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• Question 1 of 30 1. Question 1 points The Ramappa Temple (Rudreshwara Temple) at Palampet, recently inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, known for its unique ‘sandbox technique’ foundation and lightweight porous bricks, belongs to the architectural legacy of which dynasty? (a) Cholas (b) Hoysalas (c) Kakatiyas (d) Vijayanagara Correct Solution: C The Ramappa Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, was built during the reign of the Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva in the early 13th century. It is renowned for its intricate carvings, unique engineering features like the sandbox foundation to cushion against earthquakes, and lightweight bricks that reportedly float on water. Its inscription as a UNESCO site brought renewed focus on Kakatiya architecture. The temple utilizes a unique “sandbox technique” for its foundation, which has contributed significantly to its structural stability for over 800 years. This indigenous engineering method involved creating a foundation filled with sand that could absorb seismic movements, making the structure earthquake-resistant Incorrect Solution: C The Ramappa Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, was built during the reign of the Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva in the early 13th century. It is renowned for its intricate carvings, unique engineering features like the sandbox foundation to cushion against earthquakes, and lightweight bricks that reportedly float on water. Its inscription as a UNESCO site brought renewed focus on Kakatiya architecture. The temple utilizes a unique “sandbox technique” for its foundation, which has contributed significantly to its structural stability for over 800 years. This indigenous engineering method involved creating a foundation filled with sand that could absorb seismic movements, making the structure earthquake-resistant

#### 1. Question

The Ramappa Temple (Rudreshwara Temple) at Palampet, recently inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, known for its unique ‘sandbox technique’ foundation and lightweight porous bricks, belongs to the architectural legacy of which dynasty?

• (a) Cholas

• (b) Hoysalas

• (c) Kakatiyas

• (d) Vijayanagara

Solution: C

The Ramappa Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, was built during the reign of the Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva in the early 13th century. It is renowned for its intricate carvings, unique engineering features like the sandbox foundation to cushion against earthquakes, and lightweight bricks that reportedly float on water. Its inscription as a UNESCO site brought renewed focus on Kakatiya architecture.

The temple utilizes a unique “sandbox technique” for its foundation, which has contributed significantly to its structural stability for over 800 years. This indigenous engineering method involved creating a foundation filled with sand that could absorb seismic movements, making the structure earthquake-resistant

Solution: C

The Ramappa Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, was built during the reign of the Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva in the early 13th century. It is renowned for its intricate carvings, unique engineering features like the sandbox foundation to cushion against earthquakes, and lightweight bricks that reportedly float on water. Its inscription as a UNESCO site brought renewed focus on Kakatiya architecture.

The temple utilizes a unique “sandbox technique” for its foundation, which has contributed significantly to its structural stability for over 800 years. This indigenous engineering method involved creating a foundation filled with sand that could absorb seismic movements, making the structure earthquake-resistant

• Question 2 of 30 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about Sufism: The term ‘Silsilah’ refers to a Sufi order or spiritual lineage. A ‘Khanqah’ served as a hospice or centre for Sufi spiritual activities and community living. Sufism originated primarily as a reform movement within Shia Islam. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Answer: A ‘Silsilah’ literally means ‘chain’, referring to the continuous spiritual lineage connecting Sufi masters back to the Prophet Muhammad. Different orders represent distinct chains/lineages. Hence, statement 1 is correct Khanqahs were central institutions for Sufi orders, serving as dwellings for the master and disciples, places for prayer, meditation, musical sessions (sama), community service, and providing shelter for travelers and the poor. Hence, statement 2 is correct. Sufism emerged as a mystical trend within Islam generally, drawing adherents from both Sunni and Shia backgrounds, rather than originating specifically as a Shia reform movement. Its focus was on inner spiritual experience rather than sectarian divides. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect. Incorrect Answer: A ‘Silsilah’ literally means ‘chain’, referring to the continuous spiritual lineage connecting Sufi masters back to the Prophet Muhammad. Different orders represent distinct chains/lineages. Hence, statement 1 is correct Khanqahs were central institutions for Sufi orders, serving as dwellings for the master and disciples, places for prayer, meditation, musical sessions (sama), community service, and providing shelter for travelers and the poor. Hence, statement 2 is correct. Sufism emerged as a mystical trend within Islam generally, drawing adherents from both Sunni and Shia backgrounds, rather than originating specifically as a Shia reform movement. Its focus was on inner spiritual experience rather than sectarian divides. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements about Sufism:

• The term ‘Silsilah’ refers to a Sufi order or spiritual lineage.

• A ‘Khanqah’ served as a hospice or centre for Sufi spiritual activities and community living.

• Sufism originated primarily as a reform movement within Shia Islam.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

• ‘Silsilah’ literally means ‘chain’, referring to the continuous spiritual lineage connecting Sufi masters back to the Prophet Muhammad. Different orders represent distinct chains/lineages. Hence, statement 1 is correct

• Khanqahs were central institutions for Sufi orders, serving as dwellings for the master and disciples, places for prayer, meditation, musical sessions (sama), community service, and providing shelter for travelers and the poor. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

• Sufism emerged as a mystical trend within Islam generally, drawing adherents from both Sunni and Shia backgrounds, rather than originating specifically as a Shia reform movement. Its focus was on inner spiritual experience rather than sectarian divides. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

• ‘Silsilah’ literally means ‘chain’, referring to the continuous spiritual lineage connecting Sufi masters back to the Prophet Muhammad. Different orders represent distinct chains/lineages. Hence, statement 1 is correct

• Khanqahs were central institutions for Sufi orders, serving as dwellings for the master and disciples, places for prayer, meditation, musical sessions (sama), community service, and providing shelter for travelers and the poor. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

• Sufism emerged as a mystical trend within Islam generally, drawing adherents from both Sunni and Shia backgrounds, rather than originating specifically as a Shia reform movement. Its focus was on inner spiritual experience rather than sectarian divides. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

• Question 3 of 30 3. Question 1 points Consider the following information about the Gupta Period: Author / Scholar Major Work Field / Genre Kalidasa Meghaduta Drama Aryabhata Surya Siddhanta Astronomy & Mathematics Varahamihira Brihat Samhita Poetry In how many of the above rows is the given information correctly matched across all three columns? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: D The Gupta Empire (approximately 320-550 CE) is often referred to as the “Golden Age” of ancient Indian civilization, marked by unprecedented advancements in science, literature, art, and philosophy. This period witnessed the emergence of brilliant scholars whose contributions shaped Indian intellectual traditions for centuries to come. The imperial patronage of arts and sciences facilitated notable developments across multiple domains of knowledge, from astronomy and mathematics to poetry and drama. Kalidasa Kalidasa was one of the most celebrated scholars and poets of the Gupta period. Meghaduta is a lyric poem written by Kalidasa that tells the story of a yaksa (or nature spirit) who was banished by his master to a faraway place for a year and begged a cloud to deliver a message of love to his wife. It established the genre of Sandesa Kavya or messenger poems. Hence, Hence, row 1 is incorrectly matched Aryabhata: Aryabhata was a prominent mathematician and astronomer who lived during the late Gupta period (476-550 CE). Aryabhata’s primary work is the ‘Aryabhatiya,’ which discusses mathematics and astronomy The Surya Siddhanta, according to al-Biruni, is attributed to Lāṭadeva, a student of Aryabhatta I, Hence, Hence, row 2 is incorrectly matched. Varahamihira Varahamihira was a renowned astronomer and polymath of the 6th century CE, during the late Gupta period. Brihat Samhita is one of Varahamihira’s major works. It is a 6th-century Sanskrit-language encyclopedia compiled by Varāhamihira in present-day Ujjain, India. However, Brihat Samhita is not primarily a work of poetry. It is an encyclopedic text covering a wide variety of other topics including astrology, architecture, geology, hydrology, and agriculture. Hence, Hence, row 3 is incorrectly matched. Incorrect Solution: D The Gupta Empire (approximately 320-550 CE) is often referred to as the “Golden Age” of ancient Indian civilization, marked by unprecedented advancements in science, literature, art, and philosophy. This period witnessed the emergence of brilliant scholars whose contributions shaped Indian intellectual traditions for centuries to come. The imperial patronage of arts and sciences facilitated notable developments across multiple domains of knowledge, from astronomy and mathematics to poetry and drama. Kalidasa Kalidasa was one of the most celebrated scholars and poets of the Gupta period. Meghaduta is a lyric poem written by Kalidasa that tells the story of a yaksa (or nature spirit) who was banished by his master to a faraway place for a year and begged a cloud to deliver a message of love to his wife. It established the genre of Sandesa Kavya or messenger poems. Hence, Hence, row 1 is incorrectly matched Aryabhata: Aryabhata was a prominent mathematician and astronomer who lived during the late Gupta period (476-550 CE). Aryabhata’s primary work is the ‘Aryabhatiya,’ which discusses mathematics and astronomy The Surya Siddhanta, according to al-Biruni, is attributed to Lāṭadeva, a student of Aryabhatta I, Hence, Hence, row 2 is incorrectly matched. Varahamihira Varahamihira was a renowned astronomer and polymath of the 6th century CE, during the late Gupta period. Brihat Samhita is one of Varahamihira’s major works. It is a 6th-century Sanskrit-language encyclopedia compiled by Varāhamihira in present-day Ujjain, India. However, Brihat Samhita is not primarily a work of poetry. It is an encyclopedic text covering a wide variety of other topics including astrology, architecture, geology, hydrology, and agriculture. Hence, Hence, row 3 is incorrectly matched.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following information about the Gupta Period:

Author / Scholar | Major Work | Field / Genre

Kalidasa | Meghaduta | Drama

Aryabhata | Surya Siddhanta | Astronomy & Mathematics

Varahamihira | Brihat Samhita | Poetry

In how many of the above rows is the given information correctly matched across all three columns?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: D

The Gupta Empire (approximately 320-550 CE) is often referred to as the “Golden Age” of ancient Indian civilization, marked by unprecedented advancements in science, literature, art, and philosophy. This period witnessed the emergence of brilliant scholars whose contributions shaped Indian intellectual traditions for centuries to come. The imperial patronage of arts and sciences facilitated notable developments across multiple domains of knowledge, from astronomy and mathematics to poetry and drama.

Kalidasa

Kalidasa was one of the most celebrated scholars and poets of the Gupta period. Meghaduta is a lyric poem written by Kalidasa that tells the story of a yaksa (or nature spirit) who was banished by his master to a faraway place for a year and begged a cloud to deliver a message of love to his wife. It established the genre of Sandesa Kavya or messenger poems.

Hence, Hence, row 1 is incorrectly matched

Aryabhata:

• Aryabhata was a prominent mathematician and astronomer who lived during the late Gupta period (476-550 CE).

• Aryabhata’s primary work is the ‘Aryabhatiya,’ which discusses mathematics and astronomy

• The Surya Siddhanta, according to al-Biruni, is attributed to Lāṭadeva, a student of Aryabhatta I,

Hence, Hence, row 2 is incorrectly matched.

Varahamihira

• Varahamihira was a renowned astronomer and polymath of the 6th century CE, during the late Gupta period. Brihat Samhita is one of Varahamihira’s major works.

• It is a 6th-century Sanskrit-language encyclopedia compiled by Varāhamihira in present-day Ujjain, India.

• However, Brihat Samhita is not primarily a work of poetry. It is an encyclopedic text covering a wide variety of other topics including astrology, architecture, geology, hydrology, and agriculture.

Hence, Hence, row 3 is incorrectly matched.

Solution: D

The Gupta Empire (approximately 320-550 CE) is often referred to as the “Golden Age” of ancient Indian civilization, marked by unprecedented advancements in science, literature, art, and philosophy. This period witnessed the emergence of brilliant scholars whose contributions shaped Indian intellectual traditions for centuries to come. The imperial patronage of arts and sciences facilitated notable developments across multiple domains of knowledge, from astronomy and mathematics to poetry and drama.

Kalidasa

Kalidasa was one of the most celebrated scholars and poets of the Gupta period. Meghaduta is a lyric poem written by Kalidasa that tells the story of a yaksa (or nature spirit) who was banished by his master to a faraway place for a year and begged a cloud to deliver a message of love to his wife. It established the genre of Sandesa Kavya or messenger poems.

Hence, Hence, row 1 is incorrectly matched

Aryabhata:

• Aryabhata was a prominent mathematician and astronomer who lived during the late Gupta period (476-550 CE).

• Aryabhata’s primary work is the ‘Aryabhatiya,’ which discusses mathematics and astronomy

• The Surya Siddhanta, according to al-Biruni, is attributed to Lāṭadeva, a student of Aryabhatta I,

Hence, Hence, row 2 is incorrectly matched.

Varahamihira

• Varahamihira was a renowned astronomer and polymath of the 6th century CE, during the late Gupta period. Brihat Samhita is one of Varahamihira’s major works.

• It is a 6th-century Sanskrit-language encyclopedia compiled by Varāhamihira in present-day Ujjain, India.

• However, Brihat Samhita is not primarily a work of poetry. It is an encyclopedic text covering a wide variety of other topics including astrology, architecture, geology, hydrology, and agriculture.

Hence, Hence, row 3 is incorrectly matched.

• Question 4 of 30 4. Question 1 points Consider the following information matching Bhakti philosophical schools, their proponents, and core concepts: School Proponent Core Concept Advaita Vedanta Nimbarkacharya Brahman alone is real Vishishtadvaita Ramanujacharya Brahman with attributes Dvaita Vedanta Madhvacharya Soul as part of God Shuddhadvaita Shankaracharya Brahman and Atman are separate In how many of the above rows is the given information correctly matched across all three columns? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: A The medieval period in India witnessed the development of diverse philosophical interpretations of the Vedanta school of philosophy, particularly centered around the concept of devotion (bhakti). These philosophical schools offered varying perspectives on the relationship between the individual soul (atman), the supreme reality (Brahman), and the world. Advaita Vedanta It is a non-dualistic philosophical school that proposes the oneness of reality. The principal proponent of Advaita Vedanta was Shankaracharya (Adi Shankara), not Nimbarkacharya. Nimbarkacharya was actually the founder of the Dvaitadvaita school (dual-non-dual), which is different from Advaita. “Brahman alone is real” does represent Advaita’s central teaching. Hence, row 1 is incorrectly matched. Vishishtadvaita Vishishtadvaita is the school of qualified non-dualism. Ramanujacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy. “Brahman with attributes” captures the essence of Vishishtadvaita, which asserts that Brahman possesses qualities and is not attributeless, in contrast to Advaita Vedanta. Hence, row 2 is correctly matched. Dvaita Vedanta Dvaita Vedanta is the school of dualism in Vedantic philosophy. Madhvacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Dvaita Vedanta. However, “Soul as part of God” fundamentally misrepresents Dvaita philosophy. Dvaita Vedanta specifically rejects the notion that souls are parts of God. Instead, it emphasizes the eternal difference (dvaita) between five distinct entities: God, soul, matter, time, and space. The core teaching is that the soul is eternally separate from God, not a part of God. Hence, row 3 is incorrectly matched. Shuddhadvaita Shuddhadvaita is the school of pure non-dualism. Shuddhadvaita was propounded by Vallabhacharya, not Shankaracharya. “Brahman and Atman are separate” contradicts both Shuddhadvaita and Advaita philosophies. Shuddhadvaita holds that the world is a real transformation of Brahman (not an illusion), while maintaining essential non-duality. The concept of separation between Brahman and Atman actually aligns more closely with Dvaita Vedanta. Hence, row 4 is incorrectly matched. Incorrect Solution: A The medieval period in India witnessed the development of diverse philosophical interpretations of the Vedanta school of philosophy, particularly centered around the concept of devotion (bhakti). These philosophical schools offered varying perspectives on the relationship between the individual soul (atman), the supreme reality (Brahman), and the world. Advaita Vedanta It is a non-dualistic philosophical school that proposes the oneness of reality. The principal proponent of Advaita Vedanta was Shankaracharya (Adi Shankara), not Nimbarkacharya. Nimbarkacharya was actually the founder of the Dvaitadvaita school (dual-non-dual), which is different from Advaita. “Brahman alone is real” does represent Advaita’s central teaching. Hence, row 1 is incorrectly matched. Vishishtadvaita Vishishtadvaita is the school of qualified non-dualism. Ramanujacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy. “Brahman with attributes” captures the essence of Vishishtadvaita, which asserts that Brahman possesses qualities and is not attributeless, in contrast to Advaita Vedanta. Hence, row 2 is correctly matched. Dvaita Vedanta Dvaita Vedanta is the school of dualism in Vedantic philosophy. Madhvacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Dvaita Vedanta. However, “Soul as part of God” fundamentally misrepresents Dvaita philosophy. Dvaita Vedanta specifically rejects the notion that souls are parts of God. Instead, it emphasizes the eternal difference (dvaita) between five distinct entities: God, soul, matter, time, and space. The core teaching is that the soul is eternally separate from God, not a part of God. Hence, row 3 is incorrectly matched. Shuddhadvaita Shuddhadvaita is the school of pure non-dualism. Shuddhadvaita was propounded by Vallabhacharya, not Shankaracharya. “Brahman and Atman are separate” contradicts both Shuddhadvaita and Advaita philosophies. Shuddhadvaita holds that the world is a real transformation of Brahman (not an illusion), while maintaining essential non-duality. The concept of separation between Brahman and Atman actually aligns more closely with Dvaita Vedanta. Hence, row 4 is incorrectly matched.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following information matching Bhakti philosophical schools, their proponents, and core concepts:

School | Proponent | Core Concept

Advaita Vedanta | Nimbarkacharya | Brahman alone is real

Vishishtadvaita | Ramanujacharya | Brahman with attributes

Dvaita Vedanta | Madhvacharya | Soul as part of God

Shuddhadvaita | Shankaracharya | Brahman and Atman are separate

In how many of the above rows is the given information correctly matched across all three columns?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: A

The medieval period in India witnessed the development of diverse philosophical interpretations of the Vedanta school of philosophy, particularly centered around the concept of devotion (bhakti).

These philosophical schools offered varying perspectives on the relationship between the individual soul (atman), the supreme reality (Brahman), and the world.

• Advaita Vedanta It is a non-dualistic philosophical school that proposes the oneness of reality. The principal proponent of Advaita Vedanta was Shankaracharya (Adi Shankara), not Nimbarkacharya. Nimbarkacharya was actually the founder of the Dvaitadvaita school (dual-non-dual), which is different from Advaita. “Brahman alone is real” does represent Advaita’s central teaching. Hence, row 1 is incorrectly matched.

• It is a non-dualistic philosophical school that proposes the oneness of reality.

• The principal proponent of Advaita Vedanta was Shankaracharya (Adi Shankara), not Nimbarkacharya. Nimbarkacharya was actually the founder of the Dvaitadvaita school (dual-non-dual), which is different from Advaita.

• “Brahman alone is real” does represent Advaita’s central teaching. Hence, row 1 is incorrectly matched.

• Vishishtadvaita Vishishtadvaita is the school of qualified non-dualism. Ramanujacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy. “Brahman with attributes” captures the essence of Vishishtadvaita, which asserts that Brahman possesses qualities and is not attributeless, in contrast to Advaita Vedanta. Hence, row 2 is correctly matched.

• Vishishtadvaita is the school of qualified non-dualism. Ramanujacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy.

• “Brahman with attributes” captures the essence of Vishishtadvaita, which asserts that Brahman possesses qualities and is not attributeless, in contrast to Advaita Vedanta. Hence, row 2 is correctly matched.

• Dvaita Vedanta Dvaita Vedanta is the school of dualism in Vedantic philosophy. Madhvacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Dvaita Vedanta. However, “Soul as part of God” fundamentally misrepresents Dvaita philosophy. Dvaita Vedanta specifically rejects the notion that souls are parts of God. Instead, it emphasizes the eternal difference (dvaita) between five distinct entities: God, soul, matter, time, and space. The core teaching is that the soul is eternally separate from God, not a part of God. Hence, row 3 is incorrectly matched.

• Dvaita Vedanta is the school of dualism in Vedantic philosophy. Madhvacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Dvaita Vedanta.

• However, “Soul as part of God” fundamentally misrepresents Dvaita philosophy. Dvaita Vedanta specifically rejects the notion that souls are parts of God.

• Instead, it emphasizes the eternal difference (dvaita) between five distinct entities: God, soul, matter, time, and space.

• The core teaching is that the soul is eternally separate from God, not a part of God. Hence, row 3 is incorrectly matched.

• Shuddhadvaita Shuddhadvaita is the school of pure non-dualism. Shuddhadvaita was propounded by Vallabhacharya, not Shankaracharya. “Brahman and Atman are separate” contradicts both Shuddhadvaita and Advaita philosophies. Shuddhadvaita holds that the world is a real transformation of Brahman (not an illusion), while maintaining essential non-duality. The concept of separation between Brahman and Atman actually aligns more closely with Dvaita Vedanta. Hence, row 4 is incorrectly matched.

• Shuddhadvaita is the school of pure non-dualism. Shuddhadvaita was propounded by Vallabhacharya, not Shankaracharya.

• “Brahman and Atman are separate” contradicts both Shuddhadvaita and Advaita philosophies. Shuddhadvaita holds that the world is a real transformation of Brahman (not an illusion), while maintaining essential non-duality.

• The concept of separation between Brahman and Atman actually aligns more closely with Dvaita Vedanta. Hence, row 4 is incorrectly matched.

Solution: A

The medieval period in India witnessed the development of diverse philosophical interpretations of the Vedanta school of philosophy, particularly centered around the concept of devotion (bhakti).

These philosophical schools offered varying perspectives on the relationship between the individual soul (atman), the supreme reality (Brahman), and the world.

• Advaita Vedanta It is a non-dualistic philosophical school that proposes the oneness of reality. The principal proponent of Advaita Vedanta was Shankaracharya (Adi Shankara), not Nimbarkacharya. Nimbarkacharya was actually the founder of the Dvaitadvaita school (dual-non-dual), which is different from Advaita. “Brahman alone is real” does represent Advaita’s central teaching. Hence, row 1 is incorrectly matched.

• It is a non-dualistic philosophical school that proposes the oneness of reality.

• The principal proponent of Advaita Vedanta was Shankaracharya (Adi Shankara), not Nimbarkacharya. Nimbarkacharya was actually the founder of the Dvaitadvaita school (dual-non-dual), which is different from Advaita.

• “Brahman alone is real” does represent Advaita’s central teaching. Hence, row 1 is incorrectly matched.

• Vishishtadvaita Vishishtadvaita is the school of qualified non-dualism. Ramanujacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy. “Brahman with attributes” captures the essence of Vishishtadvaita, which asserts that Brahman possesses qualities and is not attributeless, in contrast to Advaita Vedanta. Hence, row 2 is correctly matched.

• Vishishtadvaita is the school of qualified non-dualism. Ramanujacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy.

• “Brahman with attributes” captures the essence of Vishishtadvaita, which asserts that Brahman possesses qualities and is not attributeless, in contrast to Advaita Vedanta. Hence, row 2 is correctly matched.

• Dvaita Vedanta Dvaita Vedanta is the school of dualism in Vedantic philosophy. Madhvacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Dvaita Vedanta. However, “Soul as part of God” fundamentally misrepresents Dvaita philosophy. Dvaita Vedanta specifically rejects the notion that souls are parts of God. Instead, it emphasizes the eternal difference (dvaita) between five distinct entities: God, soul, matter, time, and space. The core teaching is that the soul is eternally separate from God, not a part of God. Hence, row 3 is incorrectly matched.

• Dvaita Vedanta is the school of dualism in Vedantic philosophy. Madhvacharya was the founder and principal proponent of Dvaita Vedanta.

• However, “Soul as part of God” fundamentally misrepresents Dvaita philosophy. Dvaita Vedanta specifically rejects the notion that souls are parts of God.

• Instead, it emphasizes the eternal difference (dvaita) between five distinct entities: God, soul, matter, time, and space.

• The core teaching is that the soul is eternally separate from God, not a part of God. Hence, row 3 is incorrectly matched.

• Shuddhadvaita Shuddhadvaita is the school of pure non-dualism. Shuddhadvaita was propounded by Vallabhacharya, not Shankaracharya. “Brahman and Atman are separate” contradicts both Shuddhadvaita and Advaita philosophies. Shuddhadvaita holds that the world is a real transformation of Brahman (not an illusion), while maintaining essential non-duality. The concept of separation between Brahman and Atman actually aligns more closely with Dvaita Vedanta. Hence, row 4 is incorrectly matched.

• Shuddhadvaita is the school of pure non-dualism. Shuddhadvaita was propounded by Vallabhacharya, not Shankaracharya.

• “Brahman and Atman are separate” contradicts both Shuddhadvaita and Advaita philosophies. Shuddhadvaita holds that the world is a real transformation of Brahman (not an illusion), while maintaining essential non-duality.

• The concept of separation between Brahman and Atman actually aligns more closely with Dvaita Vedanta. Hence, row 4 is incorrectly matched.

• Question 5 of 30 5. Question 1 points The architectural feature known as ‘Kalyanamandapa’ (marriage hall), often characterized by ornate pillars, became prominent in the temple architecture of: (a) The Pallavas (b) The Hoysalas (c) The Chalukyas of Badami (d) The Vijayanagara Empire Correct Solution: D While temple building evolved over centuries, the addition of large, elaborate, open-pillared halls known as Kalyanamandapas, used for celebrating the symbolic marriage of the temple’s deities, became a distinct and prominent feature during the Vijayanagara period. Examples can be seen at temples in Hampi like the Vittalaswami temple. Hence Option (d) is correct. Incorrect Solution: D While temple building evolved over centuries, the addition of large, elaborate, open-pillared halls known as Kalyanamandapas, used for celebrating the symbolic marriage of the temple’s deities, became a distinct and prominent feature during the Vijayanagara period. Examples can be seen at temples in Hampi like the Vittalaswami temple. Hence Option (d) is correct.

#### 5. Question

The architectural feature known as ‘Kalyanamandapa’ (marriage hall), often characterized by ornate pillars, became prominent in the temple architecture of:

• (a) The Pallavas

• (b) The Hoysalas

• (c) The Chalukyas of Badami

• (d) The Vijayanagara Empire

Solution: D

While temple building evolved over centuries, the addition of large, elaborate, open-pillared halls known as Kalyanamandapas, used for celebrating the symbolic marriage of the temple’s deities, became a distinct and prominent feature during the Vijayanagara period. Examples can be seen at temples in Hampi like the Vittalaswami temple.

Hence Option (d) is correct.

Solution: D

While temple building evolved over centuries, the addition of large, elaborate, open-pillared halls known as Kalyanamandapas, used for celebrating the symbolic marriage of the temple’s deities, became a distinct and prominent feature during the Vijayanagara period. Examples can be seen at temples in Hampi like the Vittalaswami temple.

Hence Option (d) is correct.

• Question 6 of 30 6. Question 1 points The Virashaiva or Lingayat movement, which emerged in Karnataka in the 12th century, strongly advocated for: The supremacy of Vedic rituals and sacrifices. Equality among all human beings, rejecting caste distinctions. Worship of Shiva exclusively in the form of the ‘Linga’. Rebirth and adherence to traditional Brahminical norms. How many of the statements given above are correct regarding the Virashaiva movement’s core tenets? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: B The Virashaiva or Lingayat movement emerged in 12th century Karnataka under Basavanna, a Brahmin-turned-reformer and minister under King Bijjala. It was a revolutionary social-spiritual movement that rejected Brahminical orthodoxy, caste hierarchy, and Vedic rituals. Statement 1: Correct – Lingayats rejected Vedic rituals, scriptural authority, astrology, and priesthood. The movement was against superstition and ritualism. Statement 2: Correct – The movement opposed caste discrimination, promoted social equality, and uplifted the untouchables. Women were granted equal status, which was radical for the time. Statement 3: Correct – Lingayats practice Ishtalinga worship, carrying a personal linga to represent a direct bond with Parashiva, avoiding priestly mediation and temple rituals. Statement 4: Incorrect – Lingayats rejected Brahminical norms and rebirth theory, challenging notions of karma-kand and Dharmashastra-based practices like cremation. Core Tenets: Kayaka and Dasoha: Work and service as spiritual paths. Anubhava Mantapa: Open forum for spiritual dialogue across castes and genders. Vachanas: Devotional poetry in Kannada to democratize spiritual knowledge. Burial over cremation as a rejection of Dharmashastra norms. Incorrect Solution: B The Virashaiva or Lingayat movement emerged in 12th century Karnataka under Basavanna, a Brahmin-turned-reformer and minister under King Bijjala. It was a revolutionary social-spiritual movement that rejected Brahminical orthodoxy, caste hierarchy, and Vedic rituals. Statement 1: Correct – Lingayats rejected Vedic rituals, scriptural authority, astrology, and priesthood. The movement was against superstition and ritualism. Statement 2: Correct – The movement opposed caste discrimination, promoted social equality, and uplifted the untouchables. Women were granted equal status, which was radical for the time. Statement 3: Correct – Lingayats practice Ishtalinga worship, carrying a personal linga to represent a direct bond with Parashiva, avoiding priestly mediation and temple rituals. Statement 4: Incorrect – Lingayats rejected Brahminical norms and rebirth theory, challenging notions of karma-kand and Dharmashastra-based practices like cremation. Core Tenets: Kayaka and Dasoha: Work and service as spiritual paths. Anubhava Mantapa: Open forum for spiritual dialogue across castes and genders. Vachanas: Devotional poetry in Kannada to democratize spiritual knowledge. Burial over cremation as a rejection of Dharmashastra norms.

#### 6. Question

The Virashaiva or Lingayat movement, which emerged in Karnataka in the 12th century, strongly advocated for:

• The supremacy of Vedic rituals and sacrifices.

• Equality among all human beings, rejecting caste distinctions.

• Worship of Shiva exclusively in the form of the ‘Linga’.

• Rebirth and adherence to traditional Brahminical norms.

How many of the statements given above are correct regarding the Virashaiva movement’s core tenets?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: B

The Virashaiva or Lingayat movement emerged in 12th century Karnataka under Basavanna, a Brahmin-turned-reformer and minister under King Bijjala. It was a revolutionary social-spiritual movement that rejected Brahminical orthodoxy, caste hierarchy, and Vedic rituals.

Statement 1: Correct – Lingayats rejected Vedic rituals, scriptural authority, astrology, and priesthood. The movement was against superstition and ritualism.

Statement 2: Correct – The movement opposed caste discrimination, promoted social equality, and uplifted the untouchables. Women were granted equal status, which was radical for the time.

Statement 3: Correct – Lingayats practice Ishtalinga worship, carrying a personal linga to represent a direct bond with Parashiva, avoiding priestly mediation and temple rituals.

Statement 4: Incorrect – Lingayats rejected Brahminical norms and rebirth theory, challenging notions of karma-kand and Dharmashastra-based practices like cremation.

Core Tenets:

• Kayaka and Dasoha: Work and service as spiritual paths.

• Anubhava Mantapa: Open forum for spiritual dialogue across castes and genders.

• Vachanas: Devotional poetry in Kannada to democratize spiritual knowledge.

• Burial over cremation as a rejection of Dharmashastra norms.

Solution: B

The Virashaiva or Lingayat movement emerged in 12th century Karnataka under Basavanna, a Brahmin-turned-reformer and minister under King Bijjala. It was a revolutionary social-spiritual movement that rejected Brahminical orthodoxy, caste hierarchy, and Vedic rituals.

Statement 1: Correct – Lingayats rejected Vedic rituals, scriptural authority, astrology, and priesthood. The movement was against superstition and ritualism.

Statement 2: Correct – The movement opposed caste discrimination, promoted social equality, and uplifted the untouchables. Women were granted equal status, which was radical for the time.

Statement 3: Correct – Lingayats practice Ishtalinga worship, carrying a personal linga to represent a direct bond with Parashiva, avoiding priestly mediation and temple rituals.

Statement 4: Incorrect – Lingayats rejected Brahminical norms and rebirth theory, challenging notions of karma-kand and Dharmashastra-based practices like cremation.

Core Tenets:

• Kayaka and Dasoha: Work and service as spiritual paths.

• Anubhava Mantapa: Open forum for spiritual dialogue across castes and genders.

• Vachanas: Devotional poetry in Kannada to democratize spiritual knowledge.

• Burial over cremation as a rejection of Dharmashastra norms.

• Question 7 of 30 7. Question 1 points The ‘Ashtadiggajas’, a collective of eight eminent Telugu poets, adorned the court of which Vijayanagara ruler? (a) Harihara I (b) Devaraya II (c) Krishnadevaraya (d) Achyuta Deva Raya Correct Solution: C Krishnadevaraya was not only a great ruler and scholar but also a renowned patron of literature. His court was famously graced by the ‘Ashtadiggajas’ (Eight Elephants), considered the pillars of Telugu literature during that period. Figures like Allasani Peddana and Tenali Ramakrishna are associated with this group. Hence, option (c) is correct. Incorrect Solution: C Krishnadevaraya was not only a great ruler and scholar but also a renowned patron of literature. His court was famously graced by the ‘Ashtadiggajas’ (Eight Elephants), considered the pillars of Telugu literature during that period. Figures like Allasani Peddana and Tenali Ramakrishna are associated with this group. Hence, option (c) is correct.

#### 7. Question

The ‘Ashtadiggajas’, a collective of eight eminent Telugu poets, adorned the court of which Vijayanagara ruler?

• (a) Harihara I

• (b) Devaraya II

• (c) Krishnadevaraya

• (d) Achyuta Deva Raya

Solution: C

Krishnadevaraya was not only a great ruler and scholar but also a renowned patron of literature. His court was famously graced by the ‘Ashtadiggajas’ (Eight Elephants), considered the pillars of Telugu literature during that period. Figures like Allasani Peddana and Tenali Ramakrishna are associated with this group.

Hence, option (c) is correct.

Solution: C

Krishnadevaraya was not only a great ruler and scholar but also a renowned patron of literature. His court was famously graced by the ‘Ashtadiggajas’ (Eight Elephants), considered the pillars of Telugu literature during that period. Figures like Allasani Peddana and Tenali Ramakrishna are associated with this group.

Hence, option (c) is correct.

• Question 8 of 30 8. Question 1 points Consider the following prominent women figures from Medieval India: Rudramadevi: A ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty. Mirabai: A Rajput princess and Nirguna Bhakti saint. Akka Mahadevi: A Virashaiva saint-poetess from Karnataka. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Rudramadevi was one of the few women rulers in medieval India, reigning over the Kakatiya kingdom from Warangal in the 13th century. Hence, statement 1 is correct. Mirabai was a Rajput princess and a prominent Saguna Bhakti saint, known for her devotion to Lord Krishna, not Nirguna. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect Akka Mahadevi was a leading figure of the 12th-century Virashaiva Bhakti movement in Karnataka, known for her Vachanas (poems) dedicated to Lord Shiva (Chennamallikarjuna). Hence, statement 3 is correct. Incorrect Solution: B Rudramadevi was one of the few women rulers in medieval India, reigning over the Kakatiya kingdom from Warangal in the 13th century. Hence, statement 1 is correct. Mirabai was a Rajput princess and a prominent Saguna Bhakti saint, known for her devotion to Lord Krishna, not Nirguna. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect Akka Mahadevi was a leading figure of the 12th-century Virashaiva Bhakti movement in Karnataka, known for her Vachanas (poems) dedicated to Lord Shiva (Chennamallikarjuna). Hence, statement 3 is correct.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following prominent women figures from Medieval India:

• Rudramadevi: A ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty.

• Mirabai: A Rajput princess and Nirguna Bhakti saint.

• Akka Mahadevi: A Virashaiva saint-poetess from Karnataka.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

Rudramadevi was one of the few women rulers in medieval India, reigning over the Kakatiya kingdom from Warangal in the 13th century.

Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Mirabai was a Rajput princess and a prominent Saguna Bhakti saint, known for her devotion to Lord Krishna, not Nirguna.

Hence, statement 2 is incorrect

Akka Mahadevi was a leading figure of the 12th-century Virashaiva Bhakti movement in Karnataka, known for her Vachanas (poems) dedicated to Lord Shiva (Chennamallikarjuna).

Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution: B

Rudramadevi was one of the few women rulers in medieval India, reigning over the Kakatiya kingdom from Warangal in the 13th century.

Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Mirabai was a Rajput princess and a prominent Saguna Bhakti saint, known for her devotion to Lord Krishna, not Nirguna.

Hence, statement 2 is incorrect

Akka Mahadevi was a leading figure of the 12th-century Virashaiva Bhakti movement in Karnataka, known for her Vachanas (poems) dedicated to Lord Shiva (Chennamallikarjuna).

Hence, statement 3 is correct.

• Question 9 of 30 9. Question 1 points The distinctive star-shaped ground plan and intricately carved soapstone sculptures are characteristic features of temple architecture belonging to which Southern kingdom? (a) Cholas (b) Pandyas (c) Hoysalas (d) Kakatiyas Correct Solution: C The Hoysala dynasty, ruling from Dwarasamudra (Halebidu), developed a unique style of temple architecture. Key features include a stellate (star-shaped) plan for the main shrine(s), raised platforms (jagati), and incredibly detailed, lathe-turned pillars and intricate soapstone carvings covering almost every surface, as seen in temples at Belur, Halebidu, and Somanathapura. Hence, option (c) is correct. Incorrect Solution: C The Hoysala dynasty, ruling from Dwarasamudra (Halebidu), developed a unique style of temple architecture. Key features include a stellate (star-shaped) plan for the main shrine(s), raised platforms (jagati), and incredibly detailed, lathe-turned pillars and intricate soapstone carvings covering almost every surface, as seen in temples at Belur, Halebidu, and Somanathapura. Hence, option (c) is correct.

#### 9. Question

The distinctive star-shaped ground plan and intricately carved soapstone sculptures are characteristic features of temple architecture belonging to which Southern kingdom?

• (a) Cholas

• (b) Pandyas

• (c) Hoysalas

• (d) Kakatiyas

Solution: C

The Hoysala dynasty, ruling from Dwarasamudra (Halebidu), developed a unique style of temple architecture. Key features include a stellate (star-shaped) plan for the main shrine(s), raised platforms (jagati), and incredibly detailed, lathe-turned pillars and intricate soapstone carvings covering almost every surface, as seen in temples at Belur, Halebidu, and Somanathapura.

Hence, option (c) is correct.

Solution: C

The Hoysala dynasty, ruling from Dwarasamudra (Halebidu), developed a unique style of temple architecture. Key features include a stellate (star-shaped) plan for the main shrine(s), raised platforms (jagati), and incredibly detailed, lathe-turned pillars and intricate soapstone carvings covering almost every surface, as seen in temples at Belur, Halebidu, and Somanathapura.

Hence, option (c) is correct.

• Question 10 of 30 10. Question 1 points The Bhakti movement encompassed diverse approaches to devotion. Which of the following saints is most representative of the Nirguna tradition, emphasizing devotion to a formless, attributeless God? (a) Tulsidas (b) Surdas (c) Mirabai (d) Kabir Correct Solution: D Tulsidas (devotee of Rama), Surdas, and Mirabai (devotees of Krishna) are prominent figures of the Saguna Bhakti tradition, worshipping God with form and attributes. Kabir, on the other hand, is a key exponent of Nirguna Bhakti, strongly emphasizing a formless Ultimate Reality (often referred to by names like Ram, Hari, Allah interchangeably but signifying the Absolute) and critiquing idolatry and ritualism. Hence, option (d) is correct. Incorrect Solution: D Tulsidas (devotee of Rama), Surdas, and Mirabai (devotees of Krishna) are prominent figures of the Saguna Bhakti tradition, worshipping God with form and attributes. Kabir, on the other hand, is a key exponent of Nirguna Bhakti, strongly emphasizing a formless Ultimate Reality (often referred to by names like Ram, Hari, Allah interchangeably but signifying the Absolute) and critiquing idolatry and ritualism. Hence, option (d) is correct.

#### 10. Question

The Bhakti movement encompassed diverse approaches to devotion. Which of the following saints is most representative of the Nirguna tradition, emphasizing devotion to a formless, attributeless God?

• (a) Tulsidas

• (b) Surdas

• (c) Mirabai

Solution: D

Tulsidas (devotee of Rama), Surdas, and Mirabai (devotees of Krishna) are prominent figures of the Saguna Bhakti tradition, worshipping God with form and attributes. Kabir, on the other hand, is a key exponent of Nirguna Bhakti, strongly emphasizing a formless Ultimate Reality (often referred to by names like Ram, Hari, Allah interchangeably but signifying the Absolute) and critiquing idolatry and ritualism.

Hence, option (d) is correct.

Solution: D

Tulsidas (devotee of Rama), Surdas, and Mirabai (devotees of Krishna) are prominent figures of the Saguna Bhakti tradition, worshipping God with form and attributes. Kabir, on the other hand, is a key exponent of Nirguna Bhakti, strongly emphasizing a formless Ultimate Reality (often referred to by names like Ram, Hari, Allah interchangeably but signifying the Absolute) and critiquing idolatry and ritualism.

Hence, option (d) is correct.

• Question 11 of 30 11. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding administration under the Delhi Sultanate: The Diwan-i-Arz was the military department headed by Ariz-i-mumalik. Ariz-i-mumalik was the commander in chief of the armed forces. Balban introduced the practice of branding of forces along with preparing descriptive role for each Soldier. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A During the Delhi sultanate period, the Sultan was assisted by a number of ministers who headed different departments and helped in administration. Diwan-i-Arz was the military department headed by Ariz-i-mumalik. Hence statement 1 is correct Ariz-i-mumalik was responsible for recruiting soldiers and administering military department. He was not the commander-in-chief of the army since the Sultan himself was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Hence statement 2 is incorrect Alauddin Khilji introduced the Chehra and the Dagh system, so that along with a descriptive role of its soldier as system of branding of the horses was also in place which would allow only good horses to be a part of the muster. Hence statement 3 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: A During the Delhi sultanate period, the Sultan was assisted by a number of ministers who headed different departments and helped in administration. Diwan-i-Arz was the military department headed by Ariz-i-mumalik. Hence statement 1 is correct Ariz-i-mumalik was responsible for recruiting soldiers and administering military department. He was not the commander-in-chief of the army since the Sultan himself was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Hence statement 2 is incorrect Alauddin Khilji introduced the Chehra and the Dagh system, so that along with a descriptive role of its soldier as system of branding of the horses was also in place which would allow only good horses to be a part of the muster. Hence statement 3 is incorrect

#### 11. Question

Consider the following statements regarding administration under the Delhi Sultanate:

• The Diwan-i-Arz was the military department headed by Ariz-i-mumalik.

• Ariz-i-mumalik was the commander in chief of the armed forces.

• Balban introduced the practice of branding of forces along with preparing descriptive role for each Soldier.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• During the Delhi sultanate period, the Sultan was assisted by a number of ministers who headed different departments and helped in administration.

• Diwan-i-Arz was the military department headed by Ariz-i-mumalik.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• Ariz-i-mumalik was responsible for recruiting soldiers and administering military department.

• He was not the commander-in-chief of the army since the Sultan himself was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

• Alauddin Khilji introduced the Chehra and the Dagh system, so that along with a descriptive role of its soldier as system of branding of the horses was also in place which would allow only good horses to be a part of the muster.

Hence statement 3 is incorrect

Solution: A

• During the Delhi sultanate period, the Sultan was assisted by a number of ministers who headed different departments and helped in administration.

• Diwan-i-Arz was the military department headed by Ariz-i-mumalik.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• Ariz-i-mumalik was responsible for recruiting soldiers and administering military department.

• He was not the commander-in-chief of the army since the Sultan himself was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

• Alauddin Khilji introduced the Chehra and the Dagh system, so that along with a descriptive role of its soldier as system of branding of the horses was also in place which would allow only good horses to be a part of the muster.

Hence statement 3 is incorrect

• Question 12 of 30 12. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Mansabdari system: The lowest Mansab was 10 and the highest was 5000. Mansabdars were directly appointed by the Mughal emperor. All the mansabdars had to maintain the same numbers of Sawars as his Zat rank. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: C The Mansabdari System was introduced by Akbar in his administration. Under the system every officer or mansabdar was assigned a rank called Mansab. The lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles Royal Princess received even higher ranks, like 7000. The Mansab rank was not hereditary; all the appointments and promotions as well as dismissals were directly made by the emperor. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct The ranks where father divided into two – Sawar and Zat . Zat meant personal and apart from fixing the personnel status of person in the administration hierarchy; it also indicated salary due to him Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalry men are person had to maintain. There were 3 categories in every Mansab – First category- A person who was required to maintain as many sawar as his zat rank. Second category – if the person-maintained half or more sawar as his zat rank Heart category if a person maintained sawar less than half as his zat rank. Hence statement 3 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: C The Mansabdari System was introduced by Akbar in his administration. Under the system every officer or mansabdar was assigned a rank called Mansab. The lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles Royal Princess received even higher ranks, like 7000. The Mansab rank was not hereditary; all the appointments and promotions as well as dismissals were directly made by the emperor. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct The ranks where father divided into two – Sawar and Zat . Zat meant personal and apart from fixing the personnel status of person in the administration hierarchy; it also indicated salary due to him Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalry men are person had to maintain. There were 3 categories in every Mansab – First category- A person who was required to maintain as many sawar as his zat rank. Second category – if the person-maintained half or more sawar as his zat rank Heart category if a person maintained sawar less than half as his zat rank. Hence statement 3 is incorrect

#### 12. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Mansabdari system:

• The lowest Mansab was 10 and the highest was 5000.

• Mansabdars were directly appointed by the Mughal emperor.

• All the mansabdars had to maintain the same numbers of Sawars as his Zat rank.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 2 only

• (b) 3 only

• (c) 1 and 2 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: C

• The Mansabdari System was introduced by Akbar in his administration.

• Under the system every officer or mansabdar was assigned a rank called Mansab.

• The lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles

• Royal Princess received even higher ranks, like 7000.

• The Mansab rank was not hereditary; all the appointments and promotions as well as dismissals were directly made by the emperor.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct

• The ranks where father divided into two – Sawar and Zat .

• Zat meant personal and apart from fixing the personnel status of person in the administration hierarchy; it also indicated salary due to him

• Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalry men are person had to maintain.

There were 3 categories in every Mansab –

• First category- A person who was required to maintain as many sawar as his zat rank.

• Second category – if the person-maintained half or more sawar as his zat rank

• Heart category if a person maintained sawar less than half as his zat rank.

Hence statement 3 is incorrect

Solution: C

• The Mansabdari System was introduced by Akbar in his administration.

• Under the system every officer or mansabdar was assigned a rank called Mansab.

• The lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles

• Royal Princess received even higher ranks, like 7000.

• The Mansab rank was not hereditary; all the appointments and promotions as well as dismissals were directly made by the emperor.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct

• The ranks where father divided into two – Sawar and Zat .

• Zat meant personal and apart from fixing the personnel status of person in the administration hierarchy; it also indicated salary due to him

• Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalry men are person had to maintain.

There were 3 categories in every Mansab –

• First category- A person who was required to maintain as many sawar as his zat rank.

• Second category – if the person-maintained half or more sawar as his zat rank

• Heart category if a person maintained sawar less than half as his zat rank.

Hence statement 3 is incorrect

• Question 13 of 30 13. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Vijayanagara empire: Amara -nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the Rayas. Amara -nayakas had to maintain fixed number of horses for the Rayas. Part of the revenue collected by the Amara -nayakas were used for Temple maintenance. The Amara -nayaka system was inspired by the Iqta system of the Delhi sultanate. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: D The Amara -nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara empire. It is likely that many of the features of this system were derived from the Iqta system of the Delhi sultanate. These Nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the Rayas or rulers of the Vijayanagara empire. They collected taxes and other dues from peasants, craftsmen and traders in the area; they retained part of the revenue for personal use and for maintaining a stitulated contingent of horses and elephants. These contingents provided the kings with an effective fighting force with which they brought the entire Southern Peninsula under their control Some of the revenue was used for maintenance of temples and irrigation works. Hence statements 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct Incorrect Solution: D The Amara -nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara empire. It is likely that many of the features of this system were derived from the Iqta system of the Delhi sultanate. These Nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the Rayas or rulers of the Vijayanagara empire. They collected taxes and other dues from peasants, craftsmen and traders in the area; they retained part of the revenue for personal use and for maintaining a stitulated contingent of horses and elephants. These contingents provided the kings with an effective fighting force with which they brought the entire Southern Peninsula under their control Some of the revenue was used for maintenance of temples and irrigation works. Hence statements 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

#### 13. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Vijayanagara empire:

• Amara -nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the Rayas.

• Amara -nayakas had to maintain fixed number of horses for the Rayas.

• Part of the revenue collected by the Amara -nayakas were used for Temple maintenance.

• The Amara -nayaka system was inspired by the Iqta system of the Delhi sultanate.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: D

• The Amara -nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara empire.

• It is likely that many of the features of this system were derived from the Iqta system of the Delhi sultanate.

• These Nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the Rayas or rulers of the Vijayanagara empire.

• They collected taxes and other dues from peasants, craftsmen and traders in the area; they retained part of the revenue for personal use and for maintaining a stitulated contingent of horses and elephants.

• These contingents provided the kings with an effective fighting force with which they brought the entire Southern Peninsula under their control

• Some of the revenue was used for maintenance of temples and irrigation works.

Hence statements 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

Solution: D

• The Amara -nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara empire.

• It is likely that many of the features of this system were derived from the Iqta system of the Delhi sultanate.

• These Nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the Rayas or rulers of the Vijayanagara empire.

• They collected taxes and other dues from peasants, craftsmen and traders in the area; they retained part of the revenue for personal use and for maintaining a stitulated contingent of horses and elephants.

• These contingents provided the kings with an effective fighting force with which they brought the entire Southern Peninsula under their control

• Some of the revenue was used for maintenance of temples and irrigation works.

Hence statements 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

• Question 14 of 30 14. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Disintegration of Bahmani Sultanate led to rise of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur. Gol Gumbaz, the second largest dome in the world, was built under patronage of Adil Shahis of Bijapur. Sufi saint Gesu daraz was patronised by the Adil Shahis of Bijapur. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B After the death of Mahmood gawan bahmani Kingdom begin to disintegrate and the provincial governors declared their Independence. After 1518 CE, the Sultanate broke up into 5 states, which are collectively known as the Deccan Sultanate– Nizam Shahis of Ahmednagar Adil Shahis of Bijapur Qutb Shahis of Golconda Imad Shahis of Berar Barid Shahis of Bidar. The Adil Shahis of Bijapur was founded by Yusuf Adil Shah. Muhammad Adil Shah was a prominent ruler of this dynasty, under whose patronage the Gol Gumbaz of Bijapur was constructed; it is the second largest dome in the world. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct Gesu Daraz was a famous Sufi saint of 15th century. He was patronised by Ahmed Shah Wali of Bahmani Sultanate. Hence statement 3 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: B After the death of Mahmood gawan bahmani Kingdom begin to disintegrate and the provincial governors declared their Independence. After 1518 CE, the Sultanate broke up into 5 states, which are collectively known as the Deccan Sultanate– Nizam Shahis of Ahmednagar Adil Shahis of Bijapur Qutb Shahis of Golconda Imad Shahis of Berar Barid Shahis of Bidar. The Adil Shahis of Bijapur was founded by Yusuf Adil Shah. Muhammad Adil Shah was a prominent ruler of this dynasty, under whose patronage the Gol Gumbaz of Bijapur was constructed; it is the second largest dome in the world. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct Gesu Daraz was a famous Sufi saint of 15th century. He was patronised by Ahmed Shah Wali of Bahmani Sultanate. Hence statement 3 is incorrect

#### 14. Question

Consider the following statements:

• Disintegration of Bahmani Sultanate led to rise of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur.

• Gol Gumbaz, the second largest dome in the world, was built under patronage of Adil Shahis of Bijapur.

• Sufi saint Gesu daraz was patronised by the Adil Shahis of Bijapur.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• After the death of Mahmood gawan bahmani Kingdom begin to disintegrate and the provincial governors declared their Independence.

• After 1518 CE, the Sultanate broke up into 5 states, which are collectively known as the Deccan Sultanate–

• Nizam Shahis of Ahmednagar

• Adil Shahis of Bijapur

• Qutb Shahis of Golconda

• Imad Shahis of Berar

• Barid Shahis of Bidar.

The Adil Shahis of Bijapur was founded by Yusuf Adil Shah. Muhammad Adil Shah was a prominent ruler of this dynasty, under whose patronage the Gol Gumbaz of Bijapur was constructed; it is the second largest dome in the world.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct

• Gesu Daraz was a famous Sufi saint of 15th century.

• He was patronised by Ahmed Shah Wali of Bahmani Sultanate.

Hence statement 3 is incorrect

Solution: B

• After the death of Mahmood gawan bahmani Kingdom begin to disintegrate and the provincial governors declared their Independence.

• After 1518 CE, the Sultanate broke up into 5 states, which are collectively known as the Deccan Sultanate–

• Nizam Shahis of Ahmednagar

• Adil Shahis of Bijapur

• Qutb Shahis of Golconda

• Imad Shahis of Berar

• Barid Shahis of Bidar.

The Adil Shahis of Bijapur was founded by Yusuf Adil Shah. Muhammad Adil Shah was a prominent ruler of this dynasty, under whose patronage the Gol Gumbaz of Bijapur was constructed; it is the second largest dome in the world.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct

• Gesu Daraz was a famous Sufi saint of 15th century.

• He was patronised by Ahmed Shah Wali of Bahmani Sultanate.

Hence statement 3 is incorrect

• Question 15 of 30 15. Question 1 points The famous poets Janna, Harihara and Raghavanka flourished under the patronage of: (a) Chalukyas (b) Pallavas (c) Hoysala (d) Rashtrakutas Correct Solution: C Harihara, Janna and Raghavanka flourished under the patronage of Hoysala Harihara was a noted Kannada poet and writer of 12th century who lived in Halebidu in modern Hassan district. He served in the court of Hoysala king Narasimha I. Raghavanka was another Kannada writer and poet in the Hoysala court who flourished in the late 12th century to early 13th century. He popularized the use of native Shatpadi metre in Kannada literature. Janna was another well-known kannada poet of early 13th century who graced the court of Hoysala King Veera Ballala II. He is famous for his book Yashodhara Charite which deals with Jain tenets, and is regarded as one of the classics of Kannada literature. Hence option C is correct Incorrect Solution: C Harihara, Janna and Raghavanka flourished under the patronage of Hoysala Harihara was a noted Kannada poet and writer of 12th century who lived in Halebidu in modern Hassan district. He served in the court of Hoysala king Narasimha I. Raghavanka was another Kannada writer and poet in the Hoysala court who flourished in the late 12th century to early 13th century. He popularized the use of native Shatpadi metre in Kannada literature. Janna was another well-known kannada poet of early 13th century who graced the court of Hoysala King Veera Ballala II. He is famous for his book Yashodhara Charite which deals with Jain tenets, and is regarded as one of the classics of Kannada literature. Hence option C is correct

#### 15. Question

The famous poets Janna, Harihara and Raghavanka flourished under the patronage of:

• (a) Chalukyas

• (b) Pallavas

• (c) Hoysala

• (d) Rashtrakutas

Solution: C

• Harihara, Janna and Raghavanka flourished under the patronage of Hoysala

• Harihara was a noted Kannada poet and writer of 12th century who lived in Halebidu in modern Hassan district. He served in the court of Hoysala king Narasimha I.

• Raghavanka was another Kannada writer and poet in the Hoysala court who flourished in the late 12th century to early 13th century. He popularized the use of native Shatpadi metre in Kannada literature.

• Janna was another well-known kannada poet of early 13th century who graced the court of Hoysala King Veera Ballala II. He is famous for his book Yashodhara Charite which deals with Jain tenets, and is regarded as one of the classics of Kannada literature.

Hence option C is correct

Solution: C

• Harihara, Janna and Raghavanka flourished under the patronage of Hoysala

• Harihara was a noted Kannada poet and writer of 12th century who lived in Halebidu in modern Hassan district. He served in the court of Hoysala king Narasimha I.

• Raghavanka was another Kannada writer and poet in the Hoysala court who flourished in the late 12th century to early 13th century. He popularized the use of native Shatpadi metre in Kannada literature.

• Janna was another well-known kannada poet of early 13th century who graced the court of Hoysala King Veera Ballala II. He is famous for his book Yashodhara Charite which deals with Jain tenets, and is regarded as one of the classics of Kannada literature.

Hence option C is correct

• Question 16 of 30 16. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement – I: The compositions of Nayanars advocated their opposition to Buddhism. Statement – II: During sixth-seventh centuries, various religious traditions in South India including the devotees of Vishnu and Shiva competed for Royal patronage. Which of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct and Statement -II explains Statement -I (b) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct but Statement -II does not explain Statement -I (c) Statement- I is correct but Statement -II is incorrect (d) Statement- I is incorrect but Statement -II is correct Correct Solution: A Some of the earliest Bhakti movement of 6th-7th centuries were led by Alvars (devotees of Vishnu) and Nayanars (devotees of Shiva). They travelled from place-to-place singing hymns in Tamil in praise of their gods. One of the major themes in Tamil bhakti hymns is the poet’s opposition to Buddhism and Jainism. This is particularly marked in the compositions of the Nayanars Historians have attempted to explain this hostility by suggesting that it was due to competition between members of other religious traditions for Royal patronage. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 correctly explains statement 1. Incorrect Solution: A Some of the earliest Bhakti movement of 6th-7th centuries were led by Alvars (devotees of Vishnu) and Nayanars (devotees of Shiva). They travelled from place-to-place singing hymns in Tamil in praise of their gods. One of the major themes in Tamil bhakti hymns is the poet’s opposition to Buddhism and Jainism. This is particularly marked in the compositions of the Nayanars Historians have attempted to explain this hostility by suggesting that it was due to competition between members of other religious traditions for Royal patronage. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 correctly explains statement 1.

#### 16. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement – I: The compositions of Nayanars advocated their opposition to Buddhism.

Statement – II: During sixth-seventh centuries, various religious traditions in South India including the devotees of Vishnu and Shiva competed for Royal patronage.

Which of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct and Statement -II explains Statement -I

• (b) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct but Statement -II does not explain Statement -I

• (c) Statement- I is correct but Statement -II is incorrect

• (d) Statement- I is incorrect but Statement -II is correct

Solution: A

• Some of the earliest Bhakti movement of 6th-7th centuries were led by Alvars (devotees of Vishnu) and Nayanars (devotees of Shiva).

• They travelled from place-to-place singing hymns in Tamil in praise of their gods.

• One of the major themes in Tamil bhakti hymns is the poet’s opposition to Buddhism and Jainism.

• This is particularly marked in the compositions of the Nayanars

• Historians have attempted to explain this hostility by suggesting that it was due to competition between members of other religious traditions for Royal patronage.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 correctly explains statement 1.

Solution: A

• Some of the earliest Bhakti movement of 6th-7th centuries were led by Alvars (devotees of Vishnu) and Nayanars (devotees of Shiva).

• They travelled from place-to-place singing hymns in Tamil in praise of their gods.

• One of the major themes in Tamil bhakti hymns is the poet’s opposition to Buddhism and Jainism.

• This is particularly marked in the compositions of the Nayanars

• Historians have attempted to explain this hostility by suggesting that it was due to competition between members of other religious traditions for Royal patronage.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 correctly explains statement 1.

• Question 17 of 30 17. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: The Seunas of Devagiri were feudatories of the Palas dynasty. The Seunas of Devagiri were the first medieval dynasty to use Marathi as the official language. Revolt of Harapala Deva against the Delhi Sultanate culminated in the decline of the Yadava dynasty. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B The Seunas of Devagiri, also known as the Yadavas, were feudatories of Western Chalukyas. Bhillamma declared Independence and started independent rule. The Yadavas maintained rivalry with Kakatiyas and Hoyshalas. Hence statement 1 is incorrect The Yadavas was the first major medieval dynasty to use Marathi as an official language. They ruled from 12th to 14th centuries and their efforts helped establish Marathi as the dominant language of the region. Earlier, Sanskrit and Kannada were used for official inscriptions but the Seunas promoted Marathi, particularly towards the end of their reign. Hence statement 2 is correct Harapala Deva was the last ruler of the Yadavas of Devagiri; he revolted against the Delhi sultanate and was captured and executed. His rebellion ultimately marked the decline of the dynasty. Hence statement 3 is correct Incorrect Solution: B The Seunas of Devagiri, also known as the Yadavas, were feudatories of Western Chalukyas. Bhillamma declared Independence and started independent rule. The Yadavas maintained rivalry with Kakatiyas and Hoyshalas. Hence statement 1 is incorrect The Yadavas was the first major medieval dynasty to use Marathi as an official language. They ruled from 12th to 14th centuries and their efforts helped establish Marathi as the dominant language of the region. Earlier, Sanskrit and Kannada were used for official inscriptions but the Seunas promoted Marathi, particularly towards the end of their reign. Hence statement 2 is correct Harapala Deva was the last ruler of the Yadavas of Devagiri; he revolted against the Delhi sultanate and was captured and executed. His rebellion ultimately marked the decline of the dynasty. Hence statement 3 is correct

#### 17. Question

Consider the following statements:

• The Seunas of Devagiri were feudatories of the Palas dynasty.

• The Seunas of Devagiri were the first medieval dynasty to use Marathi as the official language.

• Revolt of Harapala Deva against the Delhi Sultanate culminated in the decline of the Yadava dynasty.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• The Seunas of Devagiri, also known as the Yadavas, were feudatories of Western Chalukyas.

• Bhillamma declared Independence and started independent rule.

• The Yadavas maintained rivalry with Kakatiyas and Hoyshalas.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• The Yadavas was the first major medieval dynasty to use Marathi as an official language.

• They ruled from 12th to 14th centuries and their efforts helped establish Marathi as the dominant language of the region.

• Earlier, Sanskrit and Kannada were used for official inscriptions but the Seunas promoted Marathi, particularly towards the end of their reign.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• Harapala Deva was the last ruler of the Yadavas of Devagiri; he revolted against the Delhi sultanate and was captured and executed.

• His rebellion ultimately marked the decline of the dynasty.

Hence statement 3 is correct

Solution: B

• The Seunas of Devagiri, also known as the Yadavas, were feudatories of Western Chalukyas.

• Bhillamma declared Independence and started independent rule.

• The Yadavas maintained rivalry with Kakatiyas and Hoyshalas.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• The Yadavas was the first major medieval dynasty to use Marathi as an official language.

• They ruled from 12th to 14th centuries and their efforts helped establish Marathi as the dominant language of the region.

• Earlier, Sanskrit and Kannada were used for official inscriptions but the Seunas promoted Marathi, particularly towards the end of their reign.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• Harapala Deva was the last ruler of the Yadavas of Devagiri; he revolted against the Delhi sultanate and was captured and executed.

• His rebellion ultimately marked the decline of the dynasty.

Hence statement 3 is correct

• Question 18 of 30 18. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: The Satnamis were wandering ascetics who collected alms on their way to pilgrimage sites. The Satnamis revolted against Din-i Ilahi faith introduced by Mughal emperor Akbar. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: D The Satnamis were mostly peasants, artisans and low caste people including goldsmiths, carpenters, tanners and other workers. They did not observe distinctions of caste and rank or between Hindus and Muslims and followed a strict code of conduct The Satnami revolt broke out during the rule of Aurangzeb. The Revolt typically started from a clash with a local official and soon assumed the character of an open rebellion and the emperor had to march in person to crush it. Din-i Ilahi meaning divine faith or God’s religion was a religious movement introduced by Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582 Akbar tried to blend various religious traditions including Islam, Hinduism and others into a universal religion that would promote unity within his Empire. Hence statements 1 and 2 are incorrect Incorrect Solution: D The Satnamis were mostly peasants, artisans and low caste people including goldsmiths, carpenters, tanners and other workers. They did not observe distinctions of caste and rank or between Hindus and Muslims and followed a strict code of conduct The Satnami revolt broke out during the rule of Aurangzeb. The Revolt typically started from a clash with a local official and soon assumed the character of an open rebellion and the emperor had to march in person to crush it. Din-i Ilahi meaning divine faith or God’s religion was a religious movement introduced by Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582 Akbar tried to blend various religious traditions including Islam, Hinduism and others into a universal religion that would promote unity within his Empire. Hence statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

#### 18. Question

Consider the following statements:

• The Satnamis were wandering ascetics who collected alms on their way to pilgrimage sites.

• The Satnamis revolted against Din-i Ilahi faith introduced by Mughal emperor Akbar.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: D

• The Satnamis were mostly peasants, artisans and low caste people including goldsmiths, carpenters, tanners and other workers.

• They did not observe distinctions of caste and rank or between Hindus and Muslims and followed a strict code of conduct

• The Satnami revolt broke out during the rule of Aurangzeb.

• The Revolt typically started from a clash with a local official and soon assumed the character of an open rebellion and the emperor had to march in person to crush it.

• Din-i Ilahi meaning divine faith or God’s religion was a religious movement introduced by Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582

• Akbar tried to blend various religious traditions including Islam, Hinduism and others into a universal religion that would promote unity within his Empire.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

Solution: D

• The Satnamis were mostly peasants, artisans and low caste people including goldsmiths, carpenters, tanners and other workers.

• They did not observe distinctions of caste and rank or between Hindus and Muslims and followed a strict code of conduct

• The Satnami revolt broke out during the rule of Aurangzeb.

• The Revolt typically started from a clash with a local official and soon assumed the character of an open rebellion and the emperor had to march in person to crush it.

• Din-i Ilahi meaning divine faith or God’s religion was a religious movement introduced by Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582

• Akbar tried to blend various religious traditions including Islam, Hinduism and others into a universal religion that would promote unity within his Empire.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

• Question 19 of 30 19. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Qual is a Sufi poetry in Sanskrit recited by Qawwals. Qual was introduced by Amir Khusrau. Amir Khusrau was a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: B Qual is an Arabic word meaning saying. It is a hymn sung at the opening or closing of qawwali. This was followed by a Sufi poetry in Persian hindavi and Urdu and sometimes using words from all of these languages. Hence statement 1 is incorrect Quals were introduced by Amir Khusrau. Khusrau was a great poet, musician and disciple of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya He gave a unique form to the Chishti sama by introducing qual (Arabic word meaning saying) a hymn song at the opening or closing of qawwali. This was followed by Sufi poetry in Persian, Hindavi or Urdu and sometimes using words from all these three languages. Qawwals at the shrine of Nizamuddin Auliya always start their recital with the qual. Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct Incorrect Solution: B Qual is an Arabic word meaning saying. It is a hymn sung at the opening or closing of qawwali. This was followed by a Sufi poetry in Persian hindavi and Urdu and sometimes using words from all of these languages. Hence statement 1 is incorrect Quals were introduced by Amir Khusrau. Khusrau was a great poet, musician and disciple of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya He gave a unique form to the Chishti sama by introducing qual (Arabic word meaning saying) a hymn song at the opening or closing of qawwali. This was followed by Sufi poetry in Persian, Hindavi or Urdu and sometimes using words from all these three languages. Qawwals at the shrine of Nizamuddin Auliya always start their recital with the qual. Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct

#### 19. Question

Consider the following statements:

• Qual is a Sufi poetry in Sanskrit recited by Qawwals.

• Qual was introduced by Amir Khusrau.

• Amir Khusrau was a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 and 3 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 2 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: B

• Qual is an Arabic word meaning saying.

• It is a hymn sung at the opening or closing of qawwali.

• This was followed by a Sufi poetry in Persian hindavi and Urdu and sometimes using words from all of these languages.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• Quals were introduced by Amir Khusrau.

• Khusrau was a great poet, musician and disciple of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya

• He gave a unique form to the Chishti sama by introducing qual (Arabic word meaning saying) a hymn song at the opening or closing of qawwali.

• This was followed by Sufi poetry in Persian, Hindavi or Urdu and sometimes using words from all these three languages.

• Qawwals at the shrine of Nizamuddin Auliya always start their recital with the qual.

Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct

Solution: B

• Qual is an Arabic word meaning saying.

• It is a hymn sung at the opening or closing of qawwali.

• This was followed by a Sufi poetry in Persian hindavi and Urdu and sometimes using words from all of these languages.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• Quals were introduced by Amir Khusrau.

• Khusrau was a great poet, musician and disciple of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya

• He gave a unique form to the Chishti sama by introducing qual (Arabic word meaning saying) a hymn song at the opening or closing of qawwali.

• This was followed by Sufi poetry in Persian, Hindavi or Urdu and sometimes using words from all these three languages.

• Qawwals at the shrine of Nizamuddin Auliya always start their recital with the qual.

Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct

• Question 20 of 30 20. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Shankaradeva of Assam: He was a disciple of Vaishnava saint Sri Chaitanya. His teachings are known as Bhagvati Dharma. He encouraged establishment of Satras for transmission of spiritual knowledge. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 1 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 3 only Correct Solution: A Shrimant Shankaradeva was a prominent saint of Assam who founded Neo-Vaishnavism. He was a contemporary of famous Vaishnav Saint Sri Chaitanya but was not a disciple of him. Hence statement 1 is incorrect Shriman Shankaradeva was a prominent figure of Vaishnava Bhakti movement and is revered as a religious reformer and founder of Ekasharana Dharma in Assam. His teachings are often known as Bhagavati Dharma because they were based on Bhagavat Gita and the Bhagavat Purana and focused on absolute surrender to the supreme deity Vishnu. He emphasized the need for Naam Kirtan, recitation of the names of Lord in satsang or congregations of pious devotees. He also encouraged the establishment of Satras or monasteries for transmission of spiritual knowledge and Namghar or prayer halls. Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct Incorrect Solution: A Shrimant Shankaradeva was a prominent saint of Assam who founded Neo-Vaishnavism. He was a contemporary of famous Vaishnav Saint Sri Chaitanya but was not a disciple of him. Hence statement 1 is incorrect Shriman Shankaradeva was a prominent figure of Vaishnava Bhakti movement and is revered as a religious reformer and founder of Ekasharana Dharma in Assam. His teachings are often known as Bhagavati Dharma because they were based on Bhagavat Gita and the Bhagavat Purana and focused on absolute surrender to the supreme deity Vishnu. He emphasized the need for Naam Kirtan, recitation of the names of Lord in satsang or congregations of pious devotees. He also encouraged the establishment of Satras or monasteries for transmission of spiritual knowledge and Namghar or prayer halls. Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct

#### 20. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Shankaradeva of Assam:

• He was a disciple of Vaishnava saint Sri Chaitanya.

• His teachings are known as Bhagvati Dharma.

• He encouraged establishment of Satras for transmission of spiritual knowledge.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 2 and 3 only

• (b) 1 only

• (c) 1, 2 and 3

• (d) 3 only

Solution: A

• Shrimant Shankaradeva was a prominent saint of Assam who founded Neo-Vaishnavism.

• He was a contemporary of famous Vaishnav Saint Sri Chaitanya but was not a disciple of him.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• Shriman Shankaradeva was a prominent figure of Vaishnava Bhakti movement and is revered as a religious reformer and founder of Ekasharana Dharma in Assam.

• His teachings are often known as Bhagavati Dharma because they were based on Bhagavat Gita and the Bhagavat Purana and focused on absolute surrender to the supreme deity Vishnu.

• He emphasized the need for Naam Kirtan, recitation of the names of Lord in satsang or congregations of pious devotees.

• He also encouraged the establishment of Satras or monasteries for transmission of spiritual knowledge and Namghar or prayer halls.

Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct

Solution: A

• Shrimant Shankaradeva was a prominent saint of Assam who founded Neo-Vaishnavism.

• He was a contemporary of famous Vaishnav Saint Sri Chaitanya but was not a disciple of him.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• Shriman Shankaradeva was a prominent figure of Vaishnava Bhakti movement and is revered as a religious reformer and founder of Ekasharana Dharma in Assam.

• His teachings are often known as Bhagavati Dharma because they were based on Bhagavat Gita and the Bhagavat Purana and focused on absolute surrender to the supreme deity Vishnu.

• He emphasized the need for Naam Kirtan, recitation of the names of Lord in satsang or congregations of pious devotees.

• He also encouraged the establishment of Satras or monasteries for transmission of spiritual knowledge and Namghar or prayer halls.

Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct

• Question 21 of 30 21. Question 1 points With reference to the concept of Reciprocal Tariffs recently reintroduced by the United States, consider the following statements: Reciprocal tariffs undermine the principle of “Special and Differential Treatment” granted to developing countries under WTO norms. India’s export sectors that rely heavily on government subsidies may face higher tariff barriers under the reciprocal tariff regime. Reciprocal tariffs are imposed by the US only when the partner country has a trade surplus with the US. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: A Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Reciprocal tariffs by the US represent a departure from WTO’s core principle of allowing developing countries preferential treatment (Special and Differential Treatment) such as lower tariffs or longer implementation timelines. With reciprocal tariffs, India and similar economies would lose this benefit. Statement 2 is correct: India’s key export sectors such as textiles, generic pharmaceuticals, and auto components have benefited from various indirect subsidies and incentives under schemes like RoDTEP, PLI, and SEZ benefits. Under reciprocal tariffs, these support systems may be interpreted as unfair trade practices, prompting higher US import tariffs on Indian goods. Statement 3 is incorrect: The US’s reciprocal tariff regime is not limited to countries with a trade surplus. It is based on the tariff treatment given to US exports by any country. Even countries with a balanced or deficit trade relationship with the US may be targeted if they impose higher tariffs or subsidies on imports from the US. Hence, the correct answer is (a) 1 and 2 only. Incorrect Solution: A Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Reciprocal tariffs by the US represent a departure from WTO’s core principle of allowing developing countries preferential treatment (Special and Differential Treatment) such as lower tariffs or longer implementation timelines. With reciprocal tariffs, India and similar economies would lose this benefit. Statement 2 is correct: India’s key export sectors such as textiles, generic pharmaceuticals, and auto components have benefited from various indirect subsidies and incentives under schemes like RoDTEP, PLI, and SEZ benefits. Under reciprocal tariffs, these support systems may be interpreted as unfair trade practices, prompting higher US import tariffs on Indian goods. Statement 3 is incorrect: The US’s reciprocal tariff regime is not limited to countries with a trade surplus. It is based on the tariff treatment given to US exports by any country. Even countries with a balanced or deficit trade relationship with the US may be targeted if they impose higher tariffs or subsidies on imports from the US. Hence, the correct answer is (a) 1 and 2 only.

#### 21. Question

With reference to the concept of Reciprocal Tariffs recently reintroduced by the United States, consider the following statements:

• Reciprocal tariffs undermine the principle of “Special and Differential Treatment” granted to developing countries under WTO norms.

• India’s export sectors that rely heavily on government subsidies may face higher tariff barriers under the reciprocal tariff regime.

• Reciprocal tariffs are imposed by the US only when the partner country has a trade surplus with the US.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Reciprocal tariffs by the US represent a departure from WTO’s core principle of allowing developing countries preferential treatment (Special and Differential Treatment) such as lower tariffs or longer implementation timelines. With reciprocal tariffs, India and similar economies would lose this benefit.

Statement 2 is correct: India’s key export sectors such as textiles, generic pharmaceuticals, and auto components have benefited from various indirect subsidies and incentives under schemes like RoDTEP, PLI, and SEZ benefits. Under reciprocal tariffs, these support systems may be interpreted as unfair trade practices, prompting higher US import tariffs on Indian goods.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The US’s reciprocal tariff regime is not limited to countries with a trade surplus. It is based on the tariff treatment given to US exports by any country. Even countries with a balanced or deficit trade relationship with the US may be targeted if they impose higher tariffs or subsidies on imports from the US.

Hence, the correct answer is (a) 1 and 2 only.

Solution: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Reciprocal tariffs by the US represent a departure from WTO’s core principle of allowing developing countries preferential treatment (Special and Differential Treatment) such as lower tariffs or longer implementation timelines. With reciprocal tariffs, India and similar economies would lose this benefit.

Statement 2 is correct: India’s key export sectors such as textiles, generic pharmaceuticals, and auto components have benefited from various indirect subsidies and incentives under schemes like RoDTEP, PLI, and SEZ benefits. Under reciprocal tariffs, these support systems may be interpreted as unfair trade practices, prompting higher US import tariffs on Indian goods.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The US’s reciprocal tariff regime is not limited to countries with a trade surplus. It is based on the tariff treatment given to US exports by any country. Even countries with a balanced or deficit trade relationship with the US may be targeted if they impose higher tariffs or subsidies on imports from the US.

Hence, the correct answer is (a) 1 and 2 only.

• Question 22 of 30 22. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the Indian Register of Shipping (IRS): It functions under the Ministry of Shipping and was established by an Act of Parliament. It conducts classification and safety certifications for India’s naval submarines only. It is a member of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). How many of the above statements is/ are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) None Correct Solution: D Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect: IRS was established under the Indian Companies Act in 1975, based on Mudaliar Committee recommendations, not an Act of Parliament. Statement 2 is incorrect: IRS does not certify naval submarines; its role is in merchant and industrial maritime safety, not military platforms. Statement 3 is incorrect: IRS is not a member of the IMO, which is a UN-level body. IRS is a classification society, not a country or government agency. IRS became the Chair of IACS (International Association of Classification Societies) in 2019, marking a milestone in India’s maritime regulatory leadership. Incorrect Solution: D Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect: IRS was established under the Indian Companies Act in 1975, based on Mudaliar Committee recommendations, not an Act of Parliament. Statement 2 is incorrect: IRS does not certify naval submarines; its role is in merchant and industrial maritime safety, not military platforms. Statement 3 is incorrect: IRS is not a member of the IMO, which is a UN-level body. IRS is a classification society, not a country or government agency. IRS became the Chair of IACS (International Association of Classification Societies) in 2019, marking a milestone in India’s maritime regulatory leadership.

#### 22. Question

Consider the following statements about the Indian Register of Shipping (IRS):

• It functions under the Ministry of Shipping and was established by an Act of Parliament.

• It conducts classification and safety certifications for India’s naval submarines only.

• It is a member of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

How many of the above statements is/ are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

Solution: D

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: IRS was established under the Indian Companies Act in 1975, based on Mudaliar Committee recommendations, not an Act of Parliament.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: IRS does not certify naval submarines; its role is in merchant and industrial maritime safety, not military platforms.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: IRS is not a member of the IMO, which is a UN-level body. IRS is a classification society, not a country or government agency.

IRS became the Chair of IACS (International Association of Classification Societies) in 2019, marking a milestone in India’s maritime regulatory leadership.

Solution: D

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: IRS was established under the Indian Companies Act in 1975, based on Mudaliar Committee recommendations, not an Act of Parliament.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: IRS does not certify naval submarines; its role is in merchant and industrial maritime safety, not military platforms.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: IRS is not a member of the IMO, which is a UN-level body. IRS is a classification society, not a country or government agency.

IRS became the Chair of IACS (International Association of Classification Societies) in 2019, marking a milestone in India’s maritime regulatory leadership.

• Question 23 of 30 23. Question 1 points Why are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) increasingly considered suitable for installation on decommissioned thermal power plant sites? (a) They use fossil fuel combustion chambers already present. (b) They require no regulatory approval for installation. (c) They can utilize existing cooling, grid, and structural infrastructure. (d) They operate without nuclear fission, reducing environmental clearance. Correct Solution: C Explanation: SMRs, due to their compact and modular design, can be installed on decommissioned thermal power plant sites, making use of pre-existing infrastructure such as cooling systems, power transmission grids, and structural foundations. This not only saves construction time and costs, but also facilitates transitioning from fossil fuel-based to low-carbon electricity This is especially valuable in developing countries like India, where land and infrastructure reuse can ease the cost burden of new projects. SMRs still use nuclear fission, and therefore require regulatory approvals and safety protocols, but their design and flexibility allow integration into brownfield sites. Incorrect Solution: C Explanation: SMRs, due to their compact and modular design, can be installed on decommissioned thermal power plant sites, making use of pre-existing infrastructure such as cooling systems, power transmission grids, and structural foundations. This not only saves construction time and costs, but also facilitates transitioning from fossil fuel-based to low-carbon electricity This is especially valuable in developing countries like India, where land and infrastructure reuse can ease the cost burden of new projects. SMRs still use nuclear fission, and therefore require regulatory approvals and safety protocols, but their design and flexibility allow integration into brownfield sites.

#### 23. Question

Why are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) increasingly considered suitable for installation on decommissioned thermal power plant sites?

• (a) They use fossil fuel combustion chambers already present.

• (b) They require no regulatory approval for installation.

• (c) They can utilize existing cooling, grid, and structural infrastructure.

• (d) They operate without nuclear fission, reducing environmental clearance.

Solution: C

Explanation: SMRs, due to their compact and modular design, can be installed on decommissioned thermal power plant sites, making use of pre-existing infrastructure such as cooling systems, power transmission grids, and structural foundations.

• This not only saves construction time and costs, but also facilitates transitioning from fossil fuel-based to low-carbon electricity This is especially valuable in developing countries like India, where land and infrastructure reuse can ease the cost burden of new projects.

• SMRs still use nuclear fission, and therefore require regulatory approvals and safety protocols, but their design and flexibility allow integration into brownfield sites.

Solution: C

Explanation: SMRs, due to their compact and modular design, can be installed on decommissioned thermal power plant sites, making use of pre-existing infrastructure such as cooling systems, power transmission grids, and structural foundations.

• This not only saves construction time and costs, but also facilitates transitioning from fossil fuel-based to low-carbon electricity This is especially valuable in developing countries like India, where land and infrastructure reuse can ease the cost burden of new projects.

• SMRs still use nuclear fission, and therefore require regulatory approvals and safety protocols, but their design and flexibility allow integration into brownfield sites.

• Question 24 of 30 24. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Halari donkeys: They are primarily found in Gujarat’s Kutch and Banaskantha districts. Halari donkey milk is being explored for its use in the international cosmetics market. The Sahjeevan Trust is actively involved in conserving the breed. Which of the above statements are correct? a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: B Explanation: The endangered Halari donkeys, are considered to be intelligent animals which work closely with human beings. Statement 1 is incorrect: Halari donkeys are native to the Halar region, especially Jamnagar and Dwarka districts, not Kutch or Banaskantha. Statement 2 is correct: Halari donkey milk, noted for its sweetness, is highly priced in international markets, particularly in the cosmetics and wellness industry. Statement 3 is correct: Conservation efforts are led by Sahjeevan Trust, along with Gujarat’s Animal Husbandry Department and NBAGR. Thus, statements 2 and 3 are correct. Incorrect Solution: B Explanation: The endangered Halari donkeys, are considered to be intelligent animals which work closely with human beings. Statement 1 is incorrect: Halari donkeys are native to the Halar region, especially Jamnagar and Dwarka districts, not Kutch or Banaskantha. Statement 2 is correct: Halari donkey milk, noted for its sweetness, is highly priced in international markets, particularly in the cosmetics and wellness industry. Statement 3 is correct: Conservation efforts are led by Sahjeevan Trust, along with Gujarat’s Animal Husbandry Department and NBAGR. Thus, statements 2 and 3 are correct.

#### 24. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Halari donkeys:

• They are primarily found in Gujarat’s Kutch and Banaskantha districts.

• Halari donkey milk is being explored for its use in the international cosmetics market.

• The Sahjeevan Trust is actively involved in conserving the breed.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: B

Explanation:

The endangered Halari donkeys, are considered to be intelligent animals which work closely with human beings.

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Halari donkeys are native to the Halar region, especially Jamnagar and Dwarka districts, not Kutch or Banaskantha.

• Statement 2 is correct: Halari donkey milk, noted for its sweetness, is highly priced in international markets, particularly in the cosmetics and wellness industry.

• Statement 3 is correct: Conservation efforts are led by Sahjeevan Trust, along with Gujarat’s Animal Husbandry Department and NBAGR.

Thus, statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Solution: B

Explanation:

The endangered Halari donkeys, are considered to be intelligent animals which work closely with human beings.

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Halari donkeys are native to the Halar region, especially Jamnagar and Dwarka districts, not Kutch or Banaskantha.

• Statement 2 is correct: Halari donkey milk, noted for its sweetness, is highly priced in international markets, particularly in the cosmetics and wellness industry.

• Statement 3 is correct: Conservation efforts are led by Sahjeevan Trust, along with Gujarat’s Animal Husbandry Department and NBAGR.

Thus, statements 2 and 3 are correct.

• Question 25 of 30 25. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs regarding medicinal plants and their bioactive functions: Plant Property 1. Ashwagandha Cortisol reduction 2. Turmeric Curcumin-based anti-inflammatory 3. Bhringaraj Head ache 4. Lemon Rich in alkaloids with sedative effect How many of the above pairs is/ are correctly matched? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: B Explanation: In recent decades, researchers have identified new compounds and potential drugs from plants traditionally used in medicine, and today, these plants are being further explored for broader health applications and benefits. About Medicinal Foods and Benefits: Turmeric: Known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, used traditionally in food and medicine. High doses, however, may pose risks, highlighting the need for dosage regulation. Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia): Used for immunity boosting, reducing fevers, and other therapeutic benefits; traditionally consumed for its stem’s medicinal properties. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): Known to alleviate stress, improve energy levels, and enhance mental focus; it is particularly valued for its root’s therapeutic properties in Ayurveda. Bhringaraj (Eclipta prostrata): Beneficial for hair health, as well as liver and digestive health, and sometimes consumed as a leafy vegetable. (Pair 3 is incorrect) Lemon (Citrus limon): Recognized for vitamin C content and immunity-boosting properties; varies significantly across different varieties and cultivars. Hence, pair 4 is incorrectly matched. Hence, option B is correct. Incorrect Solution: B Explanation: In recent decades, researchers have identified new compounds and potential drugs from plants traditionally used in medicine, and today, these plants are being further explored for broader health applications and benefits. About Medicinal Foods and Benefits: Turmeric: Known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, used traditionally in food and medicine. High doses, however, may pose risks, highlighting the need for dosage regulation. Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia): Used for immunity boosting, reducing fevers, and other therapeutic benefits; traditionally consumed for its stem’s medicinal properties. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): Known to alleviate stress, improve energy levels, and enhance mental focus; it is particularly valued for its root’s therapeutic properties in Ayurveda. Bhringaraj (Eclipta prostrata): Beneficial for hair health, as well as liver and digestive health, and sometimes consumed as a leafy vegetable. (Pair 3 is incorrect) Lemon (Citrus limon): Recognized for vitamin C content and immunity-boosting properties; varies significantly across different varieties and cultivars. Hence, pair 4 is incorrectly matched. Hence, option B is correct.

#### 25. Question

Consider the following pairs regarding medicinal plants and their bioactive functions:

Plant | Property

1. 1.Ashwagandha | Cortisol reduction
2. 2.Turmeric | Curcumin-based anti-inflammatory
3. 3.Bhringaraj | Head ache
4. 4.Lemon | Rich in alkaloids with sedative effect

How many of the above pairs is/ are correctly matched?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: B

Explanation:

In recent decades, researchers have identified new compounds and potential drugs from plants traditionally used in medicine, and today, these plants are being further explored for broader health applications and benefits.

About Medicinal Foods and Benefits:

• Turmeric: Known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, used traditionally in food and medicine. High doses, however, may pose risks, highlighting the need for dosage regulation.

• Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia): Used for immunity boosting, reducing fevers, and other therapeutic benefits; traditionally consumed for its stem’s medicinal properties.

• Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): Known to alleviate stress, improve energy levels, and enhance mental focus; it is particularly valued for its root’s therapeutic properties in Ayurveda.

• Bhringaraj (Eclipta prostrata): Beneficial for hair health, as well as liver and digestive health, and sometimes consumed as a leafy vegetable. (Pair 3 is incorrect)

• Lemon (Citrus limon): Recognized for vitamin C content and immunity-boosting properties; varies significantly across different varieties and cultivars. Hence, pair 4 is incorrectly matched.

Hence, option B is correct.

Solution: B

Explanation:

In recent decades, researchers have identified new compounds and potential drugs from plants traditionally used in medicine, and today, these plants are being further explored for broader health applications and benefits.

About Medicinal Foods and Benefits:

• Turmeric: Known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, used traditionally in food and medicine. High doses, however, may pose risks, highlighting the need for dosage regulation.

• Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia): Used for immunity boosting, reducing fevers, and other therapeutic benefits; traditionally consumed for its stem’s medicinal properties.

• Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): Known to alleviate stress, improve energy levels, and enhance mental focus; it is particularly valued for its root’s therapeutic properties in Ayurveda.

• Bhringaraj (Eclipta prostrata): Beneficial for hair health, as well as liver and digestive health, and sometimes consumed as a leafy vegetable. (Pair 3 is incorrect)

• Lemon (Citrus limon): Recognized for vitamin C content and immunity-boosting properties; varies significantly across different varieties and cultivars. Hence, pair 4 is incorrectly matched.

Hence, option B is correct.

• Question 26 of 30 26. Question 1 points Modern organizations are shifting from traditional structures due to the rise of virtual teams across geographies, scarcity of resources, and the need for quick decision-making. Four major organizational structures are now prevalent. The project structure divides work into client-based projects led by managers, with support from central divisions like HR and R&D. The matrix structure involves dual reporting—employees may report to multiple managers—allowing speed but sometimes causing conflicts. The straight-line structure, common in government and defense, emphasizes hierarchy and clear command but can result in red tape. Lastly, the unit structure segments the organization into functions like marketing and finance, each reporting directly to the CEO, while internally following any of the other structures. These evolving formats aim to boost efficiency, flexibility, and responsiveness in a dynamic global environment. According to the passage, how do hierarchies’ impact organizational structure? They are essential for structured command in certain sectors like defense. They ensure faster decision-making in virtual and matrix organizations. They may lead to inefficiencies such as miscommunication and bureaucratic delays. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Correct Answer: C Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The straight-line structure, especially in defense, relies on hierarchy for command. Statement 2 is incorrect: The passage suggests hierarchies are being cut down for faster decision-making, not used to ensure it. Statement 3 is correct: The straight-line structure is said to cause red tape and miscommunication. Incorrect Correct Answer: C Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The straight-line structure, especially in defense, relies on hierarchy for command. Statement 2 is incorrect: The passage suggests hierarchies are being cut down for faster decision-making, not used to ensure it. Statement 3 is correct: The straight-line structure is said to cause red tape and miscommunication.

#### 26. Question

Modern organizations are shifting from traditional structures due to the rise of virtual teams across geographies, scarcity of resources, and the need for quick decision-making. Four major organizational structures are now prevalent. The project structure divides work into client-based projects led by managers, with support from central divisions like HR and R&D. The matrix structure involves dual reporting—employees may report to multiple managers—allowing speed but sometimes causing conflicts. The straight-line structure, common in government and defense, emphasizes hierarchy and clear command but can result in red tape. Lastly, the unit structure segments the organization into functions like marketing and finance, each reporting directly to the CEO, while internally following any of the other structures. These evolving formats aim to boost efficiency, flexibility, and responsiveness in a dynamic global environment.

According to the passage, how do hierarchies’ impact organizational structure?

• They are essential for structured command in certain sectors like defense. They ensure faster decision-making in virtual and matrix organizations. They may lead to inefficiencies such as miscommunication and bureaucratic delays.

• They are essential for structured command in certain sectors like defense. They ensure faster decision-making in virtual and matrix organizations. They may lead to inefficiencies such as miscommunication and bureaucratic delays.

• They are essential for structured command in certain sectors like defense.

• They ensure faster decision-making in virtual and matrix organizations.

• They may lead to inefficiencies such as miscommunication and bureaucratic delays.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The straight-line structure, especially in defense, relies on hierarchy for command.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The passage suggests hierarchies are being cut down for faster decision-making, not used to ensure it.

• Statement 3 is correct: The straight-line structure is said to cause red tape and miscommunication.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The straight-line structure, especially in defense, relies on hierarchy for command.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The passage suggests hierarchies are being cut down for faster decision-making, not used to ensure it.

• Statement 3 is correct: The straight-line structure is said to cause red tape and miscommunication.

• Question 27 of 30 27. Question 1 points A bag contains 8 apple and 6 oranges. Four fruits are drawn out one by one and not replaced. What is the probability that they are alternatively of different fruits? a) 10/143 b) 15/120 c) 20/143 d) 26/110 Correct Correct Option: C Justification: Fruits can be drawn in two formats: AOAO and OAOA Apple drawn 1st P=8/146/137/125/11 Orange drawn 1st P=6/148/135/127/11 Adding both we get 2[8765/14131211]=2(10/143)=20/143. Hence. Option (c) is correct. Incorrect Correct Option: C Justification: Fruits can be drawn in two formats: AOAO and OAOA Apple drawn 1st P=8/146/137/125/11 Orange drawn 1st P=6/148/135/127/11 Adding both we get 2[8765/14131211]=2(10/143)=20/143. Hence. Option (c) is correct.

#### 27. Question

A bag contains 8 apple and 6 oranges. Four fruits are drawn out one by one and not replaced. What is the probability that they are alternatively of different fruits?

Correct Option: C

Justification:

Fruits can be drawn in two formats: AOAO and OAOA Apple drawn 1st P=8/146/137/125/11 Orange drawn 1st P=6/148/135/127/11 Adding both we get 2[8765/14131211]=2*(10/143)=20/143.

Hence. Option (c) is correct.

Correct Option: C

Justification:

Fruits can be drawn in two formats: AOAO and OAOA Apple drawn 1st P=8/146/137/125/11 Orange drawn 1st P=6/148/135/127/11 Adding both we get 2[8765/14131211]=2*(10/143)=20/143.

Hence. Option (c) is correct.

• Question 28 of 30 28. Question 1 points Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below: A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circle facing the centre. D is fourth to the right of H and second to the left of B. F is fourth to the right of B. C is fourth to the right of E, who is not an immediate neighbour of B or D. A is not an immediate neighbour of D. In which of the following combinations is the third person sitting in between the first and the second persons? a) ABC b) GCD c) AHE d) EFG Correct Correct Option: B Justification: Justification: Inference from statement 1: Clockwise: H _ B _ D Inference from statement 2: Clockwise: F _ H _ B _ D Inference from statement 3: Clockwise: F E H _ B C D _ Inference from statement 3: Clockwise: F E H A B C D G Final arrangement: Among the given options, D is sitting between G and C. Hence, option (b) is correct. Incorrect Correct Option: B Justification: Justification: Inference from statement 1: Clockwise: H _ B _ D Inference from statement 2: Clockwise: F _ H _ B _ D Inference from statement 3: Clockwise: F E H _ B C D _ Inference from statement 3: Clockwise: F E H A B C D G Final arrangement: Among the given options, D is sitting between G and C. Hence, option (b) is correct.

#### 28. Question

Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below: A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circle facing the centre.

D is fourth to the right of H and second to the left of B.

F is fourth to the right of B.

C is fourth to the right of E, who is not an immediate neighbour of B or D.

A is not an immediate neighbour of D.

In which of the following combinations is the third person sitting in between the first and the second persons?

Correct Option: B

Justification:

Justification:

Inference from statement 1: Clockwise: H _ B _ D

Inference from statement 2: Clockwise: F _ H _ B _ D

Inference from statement 3: Clockwise: F E H _ B C D _

Inference from statement 3: Clockwise: F E H A B C D G

Final arrangement:

Among the given options, D is sitting between G and C.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Correct Option: B

Justification:

Justification:

Inference from statement 1: Clockwise: H _ B _ D

Inference from statement 2: Clockwise: F _ H _ B _ D

Inference from statement 3: Clockwise: F E H _ B C D _

Inference from statement 3: Clockwise: F E H A B C D G

Final arrangement:

Among the given options, D is sitting between G and C.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

• Question 29 of 30 29. Question 1 points Find the sum of all the 4-digit numbers that can be formed with the digits 3, 4, 4 and 2. a) 43339 b) 43999 c) 43329 d) None of these Correct Correct Option: C Justification: Here each of the digits 2 and 3 will occur at unit, tens, hundred and thousand place ( 3P3/2!) = 3 times. Digit 4 will occur at each place = 6 times; ∴ Sum of digits at unit, tens, hundred and thousand place = 3 × 3 + 6 × 4 + 3 × 2 =39. Sum of numbers formed = = 39 × 103 + 39× 102 + 39 × 101 + 39 × 100= 43329 Incorrect Correct Option: C Justification: Here each of the digits 2 and 3 will occur at unit, tens, hundred and thousand place ( 3P3/2!) = 3 times. Digit 4 will occur at each place = 6 times; ∴ Sum of digits at unit, tens, hundred and thousand place = 3 × 3 + 6 × 4 + 3 × 2 =39. Sum of numbers formed = = 39 × 103 + 39× 102 + 39 × 101 + 39 × 100= 43329

#### 29. Question

Find the sum of all the 4-digit numbers that can be formed with the digits 3, 4, 4 and 2.

• d) None of these

Correct Option: C

Justification:

Here each of the digits 2 and 3 will occur at unit, tens, hundred and thousand place ( 3P3/2!) = 3 times.

Digit 4 will occur at each place = 6 times;

∴ Sum of digits at unit, tens, hundred and thousand place = 3 × 3 + 6 × 4 + 3 × 2 =39.

Sum of numbers formed =

= 39 × 103 + 39× 102 + 39 × 101 + 39 × 100= 43329

Correct Option: C

Justification:

Here each of the digits 2 and 3 will occur at unit, tens, hundred and thousand place ( 3P3/2!) = 3 times.

Digit 4 will occur at each place = 6 times;

∴ Sum of digits at unit, tens, hundred and thousand place = 3 × 3 + 6 × 4 + 3 × 2 =39.

Sum of numbers formed =

= 39 × 103 + 39× 102 + 39 × 101 + 39 × 100= 43329

• Question 30 of 30 30. Question 1 points Tickets numbered 1 to 30 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the probability that the ticket drawn has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 5? a) 1/2 b) 2/5 c) 8/15 d) 7/15 Correct Correct Option: D Justification: Let: A = numbers divisible by 3 B = numbers divisible by 5 A (multiples of 3 from 1 to 30): 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 → Total = 10 B (multiples of 5 from 1 to 30): 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 → Total = 6 A ∩ B (multiples of both 3 and 5 = 15): 15, 30 → Total = 2 Using inclusion-exclusion: n(A∪B) = n(A)+n(B)−n(A∩B) = 10+6−2=14 P (multiple of 3 or 5) = 14/30 = 7/15 Incorrect Correct Option: D Justification: Let: A = numbers divisible by 3 B = numbers divisible by 5 A (multiples of 3 from 1 to 30): 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 → Total = 10 B (multiples of 5 from 1 to 30): 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 → Total = 6 A ∩ B (multiples of both 3 and 5 = 15): 15, 30 → Total = 2 Using inclusion-exclusion: n(A∪B) = n(A)+n(B)−n(A∩B) = 10+6−2=14 P (multiple of 3 or 5) = 14/30 = 7/15

#### 30. Question

Tickets numbered 1 to 30 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the probability that the ticket drawn has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 5?

Correct Option: D

Justification:

• A = numbers divisible by 3

• B = numbers divisible by 5

A (multiples of 3 from 1 to 30): 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 → Total = 10

B (multiples of 5 from 1 to 30): 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 → Total = 6

A ∩ B (multiples of both 3 and 5 = 15): 15, 30 → Total = 2

Using inclusion-exclusion:

n(A∪B) = n(A)+n(B)−n(A∩B) = 10+6−2=14

P (multiple of 3 or 5) = 14/30 = 7/15

Correct Option: D

Justification:

• A = numbers divisible by 3

• B = numbers divisible by 5

A (multiples of 3 from 1 to 30): 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 → Total = 10

B (multiples of 5 from 1 to 30): 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 → Total = 6

A ∩ B (multiples of both 3 and 5 = 15): 15, 30 → Total = 2

Using inclusion-exclusion:

n(A∪B) = n(A)+n(B)−n(A∩B) = 10+6−2=14

P (multiple of 3 or 5) = 14/30 = 7/15

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