DAY – 63 : Insta 75 Days Revision Plan-2025 : MODERN INDIA

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• Question 1 of 30 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Portuguese colonial presence in India: The ‘Cartaz System’ implemented by the Portuguese primarily aimed at ensuring maritime security for all traders in the Indian Ocean, irrespective of their origin, by suppressing piracy. Unlike other European powers, the Portuguese actively promoted intermarriage with the local Indian population as a state policy to consolidate their colonial settlements. The introduction of new agricultural crops like tobacco and cashews by the Portuguese had a negligible impact on the Indian agrarian economy during their dominance. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 2 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. The Cartaz System was a naval trade license or pass issued by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean during the 16th century. Far from ensuring security for all, it was a system of asserting Portuguese maritime dominance and extracting revenue. Ships, including Indian ones, were required to purchase a Cartaz to trade; otherwise, they risked confiscation of their cargo and ships, or sinking. It was a tool of monopoly and control, not universal maritime security. Statement 2 is correct. Alfonso de Albuquerque, a key Portuguese governor, actively encouraged Portuguese men to marry local Indian women. This policy was aimed at creating a loyal local population to help administer and defend Portuguese territories, ensuring a permanent settler class and addressing the shortage of Portuguese women in the colonies. This was a distinct policy compared to other European powers like the British, who generally discouraged such unions officially. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Portuguese are credited with introducing several new crops to India from the Americas, including tobacco, cashews, potatoes, tomatoes, chilies, and papayas. Some of these, like tobacco and chilies, rapidly integrated into the Indian agrarian economy and consumption patterns, having a significant, not negligible, impact over time. Cashews also became an important cash crop in certain regions. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. The Cartaz System was a naval trade license or pass issued by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean during the 16th century. Far from ensuring security for all, it was a system of asserting Portuguese maritime dominance and extracting revenue. Ships, including Indian ones, were required to purchase a Cartaz to trade; otherwise, they risked confiscation of their cargo and ships, or sinking. It was a tool of monopoly and control, not universal maritime security. Statement 2 is correct. Alfonso de Albuquerque, a key Portuguese governor, actively encouraged Portuguese men to marry local Indian women. This policy was aimed at creating a loyal local population to help administer and defend Portuguese territories, ensuring a permanent settler class and addressing the shortage of Portuguese women in the colonies. This was a distinct policy compared to other European powers like the British, who generally discouraged such unions officially. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Portuguese are credited with introducing several new crops to India from the Americas, including tobacco, cashews, potatoes, tomatoes, chilies, and papayas. Some of these, like tobacco and chilies, rapidly integrated into the Indian agrarian economy and consumption patterns, having a significant, not negligible, impact over time. Cashews also became an important cash crop in certain regions.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Portuguese colonial presence in India:

• The ‘Cartaz System’ implemented by the Portuguese primarily aimed at ensuring maritime security for all traders in the Indian Ocean, irrespective of their origin, by suppressing piracy.

• Unlike other European powers, the Portuguese actively promoted intermarriage with the local Indian population as a state policy to consolidate their colonial settlements.

• The introduction of new agricultural crops like tobacco and cashews by the Portuguese had a negligible impact on the Indian agrarian economy during their dominance.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 2 only

• (b) 1 and 2 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The Cartaz System was a naval trade license or pass issued by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean during the 16th century. Far from ensuring security for all, it was a system of asserting Portuguese maritime dominance and extracting revenue. Ships, including Indian ones, were required to purchase a Cartaz to trade; otherwise, they risked confiscation of their cargo and ships, or sinking. It was a tool of monopoly and control, not universal maritime security.

• Statement 2 is correct. Alfonso de Albuquerque, a key Portuguese governor, actively encouraged Portuguese men to marry local Indian women. This policy was aimed at creating a loyal local population to help administer and defend Portuguese territories, ensuring a permanent settler class and addressing the shortage of Portuguese women in the colonies. This was a distinct policy compared to other European powers like the British, who generally discouraged such unions officially.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The Portuguese are credited with introducing several new crops to India from the Americas, including tobacco, cashews, potatoes, tomatoes, chilies, and papayas. Some of these, like tobacco and chilies, rapidly integrated into the Indian agrarian economy and consumption patterns, having a significant, not negligible, impact over time. Cashews also became an important cash crop in certain regions.

Solution: A

• Question 2 of 30 2. Question 1 points The Battle of Bedara (or Biderra) in 1759 was a decisive engagement primarily because: (a) It marked the final expulsion of the French from their Indian possessions by the British. (b) It effectively crippled Dutch ambitions for political and commercial dominance in India, leaving the British as the foremost European power. (c) It established Portuguese naval supremacy over other European powers in the Indian Ocean trade routes. (d) It led to a direct treaty between the Mughal Emperor and the British East India Company, granting the latter Diwani rights over Bengal. Correct Solution: B Option (a) is incorrect. The French challenge to British power in India effectively ended with the Battle of Wandiwash (1760) and the subsequent fall of Pondicherry (1761) during the Third Carnatic War. Option (b) is correct. The Battle of Bedara, fought between the forces of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, was a decisive British victory. The Dutch, attempting to challenge British influence in Bengal and possibly aid Mir Jafar against the British, were comprehensively defeated. This battle effectively ended any significant Dutch military and political aspirations in India, particularly in Bengal, reducing them to mere traders and confirming British ascendancy over other European rivals in the region. Option (c) is incorrect. Portuguese naval supremacy had waned considerably by the mid-18th century due to the rise of other European powers like the Dutch and the English. Option (d) is incorrect. The Diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa were granted to the British East India Company by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II through the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765, following the Battle of Buxar (1764). Incorrect Solution: B Option (a) is incorrect. The French challenge to British power in India effectively ended with the Battle of Wandiwash (1760) and the subsequent fall of Pondicherry (1761) during the Third Carnatic War. Option (b) is correct. The Battle of Bedara, fought between the forces of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, was a decisive British victory. The Dutch, attempting to challenge British influence in Bengal and possibly aid Mir Jafar against the British, were comprehensively defeated. This battle effectively ended any significant Dutch military and political aspirations in India, particularly in Bengal, reducing them to mere traders and confirming British ascendancy over other European rivals in the region. Option (c) is incorrect. Portuguese naval supremacy had waned considerably by the mid-18th century due to the rise of other European powers like the Dutch and the English. Option (d) is incorrect. The Diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa were granted to the British East India Company by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II through the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765, following the Battle of Buxar (1764).

#### 2. Question

The Battle of Bedara (or Biderra) in 1759 was a decisive engagement primarily because:

• (a) It marked the final expulsion of the French from their Indian possessions by the British.

• (b) It effectively crippled Dutch ambitions for political and commercial dominance in India, leaving the British as the foremost European power.

• (c) It established Portuguese naval supremacy over other European powers in the Indian Ocean trade routes.

• (d) It led to a direct treaty between the Mughal Emperor and the British East India Company, granting the latter Diwani rights over Bengal.

Solution: B

• Option (a) is incorrect. The French challenge to British power in India effectively ended with the Battle of Wandiwash (1760) and the subsequent fall of Pondicherry (1761) during the Third Carnatic War.

• Option (b) is correct. The Battle of Bedara, fought between the forces of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, was a decisive British victory. The Dutch, attempting to challenge British influence in Bengal and possibly aid Mir Jafar against the British, were comprehensively defeated. This battle effectively ended any significant Dutch military and political aspirations in India, particularly in Bengal, reducing them to mere traders and confirming British ascendancy over other European rivals in the region.

• Option (c) is incorrect. Portuguese naval supremacy had waned considerably by the mid-18th century due to the rise of other European powers like the Dutch and the English.

• Option (d) is incorrect. The Diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa were granted to the British East India Company by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II through the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765, following the Battle of Buxar (1764).

Solution: B

• Option (c) is incorrect. Portuguese naval supremacy had waned considerably by the mid-18th century due to the rise of other European powers like the Dutch and the English.

• Question 3 of 30 3. Question 1 points Which of the following statements regarding the regional variations and impact of the 1857 Revolt is NOT correct? (a) The Bombay and Madras Presidencies remained largely unaffected by the sepoy mutinies and civil rebellions that engulfed Northern and Central India. (b) In Awadh, the revolt took on the character of a popular uprising due to widespread agrarian distress and the dispossession of taluqdars following its annexation. (c) The educated Indian middle class, by and large, actively participated in and provided intellectual leadership to the revolt, viewing it as an opportunity to establish self-rule. (d) The Sikh princes and soldiers in Punjab generally sided with the British, contributing significantly to the suppression of the revolt. Correct Solution: C Option (a) is correct. The revolt was most intense in the Bengal Presidency’s army and in regions of Northern and Central India. The Bombay and Madras Presidencies, including their armies, remained relatively loyal to the British and were largely unaffected by the widespread disturbances. Option (b) is correct. The annexation of Awadh in 1856 and the subsequent land revenue settlements caused immense discontent among the taluqdars (landed aristocrats) who lost their estates and power, as well as the peasantry who faced higher revenue demands. This widespread resentment led to the revolt in Awadh having a strong popular character, with both sepoys and civilians, including taluqdars and peasants, participating actively. Option (c) is NOT correct. The educated Indian middle class, particularly in Bengal, generally did not support the 1857 Revolt. Many viewed the rebels as traditionalists and reactionaries seeking to restore an old, feudal order. They were apprehensive that the success of the revolt might halt the process of modernization and reforms (however limited) initiated under British rule. They largely remained aloof or even expressed support for the British. Option (d) is correct. The Sikh princes in Punjab, along with many Sikh soldiers, remained loyal to the British during the revolt. The memory of the Anglo-Sikh wars and the perceived benefits of British rule in Punjab, along with distrust of the Purbiya sepoys (from Eastern UP and Bihar) who formed the bulk of the Bengal Army mutineers, contributed to their decision. Sikh troops played a crucial role in the British recapture of Delhi. Incorrect Solution: C Option (a) is correct. The revolt was most intense in the Bengal Presidency’s army and in regions of Northern and Central India. The Bombay and Madras Presidencies, including their armies, remained relatively loyal to the British and were largely unaffected by the widespread disturbances. Option (b) is correct. The annexation of Awadh in 1856 and the subsequent land revenue settlements caused immense discontent among the taluqdars (landed aristocrats) who lost their estates and power, as well as the peasantry who faced higher revenue demands. This widespread resentment led to the revolt in Awadh having a strong popular character, with both sepoys and civilians, including taluqdars and peasants, participating actively. Option (c) is NOT correct. The educated Indian middle class, particularly in Bengal, generally did not support the 1857 Revolt. Many viewed the rebels as traditionalists and reactionaries seeking to restore an old, feudal order. They were apprehensive that the success of the revolt might halt the process of modernization and reforms (however limited) initiated under British rule. They largely remained aloof or even expressed support for the British. Option (d) is correct. The Sikh princes in Punjab, along with many Sikh soldiers, remained loyal to the British during the revolt. The memory of the Anglo-Sikh wars and the perceived benefits of British rule in Punjab, along with distrust of the Purbiya sepoys (from Eastern UP and Bihar) who formed the bulk of the Bengal Army mutineers, contributed to their decision. Sikh troops played a crucial role in the British recapture of Delhi.

#### 3. Question

Which of the following statements regarding the regional variations and impact of the 1857 Revolt is NOT correct?

• (a) The Bombay and Madras Presidencies remained largely unaffected by the sepoy mutinies and civil rebellions that engulfed Northern and Central India.

• (b) In Awadh, the revolt took on the character of a popular uprising due to widespread agrarian distress and the dispossession of taluqdars following its annexation.

• (c) The educated Indian middle class, by and large, actively participated in and provided intellectual leadership to the revolt, viewing it as an opportunity to establish self-rule.

• (d) The Sikh princes and soldiers in Punjab generally sided with the British, contributing significantly to the suppression of the revolt.

Solution: C

• Option (a) is correct. The revolt was most intense in the Bengal Presidency’s army and in regions of Northern and Central India. The Bombay and Madras Presidencies, including their armies, remained relatively loyal to the British and were largely unaffected by the widespread disturbances.

• Option (b) is correct. The annexation of Awadh in 1856 and the subsequent land revenue settlements caused immense discontent among the taluqdars (landed aristocrats) who lost their estates and power, as well as the peasantry who faced higher revenue demands. This widespread resentment led to the revolt in Awadh having a strong popular character, with both sepoys and civilians, including taluqdars and peasants, participating actively.

• Option (c) is NOT correct. The educated Indian middle class, particularly in Bengal, generally did not support the 1857 Revolt. Many viewed the rebels as traditionalists and reactionaries seeking to restore an old, feudal order. They were apprehensive that the success of the revolt might halt the process of modernization and reforms (however limited) initiated under British rule. They largely remained aloof or even expressed support for the British.

• Option (d) is correct. The Sikh princes in Punjab, along with many Sikh soldiers, remained loyal to the British during the revolt. The memory of the Anglo-Sikh wars and the perceived benefits of British rule in Punjab, along with distrust of the Purbiya sepoys (from Eastern UP and Bihar) who formed the bulk of the Bengal Army mutineers, contributed to their decision. Sikh troops played a crucial role in the British recapture of Delhi.

Solution: C

• Question 4 of 30 4. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs of Pre-Congress Associations and their primary distinguishing characteristics or objectives: Landholders’ Society (1838) : Exclusively represented the interests of Bengali zamindars, focusing on protecting their land rights. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870) : Acted as a mediating body between the government and the people, with a broad social base including peasants and merchants. Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884) : Advocated for radical social reforms, including the complete abolition of the caste system, alongside political demands. How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? (a) Only one pair (b) Only two pairs (c) All three pairs (d) None of the pairs Correct Solution: B Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Landholders’ Society, established in Calcutta in 1838, was one of the earliest political associations in India. Its primary objective was to protect the class interests of the zamindars of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. It was dominated by landed aristocrats. Pair 2 is correctly matched. The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, founded in 1870 by figures like M.G. Ranade and G.V. Joshi, aimed to represent the interests of the people to the government. It had a relatively broader social base compared to earlier associations, conducting socio-economic surveys and taking up issues concerning peasants, merchants, and advocating for administrative reforms. It sought to be a bridge between the rulers and the ruled. Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The Madras Mahajana Sabha, established in 1884 by leaders like M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer, and P. Anandacharlu, focused on coordinating political activity in the Madras Presidency. Its demands were primarily political and administrative, such as reforms in the legislative councils, separation of judiciary and executive, and reduction in military expenditure. While individual members might have supported social reform, advocating for the complete abolition of the caste system as a primary or radical objective of the Sabha itself is an overstatement of its programmatic focus at that stage. Early nationalist organizations were generally more cautious on direct confrontation with deep-rooted social structures like caste in their collective agendas, focusing more on political unity. Incorrect Solution: B Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Landholders’ Society, established in Calcutta in 1838, was one of the earliest political associations in India. Its primary objective was to protect the class interests of the zamindars of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. It was dominated by landed aristocrats. Pair 2 is correctly matched. The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, founded in 1870 by figures like M.G. Ranade and G.V. Joshi, aimed to represent the interests of the people to the government. It had a relatively broader social base compared to earlier associations, conducting socio-economic surveys and taking up issues concerning peasants, merchants, and advocating for administrative reforms. It sought to be a bridge between the rulers and the ruled. Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The Madras Mahajana Sabha, established in 1884 by leaders like M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer, and P. Anandacharlu, focused on coordinating political activity in the Madras Presidency. Its demands were primarily political and administrative, such as reforms in the legislative councils, separation of judiciary and executive, and reduction in military expenditure. While individual members might have supported social reform, advocating for the complete abolition of the caste system as a primary or radical objective of the Sabha itself is an overstatement of its programmatic focus at that stage. Early nationalist organizations were generally more cautious on direct confrontation with deep-rooted social structures like caste in their collective agendas, focusing more on political unity.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following pairs of Pre-Congress Associations and their primary distinguishing characteristics or objectives:

• Landholders’ Society (1838) : Exclusively represented the interests of Bengali zamindars, focusing on protecting their land rights.

• Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870) : Acted as a mediating body between the government and the people, with a broad social base including peasants and merchants.

• Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884) : Advocated for radical social reforms, including the complete abolition of the caste system, alongside political demands.

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

• (a) Only one pair

• (b) Only two pairs

• (c) All three pairs

• (d) None of the pairs

Solution: B

• Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Landholders’ Society, established in Calcutta in 1838, was one of the earliest political associations in India. Its primary objective was to protect the class interests of the zamindars of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. It was dominated by landed aristocrats.

• Pair 2 is correctly matched. The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, founded in 1870 by figures like M.G. Ranade and G.V. Joshi, aimed to represent the interests of the people to the government. It had a relatively broader social base compared to earlier associations, conducting socio-economic surveys and taking up issues concerning peasants, merchants, and advocating for administrative reforms. It sought to be a bridge between the rulers and the ruled.

• Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The Madras Mahajana Sabha, established in 1884 by leaders like M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer, and P. Anandacharlu, focused on coordinating political activity in the Madras Presidency. Its demands were primarily political and administrative, such as reforms in the legislative councils, separation of judiciary and executive, and reduction in military expenditure. While individual members might have supported social reform, advocating for the complete abolition of the caste system as a primary or radical objective of the Sabha itself is an overstatement of its programmatic focus at that stage. Early nationalist organizations were generally more cautious on direct confrontation with deep-rooted social structures like caste in their collective agendas, focusing more on political unity.

Solution: B

• Question 5 of 30 5. Question 1 points The Indian Association of Calcutta (1876), founded by Surendranath Banerjea and Anandamohan Bose, distinguished itself from earlier political organizations in British India primarily by: (a) Limiting its membership exclusively to the English-educated Bengali elite and focusing solely on local administrative reforms. (b) Adopting a policy of unconditional loyalty to the British Crown while seeking minor concessions for Indian traders. (c) Aiming to create a strong center of public opinion in India and promoting Hindu-Muslim unity to achieve common political aspirations on an all-India basis. (d) Focusing entirely on radical socio-religious reforms and avoiding direct political agitation against British policies. Correct Solution: C Option (a) is incorrect. While its leadership was largely English-educated, the Indian Association aimed for a broader base than earlier organizations like the Landholders’ Society or the British Indian Association (which became more conservative). It sought to include the middle classes and ryots and had branches outside Bengal. Its focus was not solely on local reforms but on all-India issues. Option (b) is incorrect. While not advocating for overthrowing British rule at that stage, the Indian Association was more assertive in its critique of British policies and engaged in active political agitation (e.g., against the Vernacular Press Act, Arms Act, and for civil service reforms). Unconditional loyalty for minor concessions was not its approach. Option (c) is correct. A key distinguishing feature of the Indian Association was its conscious effort to create a united public opinion on political questions of national importance and to foster a sense of common Indian nationality. It actively sought to build bridges between different communities, including Hindus and Muslims, and to organize political action on an all-India scale. It organized all-India conferences which were precursors to the Indian National Congress. Option (d) is incorrect. The Indian Association was primarily a political organization. While its leaders were involved in social reform in their individual capacities or through other bodies, the Association’s main agenda was political agitation and mobilization for common political rights and administrative reforms. Incorrect Solution: C Option (a) is incorrect. While its leadership was largely English-educated, the Indian Association aimed for a broader base than earlier organizations like the Landholders’ Society or the British Indian Association (which became more conservative). It sought to include the middle classes and ryots and had branches outside Bengal. Its focus was not solely on local reforms but on all-India issues. Option (b) is incorrect. While not advocating for overthrowing British rule at that stage, the Indian Association was more assertive in its critique of British policies and engaged in active political agitation (e.g., against the Vernacular Press Act, Arms Act, and for civil service reforms). Unconditional loyalty for minor concessions was not its approach. Option (c) is correct. A key distinguishing feature of the Indian Association was its conscious effort to create a united public opinion on political questions of national importance and to foster a sense of common Indian nationality. It actively sought to build bridges between different communities, including Hindus and Muslims, and to organize political action on an all-India scale. It organized all-India conferences which were precursors to the Indian National Congress. Option (d) is incorrect. The Indian Association was primarily a political organization. While its leaders were involved in social reform in their individual capacities or through other bodies, the Association’s main agenda was political agitation and mobilization for common political rights and administrative reforms.

#### 5. Question

The Indian Association of Calcutta (1876), founded by Surendranath Banerjea and Anandamohan Bose, distinguished itself from earlier political organizations in British India primarily by:

• (a) Limiting its membership exclusively to the English-educated Bengali elite and focusing solely on local administrative reforms.

• (b) Adopting a policy of unconditional loyalty to the British Crown while seeking minor concessions for Indian traders.

• (c) Aiming to create a strong center of public opinion in India and promoting Hindu-Muslim unity to achieve common political aspirations on an all-India basis.

• (d) Focusing entirely on radical socio-religious reforms and avoiding direct political agitation against British policies.

Solution: C

• Option (a) is incorrect. While its leadership was largely English-educated, the Indian Association aimed for a broader base than earlier organizations like the Landholders’ Society or the British Indian Association (which became more conservative). It sought to include the middle classes and ryots and had branches outside Bengal. Its focus was not solely on local reforms but on all-India issues.

• Option (b) is incorrect. While not advocating for overthrowing British rule at that stage, the Indian Association was more assertive in its critique of British policies and engaged in active political agitation (e.g., against the Vernacular Press Act, Arms Act, and for civil service reforms). Unconditional loyalty for minor concessions was not its approach.

• Option (c) is correct. A key distinguishing feature of the Indian Association was its conscious effort to create a united public opinion on political questions of national importance and to foster a sense of common Indian nationality. It actively sought to build bridges between different communities, including Hindus and Muslims, and to organize political action on an all-India scale. It organized all-India conferences which were precursors to the Indian National Congress.

• Option (d) is incorrect. The Indian Association was primarily a political organization. While its leaders were involved in social reform in their individual capacities or through other bodies, the Association’s main agenda was political agitation and mobilization for common political rights and administrative reforms.

Solution: C

• Question 6 of 30 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement I: The Brahmo Samaj, under the leadership of Debendranath Tagore, adhered strictly to the Vedas as infallible and the sole basis for religious truth, rejecting all Puranic and Tantric influences. Statement II: Keshab Chandra Sen, during his association with the Brahmo Samaj, advocated for radical social reforms and a more universalistic, syncretic approach to religion, incorporating elements from Christianity and other faiths, which eventually led to a schism. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I. (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II is NOT the correct explanation of Statement I. (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect. (d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct. Correct Solution: D Statement I is incorrect. After Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Debendranath Tagore provided leadership to the Brahmo Samaj. While he revered the Upanishads for their monotheistic teachings, he eventually moved the Samaj away from the doctrine of Vedic infallibility. He compiled Brahmo scriptures based on reason and intuition, drawing from select Upanishadic texts but not holding the Vedas as entirely infallible or the sole source. The Samaj under him focused on monotheism and anti-idolatry. Statement II is correct. Keshab Chandra Sen, a dynamic leader who joined the Brahmo Samaj, infused it with a more activist and radical zeal for social reform (e.g., inter-caste marriage, women’s education). He also leaned towards a more eclectic and universalistic religious outlook, incorporating ideas from Christianity and other world religions. His radicalism, emphasis on bhakti, and perceived autocratic style led to differences with Debendranath Tagore and the older members, resulting in the first schism in the Brahmo Samaj in 1866, with Keshab forming the Brahmo Samaj of India. Incorrect Solution: D Statement I is incorrect. After Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Debendranath Tagore provided leadership to the Brahmo Samaj. While he revered the Upanishads for their monotheistic teachings, he eventually moved the Samaj away from the doctrine of Vedic infallibility. He compiled Brahmo scriptures based on reason and intuition, drawing from select Upanishadic texts but not holding the Vedas as entirely infallible or the sole source. The Samaj under him focused on monotheism and anti-idolatry. Statement II is correct. Keshab Chandra Sen, a dynamic leader who joined the Brahmo Samaj, infused it with a more activist and radical zeal for social reform (e.g., inter-caste marriage, women’s education). He also leaned towards a more eclectic and universalistic religious outlook, incorporating ideas from Christianity and other world religions. His radicalism, emphasis on bhakti, and perceived autocratic style led to differences with Debendranath Tagore and the older members, resulting in the first schism in the Brahmo Samaj in 1866, with Keshab forming the Brahmo Samaj of India.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: The Brahmo Samaj, under the leadership of Debendranath Tagore, adhered strictly to the Vedas as infallible and the sole basis for religious truth, rejecting all Puranic and Tantric influences.

Statement II: Keshab Chandra Sen, during his association with the Brahmo Samaj, advocated for radical social reforms and a more universalistic, syncretic approach to religion, incorporating elements from Christianity and other faiths, which eventually led to a schism.

• (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.

• (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II is NOT the correct explanation of Statement I.

• (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

• (d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.

Solution: D

• Statement I is incorrect. After Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Debendranath Tagore provided leadership to the Brahmo Samaj. While he revered the Upanishads for their monotheistic teachings, he eventually moved the Samaj away from the doctrine of Vedic infallibility. He compiled Brahmo scriptures based on reason and intuition, drawing from select Upanishadic texts but not holding the Vedas as entirely infallible or the sole source. The Samaj under him focused on monotheism and anti-idolatry.

• Statement II is correct. Keshab Chandra Sen, a dynamic leader who joined the Brahmo Samaj, infused it with a more activist and radical zeal for social reform (e.g., inter-caste marriage, women’s education). He also leaned towards a more eclectic and universalistic religious outlook, incorporating ideas from Christianity and other world religions. His radicalism, emphasis on bhakti, and perceived autocratic style led to differences with Debendranath Tagore and the older members, resulting in the first schism in the Brahmo Samaj in 1866, with Keshab forming the Brahmo Samaj of India.

Solution: D

• Question 7 of 30 7. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs of tribal/peasant rebellions and their prominent causal factors or characteristics: Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : Primarily triggered by the combined oppression of zamindars, moneylenders, and the British legal system, leading to loss of land. Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900) : Led by Birsa Munda, aimed at establishing ‘Munda Raj’ and focused significantly on religious and cultural revivalism alongside agrarian issues. Pabna Agrarian Uprising (1873-76) : A violent movement demanding the complete abolition of the zamindari system and redistribution of land to the cultivators. How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? (a) Only one pair (b) Only two pairs (c) All three pairs (d) None of the pairs Correct Solution: B Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Santhal Rebellion was a major tribal uprising driven by the severe oppression faced by the Santhals in the Damin-i-Koh region. This included exploitation by zamindars and village headmen (acting as their agents), extortionate practices by moneylenders (mahajans) leading to debt bondage and loss of land, and the corrupt and indifferent British administration (police, courts) which failed to provide redress. Pair 2 is correctly matched. The Munda Ulgulan (Great Tumult) led by Birsa Munda was a significant tribal rebellion. While agrarian distress, erosion of traditional Khuntkatti land system, and exploitation by forest contractors and moneylenders were key causes, Birsa Munda also infused the movement with a strong religious and cultural dimension. He preached monotheism, advocated for social reforms within the Munda community, and aimed to overthrow British rule and establish ‘Munda Raj’ (Munda rule). Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The Pabna Agrarian Uprising in Bengal was primarily a movement by occupancy tenants against the arbitrary enhancement of rent, illegal cesses, and attempts by zamindars to prevent them from acquiring occupancy rights under Act X of 1859. While it involved resistance and formation of agrarian leagues, it was largely non-violent in its methods (though some isolated incidents occurred) and its main demand was not the complete abolition of the zamindari system or redistribution of land, but rather the enforcement of existing tenancy rights and fair rents. The peasants often declared they wanted to be “ryots of the Queen” rather than of the zamindars, indicating a desire for direct relationship with the state and redressal of specific grievances within the existing structure, rather than its complete overthrow. Incorrect Solution: B Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Santhal Rebellion was a major tribal uprising driven by the severe oppression faced by the Santhals in the Damin-i-Koh region. This included exploitation by zamindars and village headmen (acting as their agents), extortionate practices by moneylenders (mahajans) leading to debt bondage and loss of land, and the corrupt and indifferent British administration (police, courts) which failed to provide redress. Pair 2 is correctly matched. The Munda Ulgulan (Great Tumult) led by Birsa Munda was a significant tribal rebellion. While agrarian distress, erosion of traditional Khuntkatti land system, and exploitation by forest contractors and moneylenders were key causes, Birsa Munda also infused the movement with a strong religious and cultural dimension. He preached monotheism, advocated for social reforms within the Munda community, and aimed to overthrow British rule and establish ‘Munda Raj’ (Munda rule). Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The Pabna Agrarian Uprising in Bengal was primarily a movement by occupancy tenants against the arbitrary enhancement of rent, illegal cesses, and attempts by zamindars to prevent them from acquiring occupancy rights under Act X of 1859. While it involved resistance and formation of agrarian leagues, it was largely non-violent in its methods (though some isolated incidents occurred) and its main demand was not the complete abolition of the zamindari system or redistribution of land, but rather the enforcement of existing tenancy rights and fair rents. The peasants often declared they wanted to be “ryots of the Queen” rather than of the zamindars, indicating a desire for direct relationship with the state and redressal of specific grievances within the existing structure, rather than its complete overthrow.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following pairs of tribal/peasant rebellions and their prominent causal factors or characteristics:

• Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : Primarily triggered by the combined oppression of zamindars, moneylenders, and the British legal system, leading to loss of land.

• Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900) : Led by Birsa Munda, aimed at establishing ‘Munda Raj’ and focused significantly on religious and cultural revivalism alongside agrarian issues.

• Pabna Agrarian Uprising (1873-76) : A violent movement demanding the complete abolition of the zamindari system and redistribution of land to the cultivators.

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

• (a) Only one pair

• (b) Only two pairs

• (c) All three pairs

• (d) None of the pairs

Solution: B

• Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Santhal Rebellion was a major tribal uprising driven by the severe oppression faced by the Santhals in the Damin-i-Koh region. This included exploitation by zamindars and village headmen (acting as their agents), extortionate practices by moneylenders (mahajans) leading to debt bondage and loss of land, and the corrupt and indifferent British administration (police, courts) which failed to provide redress.

• Pair 2 is correctly matched. The Munda Ulgulan (Great Tumult) led by Birsa Munda was a significant tribal rebellion. While agrarian distress, erosion of traditional Khuntkatti land system, and exploitation by forest contractors and moneylenders were key causes, Birsa Munda also infused the movement with a strong religious and cultural dimension. He preached monotheism, advocated for social reforms within the Munda community, and aimed to overthrow British rule and establish ‘Munda Raj’ (Munda rule).

• Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The Pabna Agrarian Uprising in Bengal was primarily a movement by occupancy tenants against the arbitrary enhancement of rent, illegal cesses, and attempts by zamindars to prevent them from acquiring occupancy rights under Act X of 1859. While it involved resistance and formation of agrarian leagues, it was largely non-violent in its methods (though some isolated incidents occurred) and its main demand was not the complete abolition of the zamindari system or redistribution of land, but rather the enforcement of existing tenancy rights and fair rents. The peasants often declared they wanted to be “ryots of the Queen” rather than of the zamindars, indicating a desire for direct relationship with the state and redressal of specific grievances within the existing structure, rather than its complete overthrow.

Solution: B

• Question 8 of 30 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Mappila Revolt : The Manjeri District conference formed the impetus for outbreak of the revolt. Imposition of tax on the Muslim pilgrimage sites triggered the revolt. It was actively supported by the Khilafat activists. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B The Mappila revolt erupted in Malabar district of Kerala in August 1921 The impetus for the resistance had first come from the Malabar district Congress conference held at Manjeri in 1920 This conference supported the tenants cause and demanded legislation to regulate landlord-tenant relations. Hence statement 1 is correct The Mappila tenants’ grievances were related to lack of any security of tenure, renewal fees, high rents and other oppressive landlord exactions. In the first stage of the rebellion the targets of attack were the unpopular jenmies (landlords), mostly Hindu, the symbols of government authorities like courts, police stations, treasuries and offices as well as British planters. Hence statement 2 is incorrect During the same period the Khilafat movement was also extending its sweep in fact there was hardly anyway one could distinguish between khilafat and tenants’ meetings ; the leaders and the audience were the same and the two movements were inextricably merged into one. Hence statement 3 is correct Incorrect Solution: B The Mappila revolt erupted in Malabar district of Kerala in August 1921 The impetus for the resistance had first come from the Malabar district Congress conference held at Manjeri in 1920 This conference supported the tenants cause and demanded legislation to regulate landlord-tenant relations. Hence statement 1 is correct The Mappila tenants’ grievances were related to lack of any security of tenure, renewal fees, high rents and other oppressive landlord exactions. In the first stage of the rebellion the targets of attack were the unpopular jenmies (landlords), mostly Hindu, the symbols of government authorities like courts, police stations, treasuries and offices as well as British planters. Hence statement 2 is incorrect During the same period the Khilafat movement was also extending its sweep in fact there was hardly anyway one could distinguish between khilafat and tenants’ meetings ; the leaders and the audience were the same and the two movements were inextricably merged into one. Hence statement 3 is correct

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Mappila Revolt :

• The Manjeri District conference formed the impetus for outbreak of the revolt.

• Imposition of tax on the Muslim pilgrimage sites triggered the revolt.

• It was actively supported by the Khilafat activists.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• The Mappila revolt erupted in Malabar district of Kerala in August 1921

• The impetus for the resistance had first come from the Malabar district Congress conference held at Manjeri in 1920

• This conference supported the tenants cause and demanded legislation to regulate landlord-tenant relations.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• The Mappila tenants’ grievances were related to lack of any security of tenure, renewal fees, high rents and other oppressive landlord exactions.

• In the first stage of the rebellion the targets of attack were the unpopular jenmies (landlords), mostly Hindu, the symbols of government authorities like courts, police stations, treasuries and offices as well as British planters.

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

• During the same period the Khilafat movement was also extending its sweep

• in fact there was hardly anyway one could distinguish between khilafat and tenants’ meetings ; the leaders and the audience were the same and the two movements were inextricably merged into one.

Hence statement 3 is correct

Solution: B

• The Mappila revolt erupted in Malabar district of Kerala in August 1921

• The impetus for the resistance had first come from the Malabar district Congress conference held at Manjeri in 1920

• This conference supported the tenants cause and demanded legislation to regulate landlord-tenant relations.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• The Mappila tenants’ grievances were related to lack of any security of tenure, renewal fees, high rents and other oppressive landlord exactions.

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

• During the same period the Khilafat movement was also extending its sweep

Hence statement 3 is correct

• Question 9 of 30 9. Question 1 points The Swarajists and the No-Changers within the Indian National Congress during the 1920s fundamentally differed on the question of council entry. Which statement most accurately reflects the core strategic reasoning of the Swarajists for advocating council entry? (a) They believed that participation in legislative councils would enable them to secure key ministerial positions and implement constructive programs from within the colonial government. (b) Their primary aim was to demonstrate the unrepresentative nature of the councils and to wreck the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms from within by adopting a policy of uniform, continuous, and consistent obstruction. (c) They argued that council entry was essential to prevent these legislative bodies from being captured by pro-government, reactionary elements who would legitimize colonial rule. (d) They saw councils as the most effective platform for mobilizing the masses for direct action and civil disobedience campaigns. Correct Solution: C Option (a) is incorrect. The Swarajists, led by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru, did not initially aim to secure ministerial positions or cooperate with the colonial government to implement constructive programs. Their stated policy was one of non-cooperation from within the councils. The idea of “office acceptance” became a point of debate much later, and was not their primary entry strategy. Option (b) is correct. The Swarajists’ core strategy, often termed “uniform, continuous, and consistent obstruction,” was to enter the legislative councils set up under the Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford reforms) with the intention of non-cooperating with the government from within. They aimed to expose the limitations and undemocratic nature of these councils, obstruct their functioning, reject government proposals, and thereby wreck the reforms, demonstrating that the existing constitutional machinery was unworkable and unacceptable. Option (c) is a significant argument they used, but (b) more accurately captures their *primary strategic aim and method* once inside. While preventing councils from being filled by “loyalists” or “reactionaries” was a valid concern and a supporting argument for council entry (to ensure nationalist voices were heard and pro-government measures challenged), their declared positive strategy was to obstruct and make the system unworkable, rather than just passively occupying seats. Option (d) is incorrect. The No-Changers (like Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad) believed that focus should remain on constructive work among the masses (like promoting khadi, Hindu-Muslim unity, anti-untouchability) and preparing them for future mass civil disobedience, arguing that council work would divert attention and energy from these crucial tasks. Swarajists saw councils as a different arena of struggle, not the primary platform for mobilizing masses for direct action in the Gandhian sense. Incorrect Solution: C Option (a) is incorrect. The Swarajists, led by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru, did not initially aim to secure ministerial positions or cooperate with the colonial government to implement constructive programs. Their stated policy was one of non-cooperation from within the councils. The idea of “office acceptance” became a point of debate much later, and was not their primary entry strategy. Option (b) is correct. The Swarajists’ core strategy, often termed “uniform, continuous, and consistent obstruction,” was to enter the legislative councils set up under the Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford reforms) with the intention of non-cooperating with the government from within. They aimed to expose the limitations and undemocratic nature of these councils, obstruct their functioning, reject government proposals, and thereby wreck the reforms, demonstrating that the existing constitutional machinery was unworkable and unacceptable. Option (c) is a significant argument they used, but (b) more accurately captures their *primary strategic aim and method* once inside. While preventing councils from being filled by “loyalists” or “reactionaries” was a valid concern and a supporting argument for council entry (to ensure nationalist voices were heard and pro-government measures challenged), their declared positive strategy was to obstruct and make the system unworkable, rather than just passively occupying seats. Option (d) is incorrect. The No-Changers (like Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad) believed that focus should remain on constructive work among the masses (like promoting khadi, Hindu-Muslim unity, anti-untouchability) and preparing them for future mass civil disobedience, arguing that council work would divert attention and energy from these crucial tasks. Swarajists saw councils as a different arena of struggle, not the primary platform for mobilizing masses for direct action in the Gandhian sense.

#### 9. Question

The Swarajists and the No-Changers within the Indian National Congress during the 1920s fundamentally differed on the question of council entry. Which statement most accurately reflects the core strategic reasoning of the Swarajists for advocating council entry?

• (a) They believed that participation in legislative councils would enable them to secure key ministerial positions and implement constructive programs from within the colonial government.

• (b) Their primary aim was to demonstrate the unrepresentative nature of the councils and to wreck the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms from within by adopting a policy of uniform, continuous, and consistent obstruction.

• (c) They argued that council entry was essential to prevent these legislative bodies from being captured by pro-government, reactionary elements who would legitimize colonial rule.

• (d) They saw councils as the most effective platform for mobilizing the masses for direct action and civil disobedience campaigns.

Solution: C

• Option (a) is incorrect. The Swarajists, led by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru, did not initially aim to secure ministerial positions or cooperate with the colonial government to implement constructive programs. Their stated policy was one of non-cooperation from within the councils. The idea of “office acceptance” became a point of debate much later, and was not their primary entry strategy.

• Option (b) is correct. The Swarajists’ core strategy, often termed “uniform, continuous, and consistent obstruction,” was to enter the legislative councils set up under the Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford reforms) with the intention of non-cooperating with the government from within. They aimed to expose the limitations and undemocratic nature of these councils, obstruct their functioning, reject government proposals, and thereby wreck the reforms, demonstrating that the existing constitutional machinery was unworkable and unacceptable.

• Option (c) is a significant argument they used, but (b) more accurately captures their *primary strategic aim and method* once inside. While preventing councils from being filled by “loyalists” or “reactionaries” was a valid concern and a supporting argument for council entry (to ensure nationalist voices were heard and pro-government measures challenged), their declared positive strategy was to obstruct and make the system unworkable, rather than just passively occupying seats.

• Option (d) is incorrect. The No-Changers (like Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad) believed that focus should remain on constructive work among the masses (like promoting khadi, Hindu-Muslim unity, anti-untouchability) and preparing them for future mass civil disobedience, arguing that council work would divert attention and energy from these crucial tasks. Swarajists saw councils as a different arena of struggle, not the primary platform for mobilizing masses for direct action in the Gandhian sense.

Solution: C

• Question 10 of 30 10. Question 1 points Which of the following represents the most nuanced understanding of Mahatma Gandhi’s evolving views on industrialization and machinery? (a) He consistently and uncompromisingly opposed all forms of modern machinery and large-scale industrialization, advocating for a complete return to a pre-industrial, exclusively village-based craft economy. (b) While initially critical of exploitative Western industrialism, he later conceded that large-scale, state-owned heavy industries were essential for India's economic self-sufficiency and defense. (c) His primary concern was not with machinery per se, but with the "craze" for machinery that led to human exploitation, unemployment, and the concentration of wealth; he was open to machinery that served human needs and lightened drudgery without dispossessing labor. (d) He advocated for a decentralized industrial model based on appropriate technology owned and controlled by village communities, but only after India achieved complete political independence. Correct Solution:C Option (a) is an oversimplification and largely incorrect. While Gandhi was a strong critic of the dehumanizing and exploitative aspects of Western industrial capitalism and championed village industries and handicrafts (like Khadi), he was not against all machinery. He famously said he would welcome the Singer sewing machine if it helped a poor woman earn a livelihood. Option (b) is a partial truth mixed with inaccuracy. While Gandhi did acknowledge the need for certain key industries, his primary emphasis remained on decentralized production. He did not become an advocate for widespread large-scale, state-owned heavy industries in the way some other nationalist leaders (like Nehru) did. His acceptance was qualified and limited. Option (c) is the most nuanced and accurate representation. Gandhi’s critique was directed at the mode of industrialization that prioritized profit over human welfare, led to the displacement of labor, created vast inequalities, and fostered a culture of materialism. He was not an enemy of all machines. He differentiated between machinery that served humanity by reducing toil and improving well-being (especially in a decentralized context) and machinery that enslaved humans and concentrated power. His famous quote, “What I object to is the ‘craze’ for machinery, not machinery as such,” captures this. Option (d), while reflecting some of his ideals (decentralization, village control), overstates the “only after independence” condition for his advocacy. His advocacy for decentralized, human-centric production systems was an ongoing part of his constructive program, intended to be implemented even during the freedom struggle as a means of self-reliance and empowerment. Incorrect Solution:C Option (a) is an oversimplification and largely incorrect. While Gandhi was a strong critic of the dehumanizing and exploitative aspects of Western industrial capitalism and championed village industries and handicrafts (like Khadi), he was not against all machinery. He famously said he would welcome the Singer sewing machine if it helped a poor woman earn a livelihood. Option (b) is a partial truth mixed with inaccuracy. While Gandhi did acknowledge the need for certain key industries, his primary emphasis remained on decentralized production. He did not become an advocate for widespread large-scale, state-owned heavy industries in the way some other nationalist leaders (like Nehru) did. His acceptance was qualified and limited. Option (c) is the most nuanced and accurate representation. Gandhi’s critique was directed at the mode of industrialization that prioritized profit over human welfare, led to the displacement of labor, created vast inequalities, and fostered a culture of materialism. He was not an enemy of all machines. He differentiated between machinery that served humanity by reducing toil and improving well-being (especially in a decentralized context) and machinery that enslaved humans and concentrated power. His famous quote, “What I object to is the ‘craze’ for machinery, not machinery as such,” captures this. Option (d), while reflecting some of his ideals (decentralization, village control), overstates the “only after independence” condition for his advocacy. His advocacy for decentralized, human-centric production systems was an ongoing part of his constructive program, intended to be implemented even during the freedom struggle as a means of self-reliance and empowerment.

#### 10. Question

Which of the following represents the most nuanced understanding of Mahatma Gandhi’s evolving views on industrialization and machinery?

• (a) He consistently and uncompromisingly opposed all forms of modern machinery and large-scale industrialization, advocating for a complete return to a pre-industrial, exclusively village-based craft economy.

• (b) While initially critical of exploitative Western industrialism, he later conceded that large-scale, state-owned heavy industries were essential for India's economic self-sufficiency and defense.

• (c) His primary concern was not with machinery per se, but with the "craze" for machinery that led to human exploitation, unemployment, and the concentration of wealth; he was open to machinery that served human needs and lightened drudgery without dispossessing labor.

• (d) He advocated for a decentralized industrial model based on appropriate technology owned and controlled by village communities, but only after India achieved complete political independence.

Solution:C

Option (a) is an oversimplification and largely incorrect. While Gandhi was a strong critic of the dehumanizing and exploitative aspects of Western industrial capitalism and championed village industries and handicrafts (like Khadi), he was not against all machinery. He famously said he would welcome the Singer sewing machine if it helped a poor woman earn a livelihood.

• Option (b) is a partial truth mixed with inaccuracy. While Gandhi did acknowledge the need for certain key industries, his primary emphasis remained on decentralized production. He did not become an advocate for widespread large-scale, state-owned heavy industries in the way some other nationalist leaders (like Nehru) did. His acceptance was qualified and limited.

• Option (c) is the most nuanced and accurate representation. Gandhi’s critique was directed at the mode of industrialization that prioritized profit over human welfare, led to the displacement of labor, created vast inequalities, and fostered a culture of materialism. He was not an enemy of all machines. He differentiated between machinery that served humanity by reducing toil and improving well-being (especially in a decentralized context) and machinery that enslaved humans and concentrated power. His famous quote, “What I object to is the ‘craze’ for machinery, not machinery as such,” captures this.

• Option (d), while reflecting some of his ideals (decentralization, village control), overstates the “only after independence” condition for his advocacy. His advocacy for decentralized, human-centric production systems was an ongoing part of his constructive program, intended to be implemented even during the freedom struggle as a means of self-reliance and empowerment.

Solution:C

• Question 11 of 30 11. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Eka movement : It was started by the Kishan Sabha against introduction of the Oudh Rent (Amendment) Act 1921. Extraction of rent at 50% higher rate than recorded rent triggered the movement. The Eka meetings were marked by religious ritual with representation of river Ganga in the form of a hole. It was led by Madari Pasi, who used recitation of kathas during the movement. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution : C The Eka movement was a peasant discontent that broke out in 1921 in the districts of Hardoi, Bahraich, Sitapur in Northern part of Awadh. The main grievances here were related to the extraction of a rent that was generally fifty per cent higher than the recorded rent, the oppression of thekedars to whom the work of rent- collection was farmed out and the practice of share-rents. The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by non cooperaors in 1920 at Pratapgarh. The Oudh Kisan Sabha asked peasants to refuse to till bedakhali land not to do and paid labour and to solve their disputes through panchayats. Meanwhile, the government passed the Oudh Rent (Amendment) Act which brought a little relief to the tenants and helped rouse hopes and in its when own way assisted in decline of the Kisan Sabha movement. Hence statement 1 is incorrect The main grievances included extraction of the rent that was generally 50% higher than the recorded rent, oppression of thekedars to whom the work of rent collection was farmed out and the practice of share rent. The Eka meetings were marked by a religious ritual in which a hole that represented the river Ganga was done in the ground and filled with water, a priest was brought in to preside and the assembled peasants vowed that they would pay only the recorded rent but on time, would not leave when ejected, would refuse to do forced labour, give no help to criminals and abide by the panchayat decisions. Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct The initial thurst for the movement was provided by the Congress and the Khilafat leaders and the movement started under the name of Eka or Unity movement. But, soon the movement developed its own grassroot leadership in the form of Madari Pasi and other local leaders who were not particularly ready to accept the discipline of non-violence that the Congress and Khilafat leaders propagated. As a result, the movement got detached from the nationalists and went on its own way. Pasi used innovative methods like reciting kathas and holding peasant meetings to mobilize their support. Hence statement 4 is correct Incorrect Solution : C The Eka movement was a peasant discontent that broke out in 1921 in the districts of Hardoi, Bahraich, Sitapur in Northern part of Awadh. The main grievances here were related to the extraction of a rent that was generally fifty per cent higher than the recorded rent, the oppression of thekedars to whom the work of rent- collection was farmed out and the practice of share-rents. The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by non cooperaors in 1920 at Pratapgarh. The Oudh Kisan Sabha asked peasants to refuse to till bedakhali land not to do and paid labour and to solve their disputes through panchayats. Meanwhile, the government passed the Oudh Rent (Amendment) Act which brought a little relief to the tenants and helped rouse hopes and in its when own way assisted in decline of the Kisan Sabha movement. Hence statement 1 is incorrect The main grievances included extraction of the rent that was generally 50% higher than the recorded rent, oppression of thekedars to whom the work of rent collection was farmed out and the practice of share rent. The Eka meetings were marked by a religious ritual in which a hole that represented the river Ganga was done in the ground and filled with water, a priest was brought in to preside and the assembled peasants vowed that they would pay only the recorded rent but on time, would not leave when ejected, would refuse to do forced labour, give no help to criminals and abide by the panchayat decisions. Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct The initial thurst for the movement was provided by the Congress and the Khilafat leaders and the movement started under the name of Eka or Unity movement. But, soon the movement developed its own grassroot leadership in the form of Madari Pasi and other local leaders who were not particularly ready to accept the discipline of non-violence that the Congress and Khilafat leaders propagated. As a result, the movement got detached from the nationalists and went on its own way. Pasi used innovative methods like reciting kathas and holding peasant meetings to mobilize their support. Hence statement 4 is correct

#### 11. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Eka movement :

• It was started by the Kishan Sabha against introduction of the Oudh Rent (Amendment) Act 1921.

• Extraction of rent at 50% higher rate than recorded rent triggered the movement.

• The Eka meetings were marked by religious ritual with representation of river Ganga in the form of a hole.

• It was led by Madari Pasi, who used recitation of kathas during the movement.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution : C

• The Eka movement was a peasant discontent that broke out in 1921 in the districts of Hardoi, Bahraich, Sitapur in Northern part of Awadh.

• The main grievances here were related to the extraction of a rent that was generally fifty per cent higher than the recorded rent, the oppression of thekedars to whom the work of rent- collection was farmed out and the practice of share-rents.

• The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by non cooperaors in 1920 at Pratapgarh.

• The Oudh Kisan Sabha asked peasants to refuse to till bedakhali land not to do and paid labour and to solve their disputes through panchayats.

• Meanwhile, the government passed the Oudh Rent (Amendment) Act which brought a little relief to the tenants and helped rouse hopes and in its when own way assisted in decline of the Kisan Sabha movement.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• The main grievances included extraction of the rent that was generally 50% higher than the recorded rent, oppression of thekedars to whom the work of rent collection was farmed out and the practice of share rent.

• The Eka meetings were marked by a religious ritual in which a hole that represented the river Ganga was done in the ground and filled with water, a priest was brought in to preside and the assembled peasants vowed that they would pay only the recorded rent but on time, would not leave when ejected, would refuse to do forced labour, give no help to criminals and abide by the panchayat decisions.

Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct

• The initial thurst for the movement was provided by the Congress and the Khilafat leaders and the movement started under the name of Eka or Unity movement.

• But, soon the movement developed its own grassroot leadership in the form of Madari Pasi and other local leaders who were not particularly ready to accept the discipline of non-violence that the Congress and Khilafat leaders propagated.

• As a result, the movement got detached from the nationalists and went on its own way.

• Pasi used innovative methods like reciting kathas and holding peasant meetings to mobilize their support.

Hence statement 4 is correct

Solution : C

• The Eka movement was a peasant discontent that broke out in 1921 in the districts of Hardoi, Bahraich, Sitapur in Northern part of Awadh.

• The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by non cooperaors in 1920 at Pratapgarh.

• The Oudh Kisan Sabha asked peasants to refuse to till bedakhali land not to do and paid labour and to solve their disputes through panchayats.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct

• The initial thurst for the movement was provided by the Congress and the Khilafat leaders and the movement started under the name of Eka or Unity movement.

• As a result, the movement got detached from the nationalists and went on its own way.

• Pasi used innovative methods like reciting kathas and holding peasant meetings to mobilize their support.

Hence statement 4 is correct

• Question 12 of 30 12. Question 1 points With reference to Karshaka Sanghams, which of the following are correct? (a) Peasant associations in Malabar region (b) Training centres for the Peshwa army (c) Protests of bargadars against colonial revenue system in Bengal (d) Movement of the working class that emerged in Punjab Correct Solution: A In Malabar in Kerala, a powerful peasant movement developed as a result of mainly Congress Socialist Party activists who had been working among the peasants since 1934 touring villages and setting up peasant associations; these peasant associations were known as Karshaka Sanghams. The main demands of the movement included abolition of feudal levies, renewal fees, practice of advanced rent, stopping of eviction of tenants by landlords on the ground of personal cultivation; peasants also demanded reduction in the tax rent debt burden and the use of proper methods by landlords when measuring the grain rent and end to the corrupt practices of the landlord’s managers. Hence option A is correct Incorrect Solution: A In Malabar in Kerala, a powerful peasant movement developed as a result of mainly Congress Socialist Party activists who had been working among the peasants since 1934 touring villages and setting up peasant associations; these peasant associations were known as Karshaka Sanghams. The main demands of the movement included abolition of feudal levies, renewal fees, practice of advanced rent, stopping of eviction of tenants by landlords on the ground of personal cultivation; peasants also demanded reduction in the tax rent debt burden and the use of proper methods by landlords when measuring the grain rent and end to the corrupt practices of the landlord’s managers. Hence option A is correct

#### 12. Question

With reference to Karshaka Sanghams, which of the following are correct?

• (a) Peasant associations in Malabar region

• (b) Training centres for the Peshwa army

• (c) Protests of bargadars against colonial revenue system in Bengal

• (d) Movement of the working class that emerged in Punjab

Solution: A

• In Malabar in Kerala, a powerful peasant movement developed as a result of mainly Congress Socialist Party activists who had been working among the peasants since 1934 touring villages and setting up peasant associations; these peasant associations were known as Karshaka Sanghams.

• The main demands of the movement included abolition of feudal levies, renewal fees, practice of advanced rent, stopping of eviction of tenants by landlords on the ground of personal cultivation; peasants also demanded reduction in the tax rent debt burden and the use of proper methods by landlords when measuring the grain rent and end to the corrupt practices of the landlord’s managers.

Hence option A is correct

Solution: A

Hence option A is correct

• Question 13 of 30 13. Question 1 points Consider the following statements : The All India Trade Union Congress supported the concept of Swaraj for working class in India. AITUC was formed to represent India at the International Labour Organisation of the League of Nations. AITUC is a founding member of World Federation of Trade Unions. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution : C The All India Trade Union Congress was founded in 1920 with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president. Diwan Chaman Lal, a major name in the Indian labour Movement, was its General Secretary. The AITUC was formed to represent India at the International Labour Organisation of the League of Nations (presently United Nations), which was established in 1919 The formation of AITUC was a direct response to the need for a National Organisation to represent Indian workers at the ILO which was mandated by the Treaty of Versailles. Hence statement 1 is correct At the second session of the AITUC, Diwan Chaman Lal moved a resolution in favour of Swaraj. The members also emphasized that it was to be a Swaraj not for the capitalists, but for the workers. Hence statement 2 is correct AITUC is a founding member of the World Federation of Trade Unions- an international Federation of trade unions established in October 1945 It was founded immediately after the World War II. Hence statement 3 is correct Incorrect Solution : C The All India Trade Union Congress was founded in 1920 with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president. Diwan Chaman Lal, a major name in the Indian labour Movement, was its General Secretary. The AITUC was formed to represent India at the International Labour Organisation of the League of Nations (presently United Nations), which was established in 1919 The formation of AITUC was a direct response to the need for a National Organisation to represent Indian workers at the ILO which was mandated by the Treaty of Versailles. Hence statement 1 is correct At the second session of the AITUC, Diwan Chaman Lal moved a resolution in favour of Swaraj. The members also emphasized that it was to be a Swaraj not for the capitalists, but for the workers. Hence statement 2 is correct AITUC is a founding member of the World Federation of Trade Unions- an international Federation of trade unions established in October 1945 It was founded immediately after the World War II. Hence statement 3 is correct

#### 13. Question

Consider the following statements :

• The All India Trade Union Congress supported the concept of Swaraj for working class in India.

• AITUC was formed to represent India at the International Labour Organisation of the League of Nations.

• AITUC is a founding member of World Federation of Trade Unions.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution : C

• The All India Trade Union Congress was founded in 1920 with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president.

• Diwan Chaman Lal, a major name in the Indian labour Movement, was its General Secretary.

• The AITUC was formed to represent India at the International Labour Organisation of the League of Nations (presently United Nations), which was established in 1919

• The formation of AITUC was a direct response to the need for a National Organisation to represent Indian workers at the ILO which was mandated by the Treaty of Versailles.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• At the second session of the AITUC, Diwan Chaman Lal moved a resolution in favour of Swaraj.

• The members also emphasized that it was to be a Swaraj not for the capitalists, but for the workers.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• AITUC is a founding member of the World Federation of Trade Unions- an international Federation of trade unions established in October 1945

• It was founded immediately after the World War II.

Hence statement 3 is correct

Solution : C

• The All India Trade Union Congress was founded in 1920 with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president.

• Diwan Chaman Lal, a major name in the Indian labour Movement, was its General Secretary.

• The AITUC was formed to represent India at the International Labour Organisation of the League of Nations (presently United Nations), which was established in 1919

• The formation of AITUC was a direct response to the need for a National Organisation to represent Indian workers at the ILO which was mandated by the Treaty of Versailles.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• At the second session of the AITUC, Diwan Chaman Lal moved a resolution in favour of Swaraj.

• The members also emphasized that it was to be a Swaraj not for the capitalists, but for the workers.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• AITUC is a founding member of the World Federation of Trade Unions- an international Federation of trade unions established in October 1945

• It was founded immediately after the World War II.

Hence statement 3 is correct

• Question 14 of 30 14. Question 1 points Consider the following personalities: Pramathanath Mitra Sorabjee Shapoorji Vitthal Ramji Shinde Narayan Meghaji Lokhande How many of the above were actively associated with working class movement in the 19th century? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution : B Sorabjee Shapoorji and Narayan Meghaji Lokhande were prominent leaders associated with working class Movement in the colonial period. They drafted Memorandum of 1884 which was signed by 5,000 workers of the cotton mills in Bombay demanding : rest on every Sunday half an hour break at known 6:30 a.m. to Sunset working day full wages in case of injury and pension in case of disability The memorandum was presented before the Commission of 1884 appointed by the government of Bombay and it left its imprint on the Indian Factories Act of 1891. Hence options 2 and 4 are correct Pramathanath Mitra was an Indian barrister and nationalist and the earliest founding member of the Anushilan Samiti in Bengal. Vitthal Ramji Shinde was a prominent social reformer of Maharashtra. He devoted his life to socio-religious reforms and established the Depressed Classes Mission to provide education to the dalits, remove untouchability and solve their social problems. He played a prominent role among liberal thinkers and reformers. He advocated for education for untouchables including Dalits. Hence options 1 and 3 are incorrect Incorrect Solution : B Sorabjee Shapoorji and Narayan Meghaji Lokhande were prominent leaders associated with working class Movement in the colonial period. They drafted Memorandum of 1884 which was signed by 5,000 workers of the cotton mills in Bombay demanding : rest on every Sunday half an hour break at known 6:30 a.m. to Sunset working day full wages in case of injury and pension in case of disability The memorandum was presented before the Commission of 1884 appointed by the government of Bombay and it left its imprint on the Indian Factories Act of 1891. Hence options 2 and 4 are correct Pramathanath Mitra was an Indian barrister and nationalist and the earliest founding member of the Anushilan Samiti in Bengal. Vitthal Ramji Shinde was a prominent social reformer of Maharashtra. He devoted his life to socio-religious reforms and established the Depressed Classes Mission to provide education to the dalits, remove untouchability and solve their social problems. He played a prominent role among liberal thinkers and reformers. He advocated for education for untouchables including Dalits. Hence options 1 and 3 are incorrect

#### 14. Question

Consider the following personalities:

• Pramathanath Mitra

• Sorabjee Shapoorji

• Vitthal Ramji Shinde

• Narayan Meghaji Lokhande

How many of the above were actively associated with working class movement in the 19th century?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution : B

• Sorabjee Shapoorji and Narayan Meghaji Lokhande were prominent leaders associated with working class Movement in the colonial period. They drafted Memorandum of 1884 which was signed by 5,000 workers of the cotton mills in Bombay demanding :

• rest on every Sunday

• half an hour break at known

• 6:30 a.m. to Sunset working day

• full wages in case of injury and pension in case of disability

The memorandum was presented before the Commission of 1884 appointed by the government of Bombay and it left its imprint on the Indian Factories Act of 1891.

Hence options 2 and 4 are correct

• Pramathanath Mitra was an Indian barrister and nationalist and the earliest founding member of the Anushilan Samiti in Bengal.

• Vitthal Ramji Shinde was a prominent social reformer of Maharashtra. He devoted his life to socio-religious reforms and established the Depressed Classes Mission to provide education to the dalits, remove untouchability and solve their social problems. He played a prominent role among liberal thinkers and reformers. He advocated for education for untouchables including Dalits.

Hence options 1 and 3 are incorrect

Solution : B

• rest on every Sunday

• half an hour break at known

• 6:30 a.m. to Sunset working day

• full wages in case of injury and pension in case of disability

The memorandum was presented before the Commission of 1884 appointed by the government of Bombay and it left its imprint on the Indian Factories Act of 1891.

Hence options 2 and 4 are correct

• Pramathanath Mitra was an Indian barrister and nationalist and the earliest founding member of the Anushilan Samiti in Bengal.

Hence options 1 and 3 are incorrect

• Question 15 of 30 15. Question 1 points Consider the following statements : The policies of Lord Lytton and Ilbert bill controversy resulted in establishment of Bombay Presidency Association. The Bombay Presidency Association worked along with Poone Sarvjanik Sabha. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution : C The Bombay Presidency Association was formed by Pherozshah Mehta , KT Telang and Badruddin Tyabji in 1885. The reactionary policies of Lord Lytton and the Ilbert bill began to cause much political unrest in Bombay ; in January 1885, it led to formation of the Association by the three leaders. The Bombay Presidency Association worked in coordination with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha They collaborated on joint efforts including a joint delegation to England in 1885 to present Indian grievances to the British electorate. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct Incorrect Solution : C The Bombay Presidency Association was formed by Pherozshah Mehta , KT Telang and Badruddin Tyabji in 1885. The reactionary policies of Lord Lytton and the Ilbert bill began to cause much political unrest in Bombay ; in January 1885, it led to formation of the Association by the three leaders. The Bombay Presidency Association worked in coordination with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha They collaborated on joint efforts including a joint delegation to England in 1885 to present Indian grievances to the British electorate. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct

#### 15. Question

Consider the following statements :

• The policies of Lord Lytton and Ilbert bill controversy resulted in establishment of Bombay Presidency Association.

• The Bombay Presidency Association worked along with Poone Sarvjanik Sabha.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution : C

• The Bombay Presidency Association was formed by Pherozshah Mehta , KT Telang and Badruddin Tyabji in 1885.

• The reactionary policies of Lord Lytton and the Ilbert bill began to cause much political unrest in Bombay ; in January 1885, it led to formation of the Association by the three leaders.

• The Bombay Presidency Association worked in coordination with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

• They collaborated on joint efforts including a joint delegation to England in 1885 to present Indian grievances to the British electorate.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct

Solution : C

• The Bombay Presidency Association was formed by Pherozshah Mehta , KT Telang and Badruddin Tyabji in 1885.

• The reactionary policies of Lord Lytton and the Ilbert bill began to cause much political unrest in Bombay ; in January 1885, it led to formation of the Association by the three leaders.

• The Bombay Presidency Association worked in coordination with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

• They collaborated on joint efforts including a joint delegation to England in 1885 to present Indian grievances to the British electorate.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct

• Question 16 of 30 16. Question 1 points Consider the following statements : The All India Railwaymen’s Federation was formed under recommendations of the Acworth Committee. The Thomas Robertson committee recommended for formation of a Railway Board for India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: B All India Railwaymen’s Federation was formed in 1924. Before that several Union of the railwaymen had been formed on various railways and conducted several agitations and strikes for the rights of working class. AIRF continued this legacy and took steps to unify struggle of the railway workers and their Union through merger of small unions into one Union on each Railway. Acworth Committee, formed in 1920 recommend for separation of railway budget from general budget in 1924. Hence statement 1 is incorrect In 1901 the Secretary of State for India appointed Thomas Robertson as a special Commissioner for Indian Railways to prepare a report on administration of Indian Railway The committee in 1903 recommended for setting up of Railway Board with three members, headed by a chief Commissioner. Hence statement 2 is correct Incorrect Solution: B All India Railwaymen’s Federation was formed in 1924. Before that several Union of the railwaymen had been formed on various railways and conducted several agitations and strikes for the rights of working class. AIRF continued this legacy and took steps to unify struggle of the railway workers and their Union through merger of small unions into one Union on each Railway. Acworth Committee, formed in 1920 recommend for separation of railway budget from general budget in 1924. Hence statement 1 is incorrect In 1901 the Secretary of State for India appointed Thomas Robertson as a special Commissioner for Indian Railways to prepare a report on administration of Indian Railway The committee in 1903 recommended for setting up of Railway Board with three members, headed by a chief Commissioner. Hence statement 2 is correct

#### 16. Question

Consider the following statements :

• The All India Railwaymen’s Federation was formed under recommendations of the Acworth Committee.

• The Thomas Robertson committee recommended for formation of a Railway Board for India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: B

• All India Railwaymen’s Federation was formed in 1924.

• Before that several Union of the railwaymen had been formed on various railways and conducted several agitations and strikes for the rights of working class.

• AIRF continued this legacy and took steps to unify struggle of the railway workers and their Union through merger of small unions into one Union on each Railway.

• Acworth Committee, formed in 1920 recommend for separation of railway budget from general budget in 1924.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• In 1901 the Secretary of State for India appointed Thomas Robertson as a special Commissioner for Indian Railways to prepare a report on administration of Indian Railway

• The committee in 1903 recommended for setting up of Railway Board with three members, headed by a chief Commissioner.

Hence statement 2 is correct

Solution: B

• All India Railwaymen’s Federation was formed in 1924.

• Before that several Union of the railwaymen had been formed on various railways and conducted several agitations and strikes for the rights of working class.

• AIRF continued this legacy and took steps to unify struggle of the railway workers and their Union through merger of small unions into one Union on each Railway.

• Acworth Committee, formed in 1920 recommend for separation of railway budget from general budget in 1924.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• In 1901 the Secretary of State for India appointed Thomas Robertson as a special Commissioner for Indian Railways to prepare a report on administration of Indian Railway

• The committee in 1903 recommended for setting up of Railway Board with three members, headed by a chief Commissioner.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• Question 17 of 30 17. Question 1 points Consider the following statements : John Mildenhall was the first British to come to the court of Mughal emperor Akbar. Mildenhall was permitted to trade freely from the Ports of Golconda by the Sultan of Golconda against an annual payment of 500 pagodas. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: A John Mildenhall was the first English explorer, adventurer and the first to make the journey to India. He reached the court of Mughal emperor Akbar in 1603 and had discussions with him However, he was declared as an outlaw by the British East India company and his journey was also not sponsored by the Company. Hence statement 1 is correct Mildenhall was not permitted with trading licence in India by any Indian ruler. In 1632 Sultan of Golconda issued a golden farmen in favour of the English permitting them to trade freely from the ports of Golconda on annual payment of 500 pagodas Hence statement 2 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: A John Mildenhall was the first English explorer, adventurer and the first to make the journey to India. He reached the court of Mughal emperor Akbar in 1603 and had discussions with him However, he was declared as an outlaw by the British East India company and his journey was also not sponsored by the Company. Hence statement 1 is correct Mildenhall was not permitted with trading licence in India by any Indian ruler. In 1632 Sultan of Golconda issued a golden farmen in favour of the English permitting them to trade freely from the ports of Golconda on annual payment of 500 pagodas Hence statement 2 is incorrect

#### 17. Question

Consider the following statements :

• John Mildenhall was the first British to come to the court of Mughal emperor Akbar.

• Mildenhall was permitted to trade freely from the Ports of Golconda by the Sultan of Golconda against an annual payment of 500 pagodas.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: A

• John Mildenhall was the first English explorer, adventurer and the first to make the journey to India.

• He reached the court of Mughal emperor Akbar in 1603 and had discussions with him

• However, he was declared as an outlaw by the British East India company and his journey was also not sponsored by the Company.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• Mildenhall was not permitted with trading licence in India by any Indian ruler.

• In 1632 Sultan of Golconda issued a golden farmen in favour of the English permitting them to trade freely from the ports of Golconda on annual payment of 500 pagodas

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

Solution: A

• John Mildenhall was the first English explorer, adventurer and the first to make the journey to India.

• He reached the court of Mughal emperor Akbar in 1603 and had discussions with him

• However, he was declared as an outlaw by the British East India company and his journey was also not sponsored by the Company.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• Mildenhall was not permitted with trading licence in India by any Indian ruler.

• In 1632 Sultan of Golconda issued a golden farmen in favour of the English permitting them to trade freely from the ports of Golconda on annual payment of 500 pagodas

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

• Question 18 of 30 18. Question 1 points Regarding Prarthana Samaj, consider the following statements : It was based on the concept of monotheism and promotion of teaching of Vedas, as advocated by Rammohan Roy. The Samaj was inspired by the teachings of the Alvar saints of medieval India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution : B The Prarthana Samaj was a movement for religious and social reforms in Bombay it was founded by Atmaram Pandurang in 1867 when Keshab Chandra Sen visited Maharashtra with an aim to make people believe in one God and worship only one God it became popular after Mahadev Govind Ranade joined it. The emphasis was on monotheism but on the whole the Samaj was more concerned with social reforms than with religion. Hence statement 1 is incorrect The members of the Prarthana Samaj were followers of the bhakti religious traditions and medieval bhakti saints like Tukaram and Namdev the members were devoted theists, but also worshipped formless God They were inspired by the teachings and writings of Vaishnava saints, the Alvars, who sang in praise of Vishnu. their ideas traced back to the devotional poems of the Vitthalas as part of the Vaishnav bhakti devotional movement of the 13th century in Southern Maharashtra. Hence statement 2 is correct Incorrect Solution : B The Prarthana Samaj was a movement for religious and social reforms in Bombay it was founded by Atmaram Pandurang in 1867 when Keshab Chandra Sen visited Maharashtra with an aim to make people believe in one God and worship only one God it became popular after Mahadev Govind Ranade joined it. The emphasis was on monotheism but on the whole the Samaj was more concerned with social reforms than with religion. Hence statement 1 is incorrect The members of the Prarthana Samaj were followers of the bhakti religious traditions and medieval bhakti saints like Tukaram and Namdev the members were devoted theists, but also worshipped formless God They were inspired by the teachings and writings of Vaishnava saints, the Alvars, who sang in praise of Vishnu. their ideas traced back to the devotional poems of the Vitthalas as part of the Vaishnav bhakti devotional movement of the 13th century in Southern Maharashtra. Hence statement 2 is correct

#### 18. Question

Regarding Prarthana Samaj, consider the following statements :

• It was based on the concept of monotheism and promotion of teaching of Vedas, as advocated by Rammohan Roy.

• The Samaj was inspired by the teachings of the Alvar saints of medieval India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution : B

• The Prarthana Samaj was a movement for religious and social reforms in Bombay

• it was founded by Atmaram Pandurang in 1867 when Keshab Chandra Sen visited Maharashtra with an aim to make people believe in one God and worship only one God

• it became popular after Mahadev Govind Ranade joined it.

• The emphasis was on monotheism but on the whole the Samaj was more concerned with social reforms than with religion.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• The members of the Prarthana Samaj were followers of the bhakti religious traditions and medieval bhakti saints like Tukaram and Namdev

• the members were devoted theists, but also worshipped formless God

• They were inspired by the teachings and writings of Vaishnava saints, the Alvars, who sang in praise of Vishnu.

• their ideas traced back to the devotional poems of the Vitthalas as part of the Vaishnav bhakti devotional movement of the 13th century in Southern Maharashtra.

Hence statement 2 is correct

Solution : B

• The Prarthana Samaj was a movement for religious and social reforms in Bombay

• it was founded by Atmaram Pandurang in 1867 when Keshab Chandra Sen visited Maharashtra with an aim to make people believe in one God and worship only one God

• it became popular after Mahadev Govind Ranade joined it.

• The emphasis was on monotheism but on the whole the Samaj was more concerned with social reforms than with religion.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• The members of the Prarthana Samaj were followers of the bhakti religious traditions and medieval bhakti saints like Tukaram and Namdev

• the members were devoted theists, but also worshipped formless God

• They were inspired by the teachings and writings of Vaishnava saints, the Alvars, who sang in praise of Vishnu.

• their ideas traced back to the devotional poems of the Vitthalas as part of the Vaishnav bhakti devotional movement of the 13th century in Southern Maharashtra.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• Question 19 of 30 19. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Vaikom Satyagraha: It was inspired by the Non Cooperation movement of Mahatma Gandhi. The Nambodiri brahmins formed Yogakshema Sabha to support temple entry for Ezhava castes. The activities included Promotion of khadi. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: D The Vaikom satyagraha was a non violent agitation for access to the prohibited Vaikom temple located in the kingdom of Travancore Kerala which remain closed for the depressed classes. It continued from March 1924 to November 1925. It was a non violent movement that was deeply influenced by the Non Cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi; it adopted Gandhian principles of peaceful resistance and aimed at challenging untouchability and caste discrimination. Many higher caste organisations such as Nair Service Society, Kerala Hindu Sabha supported the Satyagraha Yogakshema Sabha – the leading organisation of the Nambodiris (highest Brahmin by caste) passed a resolution supporting opening of temples to the Avarnas (Ezhavas) or the depressed classes the untouchables. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct The protesters promoted khadi At the onset of the movement, dressed in khadi and wearing khadi caps three young man marched ahead defying the probationary orders and started the movement Then on, every day, three volunteers from three different communities were sent to walk on the prohibited roads. Hence statement 3 is correct Incorrect Solution: D The Vaikom satyagraha was a non violent agitation for access to the prohibited Vaikom temple located in the kingdom of Travancore Kerala which remain closed for the depressed classes. It continued from March 1924 to November 1925. It was a non violent movement that was deeply influenced by the Non Cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi; it adopted Gandhian principles of peaceful resistance and aimed at challenging untouchability and caste discrimination. Many higher caste organisations such as Nair Service Society, Kerala Hindu Sabha supported the Satyagraha Yogakshema Sabha – the leading organisation of the Nambodiris (highest Brahmin by caste) passed a resolution supporting opening of temples to the Avarnas (Ezhavas) or the depressed classes the untouchables. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct The protesters promoted khadi At the onset of the movement, dressed in khadi and wearing khadi caps three young man marched ahead defying the probationary orders and started the movement Then on, every day, three volunteers from three different communities were sent to walk on the prohibited roads. Hence statement 3 is correct

#### 19. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Vaikom Satyagraha:

• It was inspired by the Non Cooperation movement of Mahatma Gandhi.

• The Nambodiri brahmins formed Yogakshema Sabha to support temple entry for Ezhava castes.

• The activities included Promotion of khadi.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 and 3 only

• (b) 1 and 2 only

• (c) 1 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: D

• The Vaikom satyagraha was a non violent agitation for access to the prohibited Vaikom temple located in the kingdom of Travancore Kerala which remain closed for the depressed classes.

• It continued from March 1924 to November 1925.

• It was a non violent movement that was deeply influenced by the Non Cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi; it adopted Gandhian principles of peaceful resistance and aimed at challenging untouchability and caste discrimination.

• Many higher caste organisations such as Nair Service Society, Kerala Hindu Sabha supported the Satyagraha

• Yogakshema Sabha – the leading organisation of the Nambodiris (highest Brahmin by caste) passed a resolution supporting opening of temples to the Avarnas (Ezhavas) or the depressed classes the untouchables.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct

• The protesters promoted khadi

• At the onset of the movement, dressed in khadi and wearing khadi caps three young man marched ahead defying the probationary orders and started the movement

• Then on, every day, three volunteers from three different communities were sent to walk on the prohibited roads.

Hence statement 3 is correct

Solution: D

• The Vaikom satyagraha was a non violent agitation for access to the prohibited Vaikom temple located in the kingdom of Travancore Kerala which remain closed for the depressed classes.

• It continued from March 1924 to November 1925.

• Many higher caste organisations such as Nair Service Society, Kerala Hindu Sabha supported the Satyagraha

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct

• The protesters promoted khadi

• At the onset of the movement, dressed in khadi and wearing khadi caps three young man marched ahead defying the probationary orders and started the movement

• Then on, every day, three volunteers from three different communities were sent to walk on the prohibited roads.

Hence statement 3 is correct

• Question 20 of 30 20. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs : Women Organisation : Associated person Bharat Stree Mahamandal :Sarala Devi Chaudhurani Women’s Indian Association : Annie Besant All India Women’s Conference : Jyotiba Phule How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: A Bharat Street Mahamandal was founded by Sarala Devi Choudhurani in Allahabad (presently Prayagraj) in 1910 The main aim of this women’s organisation was to promote female education It had several offices in Lahore, Delhi, Karachi, Amritsar, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Kolkata Hence pair 1 is correct The Women’s Indian Association was founded by Annie Besant, Margaret cousins and others in 1917 in Madras It aimed to liberate women from poor conditions they suffered in socio-economic and political matters during the 19th and early 20th century. Hence pair 2 is correct All India Women’s Conference was founded by Margaret cousins in 1927 in Pune to improve educational efforts for women and children as well as other issues related to rights of women. It’s first meeting was held in Pune at the Fergusson college hall in Pune University. Hence option 3 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: A Bharat Street Mahamandal was founded by Sarala Devi Choudhurani in Allahabad (presently Prayagraj) in 1910 The main aim of this women’s organisation was to promote female education It had several offices in Lahore, Delhi, Karachi, Amritsar, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Kolkata Hence pair 1 is correct The Women’s Indian Association was founded by Annie Besant, Margaret cousins and others in 1917 in Madras It aimed to liberate women from poor conditions they suffered in socio-economic and political matters during the 19th and early 20th century. Hence pair 2 is correct All India Women’s Conference was founded by Margaret cousins in 1927 in Pune to improve educational efforts for women and children as well as other issues related to rights of women. It’s first meeting was held in Pune at the Fergusson college hall in Pune University. Hence option 3 is incorrect

#### 20. Question

Consider the following pairs :

Women Organisation : Associated person

• Bharat Stree Mahamandal :Sarala Devi Chaudhurani

• Women’s Indian Association : Annie Besant

• All India Women’s Conference : Jyotiba Phule

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

• (a) 1 and 2

• (b) 2 and 3

• (c) 1 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: A

• Bharat Street Mahamandal was founded by Sarala Devi Choudhurani in Allahabad (presently Prayagraj) in 1910

• The main aim of this women’s organisation was to promote female education

• It had several offices in Lahore, Delhi, Karachi, Amritsar, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Kolkata

Hence pair 1 is correct

• The Women’s Indian Association was founded by Annie Besant, Margaret cousins and others in 1917 in Madras

• It aimed to liberate women from poor conditions they suffered in socio-economic and political matters during the 19th and early 20th century.

Hence pair 2 is correct

• All India Women’s Conference was founded by Margaret cousins in 1927 in Pune to improve educational efforts for women and children as well as other issues related to rights of women.

• It’s first meeting was held in Pune at the Fergusson college hall in Pune University.

Hence option 3 is incorrect

Solution: A

• Bharat Street Mahamandal was founded by Sarala Devi Choudhurani in Allahabad (presently Prayagraj) in 1910

• The main aim of this women’s organisation was to promote female education

• It had several offices in Lahore, Delhi, Karachi, Amritsar, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Kolkata

Hence pair 1 is correct

• The Women’s Indian Association was founded by Annie Besant, Margaret cousins and others in 1917 in Madras

• It aimed to liberate women from poor conditions they suffered in socio-economic and political matters during the 19th and early 20th century.

Hence pair 2 is correct

• All India Women’s Conference was founded by Margaret cousins in 1927 in Pune to improve educational efforts for women and children as well as other issues related to rights of women.

• It’s first meeting was held in Pune at the Fergusson college hall in Pune University.

Hence option 3 is incorrect

• Question 21 of 30 21. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Indian Republican Army: The Indian Republican Army was a short-lived revolutionary army that was created by Subhas Chandra Bose. The army was created with the goal of liberating the city of Chittagong, Bengal Presidency from British rule. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: B An armed force named Indian Republican Army was established in 1930 under the leadership of Surya Sen with the cooperation of Ganesh Ghosh, Ambika Chakraborty, Ananta Singh, Loknath Ball. On 18 April 1930, Surya sen looted the Chittagong Armoury with 64 revolutionaries at ten o’clock in the night. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect. The British government came forward with a group of troops to suppress the revolution just after the Chittagong Armoury was looted and the entire communication system was cut off. The revolutionaries took refuge in the Jalalabad hills and fought a fierce battle against the British army and the British army marched forward with huge troops to take revenge under the leadership of Masterda Surya Sen. They forced the British Army to retreat in the battle of Jalalabad. In this battle, 64 British soldiers and 11 revolutionaries lost their lives. The army was created with the goal of liberating the city of Chittagong, Bengal Presidency from British rule, an act that was supposed to start a nationwide uprising. Hence, statement 2 is correct. Incorrect Solution: B An armed force named Indian Republican Army was established in 1930 under the leadership of Surya Sen with the cooperation of Ganesh Ghosh, Ambika Chakraborty, Ananta Singh, Loknath Ball. On 18 April 1930, Surya sen looted the Chittagong Armoury with 64 revolutionaries at ten o’clock in the night. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect. The British government came forward with a group of troops to suppress the revolution just after the Chittagong Armoury was looted and the entire communication system was cut off. The revolutionaries took refuge in the Jalalabad hills and fought a fierce battle against the British army and the British army marched forward with huge troops to take revenge under the leadership of Masterda Surya Sen. They forced the British Army to retreat in the battle of Jalalabad. In this battle, 64 British soldiers and 11 revolutionaries lost their lives. The army was created with the goal of liberating the city of Chittagong, Bengal Presidency from British rule, an act that was supposed to start a nationwide uprising. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

#### 21. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Indian Republican Army:

• The Indian Republican Army was a short-lived revolutionary army that was created by Subhas Chandra Bose.

• The army was created with the goal of liberating the city of Chittagong, Bengal Presidency from British rule.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: B

An armed force named Indian Republican Army was established in 1930 under the leadership of Surya Sen with the cooperation of Ganesh Ghosh, Ambika Chakraborty, Ananta Singh, Loknath Ball. On 18 April 1930, Surya sen looted the Chittagong Armoury with 64 revolutionaries at ten o’clock in the night. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

• The British government came forward with a group of troops to suppress the revolution just after the Chittagong Armoury was looted and the entire communication system was cut off. The revolutionaries took refuge in the Jalalabad hills and fought a fierce battle against the British army and the British army marched forward with huge troops to take revenge under the leadership of Masterda Surya Sen. They forced the British Army to retreat in the battle of Jalalabad. In this battle, 64 British soldiers and 11 revolutionaries lost their lives.

• The army was created with the goal of liberating the city of Chittagong, Bengal Presidency from British rule, an act that was supposed to start a nationwide uprising. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Solution: B

• Question 22 of 30 22. Question 1 points With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple, consider the following statements: It is built in a circular layout using local sandstone. It was constructed by the Chandela rulers in the 10th century CE. Its plan is said to have inspired the architecture of the old Indian Parliament building. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: B Statement 1 – Correct: The Chausath Yogini Temple at Morena (also known as Ekattarso Mahadeva Temple) is indeed built in a circular layout using local sandstone, which is architecturally significant. Statement 2 – Incorrect: The temple was not constructed by the Chandela rulers. It was built in 1323 CE by Devapala, a ruler of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty. The Khajuraho Chausath Yogini Temple, in contrast, was built under Chandela patronage. Statement 3 – Correct: The circular layout of the Morena Yogini temple is popularly believed to have inspired the design of the old Indian Parliament building, symbolizing cosmic geometry and the Sri Yantra. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 – Correct: The Chausath Yogini Temple at Morena (also known as Ekattarso Mahadeva Temple) is indeed built in a circular layout using local sandstone, which is architecturally significant. Statement 2 – Incorrect: The temple was not constructed by the Chandela rulers. It was built in 1323 CE by Devapala, a ruler of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty. The Khajuraho Chausath Yogini Temple, in contrast, was built under Chandela patronage. Statement 3 – Correct: The circular layout of the Morena Yogini temple is popularly believed to have inspired the design of the old Indian Parliament building, symbolizing cosmic geometry and the Sri Yantra.

#### 22. Question

With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple, consider the following statements:

• It is built in a circular layout using local sandstone.

• It was constructed by the Chandela rulers in the 10th century CE.

• Its plan is said to have inspired the architecture of the old Indian Parliament building.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: B Statement 1 – Correct: The Chausath Yogini Temple at Morena (also known as Ekattarso Mahadeva Temple) is indeed built in a circular layout using local sandstone, which is architecturally significant.

Statement 2 – Incorrect: The temple was not constructed by the Chandela rulers. It was built in 1323 CE by Devapala, a ruler of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty. The Khajuraho Chausath Yogini Temple, in contrast, was built under Chandela patronage.

Statement 3 – Correct: The circular layout of the Morena Yogini temple is popularly believed to have inspired the design of the old Indian Parliament building, symbolizing cosmic geometry and the Sri Yantra.

• Question 23 of 30 23. Question 1 points With reference to the Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme, consider the following statements: Statement-I: The Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme seeks to improve accessibility to educational content in Indian languages. Statement-II: It provides for the digital publication of textbooks and learning materials in regional languages for school and higher education levels. Statement-III: It replaces the National Translation Mission and now independently oversees all translations of academic texts in India. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-II and Statement-III are correct and both of them explain Statement-I (b) Both Statement-II and Statement-III are correct, but only one of them explains Statement-I (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement-I (d) Neither Statement-II nor Statement-III is correct Correct Solution: C The Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme, announced in the Union Budget 2025-26, is designed to support education in Indian languages through digitally accessible textbooks and learning materials, aligning with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. It especially aids students in better understanding of subjects by removing language barriers. Statement-II is correct and explains the main goal of the scheme — enhancing accessibility and inclusivity in education. However, Statement-III is incorrect — while it complements initiatives like ASMITA, it does not replace the National Translation Mission or take over all translation efforts. Therefore, only Statement-II is correct and explains Statement-I. Incorrect Solution: C The Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme, announced in the Union Budget 2025-26, is designed to support education in Indian languages through digitally accessible textbooks and learning materials, aligning with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. It especially aids students in better understanding of subjects by removing language barriers. Statement-II is correct and explains the main goal of the scheme — enhancing accessibility and inclusivity in education. However, Statement-III is incorrect — while it complements initiatives like ASMITA, it does not replace the National Translation Mission or take over all translation efforts. Therefore, only Statement-II is correct and explains Statement-I.

#### 23. Question

With reference to the Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme, consider the following statements:

Statement-I: The Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme seeks to improve accessibility to educational content in Indian languages.

Statement-II: It provides for the digital publication of textbooks and learning materials in regional languages for school and higher education levels.

Statement-III: It replaces the National Translation Mission and now independently oversees all translations of academic texts in India.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-II and Statement-III are correct and both of them explain Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-II and Statement-III are correct, but only one of them explains Statement-I

• (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement-I

• (d) Neither Statement-II nor Statement-III is correct

Solution: C The Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme, announced in the Union Budget 2025-26, is designed to support education in Indian languages through digitally accessible textbooks and learning materials, aligning with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. It especially aids students in better understanding of subjects by removing language barriers.

Statement-II is correct and explains the main goal of the scheme — enhancing accessibility and inclusivity in education.

However, Statement-III is incorrect — while it complements initiatives like ASMITA, it does not replace the National Translation Mission or take over all translation efforts. Therefore, only Statement-II is correct and explains Statement-I.

Statement-II is correct and explains the main goal of the scheme — enhancing accessibility and inclusivity in education.

• Question 24 of 30 24. Question 1 points With reference to the Muzhara Movement, consider the following statements: It emerged in the princely state of Patiala demanding land rights for tenant farmers. The movement was associated with opposition to the Biswedari land tenure system. It was launched during the Quit India Movement under Gandhi’s leadership. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: A Statement 1 – Correct: The Muzhara Movement originated in the princely state of Patiala (in present-day Punjab), and it primarily focused on securing land rights for tenant farmers (muzharas). Statement 2 – Correct: The movement opposed the Biswedari system, a form of feudal land tenure where biswedars (landlords) had a share in the produce cultivated by muzharas, who in turn faced double exploitation — from landlords and colonial authorities. Statement 3 – Incorrect: The movement was not part of the Quit India Movement. It gained momentum in the 1930s and was distinct from Gandhi-led nationalist movements, though it emerged within the broader context of anti-colonial and peasant mobilizations. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 – Correct: The Muzhara Movement originated in the princely state of Patiala (in present-day Punjab), and it primarily focused on securing land rights for tenant farmers (muzharas). Statement 2 – Correct: The movement opposed the Biswedari system, a form of feudal land tenure where biswedars (landlords) had a share in the produce cultivated by muzharas, who in turn faced double exploitation — from landlords and colonial authorities. Statement 3 – Incorrect: The movement was not part of the Quit India Movement. It gained momentum in the 1930s and was distinct from Gandhi-led nationalist movements, though it emerged within the broader context of anti-colonial and peasant mobilizations.

#### 24. Question

With reference to the Muzhara Movement, consider the following statements:

• It emerged in the princely state of Patiala demanding land rights for tenant farmers.

• The movement was associated with opposition to the Biswedari land tenure system.

• It was launched during the Quit India Movement under Gandhi’s leadership.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: A

• Statement 1 – Correct: The Muzhara Movement originated in the princely state of Patiala (in present-day Punjab), and it primarily focused on securing land rights for tenant farmers (muzharas).

• Statement 2 – Correct: The movement opposed the Biswedari system, a form of feudal land tenure where biswedars (landlords) had a share in the produce cultivated by muzharas, who in turn faced double exploitation — from landlords and colonial authorities.

• Statement 3 – Incorrect: The movement was not part of the Quit India Movement. It gained momentum in the 1930s and was distinct from Gandhi-led nationalist movements, though it emerged within the broader context of anti-colonial and peasant mobilizations.

Solution: A

• Question 25 of 30 25. Question 1 points Which of the following best explains the core objective of the Bharat Tech Triumph Program (TTP)? (a) To support local gaming markets through licensing of international gaming titles in India (b) To fund research institutions in quantum computing and biotech startups (c) To position Indian game developers and immersive tech startups on global platforms (d) To create a regulatory framework for the ethical use of AI and machine learning in public systems Correct Solution: C The Bharat Tech Triumph Program (TTP) is a national-level initiative launched under the Create in India framework. It is spearheaded by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (MIB) and implemented by the Interactive Entertainment and Innovation Council (IEIC). Its core aim is to showcase India’s gaming and interactive entertainment talent at global platforms such as the Game Developers Conference (GDC) 2025 (San Francisco) and WAVES Summit (India). It promotes: Indigenous game development Immersive technologies like AR, VR, and Metaverse Startup innovation in interactive media Thus, the program contributes to India’s creative economy and digital tech diplomacy. The other options refer to unrelated or different initiatives like DPIIT’s Startup India, MeitY’s digital innovation policy, or NITI Aayog’s AI ethics draft. Incorrect Solution: C The Bharat Tech Triumph Program (TTP) is a national-level initiative launched under the Create in India framework. It is spearheaded by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (MIB) and implemented by the Interactive Entertainment and Innovation Council (IEIC). Its core aim is to showcase India’s gaming and interactive entertainment talent at global platforms such as the Game Developers Conference (GDC) 2025 (San Francisco) and WAVES Summit (India). It promotes: Indigenous game development Immersive technologies like AR, VR, and Metaverse Startup innovation in interactive media Thus, the program contributes to India’s creative economy and digital tech diplomacy. The other options refer to unrelated or different initiatives like DPIIT’s Startup India, MeitY’s digital innovation policy, or NITI Aayog’s AI ethics draft.

#### 25. Question

Which of the following best explains the core objective of the Bharat Tech Triumph Program (TTP)?

• (a) To support local gaming markets through licensing of international gaming titles in India

• (b) To fund research institutions in quantum computing and biotech startups

• (c) To position Indian game developers and immersive tech startups on global platforms

• (d) To create a regulatory framework for the ethical use of AI and machine learning in public systems

Solution: C

The Bharat Tech Triumph Program (TTP) is a national-level initiative launched under the Create in India framework. It is spearheaded by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (MIB) and implemented by the Interactive Entertainment and Innovation Council (IEIC).

• Its core aim is to showcase India’s gaming and interactive entertainment talent at global platforms such as the Game Developers Conference (GDC) 2025 (San Francisco) and WAVES Summit (India). It promotes:

• Indigenous game development Immersive technologies like AR, VR, and Metaverse Startup innovation in interactive media

• Indigenous game development

• Immersive technologies like AR, VR, and Metaverse

• Startup innovation in interactive media

Thus, the program contributes to India’s creative economy and digital tech diplomacy. The other options refer to unrelated or different initiatives like DPIIT’s Startup India, MeitY’s digital innovation policy, or NITI Aayog’s AI ethics draft.

Solution: C

• Indigenous game development Immersive technologies like AR, VR, and Metaverse Startup innovation in interactive media

• Indigenous game development

• Immersive technologies like AR, VR, and Metaverse

• Startup innovation in interactive media

• Question 26 of 30 26. Question 1 points The global challenge of maintaining crop yields in agriculture, despite applying two million tonnes of pesticides, is addressed by the need for controlled and optimized use of pesticides and fertilizers. Advanced agriculture technology, known as agritech, utilizes various tools such as satellite imagery, sensors, drones, and software solutions for precise mapping, monitoring, and management of farming decisions. With the world’s population expected to grow by 33% to almost 10 billion by 2050, agriculture, employing 1.3 billion people globally, faces challenges related to resources, climate change, and water scarcity. Innovative solutions, including digitalization and precision farming practices, are crucial for sustainable agriculture, as exemplified by companies like Cropin, offering intelligent cloud platforms and SaaS-based solutions to enhance farm operations, manage financial activities, and provide actionable insights. Challenges faced by smallholder farmers and agri-input companies highlight the importance of digitalization and technological advancements in transforming traditional approaches and ensuring a successful cultivation cycle. Based on the passage, what assumption can be made about the current approach to pesticide and fertilizer use in agriculture? a. The current use of pesticides and fertilizers is already optimized. b. The global challenge of maintaining crop yields is solely due to the lack of advanced technology. c. The use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture is uncontrolled and inefficient. d. Agritech has no impact on addressing challenges related to crop yields. Correct Solution: C Justification : The use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture is uncontrolled and inefficient. Option A and D are contrary to what is given in the passage. Option B is extreme. Incorrect Solution: C Justification : The use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture is uncontrolled and inefficient. Option A and D are contrary to what is given in the passage. Option B is extreme.

#### 26. Question

The global challenge of maintaining crop yields in agriculture, despite applying two million tonnes of pesticides, is addressed by the need for controlled and optimized use of pesticides and fertilizers. Advanced agriculture technology, known as agritech, utilizes various tools such as satellite imagery, sensors, drones, and software solutions for precise mapping, monitoring, and management of farming decisions. With the world’s population expected to grow by 33% to almost 10 billion by 2050, agriculture, employing 1.3 billion people globally, faces challenges related to resources, climate change, and water scarcity. Innovative solutions, including digitalization and precision farming practices, are crucial for sustainable agriculture, as exemplified by companies like Cropin, offering intelligent cloud platforms and SaaS-based solutions to enhance farm operations, manage financial activities, and provide actionable insights. Challenges faced by smallholder farmers and agri-input companies highlight the importance of digitalization and technological advancements in transforming traditional approaches and ensuring a successful cultivation cycle.

Based on the passage, what assumption can be made about the current approach to pesticide and fertilizer use in agriculture?

• a. The current use of pesticides and fertilizers is already optimized.

• b. The global challenge of maintaining crop yields is solely due to the lack of advanced technology.

• c. The use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture is uncontrolled and inefficient.

• d. Agritech has no impact on addressing challenges related to crop yields.

Solution: C

Justification :

The use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture is uncontrolled and inefficient. Option A and D are contrary to what is given in the passage. Option B is extreme.

Solution: C

Justification :

The use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture is uncontrolled and inefficient. Option A and D are contrary to what is given in the passage. Option B is extreme.

• Question 27 of 30 27. Question 1 points Pointing to a girl, Mala said, ‘She is the granddaughter of my grandfather’s only son’. How is the girl related to Mala? a. Niece b. Sister c. Daughter d. Cannot be determined Correct Solution: D Justification : The granddaughter of Mala’s grandfather’s only son is either a niece or daughter of Mala. Hence, cannot be determined Incorrect Solution: D Justification : The granddaughter of Mala’s grandfather’s only son is either a niece or daughter of Mala. Hence, cannot be determined

#### 27. Question

Pointing to a girl, Mala said, ‘She is the granddaughter of my grandfather’s only son’. How is the girl related to Mala?

• c. Daughter

• d. Cannot be determined

Solution: D

Justification :

The granddaughter of Mala’s grandfather’s only son is either a niece or daughter of Mala. Hence, cannot be determined

Solution: D

Justification :

The granddaughter of Mala’s grandfather’s only son is either a niece or daughter of Mala. Hence, cannot be determined

• Question 28 of 30 28. Question 1 points In certain way Box P is related to 119 balls, Box L is related to 165 balls and in same way, which among the following box is related to 180 balls? a. Box M b. Box U c. . Box R d. Box P Correct Solution: A Justification : Answer A) Box M Explanation: By using above information we get the following table as shown, CASE 1 CASE 1 CASE 1 CASE 2 (eliminated) CASE 2 (eliminated) CASE 2 (eliminated) Rack Box No of balls Rack Box No of balls 6 P 119 6 175 5 R 190 5 180 4 L 165 4 K 165 3 U 210 3 U 210 2 K 175 2 P 119 1 M 180 1 R 190 Following the common explanation, we get “Box M has 180 balls”. Relation: Box P has 119 balls and Box L has 165 balls Similarly, Box M has 180 balls Hence, option A is correct. Incorrect Solution: A Justification : Answer A) Box M Explanation: By using above information we get the following table as shown, CASE 1 CASE 1 CASE 1 CASE 2 (eliminated) CASE 2 (eliminated) CASE 2 (eliminated) Rack Box No of balls Rack Box No of balls 6 P 119 6 175 5 R 190 5 180 4 L 165 4 K 165 3 U 210 3 U 210 2 K 175 2 P 119 1 M 180 1 R 190 Following the common explanation, we get “Box M has 180 balls”. Relation: Box P has 119 balls and Box L has 165 balls Similarly, Box M has 180 balls Hence, option A is correct.

#### 28. Question

In certain way Box P is related to 119 balls, Box L is related to 165 balls and in same way, which among the following box is related to 180 balls?

• c. . Box R

Solution: A

Justification :

Answer A) Box M

Explanation:

By using above information we get the following table as shown,

6 | P | 119 | 6 | | 175

5 | R | 190 | 5 | | 180

4 | L | 165 | 4 | K | 165

3 | U | 210 | 3 | U | 210

2 | K | 175 | 2 | P | 119

1 | M | 180 | 1 | R | 190

(eliminated)

Following the common explanation, we get “Box M has 180 balls”.

Relation: Box P has 119 balls and Box L has 165 balls

Similarly, Box M has 180 balls

Hence, option A is correct.

Solution: A

Justification :

Answer A) Box M

Explanation:

By using above information we get the following table as shown,

6 | P | 119 | 6 | | 175

5 | R | 190 | 5 | | 180

4 | L | 165 | 4 | K | 165

3 | U | 210 | 3 | U | 210

2 | K | 175 | 2 | P | 119

1 | M | 180 | 1 | R | 190

(eliminated)

Following the common explanation, we get “Box M has 180 balls”.

Relation: Box P has 119 balls and Box L has 165 balls

Similarly, Box M has 180 balls

Hence, option A is correct.

• Question 29 of 30 29. Question 1 points Insert the missing number in each of the following a. M b. Z c. Q d. S Correct Solution: B Justification : Positions of alphabets (A to Z) is (1-26) J+E=10+5=15; J+N=10+14=24; E+L=5+12=17. Value of C is 3 and value of missing letter is (29-3) is 26. Letter would be Z So, the answer is option B Incorrect Solution: B Justification : Positions of alphabets (A to Z) is (1-26) J+E=10+5=15; J+N=10+14=24; E+L=5+12=17. Value of C is 3 and value of missing letter is (29-3) is 26. Letter would be Z So, the answer is option B

#### 29. Question

Insert the missing number in each of the following

Solution: B

Justification :

Positions of alphabets (A to Z) is (1-26) J+E=10+5=15; J+N=10+14=24; E+L=5+12=17.

Value of C is 3 and value of missing letter is (29-3) is 26. Letter would be Z

So, the answer is option B

Solution: B

Justification :

Positions of alphabets (A to Z) is (1-26) J+E=10+5=15; J+N=10+14=24; E+L=5+12=17.

Value of C is 3 and value of missing letter is (29-3) is 26. Letter would be Z

So, the answer is option B

• Question 30 of 30 30. Question 1 points From January 1, 2021, the price of petrol (in Rupees per litre) on mth day of the year is 80 + 0.1m, where m = 1, 2, 3, …, 100 and thereafter remains constant. On the other hand, the price of diesel (in Rupees per litre) on nth day of 2021 is 69 + 0.15n for n. On which date in the year 2021 are the prices of these two fuels equal? (a) 21st May (b) 20th May (c) 19th May (d) 18th May Correct Solution: B Petrol price on day m: P=80+0.1mP = 80 + 0.1mP=80+0.1m (up to day 100, then constant at ₹90) Diesel price on day n: D=69+0.15nD = 69 + 0.15nD=69+0.15n Set both equal: 69+0.15n=90⇒0.15n=21⇒n=140 So, prices become equal on the 140th day of 2021. Count to 140th day: Jan–Apr = 31+28+31+30 = 120 days → 140th day = 20th May Hence, option (b) is correct. Incorrect Solution: B Petrol price on day m: P=80+0.1mP = 80 + 0.1mP=80+0.1m (up to day 100, then constant at ₹90) Diesel price on day n: D=69+0.15nD = 69 + 0.15nD=69+0.15n Set both equal: 69+0.15n=90⇒0.15n=21⇒n=140 So, prices become equal on the 140th day of 2021. Count to 140th day: Jan–Apr = 31+28+31+30 = 120 days → 140th day = 20th May Hence, option (b) is correct.

#### 30. Question

From January 1, 2021, the price of petrol (in Rupees per litre) on mth day of the year is 80 + 0.1m, where m = 1, 2, 3, …, 100 and thereafter remains constant. On the other hand, the price of diesel (in Rupees per litre) on nth day of 2021 is 69 + 0.15n for n. On which date in the year 2021 are the prices of these two fuels equal?

• (a) 21st May

• (b) 20th May

• (c) 19th May

• (d) 18th May

Solution: B

Petrol price on day m: P=80+0.1mP = 80 + 0.1mP=80+0.1m (up to day 100, then constant at ₹90)

Diesel price on day n: D=69+0.15nD = 69 + 0.15nD=69+0.15n

Set both equal:

69+0.15n=90⇒0.15n=21⇒n=140

So, prices become equal on the 140th day of 2021.

Count to 140th day:

• Jan–Apr = 31+28+31+30 = 120 days

• → 140th day = 20th May

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Solution: B

Petrol price on day m: P=80+0.1mP = 80 + 0.1mP=80+0.1m (up to day 100, then constant at ₹90)

Diesel price on day n: D=69+0.15nD = 69 + 0.15nD=69+0.15n

Set both equal:

69+0.15n=90⇒0.15n=21⇒n=140

So, prices become equal on the 140th day of 2021.

Count to 140th day:

• Jan–Apr = 31+28+31+30 = 120 days

• → 140th day = 20th May

Hence, option (b) is correct.

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