.

Statement – II:

United Arab Emirates is the largest producer of uncut diamonds globally since last five years.

Which of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct and Statement -II explains Statement -I

• (b) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct but Statement -II does not explain Statement -I

• (c) Statement- I is correct but Statement -II is incorrect

• (d) Statement- I is incorrect but Statement -II is correct

Solution: C

• India is a net importer of diamonds.

• Since last 3 years (2022, 2023, 2024), the largest exporter of diamonds to India was United Arab Emirates followed by Belgium and Hong Kong.

• However, the top importers of diamond globally in 2023 were United States, United Arab Emirates, India, Hong Kong and Belgium.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• Since 2021 Russia has been the world’s largest producer of uncut diamonds. Alrosa, a state-owned company in Russia, dominates the diamond industry.

• Russia is known for having the largest diamond reserves in the world.

• In 2022 Russia produced a proximity 35% of the total volume of diamonds produced globally.

• In 2023 Russia produced around 37.3 million carats, followed by Botswana and Canada.

• In 2024 Russia held the largest industrial Diamond reserves and producing 16 million carats followed by Botswana with 8 million carats.

• However, United Arab Emirates is a major Global Diamond trading hub particularly for rough diamonds with Dubai acting as the key centre; but UAE does not have any diamond mines; it relies on imports and exports.

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

Solution: C

• India is a net importer of diamonds.

• Since last 3 years (2022, 2023, 2024), the largest exporter of diamonds to India was United Arab Emirates followed by Belgium and Hong Kong.

• However, the top importers of diamond globally in 2023 were United States, United Arab Emirates, India, Hong Kong and Belgium.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• Since 2021 Russia has been the world’s largest producer of uncut diamonds. Alrosa, a state-owned company in Russia, dominates the diamond industry.

• Russia is known for having the largest diamond reserves in the world.

• In 2022 Russia produced a proximity 35% of the total volume of diamonds produced globally.

• In 2023 Russia produced around 37.3 million carats, followed by Botswana and Canada.

• In 2024 Russia held the largest industrial Diamond reserves and producing 16 million carats followed by Botswana with 8 million carats.

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

• Question 15 of 30 15. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Tantalum is a chemically inert Rare Earth element. It is used to make surgical implants due to its property of non reactivity with bodily fluids. In India Tantalum is found in the sands of Sutlej River. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Tantalum is a rare metal with atomic number 73 It is grey coloured, heavy very hard and one of the most corrosion resistant metals used today It is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing fluoride ion and free sulphur trioxide. Hence statement 1 is incorrect Tantalum has a high melting point and it is frequently used as a substitute for platinum which is more expensive It does not react with bodily fluids and is used to make surgical equipment and in plants like artificial joints. Hence statement 2 is correct Recently Tantalum has been discovered in the sands of Sutlej River in Punjab by a team of researchers from Indian Institute of Technology Ropar. Hence statement 3 is correct Incorrect Solution: B Tantalum is a rare metal with atomic number 73 It is grey coloured, heavy very hard and one of the most corrosion resistant metals used today It is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing fluoride ion and free sulphur trioxide. Hence statement 1 is incorrect Tantalum has a high melting point and it is frequently used as a substitute for platinum which is more expensive It does not react with bodily fluids and is used to make surgical equipment and in plants like artificial joints. Hence statement 2 is correct Recently Tantalum has been discovered in the sands of Sutlej River in Punjab by a team of researchers from Indian Institute of Technology Ropar. Hence statement 3 is correct

#### 15. Question

Consider the following statements:

• Tantalum is a chemically inert Rare Earth element.

• It is used to make surgical implants due to its property of non reactivity with bodily fluids.

• In India Tantalum is found in the sands of Sutlej River.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Tantalum is a rare metal with atomic number 73

• It is grey coloured, heavy very hard and one of the most corrosion resistant metals used today

• It is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing fluoride ion and free sulphur trioxide.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• Tantalum has a high melting point and it is frequently used as a substitute for platinum which is more expensive

• It does not react with bodily fluids and is used to make surgical equipment and in plants like artificial joints.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• Recently Tantalum has been discovered in the sands of Sutlej River in Punjab by a team of researchers from Indian Institute of Technology Ropar.

Hence statement 3 is correct

Solution: B

• Tantalum is a rare metal with atomic number 73

• It is grey coloured, heavy very hard and one of the most corrosion resistant metals used today

• It is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing fluoride ion and free sulphur trioxide.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• Tantalum has a high melting point and it is frequently used as a substitute for platinum which is more expensive

• It does not react with bodily fluids and is used to make surgical equipment and in plants like artificial joints.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• Recently Tantalum has been discovered in the sands of Sutlej River in Punjab by a team of researchers from Indian Institute of Technology Ropar.

Hence statement 3 is correct

• Question 16 of 30 16. Question 1 points Regarding Kerch Strait, which of the following statements is correct? (a) It connects Australian mainland with Tasmania. (b) It forms the only waterway between Canada and Greenland. (c) It is the only direct link between Russia and Crimea. (d) It forms a link between United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Correct Solution: C The Kerch Strait is located in Eastern Europe connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It separates the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea in the West from the Taman peninsula of Russia’s Krasnoda Krai in the East It is the only direct link between Russia and Crimea and plays a major role in supply food, fuel and other essential items to Crimea, which host the port of Sevastopol, the home base of Russia’s Black Sea fleet. It became a major supply route for Russian forces after military campaign was launched against Ukraine in 2022. Hence option C is correct. Incorrect Solution: C The Kerch Strait is located in Eastern Europe connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It separates the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea in the West from the Taman peninsula of Russia’s Krasnoda Krai in the East It is the only direct link between Russia and Crimea and plays a major role in supply food, fuel and other essential items to Crimea, which host the port of Sevastopol, the home base of Russia’s Black Sea fleet. It became a major supply route for Russian forces after military campaign was launched against Ukraine in 2022. Hence option C is correct.

#### 16. Question

Regarding Kerch Strait, which of the following statements is correct?

• (a) It connects Australian mainland with Tasmania.

• (b) It forms the only waterway between Canada and Greenland.

• (c) It is the only direct link between Russia and Crimea.

• (d) It forms a link between United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.

Solution: C

• The Kerch Strait is located in Eastern Europe connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

• It separates the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea in the West from the Taman peninsula of Russia’s Krasnoda Krai in the East

• It is the only direct link between Russia and Crimea and plays a major role in supply food, fuel and other essential items to Crimea, which host the port of Sevastopol, the home base of Russia’s Black Sea fleet.

• It became a major supply route for Russian forces after military campaign was launched against Ukraine in 2022.

Hence option C is correct.

Solution: C

• The Kerch Strait is located in Eastern Europe connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

• It separates the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea in the West from the Taman peninsula of Russia’s Krasnoda Krai in the East

• It became a major supply route for Russian forces after military campaign was launched against Ukraine in 2022.

Hence option C is correct.

• Question 17 of 30 17. Question 1 points Consider the following information: Region Location Mineral deposit found 1.Koderma Chhattisgarh Mica 2. Sukinda Valley Odisha Chromite 3. Chalk Hills Tamil Nadu Magnesite 4. Dantewada Bihar Silver In which of the above rows is the given information correctly matched? (a) 1 and 4 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 and 4 only Correct Solution: B Koderma district is in Jharkhand. The Hazaribagh and Gaya districts of Bihar and Koderma district of Jharkhand is the belt that contains the richest deposit of high quality Ruby mica in India. Koderma is a well known place for mica production in Jharkhand. Hence option 1 is incorrect Sukinda Valley is located in Jajpur district in Odisha. It is a renowned place for its extensive chromite ore deposits, holding about 97% of chromite reserves in the country It is the location of large open caste chromite mines. Hence option 2 is correct Chalk Hills is located in Salem, Tamil Nadu. It is a major source of magnesite in India. Hence option 3 is correct Dantewada is in Chhattisgarh. It is the only district in India known for tin mining with tin ore or cassiterite found in the Govindpal- Tonkpal area, mined from stream sediments. Hence option 4 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: B Koderma district is in Jharkhand. The Hazaribagh and Gaya districts of Bihar and Koderma district of Jharkhand is the belt that contains the richest deposit of high quality Ruby mica in India. Koderma is a well known place for mica production in Jharkhand. Hence option 1 is incorrect Sukinda Valley is located in Jajpur district in Odisha. It is a renowned place for its extensive chromite ore deposits, holding about 97% of chromite reserves in the country It is the location of large open caste chromite mines. Hence option 2 is correct Chalk Hills is located in Salem, Tamil Nadu. It is a major source of magnesite in India. Hence option 3 is correct Dantewada is in Chhattisgarh. It is the only district in India known for tin mining with tin ore or cassiterite found in the Govindpal- Tonkpal area, mined from stream sediments. Hence option 4 is incorrect

#### 17. Question

Consider the following information:

Region | Location | Mineral deposit found

1.Koderma | Chhattisgarh | Mica

1.Sukinda Valley | Odisha | Chromite
2.Chalk Hills | Tamil Nadu | Magnesite
3.Dantewada | Bihar | Silver

In which of the above rows is the given information correctly matched?

• (a) 1 and 4 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 2 and 4 only

Solution: B

• Koderma district is in Jharkhand.

• The Hazaribagh and Gaya districts of Bihar and Koderma district of Jharkhand is the belt that contains the richest deposit of high quality Ruby mica in India.

• Koderma is a well known place for mica production in Jharkhand.

Hence option 1 is incorrect

• Sukinda Valley is located in Jajpur district in Odisha.

• It is a renowned place for its extensive chromite ore deposits, holding about 97% of chromite reserves in the country

• It is the location of large open caste chromite mines.

Hence option 2 is correct

• Chalk Hills is located in Salem, Tamil Nadu.

• It is a major source of magnesite in India.

Hence option 3 is correct

• Dantewada is in Chhattisgarh.

• It is the only district in India known for tin mining with tin ore or cassiterite found in the Govindpal- Tonkpal area, mined from stream sediments.

Hence option 4 is incorrect

Solution: B

• Koderma district is in Jharkhand.

• The Hazaribagh and Gaya districts of Bihar and Koderma district of Jharkhand is the belt that contains the richest deposit of high quality Ruby mica in India.

• Koderma is a well known place for mica production in Jharkhand.

Hence option 1 is incorrect

• Sukinda Valley is located in Jajpur district in Odisha.

• It is a renowned place for its extensive chromite ore deposits, holding about 97% of chromite reserves in the country

• It is the location of large open caste chromite mines.

Hence option 2 is correct

• Chalk Hills is located in Salem, Tamil Nadu.

• It is a major source of magnesite in India.

Hence option 3 is correct

• Dantewada is in Chhattisgarh.

• It is the only district in India known for tin mining with tin ore or cassiterite found in the Govindpal- Tonkpal area, mined from stream sediments.

Hence option 4 is incorrect

• Question 18 of 30 18. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes the term Demographic Transition? (a) A situation when density of population varies widely from place to place within a country (b) A theory advocating the way birth and death rates change over time in a population (c) A situation faced by a country when a large number of its population migrates to other countries, directly affecting the economy (d) A situation when in an economy, the share of working age population is greater than the non working age population Correct Solution: B Demographic transition is a theory that describes how birth and death rates change over time in a population. It is based on the idea that societies with more Technology, education and economic development have lower birth and death rates. Demographic transition has three stages: Stage 1 is characterized by low growth rate with birth and death rates fluctuating due to food disease or conflicts. Stage 2 is characterized by high growth rate with population growing faster due to economic development and industrial revolution. Stage 3 is characterized by moderate growth rate with birth rates declining while death rates remaining low Stage 4 is characterized by low birth and death rates; most high income developed countries have reached this stage. Hence option B is correct Incorrect Solution: B Demographic transition is a theory that describes how birth and death rates change over time in a population. It is based on the idea that societies with more Technology, education and economic development have lower birth and death rates. Demographic transition has three stages: Stage 1 is characterized by low growth rate with birth and death rates fluctuating due to food disease or conflicts. Stage 2 is characterized by high growth rate with population growing faster due to economic development and industrial revolution. Stage 3 is characterized by moderate growth rate with birth rates declining while death rates remaining low Stage 4 is characterized by low birth and death rates; most high income developed countries have reached this stage. Hence option B is correct

#### 18. Question

Which of the following best describes the term Demographic Transition?

• (a) A situation when density of population varies widely from place to place within a country

• (b) A theory advocating the way birth and death rates change over time in a population

• (c) A situation faced by a country when a large number of its population migrates to other countries, directly affecting the economy

• (d) A situation when in an economy, the share of working age population is greater than the non working age population

Solution: B

• Demographic transition is a theory that describes how birth and death rates change over time in a population.

• It is based on the idea that societies with more Technology, education and economic development have lower birth and death rates.

Demographic transition has three stages:

• Stage 1 is characterized by low growth rate with birth and death rates fluctuating due to food disease or conflicts.

• Stage 2 is characterized by high growth rate with population growing faster due to economic development and industrial revolution.

• Stage 3 is characterized by moderate growth rate with birth rates declining while death rates remaining low

• Stage 4 is characterized by low birth and death rates; most high income developed countries have reached this stage.

Hence option B is correct

Solution: B

• Demographic transition is a theory that describes how birth and death rates change over time in a population.

• It is based on the idea that societies with more Technology, education and economic development have lower birth and death rates.

Demographic transition has three stages:

• Stage 1 is characterized by low growth rate with birth and death rates fluctuating due to food disease or conflicts.

• Stage 2 is characterized by high growth rate with population growing faster due to economic development and industrial revolution.

• Stage 3 is characterized by moderate growth rate with birth rates declining while death rates remaining low

• Stage 4 is characterized by low birth and death rates; most high income developed countries have reached this stage.

Hence option B is correct

• Question 19 of 30 19. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs: Place : Location Abkhazia : Georgia Casablanca : Morocco Transnistria : Moldova How many of the pairs given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: C Abkhazia is a conflict region located in Georgia. Recently Georgia was in news as USA and European Union called for a probe after reports of election violations in Georgia. Georgia is located in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey. Hence pair 1 is correct Casablanca is the largest city and the major Atlantic Ocean port in Morocco. It is also an industrial and commercial hub. In recent times, Morocco is emerging as a springboard for India’s ambition to expand its presence in Africa for defence exports. Hence pair 2 is correct. Transnistria is a tiny break away region of Moldova located to the east of Dniester River. Recently Republic of Moldova, a European country, inaugurated its embassy in New Delhi, India. Hence pair 3 is correct. Incorrect Solution: C Abkhazia is a conflict region located in Georgia. Recently Georgia was in news as USA and European Union called for a probe after reports of election violations in Georgia. Georgia is located in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey. Hence pair 1 is correct Casablanca is the largest city and the major Atlantic Ocean port in Morocco. It is also an industrial and commercial hub. In recent times, Morocco is emerging as a springboard for India’s ambition to expand its presence in Africa for defence exports. Hence pair 2 is correct. Transnistria is a tiny break away region of Moldova located to the east of Dniester River. Recently Republic of Moldova, a European country, inaugurated its embassy in New Delhi, India. Hence pair 3 is correct.

#### 19. Question

Consider the following pairs:

Place : Location

• Abkhazia : Georgia

• Casablanca : Morocco

• Transnistria : Moldova

How many of the pairs given above are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: C

• Abkhazia is a conflict region located in Georgia.

• Recently Georgia was in news as USA and European Union called for a probe after reports of election violations in Georgia.

• Georgia is located in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey.

Hence pair 1 is correct

• Casablanca is the largest city and the major Atlantic Ocean port in Morocco.

• It is also an industrial and commercial hub.

• In recent times, Morocco is emerging as a springboard for India’s ambition to expand its presence in Africa for defence exports.

Hence pair 2 is correct.

• Transnistria is a tiny break away region of Moldova located to the east of Dniester River.

• Recently Republic of Moldova, a European country, inaugurated its embassy in New Delhi, India.

Hence pair 3 is correct.

Solution: C

• Abkhazia is a conflict region located in Georgia.

• Recently Georgia was in news as USA and European Union called for a probe after reports of election violations in Georgia.

• Georgia is located in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey.

Hence pair 1 is correct

• Casablanca is the largest city and the major Atlantic Ocean port in Morocco.

• It is also an industrial and commercial hub.

• In recent times, Morocco is emerging as a springboard for India’s ambition to expand its presence in Africa for defence exports.

Hence pair 2 is correct.

• Transnistria is a tiny break away region of Moldova located to the east of Dniester River.

• Recently Republic of Moldova, a European country, inaugurated its embassy in New Delhi, India.

Hence pair 3 is correct.

• Question 20 of 30 20. Question 1 points Consider the following cities: Mhow Kurukshetra Ambala Babina How many of the above are Garrison towns in India? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: C Garrison towns or cantonment towns are those that developed primarily for military purposes. These towns were designed to support military activities including housing by providing logistic supports and serving as military bases. Major Garrison towns in India are Ambala (in Haryana known for military installations); Jalandhar (in Punjab, known for significant military presence); Mhow ( in Madhya Pradesh, a major cantonment town and home to Defence Services Staff College); Babina (in Uttar Pradesh, known for military training purposes); Udhampur (located in Jammu and Kashmir, a prominent military hub) Hence options 1, 3 and 4 are correct Kurukshetra is a city in Haryana. It is not a Garrison town. Hence option 2 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: C Garrison towns or cantonment towns are those that developed primarily for military purposes. These towns were designed to support military activities including housing by providing logistic supports and serving as military bases. Major Garrison towns in India are Ambala (in Haryana known for military installations); Jalandhar (in Punjab, known for significant military presence); Mhow ( in Madhya Pradesh, a major cantonment town and home to Defence Services Staff College); Babina (in Uttar Pradesh, known for military training purposes); Udhampur (located in Jammu and Kashmir, a prominent military hub) Hence options 1, 3 and 4 are correct Kurukshetra is a city in Haryana. It is not a Garrison town. Hence option 2 is incorrect

#### 20. Question

Consider the following cities:

• Kurukshetra

How many of the above are Garrison towns in India?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: C

• Garrison towns or cantonment towns are those that developed primarily for military purposes.

• These towns were designed to support military activities including housing by providing logistic supports and serving as military bases.

• Major Garrison towns in India are Ambala (in Haryana known for military installations); Jalandhar (in Punjab, known for significant military presence); Mhow ( in Madhya Pradesh, a major cantonment town and home to Defence Services Staff College); Babina (in Uttar Pradesh, known for military training purposes); Udhampur (located in Jammu and Kashmir, a prominent military hub)

Hence options 1, 3 and 4 are correct

• Kurukshetra is a city in Haryana.

• It is not a Garrison town.

Hence option 2 is incorrect

Solution: C

• Garrison towns or cantonment towns are those that developed primarily for military purposes.

• These towns were designed to support military activities including housing by providing logistic supports and serving as military bases.

Hence options 1, 3 and 4 are correct

• Kurukshetra is a city in Haryana.

• It is not a Garrison town.

Hence option 2 is incorrect

• Question 21 of 30 21. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework for Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs): The PCA framework focuses on capital, asset quality, and profitability, with stricter monitoring for larger UCBs. It provides flexibility by allowing entity-specific supervisory action plans based on individual risk assessments. The framework applies to all categories of UCBs, including small Tier-1 UCBs. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) Framework for Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) : Introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to ensure timely supervisory intervention and necessary remedial measures for UCBs to restore financial health. Replaces the Supervisory Action Framework (SAF), providing a more structured and risk-based monitoring system. Focuses on three key financial indicators: capital, asset quality, and profitability, with stricter monitoring for larger UCBs. Allows flexibility through entity-specific supervisory action plans based on individual risk assessments. Aligned with similar frameworks for Scheduled Commercial Banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) while maintaining regulatory rigor. Does not apply to small Tier-1 UCBs; RBI has categorized UCBs into four tiers for regulatory oversight. Incorrect Solution: B Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) Framework for Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) : Introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to ensure timely supervisory intervention and necessary remedial measures for UCBs to restore financial health. Replaces the Supervisory Action Framework (SAF), providing a more structured and risk-based monitoring system. Focuses on three key financial indicators: capital, asset quality, and profitability, with stricter monitoring for larger UCBs. Allows flexibility through entity-specific supervisory action plans based on individual risk assessments. Aligned with similar frameworks for Scheduled Commercial Banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) while maintaining regulatory rigor. Does not apply to small Tier-1 UCBs; RBI has categorized UCBs into four tiers for regulatory oversight.

#### 21. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework for Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs):

• The PCA framework focuses on capital, asset quality, and profitability, with stricter monitoring for larger UCBs.

• It provides flexibility by allowing entity-specific supervisory action plans based on individual risk assessments.

• The framework applies to all categories of UCBs, including small Tier-1 UCBs.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) Framework for Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) :

• Introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to ensure timely supervisory intervention and necessary remedial measures for UCBs to restore financial health.

• Replaces the Supervisory Action Framework (SAF), providing a more structured and risk-based monitoring system.

• Focuses on three key financial indicators: capital, asset quality, and profitability, with stricter monitoring for larger UCBs.

• Allows flexibility through entity-specific supervisory action plans based on individual risk assessments.

• Aligned with similar frameworks for Scheduled Commercial Banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) while maintaining regulatory rigor.

• Does not apply to small Tier-1 UCBs; RBI has categorized UCBs into four tiers for regulatory oversight.

Solution: B

Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) Framework for Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) :

• Introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to ensure timely supervisory intervention and necessary remedial measures for UCBs to restore financial health.

• Replaces the Supervisory Action Framework (SAF), providing a more structured and risk-based monitoring system.

• Focuses on three key financial indicators: capital, asset quality, and profitability, with stricter monitoring for larger UCBs.

• Allows flexibility through entity-specific supervisory action plans based on individual risk assessments.

• Aligned with similar frameworks for Scheduled Commercial Banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) while maintaining regulatory rigor.

• Does not apply to small Tier-1 UCBs; RBI has categorized UCBs into four tiers for regulatory oversight.

• Question 22 of 30 22. Question 1 points With reference to the Aditya-L1 Mission, consider the following statements: It is India’s first space-based solar observatory placed at Lagrangian point L1, allowing continuous observation of the Sun. The mission primarily aims to study Coronal Heating, Solar Wind Acceleration, and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). Aditya-L1 carries seven payloads, of which four directly observe the Sun, while three study the interplanetary medium. The mission completes one revolution around the L1 point in approximately 178 days and has a planned lifespan of five years. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2, and 3 only (c) 2, 3, and 4 only (d) All of the above Correct Solution: D Aditya-L1 Mission: India’s first space-based solar observatory, placed at Lagrangian Point L1 for continuous solar observation without occultation or eclipses. Aims to study Coronal Heating, Solar Wind Acceleration, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), solar flares, and their impact on space weather. Carries 7 payloads – 4 directly observe the Sun, while 3 conduct in-situ studies of particles and fields at L1 to understand solar activity propagation. Lifespan: 5 years, with a Halo Orbit taking 178 days to complete one revolution around L1. Developed by ISRO’s U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) with advanced flight dynamics software for precise orbit calculations. Achievements: Captured images of the Sun using SUIT and VELC payloads, successfully completed its first Halo Orbit, and validated state-of-the-art flight dynamics software. Incorrect Solution: D Aditya-L1 Mission: India’s first space-based solar observatory, placed at Lagrangian Point L1 for continuous solar observation without occultation or eclipses. Aims to study Coronal Heating, Solar Wind Acceleration, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), solar flares, and their impact on space weather. Carries 7 payloads – 4 directly observe the Sun, while 3 conduct in-situ studies of particles and fields at L1 to understand solar activity propagation. Lifespan: 5 years, with a Halo Orbit taking 178 days to complete one revolution around L1. Developed by ISRO’s U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) with advanced flight dynamics software for precise orbit calculations. Achievements: Captured images of the Sun using SUIT and VELC payloads, successfully completed its first Halo Orbit, and validated state-of-the-art flight dynamics software.

#### 22. Question

With reference to the Aditya-L1 Mission, consider the following statements:

• It is India’s first space-based solar observatory placed at Lagrangian point L1, allowing continuous observation of the Sun.

• The mission primarily aims to study Coronal Heating, Solar Wind Acceleration, and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).

• Aditya-L1 carries seven payloads, of which four directly observe the Sun, while three study the interplanetary medium.

• The mission completes one revolution around the L1 point in approximately 178 days and has a planned lifespan of five years.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 1, 2, and 3 only

• (c) 2, 3, and 4 only

• (d) All of the above

Solution: D

Aditya-L1 Mission:

• India’s first space-based solar observatory, placed at Lagrangian Point L1 for continuous solar observation without occultation or eclipses.

• Aims to study Coronal Heating, Solar Wind Acceleration, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), solar flares, and their impact on space weather.

• Carries 7 payloads – 4 directly observe the Sun, while 3 conduct in-situ studies of particles and fields at L1 to understand solar activity propagation.

• Lifespan: 5 years, with a Halo Orbit taking 178 days to complete one revolution around L1.

• Developed by ISRO’s U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) with advanced flight dynamics software for precise orbit calculations.

• Achievements: Captured images of the Sun using SUIT and VELC payloads, successfully completed its first Halo Orbit, and validated state-of-the-art flight dynamics software.

Solution: D

Aditya-L1 Mission:

• India’s first space-based solar observatory, placed at Lagrangian Point L1 for continuous solar observation without occultation or eclipses.

• Aims to study Coronal Heating, Solar Wind Acceleration, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), solar flares, and their impact on space weather.

• Carries 7 payloads – 4 directly observe the Sun, while 3 conduct in-situ studies of particles and fields at L1 to understand solar activity propagation.

• Lifespan: 5 years, with a Halo Orbit taking 178 days to complete one revolution around L1.

• Developed by ISRO’s U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) with advanced flight dynamics software for precise orbit calculations.

• Achievements: Captured images of the Sun using SUIT and VELC payloads, successfully completed its first Halo Orbit, and validated state-of-the-art flight dynamics software.

• Question 23 of 30 23. Question 1 points Tirzepatide, recently in the news, is primarily used for: (a) Treating hypertension (b) Managing obesity and blood sugar levels (c) Enhancing muscle growth and metabolism (d) Treating cardiovascular diseases Correct Solution: B Tirzepatide: Tirzepatide is a weight-loss drug soon to be approved in India, aligning with global trends in obesity treatment. Works by boosting GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which help in satiety (feeling full) and glucose management. Clinical trials show up to 20.9% weight loss in participants. Additional benefits include lower blood sugar, reduced hunger and body fat, and decreased risk of chronic diseases. Administered once a week via subcutaneous injection, but ongoing use is necessary to maintain results, as stopping the drug leads to weight regain. Possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, and a potential risk of thyroid tumors. Incorrect Solution: B Tirzepatide: Tirzepatide is a weight-loss drug soon to be approved in India, aligning with global trends in obesity treatment. Works by boosting GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which help in satiety (feeling full) and glucose management. Clinical trials show up to 20.9% weight loss in participants. Additional benefits include lower blood sugar, reduced hunger and body fat, and decreased risk of chronic diseases. Administered once a week via subcutaneous injection, but ongoing use is necessary to maintain results, as stopping the drug leads to weight regain. Possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, and a potential risk of thyroid tumors.

#### 23. Question

Tirzepatide, recently in the news, is primarily used for:

• (a) Treating hypertension

• (b) Managing obesity and blood sugar levels

• (c) Enhancing muscle growth and metabolism

• (d) Treating cardiovascular diseases

Solution: B

Tirzepatide:

• Tirzepatide is a weight-loss drug soon to be approved in India, aligning with global trends in obesity treatment.

• Works by boosting GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which help in satiety (feeling full) and glucose management.

• Clinical trials show up to 20.9% weight loss in participants.

• Additional benefits include lower blood sugar, reduced hunger and body fat, and decreased risk of chronic diseases.

• Administered once a week via subcutaneous injection, but ongoing use is necessary to maintain results, as stopping the drug leads to weight regain.

• Possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, and a potential risk of thyroid tumors.

Solution: B

Tirzepatide:

• Tirzepatide is a weight-loss drug soon to be approved in India, aligning with global trends in obesity treatment.

• Works by boosting GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which help in satiety (feeling full) and glucose management.

• Clinical trials show up to 20.9% weight loss in participants.

• Additional benefits include lower blood sugar, reduced hunger and body fat, and decreased risk of chronic diseases.

• Administered once a week via subcutaneous injection, but ongoing use is necessary to maintain results, as stopping the drug leads to weight regain.

• Possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, and a potential risk of thyroid tumors.

• Question 24 of 30 24. Question 1 points With reference to the Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps), consider the following statements: It is one of the heaviest flying birds found in the Indian subcontinent. Its primary habitat is the wetlands and dense forests of India. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only 1 and 2 (b) Only 2 and 3 (c) Only 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2, and 3 Correct Solution: C Great Indian Bustard: Scientific Name: Ardeotis nigriceps; among the heaviest flying birds in the world. Found only in the Indian subcontinent, with a current population of 100-150 individuals, mostly in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan (~100 birds). Inhabits dry grasslands and scrublads, relying on open landscapes for survival. Large bird with a black crown on the forehead, pale neck and head, and brownish body with black, brown, and grey-marked wings. Weighs up to 15 kg, with males and females being similar in size. Breeds mainly during the monsoon season, laying a single egg on open ground. Omnivorous diet, feeding on grass seeds, insects (grasshoppers, beetles), small rodents, and reptiles. Conservation Status: Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List), Schedule I (Wildlife Protection Act, 1972), Appendix I (CITES). Incorrect Solution: C Great Indian Bustard: Scientific Name: Ardeotis nigriceps; among the heaviest flying birds in the world. Found only in the Indian subcontinent, with a current population of 100-150 individuals, mostly in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan (~100 birds). Inhabits dry grasslands and scrublads, relying on open landscapes for survival. Large bird with a black crown on the forehead, pale neck and head, and brownish body with black, brown, and grey-marked wings. Weighs up to 15 kg, with males and females being similar in size. Breeds mainly during the monsoon season, laying a single egg on open ground. Omnivorous diet, feeding on grass seeds, insects (grasshoppers, beetles), small rodents, and reptiles. Conservation Status: Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List), Schedule I (Wildlife Protection Act, 1972), Appendix I (CITES).

#### 24. Question

With reference to the Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps), consider the following statements:

• It is one of the heaviest flying birds found in the Indian subcontinent.

• Its primary habitat is the wetlands and dense forests of India.

• It is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only 1 and 2

• (b) Only 2 and 3

• (c) Only 1 and 3

• (d) 1, 2, and 3

Solution: C

Great Indian Bustard:

• Scientific Name: Ardeotis nigriceps; among the heaviest flying birds in the world.

• Found only in the Indian subcontinent, with a current population of 100-150 individuals, mostly in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan (~100 birds).

• Inhabits dry grasslands and scrublads, relying on open landscapes for survival.

• Large bird with a black crown on the forehead, pale neck and head, and brownish body with black, brown, and grey-marked wings.

• Weighs up to 15 kg, with males and females being similar in size.

• Breeds mainly during the monsoon season, laying a single egg on open ground.

• Omnivorous diet, feeding on grass seeds, insects (grasshoppers, beetles), small rodents, and reptiles.

• Conservation Status: Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List), Schedule I (Wildlife Protection Act, 1972), Appendix I (CITES).