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• Question 1 of 30 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Mahayana Buddhism Language of Mahayana was predominantly Sanskrit. Image worship of Buddha was practiced. Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help other people to attain salvation. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: C A new form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana Buddhism, now developed in fourth Buddhist Council. Features of Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana believes in the heavenliness of Buddha Image worship of Buddha Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help other people It spread from India to various countries including China and South East Asian nations. Incorrect Solution: C A new form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana Buddhism, now developed in fourth Buddhist Council. Features of Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana believes in the heavenliness of Buddha Image worship of Buddha Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help other people It spread from India to various countries including China and South East Asian nations.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Mahayana Buddhism

• Language of Mahayana was predominantly Sanskrit.

• Image worship of Buddha was practiced.

• Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help other people to attain salvation.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: C

A new form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana Buddhism, now developed in fourth Buddhist Council.

Features of Mahayana Buddhism

• Mahayana believes in the heavenliness of Buddha

• Image worship of Buddha

• Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help other people

• It spread from India to various countries including China and South East Asian nations.

Solution: C

A new form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana Buddhism, now developed in fourth Buddhist Council.

Features of Mahayana Buddhism

• Mahayana believes in the heavenliness of Buddha

• Image worship of Buddha

• Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help other people

• It spread from India to various countries including China and South East Asian nations.

• Question 2 of 30 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Buddhist Council: The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha The second Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under the chairmanship of Vasumitra. Which of the statements give above is/are *not correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: B The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the purity of the teachings of the Buddha The fourth Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under the chairmanship of Vasumitra. Asvagosha participated in this council. The new school of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came into existence during this council. Incorrect Solution: B The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the purity of the teachings of the Buddha The fourth Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under the chairmanship of Vasumitra*. Asvagosha participated in this council. The new school of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came into existence during this council.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Buddhist Council:

• The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha

• The second Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under the chairmanship of Vasumitra.

Which of the statements give above is/are *not *correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: B

The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the purity of the teachings of the Buddha

*The fourth Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under the chairmanship of Vasumitra*. Asvagosha participated in this council. The new school of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came into existence during this council.

Solution: B

The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the purity of the teachings of the Buddha

• Question 3 of 30 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding spread of Jainism: Mahavira never believed in organised Sanghas that would spread his teachings. Jainism remained confined to Northern India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: D *Mahavira organised the Sangha to spread his teachings and He admitted both men and women in the Sangha. It consisted of both monks and lay followers. The rapid spread of Jainism was due to the dedicated work of the members of the Sangha. It spread rapidly in Western India and Karnataka. Incorrect Solution: D Mahavira organised the Sangha to spread his teachings *and He admitted both men and women in the Sangha. It consisted of both monks and lay followers. The rapid spread of Jainism was due to the dedicated work of the members of the Sangha. It spread rapidly in Western India and Karnataka.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements regarding spread of Jainism:

• Mahavira never believed in organised Sanghas that would spread his teachings.

• Jainism remained confined to Northern India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: D

*Mahavira organised the Sangha to spread his teachings *and He admitted both men and women in the Sangha. It consisted of both monks and lay followers.

The rapid spread of Jainism was due to the dedicated work of the members of the Sangha. It spread rapidly in Western India and Karnataka.

Solution: D

*Mahavira organised the Sangha to spread his teachings *and He admitted both men and women in the Sangha. It consisted of both monks and lay followers.

The rapid spread of Jainism was due to the dedicated work of the members of the Sangha. It spread rapidly in Western India and Karnataka.

• Question 4 of 30 4. Question 1 points With reference to the Tripartite Struggle for control over Kannauj, which three dynasties were primarily involved? (a) Palas, Cholas, and Pandyas (b) Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas, and Chalukyas (c) Rashtrakutas, Palas, and Gurjara-Pratiharas (d) Chalukyas, Pallavas, and Rashtrakutas Correct Solution: C The Tripartite Struggle, spanning roughly the late 8th to early 10th centuries, was primarily fought between the Palas (of Eastern India), the Gurjara-Pratiharas (of Western/Northern India), and the Rashtrakutas (of the Deccan) for control over the strategically important city of Kannauj in the Ganga valley. Incorrect Solution: C The Tripartite Struggle, spanning roughly the late 8th to early 10th centuries, was primarily fought between the Palas (of Eastern India), the Gurjara-Pratiharas (of Western/Northern India), and the Rashtrakutas (of the Deccan) for control over the strategically important city of Kannauj in the Ganga valley.

#### 4. Question

With reference to the Tripartite Struggle for control over Kannauj, which three dynasties were primarily involved?

• (a) Palas, Cholas, and Pandyas

• (b) Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas, and Chalukyas

• (c) Rashtrakutas, Palas, and Gurjara-Pratiharas

• (d) Chalukyas, Pallavas, and Rashtrakutas

Solution: C

The Tripartite Struggle, spanning roughly the late 8th to early 10th centuries, was primarily fought between the Palas (of Eastern India), the Gurjara-Pratiharas (of Western/Northern India), and the Rashtrakutas (of the Deccan) for control over the strategically important city of Kannauj in the Ganga valley.

Solution: C

• Question 5 of 30 5. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs: Dantidurga : Founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty Mihira Bhoja : Most powerful ruler of the Pala dynasty Rajendra I : Chola king who undertook naval expeditions to Southeast Asia How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Dantidurga overthrew the Chalukyas of Badami to establish the Rashtrakuta dynasty around 753 AD. Hence, pair 1 is correct. Mihira Bhoja (or Bhoja I) was the most famous and powerful ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, not the Pala dynasty. Dharmapala and Devapala were prominent Pala rulers. Hence, pair 2 is incorrect. Rajendra I, son of Rajaraja I, is renowned for his military conquests, including successful naval expeditions across the Bay of Bengal to regions like Srivijaya (Sumatra). Hence, pair 3 is correct. Incorrect Solution: B Dantidurga overthrew the Chalukyas of Badami to establish the Rashtrakuta dynasty around 753 AD. Hence, pair 1 is correct. Mihira Bhoja (or Bhoja I) was the most famous and powerful ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, not the Pala dynasty. Dharmapala and Devapala were prominent Pala rulers. Hence, pair 2 is incorrect. Rajendra I, son of Rajaraja I, is renowned for his military conquests, including successful naval expeditions across the Bay of Bengal to regions like Srivijaya (Sumatra). Hence, pair 3 is correct.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following pairs:

• Dantidurga : Founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty

• Mihira Bhoja : Most powerful ruler of the Pala dynasty

• Rajendra I : Chola king who undertook naval expeditions to Southeast Asia

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

Dantidurga overthrew the Chalukyas of Badami to establish the Rashtrakuta dynasty around 753 AD.

Hence, pair 1 is correct.

Mihira Bhoja (or Bhoja I) was the most famous and powerful ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, not the Pala dynasty. Dharmapala and Devapala were prominent Pala rulers.

Hence, pair 2 is incorrect.

Rajendra I, son of Rajaraja I, is renowned for his military conquests, including successful naval expeditions across the Bay of Bengal to regions like Srivijaya (Sumatra).

Hence, pair 3 is correct.

Solution: B

Dantidurga overthrew the Chalukyas of Badami to establish the Rashtrakuta dynasty around 753 AD.

Hence, pair 1 is correct.

Mihira Bhoja (or Bhoja I) was the most famous and powerful ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, not the Pala dynasty. Dharmapala and Devapala were prominent Pala rulers.

Hence, pair 2 is incorrect.

Rajendra I, son of Rajaraja I, is renowned for his military conquests, including successful naval expeditions across the Bay of Bengal to regions like Srivijaya (Sumatra).

Hence, pair 3 is correct.

• Question 6 of 30 6. Question 1 points The famous Chola bronze statue of Nataraja represents: (a) Lord Vishnu in his cosmic sleep (Anantashayana). (b) Lord Shiva performing the cosmic dance of creation and destruction. (c) Lord Ganesha as the remover of obstacles. (d) Goddess Parvati in a meditative posture. Correct Solution: B The Nataraja iconography, perfected during the Chola period, depicts Lord Shiva as the ‘Lord of the Dance’ performing the Tandava – the dynamic dance that encompasses creation, preservation, destruction, illusion, and grace. It is one of the most iconic representations of Chola art. Incorrect Solution: B The Nataraja iconography, perfected during the Chola period, depicts Lord Shiva as the ‘Lord of the Dance’ performing the Tandava – the dynamic dance that encompasses creation, preservation, destruction, illusion, and grace. It is one of the most iconic representations of Chola art.

#### 6. Question

The famous Chola bronze statue of Nataraja represents:

• (a) Lord Vishnu in his cosmic sleep (Anantashayana).

• (b) Lord Shiva performing the cosmic dance of creation and destruction.

• (c) Lord Ganesha as the remover of obstacles.

• (d) Goddess Parvati in a meditative posture.

Solution: B

The Nataraja iconography, perfected during the Chola period, depicts Lord Shiva as the ‘Lord of the Dance’ performing the Tandava – the dynamic dance that encompasses creation, preservation, destruction, illusion, and grace. It is one of the most iconic representations of Chola art.

Solution: B

• Question 7 of 30 7. Question 1 points Which of the following terms refer to prominent merchant guilds active in South India and Southeast Asia during the early medieval period? Manigramam Ayyavole Nanadesi Gahapati Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Solution: B Manigramam, Ayyavole (Ayyavole 500), and Nanadesi were powerful and widespread merchant guilds or corporations that dominated trade networks within South India and extended their activities overseas, particularly to Southeast Asia, during the Chola and subsequent periods. Gahapati refers to a householder or head of a landowning/trading household, often in Buddhist texts, not a specific large merchant guild of this era. Incorrect Solution: B Manigramam, Ayyavole (Ayyavole 500), and Nanadesi were powerful and widespread merchant guilds or corporations that dominated trade networks within South India and extended their activities overseas, particularly to Southeast Asia, during the Chola and subsequent periods. Gahapati refers to a householder or head of a landowning/trading household, often in Buddhist texts, not a specific large merchant guild of this era.

#### 7. Question

Which of the following terms refer to prominent merchant guilds active in South India and Southeast Asia during the early medieval period?

• Manigramam

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 1, 2 and 3 only

• (c) 3 and 4 only

• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution: B

Manigramam, Ayyavole (Ayyavole 500), and Nanadesi were powerful and widespread merchant guilds or corporations that dominated trade networks within South India and extended their activities overseas, particularly to Southeast Asia, during the Chola and subsequent periods. Gahapati refers to a householder or head of a landowning/trading household, often in Buddhist texts, not a specific large merchant guild of this era.

Solution: B

• Question 8 of 30 8. Question 1 points How many of the following major Buddhist Mahaviharas received significant patronage from the Pala rulers? Nalanda Vikramshila Somapura Valabhi Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: C Explanation: The Palas were great patrons of Mahayana Buddhism. While Nalanda predated them, it continued to receive Pala patronage. Dharmapala founded Vikramshila, and Somapura Mahavihara was also built under Pala patronage (likely Dharmapala or Devapala). Valabhi (in Gujarat) was a major Buddhist center but flourished earlier, primarily under the Maitraka dynasty, not the Palas. Thus, Nalanda, Vikramshila, and Somapura were associated with Pala patronage. Incorrect Solution: C Explanation: The Palas were great patrons of Mahayana Buddhism. While Nalanda predated them, it continued to receive Pala patronage. Dharmapala founded Vikramshila, and Somapura Mahavihara was also built under Pala patronage (likely Dharmapala or Devapala). Valabhi (in Gujarat) was a major Buddhist center but flourished earlier, primarily under the Maitraka dynasty, not the Palas. Thus, Nalanda, Vikramshila, and Somapura were associated with Pala patronage.

#### 8. Question

How many of the following major Buddhist Mahaviharas received significant patronage from the Pala rulers?

• Vikramshila

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: C

Explanation:

The Palas were great patrons of Mahayana Buddhism. While Nalanda predated them, it continued to receive Pala patronage. Dharmapala founded Vikramshila, and Somapura Mahavihara was also built under Pala patronage (likely Dharmapala or Devapala). Valabhi (in Gujarat) was a major Buddhist center but flourished earlier, primarily under the Maitraka dynasty, not the Palas. Thus, Nalanda, Vikramshila, and Somapura were associated with Pala patronage.

Solution: C

Explanation:

• Question 9 of 30 9. Question 1 points Rajasekhara, a prominent Sanskrit poet and dramatist, was associated with the court of which dynasty? (a) Rashtrakutas (b) Palas (c) Gurjara-Pratiharas (d) Cholas Correct Solution: C Rajasekhara, known for works like Kavyamimamsa, Karpuramanjari, Balaramayana, and Balabharata, served in the court of the Gurjara-Pratihara rulers, notably Mahendrapala I and his successor Mahipala I, during the late 9th and early 10th centuries AD. Incorrect Solution: C Rajasekhara, known for works like Kavyamimamsa, Karpuramanjari, Balaramayana, and Balabharata, served in the court of the Gurjara-Pratihara rulers, notably Mahendrapala I and his successor Mahipala I, during the late 9th and early 10th centuries AD.

#### 9. Question

Rajasekhara, a prominent Sanskrit poet and dramatist, was associated with the court of which dynasty?

• (a) Rashtrakutas

• (c) Gurjara-Pratiharas

• (d) Cholas

Solution: C

Rajasekhara, known for works like Kavyamimamsa, Karpuramanjari, Balaramayana, and Balabharata, served in the court of the Gurjara-Pratihara rulers, notably Mahendrapala I and his successor Mahipala I, during the late 9th and early 10th centuries AD.

Solution: C

• Question 10 of 30 10. Question 1 points King Amoghavarsha I of the Rashtrakuta dynasty is known for: His military conquests extending deep into North India. His patronage of Jainism and Kannada literature. Authoring the earliest extant work on Kannada poetics, ‘Kavirajamarga’. How of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Amoghavarsha, I had a long reign but was known more for his patronage of religion and literature than extensive military conquests, especially compared to predecessors like Dhruva or successors like Indra III/Krishna III. He preferred peace and cultural pursuits. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect. He was a devout follower of Jainism and generously patronized Jain scholars like Jinasena (author of Adipurana). He also patronized Kannada literature. Hence, statement 2 is correct. Kavirajamarga is traditionally attributed to Amoghavarsha I (though possibly compiled by court poet Srivijaya), and it is considered the earliest available work on rhetoric, poetics, and grammar in the Kannada language. Hence, statement 3 is correct. Incorrect Solution: B Amoghavarsha, I had a long reign but was known more for his patronage of religion and literature than extensive military conquests, especially compared to predecessors like Dhruva or successors like Indra III/Krishna III. He preferred peace and cultural pursuits. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect. He was a devout follower of Jainism and generously patronized Jain scholars like Jinasena (author of Adipurana). He also patronized Kannada literature. Hence, statement 2 is correct. Kavirajamarga is traditionally attributed to Amoghavarsha I (though possibly compiled by court poet Srivijaya), and it is considered the earliest available work on rhetoric, poetics, and grammar in the Kannada language. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

#### 10. Question

King Amoghavarsha I of the Rashtrakuta dynasty is known for:

• His military conquests extending deep into North India.

• His patronage of Jainism and Kannada literature.

• Authoring the earliest extant work on Kannada poetics, ‘Kavirajamarga’.

How of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

Amoghavarsha, I had a long reign but was known more for his patronage of religion and literature than extensive military conquests, especially compared to predecessors like Dhruva or successors like Indra III/Krishna III. He preferred peace and cultural pursuits.

Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

He was a devout follower of Jainism and generously patronized Jain scholars like Jinasena (author of Adipurana). He also patronized Kannada literature.

Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Kavirajamarga is traditionally attributed to Amoghavarsha I (though possibly compiled by court poet Srivijaya), and it is considered the earliest available work on rhetoric, poetics, and grammar in the Kannada language.

Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution: B

Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

He was a devout follower of Jainism and generously patronized Jain scholars like Jinasena (author of Adipurana). He also patronized Kannada literature.

Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Hence, statement 3 is correct.

• Question 11 of 30 11. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Mudras of Buddha: The Bhumisparsha Mudra signifies importance of trees in human life. The Abhay Mudra is depicted with the right hand raised with palm outward and fingers pointing upward. The Anjali mudra symbolises connection of an individual with the divine through devotion. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 only Correct Solution: B The Bhumisparsha mudra also known as Earth witness mudra, symbolises the attainment of enlightment of Buddha under the Bodhi tree where he called upon the Earth goddess to witness his attainment. Hence statement 1 is incorrect Abhay Mudra is associated with Lord Buddha immediately when Buddha attained enlightenment It portrays a sense of security and compassion that was derived from enlightment it is typically formed with the palm of the right-hand facing outward at shoulder height with the fingers pointing upward. It represents the moment when Buddha tamed a mad elephant, that illustrated his ability to provide fearlessness to his disciples. Hence statement 2 is correct The Anjali Mudra (also known as the namaste gesture) is a common hand gesture signifying devotion and greeting where palms are brought together in front with fingers upright. It represents a connection between right and left hemispheres of the brain symbolising unification and the practitioner’s connection with the divine. Hence statement 3 is correct Incorrect Solution: B The Bhumisparsha mudra also known as Earth witness mudra, symbolises the attainment of enlightment of Buddha under the Bodhi tree where he called upon the Earth goddess to witness his attainment. Hence statement 1 is incorrect Abhay Mudra is associated with Lord Buddha immediately when Buddha attained enlightenment It portrays a sense of security and compassion that was derived from enlightment it is typically formed with the palm of the right-hand facing outward at shoulder height with the fingers pointing upward. It represents the moment when Buddha tamed a mad elephant, that illustrated his ability to provide fearlessness to his disciples. Hence statement 2 is correct The Anjali Mudra (also known as the namaste gesture) is a common hand gesture signifying devotion and greeting where palms are brought together in front with fingers upright. It represents a connection between right and left hemispheres of the brain symbolising unification and the practitioner’s connection with the divine. Hence statement 3 is correct

#### 11. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Mudras of Buddha:

• The Bhumisparsha Mudra signifies importance of trees in human life.

• The Abhay Mudra is depicted with the right hand raised with palm outward and fingers pointing upward.

• The Anjali mudra symbolises connection of an individual with the divine through devotion.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 2 only

Solution: B

• The Bhumisparsha mudra also known as Earth witness mudra, symbolises the attainment of enlightment of Buddha under the Bodhi tree where he called upon the Earth goddess to witness his attainment.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• Abhay Mudra is associated with Lord Buddha immediately when Buddha attained enlightenment

• It portrays a sense of security and compassion that was derived from enlightment

• it is typically formed with the palm of the right-hand facing outward at shoulder height with the fingers pointing upward.

• It represents the moment when Buddha tamed a mad elephant, that illustrated his ability to provide fearlessness to his disciples.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• The Anjali Mudra (also known as the namaste gesture) is a common hand gesture signifying devotion and greeting where palms are brought together in front with fingers upright.

• It represents a connection between right and left hemispheres of the brain symbolising unification and the practitioner’s connection with the divine.

Hence statement 3 is correct

Solution: B

• The Bhumisparsha mudra also known as Earth witness mudra, symbolises the attainment of enlightment of Buddha under the Bodhi tree where he called upon the Earth goddess to witness his attainment.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• Abhay Mudra is associated with Lord Buddha immediately when Buddha attained enlightenment

• It portrays a sense of security and compassion that was derived from enlightment

• it is typically formed with the palm of the right-hand facing outward at shoulder height with the fingers pointing upward.

• It represents the moment when Buddha tamed a mad elephant, that illustrated his ability to provide fearlessness to his disciples.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• The Anjali Mudra (also known as the namaste gesture) is a common hand gesture signifying devotion and greeting where palms are brought together in front with fingers upright.

• It represents a connection between right and left hemispheres of the brain symbolising unification and the practitioner’s connection with the divine.

Hence statement 3 is correct

• Question 12 of 30 12. Question 1 points Regarding Madhyamaka philosophy, consider the following statements: It is associated with Theravada Buddhist tradition. It was originally advocated by Lord Buddha. This School emphasizes on the concept of Sunyata. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Madhyama ka philosophy is associated with Mahayana Buddhism. Philosophical ideas associated with Mahayana Buddhism has been represented in the texts of Madhyamaka and Yogachara schools. The main text associated with this tradition is Mulamadhyamakakarika (Root verses on the Middle) written by Nagarjuna. The founder of Madhyamaka school was Nagarjuna (2nd century CE). Hence statements 1 and 2 are incorrect The idea of Shunyata or emptiness is an important feature of Madhyamaka School founded by Nagarjuna. Shunyata in this sense does not imply that nothing exists; but it means that appearances are misleading and permanent selves and substances do not exist. Hence statement 3 is correct Incorrect Solution: A Madhyama ka philosophy is associated with Mahayana Buddhism. Philosophical ideas associated with Mahayana Buddhism has been represented in the texts of Madhyamaka and Yogachara schools. The main text associated with this tradition is Mulamadhyamakakarika (Root verses on the Middle) written by Nagarjuna. The founder of Madhyamaka school was Nagarjuna (2nd century CE). Hence statements 1 and 2 are incorrect The idea of Shunyata or emptiness is an important feature of Madhyamaka School founded by Nagarjuna. Shunyata in this sense does not imply that nothing exists; but it means that appearances are misleading and permanent selves and substances do not exist. Hence statement 3 is correct

#### 12. Question

Regarding Madhyamaka philosophy, consider the following statements:

• It is associated with Theravada Buddhist tradition.

• It was originally advocated by Lord Buddha.

• This School emphasizes on the concept of Sunyata.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Madhyama ka philosophy is associated with Mahayana Buddhism.

• Philosophical ideas associated with Mahayana Buddhism has been represented in the texts of Madhyamaka and Yogachara schools.

• The main text associated with this tradition is Mulamadhyamakakarika (Root verses on the Middle) written by Nagarjuna.

• The founder of Madhyamaka school was Nagarjuna (2nd century CE).

Hence statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

• The idea of Shunyata or emptiness is an important feature of Madhyamaka School founded by Nagarjuna.

• Shunyata in this sense does not imply that nothing exists; but it means that appearances are misleading and permanent selves and substances do not exist.

Hence statement 3 is correct

Solution: A

• Madhyama ka philosophy is associated with Mahayana Buddhism.

• Philosophical ideas associated with Mahayana Buddhism has been represented in the texts of Madhyamaka and Yogachara schools.

• The main text associated with this tradition is Mulamadhyamakakarika (Root verses on the Middle) written by Nagarjuna.

• The founder of Madhyamaka school was Nagarjuna (2nd century CE).

Hence statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

• The idea of Shunyata or emptiness is an important feature of Madhyamaka School founded by Nagarjuna.

• Shunyata in this sense does not imply that nothing exists; but it means that appearances are misleading and permanent selves and substances do not exist.

Hence statement 3 is correct

• Question 13 of 30 13. Question 1 points Regarding Chola dynasty, the terms Vellanvagai, Shalabhoga and Pallichchhandam were: (a) Religious texts written by king (b) Taxes collected (c) Types of spies (d) Types of land Correct Solution: D Vellanvagai, Shalabhoga and Pallichchhandam were categories of land that has been mentioned in Chola inscriptions. Vellanvagai was the land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors. Shalabhoga referred to the land for maintenance of schools Pallichchhandam were lands donated to Jaina institutions. Other than these, there were other categories of land including Brahmadaya which were land gifted to Brahmanas and Devadana or land gifted to temples. Hence option D is correct Incorrect Solution: D Vellanvagai, Shalabhoga and Pallichchhandam were categories of land that has been mentioned in Chola inscriptions. Vellanvagai was the land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors. Shalabhoga referred to the land for maintenance of schools Pallichchhandam were lands donated to Jaina institutions. Other than these, there were other categories of land including Brahmadaya which were land gifted to Brahmanas and Devadana or land gifted to temples. Hence option D is correct

#### 13. Question

Regarding Chola dynasty, the terms Vellanvagai, Shalabhoga and Pallichchhandam were:

• (a) Religious texts written by king

• (b) Taxes collected

• (c) Types of spies

• (d) Types of land

Solution: D

• Vellanvagai, Shalabhoga and Pallichchhandam were categories of land that has been mentioned in Chola inscriptions.

• Vellanvagai was the land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors.

• Shalabhoga referred to the land for maintenance of schools

• Pallichchhandam were lands donated to Jaina institutions.

• Other than these, there were other categories of land including Brahmadaya which were land gifted to Brahmanas and Devadana or land gifted to temples.

Hence option D is correct

Solution: D

• Vellanvagai, Shalabhoga and Pallichchhandam were categories of land that has been mentioned in Chola inscriptions.

• Vellanvagai was the land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors.

• Shalabhoga referred to the land for maintenance of schools

• Pallichchhandam were lands donated to Jaina institutions.

• Other than these, there were other categories of land including Brahmadaya which were land gifted to Brahmanas and Devadana or land gifted to temples.

Hence option D is correct

• Question 14 of 30 14. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Dharmapala established the Pala dynasty following the Matsyanaya situation in the Lower Gangetic plain. The tripartite struggle for control over North India broke out during the reign of Dharmapala. The renowned Buddhist scholar Dignaga was a contemporary of Dharmapala. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Gopala was the founder of Pala empire in 750AD in Bengal. He was elected him by the notable men of the area to the anarchy prevailing in Bengal following the death of Shashanka (a situation known as Matsyanaya). Dharmapala succeeded Gopala to the throne. Hence statement 1 is incorrect The reign of Dharmapala was marked by a tripartite struggle between the Palas, Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas for the control of Kannauj and North India. Hence statement 2 is correct Dignaga (480-540 AD) was a Buddhist philosopher and logician and one of the founders of Indian logic and atomism from Odisha. Dharmapala ruled from 770- 810 AD. Hence statement 3 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: A Gopala was the founder of Pala empire in 750AD in Bengal. He was elected him by the notable men of the area to the anarchy prevailing in Bengal following the death of Shashanka (a situation known as Matsyanaya). Dharmapala succeeded Gopala to the throne. Hence statement 1 is incorrect The reign of Dharmapala was marked by a tripartite struggle between the Palas, Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas for the control of Kannauj and North India. Hence statement 2 is correct Dignaga (480-540 AD) was a Buddhist philosopher and logician and one of the founders of Indian logic and atomism from Odisha. Dharmapala ruled from 770- 810 AD. Hence statement 3 is incorrect

#### 14. Question

Consider the following statements:

• Dharmapala established the Pala dynasty following the Matsyanaya situation in the Lower Gangetic plain.

• The tripartite struggle for control over North India broke out during the reign of Dharmapala.

• The renowned Buddhist scholar Dignaga was a contemporary of Dharmapala.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Gopala was the founder of Pala empire in 750AD in Bengal.

• He was elected him by the notable men of the area to the anarchy prevailing in Bengal following the death of Shashanka (a situation known as Matsyanaya).

• Dharmapala succeeded Gopala to the throne.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• The reign of Dharmapala was marked by a tripartite struggle between the Palas, Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas for the control of Kannauj and North India.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• Dignaga (480-540 AD) was a Buddhist philosopher and logician and one of the founders of Indian logic and atomism from Odisha.

• Dharmapala ruled from 770- 810 AD.

Hence statement 3 is incorrect

Solution: A

• Gopala was the founder of Pala empire in 750AD in Bengal.

• He was elected him by the notable men of the area to the anarchy prevailing in Bengal following the death of Shashanka (a situation known as Matsyanaya).

• Dharmapala succeeded Gopala to the throne.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• The reign of Dharmapala was marked by a tripartite struggle between the Palas, Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas for the control of Kannauj and North India.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• Dignaga (480-540 AD) was a Buddhist philosopher and logician and one of the founders of Indian logic and atomism from Odisha.

• Dharmapala ruled from 770- 810 AD.

Hence statement 3 is incorrect

• Question 15 of 30 15. Question 1 points Who among the following visited India in the first half of the 10th century and provided a detailed account of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty? (a) Al-Masudi (b) Frernao Nunes (c) Abd-al- Razzaq Samarqandi (d) Al Biruni Correct Solution: A Al-Masudi was an Iranian historian, geographer and traveller. A native of Baghdad, he visited Gujarat in 915-16 AD and testified to the great power and prestige of the Pratihara rulers and vastness of their Empire He calls the Gurjara-Pratihara Kingdom as al-Juzr, a corrupt form of Gurjara, and the king Baura, probably a mispronunciation of Adivaraha, the title used by Mihir Bhoja, although Bhoja had died by that time. According to him, the Empire had 180,000 villages, cities and rural areas and it was about 2000 km in length and 2000km in breadth; he also described the divisions in Army. Hence option A is correct Incorrect Solution: A Al-Masudi was an Iranian historian, geographer and traveller. A native of Baghdad, he visited Gujarat in 915-16 AD and testified to the great power and prestige of the Pratihara rulers and vastness of their Empire He calls the Gurjara-Pratihara Kingdom as al-Juzr, a corrupt form of Gurjara, and the king Baura, probably a mispronunciation of Adivaraha, the title used by Mihir Bhoja, although Bhoja had died by that time. According to him, the Empire had 180,000 villages, cities and rural areas and it was about 2000 km in length and 2000km in breadth; he also described the divisions in Army. Hence option A is correct

#### 15. Question

Who among the following visited India in the first half of the 10th century and provided a detailed account of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty?

• (a) Al-Masudi

• (b) Frernao Nunes

• (c) Abd-al- Razzaq Samarqandi

• (d) Al Biruni

Solution: A

• Al-Masudi was an Iranian historian, geographer and traveller.

• A native of Baghdad, he visited Gujarat in 915-16 AD and testified to the great power and prestige of the Pratihara rulers and vastness of their Empire

• He calls the Gurjara-Pratihara Kingdom as al-Juzr, a corrupt form of Gurjara, and the king Baura, probably a mispronunciation of Adivaraha, the title used by Mihir Bhoja, although Bhoja had died by that time.

• According to him, the Empire had 180,000 villages, cities and rural areas and it was about 2000 km in length and 2000km in breadth; he also described the divisions in Army.

Hence option A is correct

Solution: A

• Al-Masudi was an Iranian historian, geographer and traveller.

• A native of Baghdad, he visited Gujarat in 915-16 AD and testified to the great power and prestige of the Pratihara rulers and vastness of their Empire

• According to him, the Empire had 180,000 villages, cities and rural areas and it was about 2000 km in length and 2000km in breadth; he also described the divisions in Army.

Hence option A is correct

• Question 16 of 30 16. Question 1 points With reference to Rashtrakuta Kingdom, Visaya and Bhukti referred to: (a) Community owned lands (b) Taxes collected from villages (c) Total wealth of temples (d) Administrative divisions Correct Solution: D The Rashtrakuta kingdom consisted of areas directly administeredd as well as areas ruled by vassal chiefs; the latter were autonomous as far as their internal affairs were concerned and had great obligation of loyalty, paying a fixed tribute and supplying the quota of troops to the overlord. In the Rashtrakuta kingdom the directly administered areas were divided into Rastra or provinces, Vishaya and Bhukti. The head of Rashtra was called Rashtrapati. The Vishaya was like a modern district and the Bhukti was a smaller unit to it. Hence option D is correct Incorrect Solution: D The Rashtrakuta kingdom consisted of areas directly administeredd as well as areas ruled by vassal chiefs; the latter were autonomous as far as their internal affairs were concerned and had great obligation of loyalty, paying a fixed tribute and supplying the quota of troops to the overlord. In the Rashtrakuta kingdom the directly administered areas were divided into Rastra or provinces, Vishaya and Bhukti. The head of Rashtra was called Rashtrapati. The Vishaya was like a modern district and the Bhukti was a smaller unit to it. Hence option D is correct

#### 16. Question

With reference to Rashtrakuta Kingdom, Visaya and Bhukti referred to:

• (a) Community owned lands

• (b) Taxes collected from villages

• (c) Total wealth of temples

• (d) Administrative divisions

Solution: D

• The Rashtrakuta kingdom consisted of areas directly administeredd as well as areas ruled by vassal chiefs; the latter were autonomous as far as their internal affairs were concerned and had great obligation of loyalty, paying a fixed tribute and supplying the quota of troops to the overlord.

• In the Rashtrakuta kingdom the directly administered areas were divided into Rastra or provinces, Vishaya and Bhukti.

• The head of Rashtra was called Rashtrapati.

• The Vishaya was like a modern district and the Bhukti was a smaller unit to it.

Hence option D is correct

Solution: D

• In the Rashtrakuta kingdom the directly administered areas were divided into Rastra or provinces, Vishaya and Bhukti.

• The head of Rashtra was called Rashtrapati.

• The Vishaya was like a modern district and the Bhukti was a smaller unit to it.

Hence option D is correct

• Question 17 of 30 17. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding governance under the Cholas: Mahasabha was an assembly that could be attended only by residents of Agraharams. Mahasabha was empowered to levy taxes and distribute new lands. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: C Statement 1 is correct: Mahasabha was the village assembly of Brahmadeya (Agraharam) villages — settlements of Brahmins granted land by the king. Only Brahmin residents (with qualifications like land ownership, learning, and age) could participate, making it an exclusive assembly. Statement 2 is correct: Inscriptions from the Chola period (like Uttaramerur inscription) show that Mahasabhas had wide administrative powers: Collecting revenues Maintaining records Levying local taxes Distributing uncultivated lands Managing temples and local infrastructure Hence, both statements are correct. Incorrect Solution: C Statement 1 is correct: Mahasabha was the village assembly of Brahmadeya (Agraharam) villages — settlements of Brahmins granted land by the king. Only Brahmin residents (with qualifications like land ownership, learning, and age) could participate, making it an exclusive assembly. Statement 2 is correct: Inscriptions from the Chola period (like Uttaramerur inscription) show that Mahasabhas had wide administrative powers: Collecting revenues Maintaining records Levying local taxes Distributing uncultivated lands Managing temples and local infrastructure Hence, both statements are correct.

#### 17. Question

Consider the following statements regarding governance under the Cholas:

• Mahasabha was an assembly that could be attended only by residents of Agraharams.

• Mahasabha was empowered to levy taxes and distribute new lands.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: C

Statement 1 is correct:

• Mahasabha was the village assembly of Brahmadeya (Agraharam) villages — settlements of Brahmins granted land by the king.

• Only Brahmin residents (with qualifications like land ownership, learning, and age) could participate, making it an exclusive assembly.

Statement 2 is correct:

• Inscriptions from the Chola period (like Uttaramerur inscription) show that Mahasabhas had wide administrative powers: Collecting revenues Maintaining records Levying local taxes Distributing uncultivated lands Managing temples and local infrastructure

• Collecting revenues

• Maintaining records

• Levying local taxes

• Distributing uncultivated lands

• Managing temples and local infrastructure

Hence, both statements are correct.

Solution: C

Statement 1 is correct:

• Mahasabha was the village assembly of Brahmadeya (Agraharam) villages — settlements of Brahmins granted land by the king.

• Only Brahmin residents (with qualifications like land ownership, learning, and age) could participate, making it an exclusive assembly.

Statement 2 is correct:

• Collecting revenues

• Maintaining records

• Levying local taxes

• Distributing uncultivated lands

• Managing temples and local infrastructure

Hence, both statements are correct.

• Question 18 of 30 18. Question 1 points Muziris and Tondi, two of the prominent ports of India, were major centres for trade and cultural exchange for the: (a) Cholas (b) Pallavas (c) Rashtrakutas (d) Cheras Correct Solution: D Muziris and Tondi when Major ports of the Chera dynasty. The Chera dynasty known for its Maritime trade, had important ports like Muziris (modern day Kodungallor) and Tondi (modern day Ponnani) along the Malabar coast which served as major centres for trade and cultural exchange. The Cheras were known for their extensive trade Network and played an important role in export of black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon and Ginger as well as commodities like ivory, Textiles stones, etc. Muziris was an important located in present day state of Kerala that connected the Chera dynasty to the Roman, Greek and Arab traders. Tondi was another port also located in Kerala and facilitate trade with other countries. Hence option D is correct Incorrect Solution: D Muziris and Tondi when Major ports of the Chera dynasty. The Chera dynasty known for its Maritime trade, had important ports like Muziris (modern day Kodungallor) and Tondi (modern day Ponnani) along the Malabar coast which served as major centres for trade and cultural exchange. The Cheras were known for their extensive trade Network and played an important role in export of black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon and Ginger as well as commodities like ivory, Textiles stones, etc. Muziris was an important located in present day state of Kerala that connected the Chera dynasty to the Roman, Greek and Arab traders. Tondi was another port also located in Kerala and facilitate trade with other countries. Hence option D is correct

#### 18. Question

Muziris and Tondi, two of the prominent ports of India, were major centres for trade and cultural exchange for the:

• (a) Cholas

• (b) Pallavas

• (c) Rashtrakutas

• (d) Cheras

Solution: D

• Muziris and Tondi when Major ports of the Chera dynasty.

• The Chera dynasty known for its Maritime trade, had important ports like Muziris (modern day Kodungallor) and Tondi (modern day Ponnani) along the Malabar coast which served as major centres for trade and cultural exchange.

• The Cheras were known for their extensive trade Network and played an important role in export of black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon and Ginger as well as commodities like ivory, Textiles stones, etc.

• Muziris was an important located in present day state of Kerala that connected the Chera dynasty to the Roman, Greek and Arab traders.

• Tondi was another port also located in Kerala and facilitate trade with other countries.

Hence option D is correct

Solution: D

• Muziris and Tondi when Major ports of the Chera dynasty.

• Muziris was an important located in present day state of Kerala that connected the Chera dynasty to the Roman, Greek and Arab traders.

• Tondi was another port also located in Kerala and facilitate trade with other countries.

Hence option D is correct

• Question 19 of 30 19. Question 1 points Regarding Indian history, Pancha Mahavratas refer to: (a) Rules for Varkari saints during annual festival (b) Hymns in the Rig Veda for sacrificial rituals (c) Noble Vows for Jains (d) Mantras associated with Shiva lingas Correct Solution: C The Pancha Mahavratas referred to the five vows of Jainism. The Triratnas of Jainism are: Right knowledge Right faith and Right conduct The right conduct comprises of five Nobel vows which are known as Pancha Mahavratas. These are: Ahimsa or non-violence Asteya or not to steal Aparigraha or not to accumulate wealth Atya or not to speak lies Brahmacharya or celibacy Hence option C is correct Incorrect Solution: C The Pancha Mahavratas referred to the five vows of Jainism. The Triratnas of Jainism are: Right knowledge Right faith and Right conduct The right conduct comprises of five Nobel vows which are known as Pancha Mahavratas. These are: Ahimsa or non-violence Asteya or not to steal Aparigraha or not to accumulate wealth Atya or not to speak lies Brahmacharya or celibacy Hence option C is correct

#### 19. Question

Regarding Indian history, Pancha Mahavratas refer to:

• (a) Rules for Varkari saints during annual festival

• (b) Hymns in the Rig Veda for sacrificial rituals

• (c) Noble Vows for Jains

• (d) Mantras associated with Shiva lingas

Solution: C

The Pancha Mahavratas referred to the five vows of Jainism. The Triratnas of Jainism are:

• Right knowledge

• Right faith and

• Right conduct

The right conduct comprises of five Nobel vows which are known as Pancha Mahavratas. These are:

• Ahimsa or non-violence

• Asteya or not to steal

• Aparigraha or not to accumulate wealth

• Atya or not to speak lies

• Brahmacharya or celibacy

Hence option C is correct

Solution: C

The Pancha Mahavratas referred to the five vows of Jainism. The Triratnas of Jainism are:

• Right knowledge

• Right faith and

• Right conduct

The right conduct comprises of five Nobel vows which are known as Pancha Mahavratas. These are:

• Ahimsa or non-violence

• Asteya or not to steal

• Aparigraha or not to accumulate wealth

• Atya or not to speak lies

• Brahmacharya or celibacy

Hence option C is correct

• Question 20 of 30 20. Question 1 points Who among the following allowed Balaputradewa of Shailendra dynasty to sent embassies to India and build a monastery at Nalanda and also endowed five villages for its maintenance? (a) Amogvarsha (b) Kumaragupta (c) Devapala (d) Ballalasena Correct Solution: C The trade with Southeast Asia was very profitable and added greatly to the prosperity of Pala empire and led to incursion of gold and silver from these countries into Bengal The powerful ruler Balaputradewa of Shailendra dynasty, who was Buddhist in faith and ruled over Malaya, Java, Sumatra and the neighbouring Islands, sent many embassys to the Pala court and sought permission to build a monastery at Nalanda. He also requested the Pala ruler Devapala to endow 5 villages for its upkeep The request was granted and bear testimony to the close relation between the two empires. Hence option C is correct Incorrect Solution: C The trade with Southeast Asia was very profitable and added greatly to the prosperity of Pala empire and led to incursion of gold and silver from these countries into Bengal The powerful ruler Balaputradewa of Shailendra dynasty, who was Buddhist in faith and ruled over Malaya, Java, Sumatra and the neighbouring Islands, sent many embassys to the Pala court and sought permission to build a monastery at Nalanda. He also requested the Pala ruler Devapala to endow 5 villages for its upkeep The request was granted and bear testimony to the close relation between the two empires. Hence option C is correct

#### 20. Question

Who among the following allowed Balaputradewa of Shailendra dynasty to sent embassies to India and build a monastery at Nalanda and also endowed five villages for its maintenance?

• (a) Amogvarsha

• (b) Kumaragupta

• (c) Devapala

• (d) Ballalasena

Solution: C

• The trade with Southeast Asia was very profitable and added greatly to the prosperity of Pala empire and led to incursion of gold and silver from these countries into Bengal

• The powerful ruler Balaputradewa of Shailendra dynasty, who was Buddhist in faith and ruled over Malaya, Java, Sumatra and the neighbouring Islands, sent many embassys to the Pala court and sought permission to build a monastery at Nalanda.

• He also requested the Pala ruler Devapala to endow 5 villages for its upkeep

• The request was granted and bear testimony to the close relation between the two empires.

Hence option C is correct

Solution: C

• The trade with Southeast Asia was very profitable and added greatly to the prosperity of Pala empire and led to incursion of gold and silver from these countries into Bengal

• He also requested the Pala ruler Devapala to endow 5 villages for its upkeep

• The request was granted and bear testimony to the close relation between the two empires.

Hence option C is correct

• Question 21 of 30 21. Question 1 points With reference to the recent changes in the Indian Railways’ Advance Reservation Period (ARP), consider the following statements: The ARP for booking train tickets has been reduced from 120 days to 60 days. Foreign tourists are permitted to book tickets up to 180 days in advance. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: A Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The ARP has indeed been shortened from 120 days to 60 days (effective November 1, 2024) to address high cancellation rates (21%) and prevent touts from blocking seats. Statement 2 is incorrect: Foreign tourists enjoy an extended ARP of 365 days (not 180 days) under a dedicated quota, as mentioned in the context. The 180-day figure is a distractor. Some special trains (exempted)like the Taj Express don’t follow the 60-day advance booking rule because most passengers book tickets just a few days before travel. General class (unreserved) tickets aren’t covered by the advance booking rules since these are usually purchased right before the journey. Incorrect Solution: A Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The ARP has indeed been shortened from 120 days to 60 days (effective November 1, 2024) to address high cancellation rates (21%) and prevent touts from blocking seats. Statement 2 is incorrect: Foreign tourists enjoy an extended ARP of 365 days (not 180 days) under a dedicated quota, as mentioned in the context. The 180-day figure is a distractor. Some special trains (exempted)like the Taj Express don’t follow the 60-day advance booking rule because most passengers book tickets just a few days before travel. General class (unreserved) tickets aren’t covered by the advance booking rules since these are usually purchased right before the journey.

#### 21. Question

With reference to the recent changes in the Indian Railways’ Advance Reservation Period (ARP), consider the following statements:

• The ARP for booking train tickets has been reduced from 120 days to 60 days.

• Foreign tourists are permitted to book tickets up to 180 days in advance.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: A

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The ARP has indeed been shortened from 120 days to 60 days (effective November 1, 2024) to address high cancellation rates (21%) and prevent touts from blocking seats.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: Foreign tourists enjoy an extended ARP of 365 days (not 180 days) under a dedicated quota, as mentioned in the context. The 180-day figure is a distractor.

• Some special trains (exempted)like the Taj Express don’t follow the 60-day advance booking rule because most passengers book tickets just a few days before travel.

• General class (unreserved) tickets aren’t covered by the advance booking rules since these are usually purchased right before the journey.

Solution: A

Explanation:

• Statement 2 is incorrect: Foreign tourists enjoy an extended ARP of 365 days (not 180 days) under a dedicated quota, as mentioned in the context. The 180-day figure is a distractor.

• Some special trains (exempted)like the Taj Express don’t follow the 60-day advance booking rule because most passengers book tickets just a few days before travel.

• General class (unreserved) tickets aren’t covered by the advance booking rules since these are usually purchased right before the journey.

• Question 22 of 30 22. Question 1 points With reference to the Irula Tribe, consider the following statements: The Irula people are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG). They primarily live in the northern districts of Kerala. Their expertise in snake venom extraction supports anti-venom production in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 Correct Answer: C Explanation: The Irula tribe of Tamil Nadu, which supplies nearly 80% of India’s anti-snake venom, plays a vital role in public health. However, despite selling snake venom, the community continues to struggle with poverty. A cooperative society of Irula tribals near Chennai, responsible for this critical work, faces an uncertain future, highlighting the economic challenges despite their contribution to healthcare. The Irula tribe, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Tamil Nadu, primarily resides in the Nilgiris region, with communities also in Karnataka and Kerala. They place great importance on ancestor worship. According to anthropological studies, the Irulas are one of India’s oldest tribal communities, belonging to the Negrito race, believed to have migrated from Africa. They speak the Irula language, written in the Tamil script. Incorrect Answer: C Explanation: The Irula tribe of Tamil Nadu, which supplies nearly 80% of India’s anti-snake venom, plays a vital role in public health. However, despite selling snake venom, the community continues to struggle with poverty. A cooperative society of Irula tribals near Chennai, responsible for this critical work, faces an uncertain future, highlighting the economic challenges despite their contribution to healthcare. The Irula tribe, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Tamil Nadu, primarily resides in the Nilgiris region, with communities also in Karnataka and Kerala. They place great importance on ancestor worship. According to anthropological studies, the Irulas are one of India’s oldest tribal communities, belonging to the Negrito race, believed to have migrated from Africa. They speak the Irula language, written in the Tamil script.

#### 22. Question

With reference to the Irula Tribe, consider the following statements:

• The Irula people are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG).

• They primarily live in the northern districts of Kerala.

• Their expertise in snake venom extraction supports anti-venom production in India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2, and 3

Answer: C

Explanation:

The Irula tribe of Tamil Nadu, which supplies nearly 80% of India’s anti-snake venom, plays a vital role in public health.

However, despite selling snake venom, the community continues to struggle with poverty.

A cooperative society of Irula tribals near Chennai, responsible for this critical work, faces an uncertain future, highlighting the economic challenges despite their contribution to healthcare.

The Irula tribe, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Tamil Nadu, primarily resides in the Nilgiris region, with communities also in Karnataka and Kerala.

They place great importance on ancestor worship.

According to anthropological studies, the Irulas are one of India’s oldest tribal communities, belonging to the Negrito race, believed to have migrated from Africa.

They speak the Irula language, written in the Tamil script.

Answer: C

Explanation:

The Irula tribe of Tamil Nadu, which supplies nearly 80% of India’s anti-snake venom, plays a vital role in public health.

However, despite selling snake venom, the community continues to struggle with poverty.

A cooperative society of Irula tribals near Chennai, responsible for this critical work, faces an uncertain future, highlighting the economic challenges despite their contribution to healthcare.

The Irula tribe, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Tamil Nadu, primarily resides in the Nilgiris region, with communities also in Karnataka and Kerala.

They place great importance on ancestor worship.

According to anthropological studies, the Irulas are one of India’s oldest tribal communities, belonging to the Negrito race, believed to have migrated from Africa.

They speak the Irula language, written in the Tamil script.

• Question 23 of 30 23. Question 1 points With reference to the layers of the internet, consider the following statements: The Surface Web constitutes the part of the internet indexed by standard search engines. The Deep Web includes content that is not indexed but is accessible with standard web browsers. The Dark Web requires special software like Tor to access and is associated with anonymous activities. Which of the statements given above are correct? A) 1 and 2 only B) 1 and 3 only C) 2 and 3 only D) All of the above Correct Answer: D Explanation: The Surface Web refers to all websites that are indexed by search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo. This includes publicly accessible web pages that standard browsers can reach. The Deep Web consists of content not indexed by search engines but still accessible with standard web browsers. This includes password-protected sites, intranets, databases, and private networks. The Dark Web is a subset of the Deep Web that requires special software, such as Tor (The Onion Router), to access. It is intentionally hidden and allows users to remain anonymous, which can facilitate both legal and illegal activities. Incorrect Answer: D Explanation: The Surface Web refers to all websites that are indexed by search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo. This includes publicly accessible web pages that standard browsers can reach. The Deep Web consists of content not indexed by search engines but still accessible with standard web browsers. This includes password-protected sites, intranets, databases, and private networks. The Dark Web is a subset of the Deep Web that requires special software, such as Tor (The Onion Router), to access. It is intentionally hidden and allows users to remain anonymous, which can facilitate both legal and illegal activities.

#### 23. Question

With reference to the layers of the internet, consider the following statements:

• The Surface Web constitutes the part of the internet indexed by standard search engines.

• The Deep Web includes content that is not indexed but is accessible with standard web browsers.

• The Dark Web requires special software like Tor to access and is associated with anonymous activities.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• A) 1 and 2 only

• B) 1 and 3 only

• C) 2 and 3 only

• D) All of the above

Explanation:

The Surface Web refers to all websites that are indexed by search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo. This includes publicly accessible web pages that standard browsers can reach.

The Deep Web consists of content not indexed by search engines but still accessible with standard web browsers. This includes password-protected sites, intranets, databases, and private networks.

The Dark Web is a subset of the Deep Web that requires special software, such as Tor (The Onion Router), to access. It is intentionally hidden and allows users to remain anonymous, which can facilitate both legal and illegal activities.

Explanation:

The Surface Web refers to all websites that are indexed by search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo. This includes publicly accessible web pages that standard browsers can reach.

The Deep Web consists of content not indexed by search engines but still accessible with standard web browsers. This includes password-protected sites, intranets, databases, and private networks.

• Question 24 of 30 24. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about rice cultivation in India: Rice is exclusively a Kharif crop grown during the monsoon season. Genetically improved varieties have contributed to higher yields in Punjab and Haryana. Rice cultivation in rainfed areas of Madhya Pradesh is more productive than in irrigated areas. West Bengal farmers cultivate multiple varieties of rice within an agricultural year. Which of the statements given above are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 4 only c) 1, 2 and 4 only d) 2, 3 and 4 only Correct Answer: B Explanation: Rice is primarily a Kharif crop but can also be grown in other seasons with specific varieties and irrigation. So, statement 1 is incorrect; the introduction of genetically improved varieties (HYVs) during the Green Revolution has significantly increased rice yields in Punjab and Haryana. Rice yields in rainfed areas like Madhya Pradesh are lower compared to irrigated areas due to dependency on unreliable rainfall. Statement 3 is incorrect In West Bengal, farmers cultivate multiple rice varieties such as ‘aus’, ‘aman’, and ‘boro’ within an agricultural year, leveraging favorable climatic conditions for multiple cropping cycles. Incorrect Answer: B Explanation: Rice is primarily a Kharif crop but can also be grown in other seasons with specific varieties and irrigation. So, statement 1 is incorrect; the introduction of genetically improved varieties (HYVs) during the Green Revolution has significantly increased rice yields in Punjab and Haryana. Rice yields in rainfed areas like Madhya Pradesh are lower compared to irrigated areas due to dependency on unreliable rainfall. Statement 3 is incorrect In West Bengal, farmers cultivate multiple rice varieties such as ‘aus’, ‘aman’, and ‘boro’ within an agricultural year, leveraging favorable climatic conditions for multiple cropping cycles.

#### 24. Question

Consider the following statements about rice cultivation in India:

• Rice is exclusively a Kharif crop grown during the monsoon season.

• Genetically improved varieties have contributed to higher yields in Punjab and Haryana.

• Rice cultivation in rainfed areas of Madhya Pradesh is more productive than in irrigated areas.

• West Bengal farmers cultivate multiple varieties of rice within an agricultural year.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• a) 1 and 2 only

• b) 2 and 4 only

• c) 1, 2 and 4 only

• d) 2, 3 and 4 only

Explanation:

• Rice is primarily a Kharif crop but can also be grown in other seasons with specific varieties and irrigation. So, statement 1 is incorrect;

• the introduction of genetically improved varieties (HYVs) during the Green Revolution has significantly increased rice yields in Punjab and Haryana.

• Rice yields in rainfed areas like Madhya Pradesh are lower compared to irrigated areas due to dependency on unreliable rainfall. Statement 3 is incorrect

• In West Bengal, farmers cultivate multiple rice varieties such as ‘aus’, ‘aman’, and ‘boro’ within an agricultural year, leveraging favorable climatic conditions for multiple cropping cycles.

Explanation:

• Rice is primarily a Kharif crop but can also be grown in other seasons with specific varieties and irrigation. So, statement 1 is incorrect;

• the introduction of genetically improved varieties (HYVs) during the Green Revolution has significantly increased rice yields in Punjab and Haryana.

• Rice yields in rainfed areas like Madhya Pradesh are lower compared to irrigated areas due to dependency on unreliable rainfall. Statement 3 is incorrect

• Question 25 of 30 25. Question 1 points Under Startup India, which of the following criteria must a business fulfill to be officially recognized as a “Startup”? a) Annual turnover should not exceed ₹500 crore b) The company should be less than 10 years old c) It must have a minimum of 100 employees d) It must be a listed company in stock exchanges Correct Answer: B Explanation: A company is considered a Startup under Startup India if: It is less than 10 years old from the date of incorporation. Its annual turnover is below ₹100 crore in any financial year It is working towards innovation, development, or improvement of products/services/processes. It is not formed by splitting or restructuring an existing business. “Minimum employees” or “stock exchange listing” are NOT criteria for recognition. Incorrect Answer: B Explanation: A company is considered a Startup under Startup India if: It is less than 10 years old from the date of incorporation. Its annual turnover is below ₹100 crore in any financial year It is working towards innovation, development, or improvement of products/services/processes. It is not formed by splitting or restructuring an existing business. “Minimum employees” or “stock exchange listing” are NOT criteria for recognition.

#### 25. Question

Under Startup India, which of the following criteria must a business fulfill to be officially recognized as a “Startup”?

• a) Annual turnover should not exceed ₹500 crore

• b) The company should be less than 10 years old

• c) It must have a minimum of 100 employees

• d) It must be a listed company in stock exchanges

Explanation: A company is considered a Startup under Startup India if:

• It is less than 10 years old from the date of incorporation.

• Its annual turnover is below ₹100 crore in any financial year

• It is working towards innovation, development, or improvement of products/services/processes.

• It is not formed by splitting or restructuring an existing business.

“Minimum employees” or “stock exchange listing” are NOT criteria for recognition.

Explanation: A company is considered a Startup under Startup India if:

• It is less than 10 years old from the date of incorporation.

• Its annual turnover is below ₹100 crore in any financial year

• It is working towards innovation, development, or improvement of products/services/processes.

• It is not formed by splitting or restructuring an existing business.

“Minimum employees” or “stock exchange listing” are NOT criteria for recognition.

• Question 26 of 30 26. Question 1 points Political theorists no doubt have to take history of injustice, for example, untouchability, seriously. The concept of historical injustice takes note of a variety of historical wrongs that continue into the present in some form or the other and tend to resist repair. Two reasons might account for resistance to repair. One, not only are the roots of injustice buried deep in history, injustice itself constitutes economic structures of exploitation, ideologies of discrimination and modes of representation. Two, the category of historical injustice generally extends across a number of wrongs such as economic deprivation, social discrimination and lack of recognition. This category is complex, not only because of the overlap between a number of wrongs, but because one or the other wrong, generally discrimination, tends to acquire partial autonomy from others. This is borne out by the history of repair in India. What is the main idea that we can infer from the passage? a) Untouchability in India has not been taken seriously by political theorists. b) Historical injustice is inevitable in any society and is always beyond repair. c) Social discrimination and deprivation have their roots in bad economies. d) It is difficult, if not impossible, to repair every injustice. Correct Correct Option: D Justification: The idea of the passage is to look deep into historical injustices and point out the complexities and challenges in repairing it. Option (a) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t necessarily imply that. It calls for political theorists to take even the history behind Untouchability seriously. Option (c) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t imply this. It implies that social discrimination and deprivation extend across a number of wrongs such as economic deprivation. Option (b) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t mention or imply that it is beyond repair. Option (d) is correct: The aim here is to look at the complexities and present a clear picture needed for reforms. Incorrect Correct Option: D Justification: The idea of the passage is to look deep into historical injustices and point out the complexities and challenges in repairing it. Option (a) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t necessarily imply that. It calls for political theorists to take even the history behind Untouchability seriously. Option (c) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t imply this. It implies that social discrimination and deprivation extend across a number of wrongs such as economic deprivation. Option (b) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t mention or imply that it is beyond repair. Option (d) is correct: The aim here is to look at the complexities and present a clear picture needed for reforms.

#### 26. Question

Political theorists no doubt have to take history of injustice, for example, untouchability, seriously. The concept of historical injustice takes note of a variety of historical wrongs that continue into the present in some form or the other and tend to resist repair. Two reasons might account for resistance to repair. One, not only are the roots of injustice buried deep in history, injustice itself constitutes economic structures of exploitation, ideologies of discrimination and modes of representation. Two, the category of historical injustice generally extends across a number of wrongs such as economic deprivation, social discrimination and lack of recognition. This category is complex, not only because of the overlap between a number of wrongs, but because one or the other wrong, generally discrimination, tends to acquire partial autonomy from others. This is borne out by the history of repair in India.

What is the main idea that we can infer from the passage?

• a) Untouchability in India has not been taken seriously by political theorists.

• b) Historical injustice is inevitable in any society and is always beyond repair.

• c) Social discrimination and deprivation have their roots in bad economies.

• d) It is difficult, if not impossible, to repair every injustice.

Correct Option: D

Justification:

The idea of the passage is to look deep into historical injustices and point out the complexities and challenges in repairing it.

Option (a) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t necessarily imply that. It calls for political theorists to take even the history behind Untouchability seriously.

Option (c) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t imply this. It implies that social discrimination and deprivation extend across a number of wrongs such as economic deprivation.

Option (b) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t mention or imply that it is beyond repair.

Option (d) is correct: The aim here is to look at the complexities and present a clear picture needed for reforms.

Correct Option: D

Justification:

The idea of the passage is to look deep into historical injustices and point out the complexities and challenges in repairing it.

Option (a) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t necessarily imply that. It calls for political theorists to take even the history behind Untouchability seriously.

Option (c) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t imply this. It implies that social discrimination and deprivation extend across a number of wrongs such as economic deprivation.

Option (b) is incorrect: The passage doesn’t mention or imply that it is beyond repair.

Option (d) is correct: The aim here is to look at the complexities and present a clear picture needed for reforms.

• Question 27 of 30 27. Question 1 points Calculating the probability of selecting a black card or a six from a deck of 52 cards. a) 7/13 b) 8/14 c) 9/13 d) 7/14 Correct Correct Option: A Justification: Let B be the event of selecting a black card. We need to find out P(B or 6 Selecting a black card P(B) = 26/52 = 1/2 Selecting a 6 P(6) = 4/52 The probability of selecting both a black card and a 6 = 2/52 We know that- P(B ∪ 6) = P(B) + P(6) – P(B ∩ 6) Therefore = 26/52 + 4/52 – 2/52 = 28/52 = 7/13. Incorrect Correct Option: A Justification: Let B be the event of selecting a black card. We need to find out P(B or 6 Selecting a black card P(B) = 26/52 = 1/2 Selecting a 6 P(6) = 4/52 The probability of selecting both a black card and a 6 = 2/52 We know that- P(B ∪ 6) = P(B) + P(6) – P(B ∩ 6) Therefore = 26/52 + 4/52 – 2/52 = 28/52 = 7/13.

#### 27. Question

Calculating the probability of selecting a black card or a six from a deck of 52 cards.

Correct Option: A

Justification:

Let B be the event of selecting a black card.

We need to find out P(B or 6

Selecting a black card P(B) = 26/52 = 1/2

Selecting a 6 P(6) = 4/52

The probability of selecting both a black card and a 6 = 2/52

We know that-

P(B ∪ 6) = P(B) + P(6) – P(B ∩ 6)

= 26/52 + 4/52 – 2/52

Correct Option: A

Justification:

Let B be the event of selecting a black card.

We need to find out P(B or 6

Selecting a black card P(B) = 26/52 = 1/2

Selecting a 6 P(6) = 4/52

The probability of selecting both a black card and a 6 = 2/52

We know that-

P(B ∪ 6) = P(B) + P(6) – P(B ∩ 6)

= 26/52 + 4/52 – 2/52

• Question 28 of 30 28. Question 1 points In a language, there are six different words. A sentence can be formed by at least 2 words. If order of words is changed in a sentence, we get a different sentence. How many different sentences can be formed in this language? a) 1870 b) 1970 c) 1950 d) 2190 Correct Correct Option: C Justification: Here, different order gives different sentence. So, permutations are needed to make sentences. ⇒ Different sentences that can be formed = 6P2 + 6P3 + 6P4 + 6P5 + 6P6 = 30 + 120 + 360 + 720 + 720 = 1950 Hence, option (C) is correct. Incorrect Correct Option: C Justification: Here, different order gives different sentence. So, permutations are needed to make sentences. ⇒ Different sentences that can be formed = 6P2 + 6P3 + 6P4 + 6P5 + 6P6 = 30 + 120 + 360 + 720 + 720 = 1950 Hence, option (C) is correct.

#### 28. Question

In a language, there are six different words. A sentence can be formed by at least 2 words. If order of words is changed in a sentence, we get a different sentence. How many different sentences can be formed in this language?

Correct Option: C

Justification:

Here, different order gives different sentence. So, permutations are needed to make sentences.

⇒ Different sentences that can be formed = 6P2 + 6P3 + 6P4 + 6P5 + 6P6 = 30 + 120 + 360 + 720 + 720 = 1950

Hence, option (C) is correct.

Correct Option: C

Justification:

Here, different order gives different sentence. So, permutations are needed to make sentences.

⇒ Different sentences that can be formed = 6P2 + 6P3 + 6P4 + 6P5 + 6P6 = 30 + 120 + 360 + 720 + 720 = 1950

Hence, option (C) is correct.

• Question 29 of 30 29. Question 1 points A bag contains coins of one rupee, two rupee & five rupees. The total money in the bag is Rs. 120. If the total number of one rupee and two-rupee coins are 35 and in ratio of coins is 2:5. Find the probability of getting a 5-rupee coin if a coin is randomly picked from the bag? a) 2/7 b) 5/7 c) 5/47 d) 12/47 Correct Correct Option: D Justification: Solution: GIVEN: A bag contains coins of one rupee, two rupee & five rupees. The total money in the bag is Rs. 120. The total number of one rupee and two-rupee coins are 35 and in ratio of coins is 2 :5. Formula used: Probability of an event = Favorable ways/Total ways CALCULATION: Number of 1-rupee coins = (2/7 × 35) = 10 Number of 2-rupee coins = (5/7 × 35) = 25 Let the number of 5-rupee coins be x 5x + 1(10) + 2(25) = 120 ⇒ x = 12 Total number of coins = 10 + 25 + 12 = 47 So, the bag contains total 47 coins out of which number of five-rupee coin is 12 Probability of getting a 5-rupee coin = 12/47 Incorrect Correct Option: D Justification: Solution: GIVEN: A bag contains coins of one rupee, two rupee & five rupees. The total money in the bag is Rs. 120. The total number of one rupee and two-rupee coins are 35 and in ratio of coins is 2 :5. Formula used: Probability of an event = Favorable ways/Total ways CALCULATION: Number of 1-rupee coins = (2/7 × 35) = 10 Number of 2-rupee coins = (5/7 × 35) = 25 Let the number of 5-rupee coins be x 5x + 1(10) + 2(25) = 120 ⇒ x = 12 Total number of coins = 10 + 25 + 12 = 47 So, the bag contains total 47 coins out of which number of five-rupee coin is 12 Probability of getting a 5-rupee coin = 12/47

#### 29. Question

A bag contains coins of one rupee, two rupee & five rupees. The total money in the bag is Rs. 120. If the total number of one rupee and two-rupee coins are 35 and in ratio of coins is 2:5. Find the probability of getting a 5-rupee coin if a coin is randomly picked from the bag?

Correct Option: D

Justification:

A bag contains coins of one rupee, two rupee & five rupees.

The total money in the bag is Rs. 120.

The total number of one rupee and two-rupee coins are 35 and in ratio of coins is

Formula used:

Probability of an event = Favorable ways/Total ways

CALCULATION:

Number of 1-rupee coins = (2/7 × 35) = 10

Number of 2-rupee coins = (5/7 × 35) = 25

Let the number of 5-rupee coins be x

5x + 1(10) + 2(25) = 120 ⇒ x = 12

Total number of coins = 10 + 25 + 12 = 47

So, the bag contains total 47 coins out of which number of five-rupee coin is 12

Probability of getting a 5-rupee coin = 12/47

Correct Option: D

Justification:

A bag contains coins of one rupee, two rupee & five rupees.

The total money in the bag is Rs. 120.

The total number of one rupee and two-rupee coins are 35 and in ratio of coins is

Formula used:

Probability of an event = Favorable ways/Total ways

CALCULATION:

Number of 1-rupee coins = (2/7 × 35) = 10

Number of 2-rupee coins = (5/7 × 35) = 25

Let the number of 5-rupee coins be x

5x + 1(10) + 2(25) = 120 ⇒ x = 12

Total number of coins = 10 + 25 + 12 = 47

So, the bag contains total 47 coins out of which number of five-rupee coin is 12

Probability of getting a 5-rupee coin = 12/47

• Question 30 of 30 30. Question 1 points In how many different ways can the letters of the word WINDOW be arranged in such a way that the vowels never come together? a) 350 b) 250 c) 720 d) 240 Correct Correct Option: D Justification: Total ways = 6! / 2! = 360 ways when all the vowels always come together = 5! × 2! / 2! = 120 Ways when all the vowels never come together = 360 – 120 = 240 Hence, option D is correct. Incorrect Correct Option: D Justification: Total ways = 6! / 2! = 360 ways when all the vowels always come together = 5! × 2! / 2! = 120 Ways when all the vowels never come together = 360 – 120 = 240 Hence, option D is correct.

#### 30. Question

In how many different ways can the letters of the word WINDOW be arranged in such a way that the vowels never come together?

Correct Option: D

Justification:

Total ways = 6! / 2! = 360

ways when all the vowels always come together = 5! × 2! / 2! = 120

Ways when all the vowels never come together = 360 – 120 = 240

Hence, option D is correct.

Correct Option: D

Justification:

Total ways = 6! / 2! = 360

ways when all the vowels always come together = 5! × 2! / 2! = 120

Ways when all the vowels never come together = 360 – 120 = 240

Hence, option D is correct.

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