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• Question 1 of 30 1. Question 1 points How many of the following was/were principal characteristics of Neolithic age? Practice of Agriculture Domestication of animals Use of Metal Manufacture of Pottery Select the correct answer using the code given below (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: D The chief characteristic features of the Neolithic culture are the practice of *agriculture, domestication of animals, polishing of stone tools and the manufacture of pottery. In fact, the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals led to the emergence of village communities based on sedentary life. Wheat, barely, rice, millet was cultivated in different areas at different points of time. There was a great improvement in technology of making tools and other equipments used by man. Stone tools were now polished. However, use of metal was not practiced. The polished axes were found to be more effective tools for hunting and cutting trees Mud brick houses were built instead of grass huts. Wheels were used to make pottery. Pottery was used for cooking as well as storage of food grains. Large urns were used as coffins for the burial of the dead. There was also improvement in agriculture. Incorrect Solution: D The chief characteristic features of the Neolithic culture are the practice of agriculture, domestication of animals, polishing of stone tools and the manufacture of pottery. In fact, the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals led to the emergence of village communities based on sedentary life. Wheat, barely, rice, millet was cultivated in different areas at different points of time. There was a great improvement in technology of making tools and other equipments used by man. Stone tools were now polished. However, use of metal was not practiced.* The polished axes were found to be more effective tools for hunting and cutting trees Mud brick houses were built instead of grass huts. Wheels were used to make pottery. Pottery was used for cooking as well as storage of food grains. Large urns were used as coffins for the burial of the dead. There was also improvement in agriculture.

#### 1. Question

How many of the following was/were principal characteristics of Neolithic age?

• Practice of Agriculture

• Domestication of animals

• Use of Metal

• Manufacture of Pottery

Select the correct answer using the code given below

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: D

The chief characteristic features of the Neolithic culture are the practice of *agriculture, domestication of animals, polishing of stone tools and the manufacture of pottery. *In fact, the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals led to the emergence of village communities based on sedentary life. Wheat, barely, rice, millet was cultivated in different areas at different points of time.

There was a great improvement in technology of making tools and other equipments used by man. Stone tools were now polished. *However, use of metal was not practiced.* The polished axes were found to be more effective tools for hunting and cutting trees

Mud brick houses were built instead of grass huts. Wheels were used to make pottery. Pottery was used for cooking as well as storage of food grains. Large urns were used as coffins for the burial of the dead. There was also improvement in agriculture.

Solution: D

• Question 2 of 30 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements Megalithic Burials were extensively found in Northern India. Iron Age in pre-historic India was contemporary to Megalithic Burials. Chalcolithic communities founded the first villages in India and cultivated far more cereals than is known in the case of the Neolithic community. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B The Iron Age of the southern peninsula is often related to Megalithic Burials. Megalith means Large Stone. (Hence, statement 2 correct) The burial pits were covered with these stones. Such graves are extensively found in South India. Some of the important megalithic sites are Hallur and Maski in Karnataka, Nagarjunakonda in Andhra Pradesh and Adichchanallur in Tamil Nadu. (Hence, statement 1 correct) The chalcolithic communities founded the first villages in India and cultivated far more cereals than is known in the case of the Neolithic communities. In particular they cultivated barley, wheat and lentil in western India, and rice in southern, and eastern India. Their cereal food was supplemented by non-vegetarian food. (Hence, statement 3 correct) Incorrect Solution: B The Iron Age of the southern peninsula is often related to Megalithic Burials. Megalith means Large Stone. (Hence, statement 2 correct) The burial pits were covered with these stones. Such graves are extensively found in South India. Some of the important megalithic sites are Hallur and Maski in Karnataka, Nagarjunakonda in Andhra Pradesh and Adichchanallur in Tamil Nadu. (Hence, statement 1 correct) The chalcolithic communities founded the first villages in India and cultivated far more cereals than is known in the case of the Neolithic communities. In particular they cultivated barley, wheat and lentil in western India, and rice in southern, and eastern India. Their cereal food was supplemented by non-vegetarian food. (Hence, statement 3 correct)

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements

• Megalithic Burials were extensively found in Northern India.

• Iron Age in pre-historic India was contemporary to Megalithic Burials.

• Chalcolithic communities founded the first villages in India and cultivated far more cereals than is known in the case of the Neolithic community.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

The Iron Age of the southern peninsula is often related to Megalithic Burials. Megalith means Large Stone. (Hence, statement 2 correct)

The burial pits were covered with these stones. Such graves are extensively found in South India. Some of the important megalithic sites are Hallur and Maski in Karnataka, Nagarjunakonda in Andhra Pradesh and Adichchanallur in Tamil Nadu. (Hence, statement 1 correct)

The chalcolithic communities founded the first villages in India and cultivated far more cereals than is known in the case of the Neolithic communities.

In particular they cultivated barley, wheat and lentil in western India, and rice in southern, and eastern India. Their cereal food was supplemented by non-vegetarian food. (Hence, statement 3 correct)

Solution: B

The Iron Age of the southern peninsula is often related to Megalithic Burials. Megalith means Large Stone. (Hence, statement 2 correct)

The chalcolithic communities founded the first villages in India and cultivated far more cereals than is known in the case of the Neolithic communities.

• Question 3 of 30 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Harappan script The Harappan script has still to be fully deciphered. The script is largely connected to Greek Language The script was mostly written from right to left. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3 only Correct Solution: D Harappan Script: Undeciphered Language: The Harappan script remains undeciphered, posing one of the greatest mysteries of the Indus Valley Civilization. (Hence, statement 1 correct) Script Characteristics: Contains 400 to 600 signs, with 40–60 as core symbols, the rest being variants. (Hence, statement 2 incorrect) Pictographic in nature and used on seals, pottery, and tablets. Writing Direction: Primarily written from right to left. (Hence, statement 3 correct) Some long inscriptions follow boustrophedon style (alternate line reversal). Language Hypotheses: Dravidian Theory: Proposed by Asko Parpola and Scandinavian scholars; supported by some Soviet researchers. Brahmi Connection: Other scholars attempt to link Harappan script to early Brahmi Present Status: Despite various efforts, no conclusive decipherment has been achieved, making it an enduring archaeological enigma. Incorrect Solution: D Harappan Script: Undeciphered Language: The Harappan script remains undeciphered, posing one of the greatest mysteries of the Indus Valley Civilization. (Hence, statement 1 correct) Script Characteristics: Contains 400 to 600 signs, with 40–60 as core symbols, the rest being variants. (Hence, statement 2 incorrect) Pictographic in nature and used on seals, pottery, and tablets. Writing Direction: Primarily written from right to left. (Hence, statement 3 correct) Some long inscriptions follow boustrophedon style (alternate line reversal). Language Hypotheses: Dravidian Theory: Proposed by Asko Parpola and Scandinavian scholars; supported by some Soviet researchers. Brahmi Connection: Other scholars attempt to link Harappan script to early Brahmi Present Status: Despite various efforts, no conclusive decipherment has been achieved, making it an enduring archaeological enigma.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Harappan script

• The Harappan script has still to be fully deciphered.

• The script is largely connected to Greek Language

• The script was mostly written from right to left.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 2 and 3 only

• (b) 3 only

• (c) 1, 2 and 3

• (d) 1 and 3 only

Solution: D

Harappan Script:

• Undeciphered Language: The Harappan script remains undeciphered, posing one of the greatest mysteries of the Indus Valley Civilization. (Hence, statement 1 correct)

• The Harappan script remains undeciphered, posing one of the greatest mysteries of the Indus Valley Civilization. (Hence, statement 1 correct)

• Script Characteristics:

• Contains 400 to 600 signs, with 40–60 as core symbols, the rest being variants. (Hence, statement 2 incorrect)

• Pictographic in nature and used on seals, pottery, and tablets.

• Writing Direction:

• Primarily written from right to left. (Hence, statement 3 correct)

• Some long inscriptions follow boustrophedon style (alternate line reversal).

• Language Hypotheses:

• Dravidian Theory: Proposed by Asko Parpola and Scandinavian scholars; supported by some Soviet researchers.

• Brahmi Connection: Other scholars attempt to link Harappan script to early Brahmi

Present Status: Despite various efforts, no conclusive decipherment has been achieved, making it an enduring archaeological enigma.

Solution: D

Harappan Script:

• Undeciphered Language: The Harappan script remains undeciphered, posing one of the greatest mysteries of the Indus Valley Civilization. (Hence, statement 1 correct)

• The Harappan script remains undeciphered, posing one of the greatest mysteries of the Indus Valley Civilization. (Hence, statement 1 correct)

• Script Characteristics:

• Contains 400 to 600 signs, with 40–60 as core symbols, the rest being variants. (Hence, statement 2 incorrect)

• Pictographic in nature and used on seals, pottery, and tablets.

• Writing Direction:

• Primarily written from right to left. (Hence, statement 3 correct)

• Some long inscriptions follow boustrophedon style (alternate line reversal).

• Language Hypotheses:

• Dravidian Theory: Proposed by Asko Parpola and Scandinavian scholars; supported by some Soviet researchers.

• Brahmi Connection: Other scholars attempt to link Harappan script to early Brahmi

Present Status: Despite various efforts, no conclusive decipherment has been achieved, making it an enduring archaeological enigma.

• Question 4 of 30 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Kanishka: He was the founder of the Vikrama Era. The famous physician of ancient India Charaka was also patronized by him Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect: The Vikrama Era was started by King Vikramaditya of Ujjain in 57 BCE, not Kanishka. Kanishka started the Shaka Era (Saka Era), which is believed to have begun in 78 CE. Statement 2 is correct: Charaka, a renowned physician and contributor to Ayurveda, especially the Charaka Samhita, is believed to have been associated with the court of Kanishka, who patronized scholars of various disciplines, including medicine and Buddhism. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect: The Vikrama Era was started by King Vikramaditya of Ujjain in 57 BCE, not Kanishka. Kanishka started the Shaka Era (Saka Era), which is believed to have begun in 78 CE. Statement 2 is correct: Charaka, a renowned physician and contributor to Ayurveda, especially the Charaka Samhita, is believed to have been associated with the court of Kanishka, who patronized scholars of various disciplines, including medicine and Buddhism.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Kanishka:

• He was the founder of the Vikrama Era.

• The famous physician of ancient India Charaka was also patronized by him

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: B

Statement 1 is incorrect: The Vikrama Era was started by King Vikramaditya of Ujjain in 57 BCE, not Kanishka. Kanishka started the Shaka Era (Saka Era), which is believed to have begun in 78 CE.

Statement 2 is correct: Charaka, a renowned physician and contributor to Ayurveda, especially the Charaka Samhita, is believed to have been associated with the court of Kanishka, who patronized scholars of various disciplines, including medicine and Buddhism.

Solution: B

• Question 5 of 30 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Samudragupta: The Allahabad Pillar inscription provides a detailed account of Samudragupta’s reign. He was largely hailed as Indian Napolean due to his military achievements. He was an ardent follower of Shaivism. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1 only Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct: The Allahabad Pillar Inscription, composed by Harishena, offers a comprehensive record of Samudragupta’s military conquests, administrative prowess, and personal qualities. Statement 2 is correct: Historian V.A. Smith called him the “Napoleon of India” owing to his aggressive military expansion and successful campaigns across India. Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect: Samudragupta was a devout Vaishnavite, as reflected in his coins bearing the Garuda symbol and inscriptions referencing Vishnu. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct: The Allahabad Pillar Inscription, composed by Harishena, offers a comprehensive record of Samudragupta’s military conquests, administrative prowess, and personal qualities. Statement 2 is correct: Historian V.A. Smith called him the “Napoleon of India” owing to his aggressive military expansion and successful campaigns across India. Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect: Samudragupta was a devout Vaishnavite, as reflected in his coins bearing the Garuda symbol and inscriptions referencing Vishnu.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Samudragupta:

• The Allahabad Pillar inscription provides a detailed account of Samudragupta’s reign.

• He was largely hailed as Indian Napolean due to his military achievements.

• He was an ardent follower of Shaivism.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 2 only

• (d) 1 only

Solution: A

Statement 1 is correct: The Allahabad Pillar Inscription, composed by Harishena, offers a comprehensive record of Samudragupta’s military conquests, administrative prowess, and personal qualities.

Statement 2 is correct: Historian V.A. Smith called him the “Napoleon of India” owing to his aggressive military expansion and successful campaigns across India.

Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect: Samudragupta was a devout Vaishnavite, as reflected in his coins bearing the Garuda symbol and inscriptions referencing Vishnu.

Solution: A

Statement 2 is correct: Historian V.A. Smith called him the “Napoleon of India” owing to his aggressive military expansion and successful campaigns across India.

Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect: Samudragupta was a devout Vaishnavite, as reflected in his coins bearing the Garuda symbol and inscriptions referencing Vishnu.

• Question 6 of 30 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Satavahana dynasty: The founder of the Satavahana dynasty was Simuka. They patronized Buddhism and Brahmanism. They patronized Prakrit language and literature. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: C Statement 1 is correct: Simuka is historically recognized as the founder of the Satavahana dynasty, who established power in the Deccan after the decline of the Mauryan Empire around the 1st century BCE. Statement 2 is correct. The Satavahanas followed Brahmanism, but they also actively patronized Buddhism, evident from Buddhist stupas, viharas, and chaityas at Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, and Sanchi. Kings like Gautamiputra Satakarni performed Vedic sacrifices but also supported Buddhist monastic institutions. Hence, Statement 3 is correct. The Satavahanas used Prakrit as their official language, and many of their inscriptions were written in Prakrit. Notably, the Gatha Saptashati, a collection of poems, was composed in Maharashtri Prakrit by Hala, a Satavahana ruler. Incorrect Solution: C Statement 1 is correct: Simuka is historically recognized as the founder of the Satavahana dynasty, who established power in the Deccan after the decline of the Mauryan Empire around the 1st century BCE. Statement 2 is correct. The Satavahanas followed Brahmanism, but they also actively patronized Buddhism, evident from Buddhist stupas, viharas, and chaityas at Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, and Sanchi. Kings like Gautamiputra Satakarni performed Vedic sacrifices but also supported Buddhist monastic institutions. Hence, Statement 3 is correct. The Satavahanas used Prakrit as their official language, and many of their inscriptions were written in Prakrit. Notably, the Gatha Saptashati, a collection of poems, was composed in Maharashtri Prakrit by Hala, a Satavahana ruler.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Satavahana dynasty:

• The founder of the Satavahana dynasty was Simuka.

• They patronized Buddhism and Brahmanism.

• They patronized Prakrit language and literature.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: C

Statement 1 is correct:

• Simuka is historically recognized as the founder of the Satavahana dynasty, who established power in the Deccan after the decline of the Mauryan Empire around the 1st century BCE.

Statement 2 is correct.

• The Satavahanas followed Brahmanism, but they also actively patronized Buddhism, evident from Buddhist stupas, viharas, and chaityas at Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, and Sanchi.

• Kings like Gautamiputra Satakarni performed Vedic sacrifices but also supported Buddhist monastic institutions.

Hence, Statement 3 is correct.

• The Satavahanas used Prakrit as their official language, and many of their inscriptions were written in Prakrit.

• Notably, the Gatha Saptashati, a collection of poems, was composed in Maharashtri Prakrit by Hala, a Satavahana ruler.

Solution: C

Statement 1 is correct:

• Simuka is historically recognized as the founder of the Satavahana dynasty, who established power in the Deccan after the decline of the Mauryan Empire around the 1st century BCE.

Statement 2 is correct.

• Kings like Gautamiputra Satakarni performed Vedic sacrifices but also supported Buddhist monastic institutions.

Hence, Statement 3 is correct.

• The Satavahanas used Prakrit as their official language, and many of their inscriptions were written in Prakrit.

• Notably, the Gatha Saptashati, a collection of poems, was composed in Maharashtri Prakrit by Hala, a Satavahana ruler.

• Question 7 of 30 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Asoka’s conversion to Buddhism was gradual phenomenon and not immediate. Maski was the first edict of Emperor Ashoka that contained the name Ashoka. Cholas and Pandyas kingdoms were the integral part of Asoka’s empire How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct: Asoka did not immediately adopt Buddhism after the Kalinga War. His initial adoption was moral and philosophical, and over time he became a dedicated patron and follower of Buddhism. His Dhamma policy reflects a gradual internalization of Buddhist principles rather than a sudden conversion. Statement 2 is correct: The Maski Edict (Karnataka) was the first edict discovered that explicitly mentioned the name “Devanampiya Asoka”, confirming the identity of the author of earlier anonymous edicts. Statement 3 is incorrect: The Cholas and Pandyas are mentioned in Asoka’s 13th Rock Edict, but they were described as neighboring independent kingdoms, not part of his empire. He referred to them in the context of spreading Dhamma beyond his borders. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct: Asoka did not immediately adopt Buddhism after the Kalinga War. His initial adoption was moral and philosophical, and over time he became a dedicated patron and follower of Buddhism. His Dhamma policy reflects a gradual internalization of Buddhist principles rather than a sudden conversion. Statement 2 is correct: The Maski Edict (Karnataka) was the first edict discovered that explicitly mentioned the name “Devanampiya Asoka”, confirming the identity of the author of earlier anonymous edicts. Statement 3 is incorrect: The Cholas and Pandyas are mentioned in Asoka’s 13th Rock Edict, but they were described as neighboring independent kingdoms, not part of his empire. He referred to them in the context of spreading Dhamma beyond his borders.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements:

• Asoka’s conversion to Buddhism was gradual phenomenon and not immediate.

• Maski was the first edict of Emperor Ashoka that contained the name Ashoka.

• Cholas and Pandyas kingdoms were the integral part of Asoka’s empire

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

Statement 1 is correct:

• Asoka did not immediately adopt Buddhism after the Kalinga War. His initial adoption was moral and philosophical, and over time he became a dedicated patron and follower of Buddhism.

• His Dhamma policy reflects a gradual internalization of Buddhist principles rather than a sudden conversion.

Statement 2 is correct:

• The Maski Edict (Karnataka) was the first edict discovered that explicitly mentioned the name “Devanampiya Asoka”, confirming the identity of the author of earlier anonymous edicts.

Statement 3 is incorrect:

• The Cholas and Pandyas are mentioned in Asoka’s 13th Rock Edict, but they were described as neighboring independent kingdoms, not part of his empire.

• He referred to them in the context of spreading Dhamma beyond his borders.

Solution: B

Statement 1 is correct:

• His Dhamma policy reflects a gradual internalization of Buddhist principles rather than a sudden conversion.

Statement 2 is correct:

Statement 3 is incorrect:

• The Cholas and Pandyas are mentioned in Asoka’s 13th Rock Edict, but they were described as neighboring independent kingdoms, not part of his empire.

• He referred to them in the context of spreading Dhamma beyond his borders.

• Question 8 of 30 8. Question 1 points With reference to archaeological sites in India, consider the following pairs: Historical Site : Important Feature Inamgaon : Circular pit houses Adamgarh : Domestication of animals Mahadaha : First excavated Neolithic site How many of the pairs given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Inamgaon is located in Maharashtra. It is a post Harappan agrarian village and archaeological site located along the bank of Ghod river. From here large mud houses with ovens and circular pit houses have been excavated. Hence pair 1 is correct Adamgarh (Madhya Pradesh) is an important Mesolithic site in India providing insights into the period. It was discovered by Manoranjan Ghosh in 1922. It provides the earliest evidence for domestication of animals. Hence pair 2 is correct Mahadaha is located in Uttar Pradesh. It is an important Mesolithic site from where bone artefacts including arrowheads and bone ornaments have been found. Also, a burial having a man and woman buried together has been excavated. Mehargarh is the first excavated Neolithic site. Hence pair 3 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: B Inamgaon is located in Maharashtra. It is a post Harappan agrarian village and archaeological site located along the bank of Ghod river. From here large mud houses with ovens and circular pit houses have been excavated. Hence pair 1 is correct Adamgarh (Madhya Pradesh) is an important Mesolithic site in India providing insights into the period. It was discovered by Manoranjan Ghosh in 1922. It provides the earliest evidence for domestication of animals. Hence pair 2 is correct Mahadaha is located in Uttar Pradesh. It is an important Mesolithic site from where bone artefacts including arrowheads and bone ornaments have been found. Also, a burial having a man and woman buried together has been excavated. Mehargarh is the first excavated Neolithic site. Hence pair 3 is incorrect

#### 8. Question

With reference to archaeological sites in India, consider the following pairs:

Historical Site : Important Feature

• Inamgaon : Circular pit houses

• Adamgarh : Domestication of animals

• Mahadaha : First excavated Neolithic site

How many of the pairs given above are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Inamgaon is located in Maharashtra.

• It is a post Harappan agrarian village and archaeological site located along the bank of Ghod river.

• From here large mud houses with ovens and circular pit houses have been excavated.

Hence pair 1 is correct

• Adamgarh (Madhya Pradesh) is an important Mesolithic site in India providing insights into the period.

• It was discovered by Manoranjan Ghosh in 1922.

• It provides the earliest evidence for domestication of animals.

Hence pair 2 is correct

• Mahadaha is located in Uttar Pradesh.

• It is an important Mesolithic site from where bone artefacts including arrowheads and bone ornaments have been found.

• Also, a burial having a man and woman buried together has been excavated.

• Mehargarh is the first excavated Neolithic site.

Hence pair 3 is incorrect

Solution: B

• Inamgaon is located in Maharashtra.

• It is a post Harappan agrarian village and archaeological site located along the bank of Ghod river.

• From here large mud houses with ovens and circular pit houses have been excavated.

Hence pair 1 is correct

• Adamgarh (Madhya Pradesh) is an important Mesolithic site in India providing insights into the period.

• It was discovered by Manoranjan Ghosh in 1922.

• It provides the earliest evidence for domestication of animals.

Hence pair 2 is correct

• Mahadaha is located in Uttar Pradesh.

• It is an important Mesolithic site from where bone artefacts including arrowheads and bone ornaments have been found.

• Also, a burial having a man and woman buried together has been excavated.

• Mehargarh is the first excavated Neolithic site.

Hence pair 3 is incorrect

• Question 9 of 30 9. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs regarding import of articles by Harappan people: Items of import: Location Gold : Iran Bitumen : Baluchistan Silver : Mesopotamia How many of the pairs given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: C The Harappan people imported several items from other places which were not locally available. Gold was imported from Afghanistan, Iran and also obtained from Kolar in South India. Bitumen was imported from Mesopotamia and Baluchistan. Silver was imported from Mesopotamia and also obtained from Jawar mines of Rajasthan. Apart from these, Copper was obtained from khetri mines in Rajasthan as well as important from Oman and Balochistan. Lapis lazuli was obtained from Afghanistan Tin from Iran and Afghanistan Turquoise from Khorasan in Central Asia Steatite from Iran and South Rajasthan Hence pairs 1, 2 and 3 are correct Incorrect Solution: C The Harappan people imported several items from other places which were not locally available. Gold was imported from Afghanistan, Iran and also obtained from Kolar in South India. Bitumen was imported from Mesopotamia and Baluchistan. Silver was imported from Mesopotamia and also obtained from Jawar mines of Rajasthan. Apart from these, Copper was obtained from khetri mines in Rajasthan as well as important from Oman and Balochistan. Lapis lazuli was obtained from Afghanistan Tin from Iran and Afghanistan Turquoise from Khorasan in Central Asia Steatite from Iran and South Rajasthan Hence pairs 1, 2 and 3 are correct

#### 9. Question

Consider the following pairs regarding import of articles by Harappan people:

Items of import: Location

• Gold : Iran

• Bitumen : Baluchistan

• Silver : Mesopotamia

How many of the pairs given above are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: C

• The Harappan people imported several items from other places which were not locally available.

• Gold was imported from Afghanistan, Iran and also obtained from Kolar in South India.

• Bitumen was imported from Mesopotamia and Baluchistan.

• Silver was imported from Mesopotamia and also obtained from Jawar mines of Rajasthan.

Apart from these,

• Copper was obtained from khetri mines in Rajasthan as well as important from Oman and Balochistan.

• Lapis lazuli was obtained from Afghanistan

• Tin from Iran and Afghanistan

• Turquoise from Khorasan in Central Asia

• Steatite from Iran and South Rajasthan

Hence pairs 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Solution: C

• The Harappan people imported several items from other places which were not locally available.

• Gold was imported from Afghanistan, Iran and also obtained from Kolar in South India.

• Bitumen was imported from Mesopotamia and Baluchistan.

• Silver was imported from Mesopotamia and also obtained from Jawar mines of Rajasthan.

Apart from these,

• Copper was obtained from khetri mines in Rajasthan as well as important from Oman and Balochistan.

• Lapis lazuli was obtained from Afghanistan

• Tin from Iran and Afghanistan

• Turquoise from Khorasan in Central Asia

• Steatite from Iran and South Rajasthan

Hence pairs 1, 2 and 3 are correct

• Question 10 of 30 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Microliths: Microliths were exclusively carved of animal bones. These Mesolithic tools were unique due to there perfect geometric shapes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: D Microliths were characteristic tools of the Mesolithic period. These were made by applying punch and pressure on harder materials. The small sized tools (1 to 5 cm in length) were used as composite tools and these were made usually of wood or bones and also chert, chalcedony and agate. Hence statement 1 is incorrect Microliths were distinctive tools of the Mesolithic period. These tools were made in both geometric shapes including triangle, lunate or crescent shaped as well as in non-geometric shapes. These tools were used as components of larger composite tools such as arrowheads, knives, sickles and spearheads. Hence statement 2 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: D Microliths were characteristic tools of the Mesolithic period. These were made by applying punch and pressure on harder materials. The small sized tools (1 to 5 cm in length) were used as composite tools and these were made usually of wood or bones and also chert, chalcedony and agate. Hence statement 1 is incorrect Microliths were distinctive tools of the Mesolithic period. These tools were made in both geometric shapes including triangle, lunate or crescent shaped as well as in non-geometric shapes. These tools were used as components of larger composite tools such as arrowheads, knives, sickles and spearheads. Hence statement 2 is incorrect

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Microliths:

• Microliths were exclusively carved of animal bones.

• These Mesolithic tools were unique due to there perfect geometric shapes.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: D

• Microliths were characteristic tools of the Mesolithic period.

• These were made by applying punch and pressure on harder materials.

• The small sized tools (1 to 5 cm in length) were used as composite tools and these were made usually of wood or bones and also chert, chalcedony and agate.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• Microliths were distinctive tools of the Mesolithic period.

• These tools were made in both geometric shapes including triangle, lunate or crescent shaped as well as in non-geometric shapes.

• These tools were used as components of larger composite tools such as arrowheads, knives, sickles and spearheads.

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

Solution: D

• Microliths were characteristic tools of the Mesolithic period.

• These were made by applying punch and pressure on harder materials.

• The small sized tools (1 to 5 cm in length) were used as composite tools and these were made usually of wood or bones and also chert, chalcedony and agate.

Hence statement 1 is incorrect

• Microliths were distinctive tools of the Mesolithic period.

• These tools were made in both geometric shapes including triangle, lunate or crescent shaped as well as in non-geometric shapes.

• These tools were used as components of larger composite tools such as arrowheads, knives, sickles and spearheads.

Hence statement 2 is incorrect

• Question 11 of 30 11. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement – I: The Arctic Home in the Vedas was written by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Statement – II: According to Tilak, Northern Arctic region is the homeland of Aryans. Which of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct and Statement -II explains Statement -I (b) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct but Statement -II does not explain Statement -I (c) Statement- I is correct but Statement -II is incorrect (d) Statement- I is incorrect but Statement -II is correct Correct Solution: A The Arctic Home in the Vedas was written by extremist leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1903 The book deals with origin of the Aryan Based on his analysis of Vedic hymns, chronology and Vedic calendars, Tilak advocated that North Pole was the original home of the Aryan during the pre-glacial period which they left due to climate changes around 8000 BC migrating to the Northern parts of Europe and Asia. He also argued that the Vedas speak about 6 months each of long days and long nights which happens only in the Arctic region. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 correctly explains statement 1 Incorrect Solution: A The Arctic Home in the Vedas was written by extremist leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1903 The book deals with origin of the Aryan Based on his analysis of Vedic hymns, chronology and Vedic calendars, Tilak advocated that North Pole was the original home of the Aryan during the pre-glacial period which they left due to climate changes around 8000 BC migrating to the Northern parts of Europe and Asia. He also argued that the Vedas speak about 6 months each of long days and long nights which happens only in the Arctic region. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 correctly explains statement 1

#### 11. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement – I: The Arctic Home in the Vedas was written by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Statement – II: According to Tilak, Northern Arctic region is the homeland of Aryans.

Which of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct and Statement -II explains Statement -I

• (b) Both Statement -I and Statement -II are correct but Statement -II does not explain Statement -I

• (c) Statement- I is correct but Statement -II is incorrect

• (d) Statement- I is incorrect but Statement -II is correct

Solution: A

• The Arctic Home in the Vedas was written by extremist leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1903

• The book deals with origin of the Aryan

• Based on his analysis of Vedic hymns, chronology and Vedic calendars, Tilak advocated that North Pole was the original home of the Aryan during the pre-glacial period which they left due to climate changes around 8000 BC migrating to the Northern parts of Europe and Asia.

• He also argued that the Vedas speak about 6 months each of long days and long nights which happens only in the Arctic region.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 correctly explains statement 1

Solution: A

• The Arctic Home in the Vedas was written by extremist leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1903

• The book deals with origin of the Aryan

• He also argued that the Vedas speak about 6 months each of long days and long nights which happens only in the Arctic region.

Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 correctly explains statement 1

• Question 12 of 30 12. Question 1 points Consider the following information: Harappan settlement Location on River bank Major Excavations 1.Alamgirpur Hindon Pottery and beads 2. Ropar Dashak Presence of fire altar 3. Amri Sindh Rhinoceros remains 4. Banawali Ghaggar Only city without citadel In which of the above rows is the given information correctly matched? (a) 1 and 4 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only Correct Solution: C Alamgirpur is located in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh on the banks of Hindon river it was a late Harappan culture from where impression of cloth on a trough along with pottery and beads have been discovered. Hence option 1 is correct Ropar is located on the banks of Sutlej in Punjab. From here, cemetery, earthen pots, buildings made of stone and soil as well as evidence of burying dog below human have been excavated. Hence option 2 is incorrect Amri is located in Sindh in on the banks of Sindh River It was a pre-Harappan settlement and the transitional culture between Pre and Post Harappan culture From here actual remains of rhinoceros has been discovered. Also, trace of Jhangar culture in late Harappan Civilization and fire altars have been found. Hence option 3 is correct Banawali is located in Haryana on the banks of river Rangoi It is a centre of Pre Harappan, mature Harappan as well as late Harappan civilization From here high-quality Barley, ceramics, steatite seal, clay model of plough have been found. Hence option 4 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: C Alamgirpur is located in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh on the banks of Hindon river it was a late Harappan culture from where impression of cloth on a trough along with pottery and beads have been discovered. Hence option 1 is correct Ropar is located on the banks of Sutlej in Punjab. From here, cemetery, earthen pots, buildings made of stone and soil as well as evidence of burying dog below human have been excavated. Hence option 2 is incorrect Amri is located in Sindh in on the banks of Sindh River It was a pre-Harappan settlement and the transitional culture between Pre and Post Harappan culture From here actual remains of rhinoceros has been discovered. Also, trace of Jhangar culture in late Harappan Civilization and fire altars have been found. Hence option 3 is correct Banawali is located in Haryana on the banks of river Rangoi It is a centre of Pre Harappan, mature Harappan as well as late Harappan civilization From here high-quality Barley, ceramics, steatite seal, clay model of plough have been found. Hence option 4 is incorrect

#### 12. Question

Consider the following information:

Harappan settlement | Location on River bank | Major Excavations

1.Alamgirpur | Hindon | Pottery and beads

1.Ropar | Dashak | Presence of fire altar
2.Amri | Sindh | Rhinoceros remains
3.Banawali | Ghaggar | Only city without citadel

In which of the above rows is the given information correctly matched?

• (a) 1 and 4 only

• (b) 2 and 4 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 2 and 3 only

Solution: C

• Alamgirpur is located in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh on the banks of Hindon river

• it was a late Harappan culture from where impression of cloth on a trough along with pottery and beads have been discovered.

Hence option 1 is correct

• Ropar is located on the banks of Sutlej in Punjab.

• From here, cemetery, earthen pots, buildings made of stone and soil as well as evidence of burying dog below human have been excavated.

Hence option 2 is incorrect

• Amri is located in Sindh in on the banks of Sindh River

• It was a pre-Harappan settlement and the transitional culture between Pre and Post Harappan culture

• From here actual remains of rhinoceros has been discovered.

• Also, trace of Jhangar culture in late Harappan Civilization and fire altars have been found.

Hence option 3 is correct

• Banawali is located in Haryana on the banks of river Rangoi

• It is a centre of Pre Harappan, mature Harappan as well as late Harappan civilization

• From here high-quality Barley, ceramics, steatite seal, clay model of plough have been found.

Hence option 4 is incorrect

Solution: C

• Alamgirpur is located in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh on the banks of Hindon river

• it was a late Harappan culture from where impression of cloth on a trough along with pottery and beads have been discovered.

Hence option 1 is correct

• Ropar is located on the banks of Sutlej in Punjab.

• From here, cemetery, earthen pots, buildings made of stone and soil as well as evidence of burying dog below human have been excavated.

Hence option 2 is incorrect

• Amri is located in Sindh in on the banks of Sindh River

• It was a pre-Harappan settlement and the transitional culture between Pre and Post Harappan culture

• From here actual remains of rhinoceros has been discovered.

• Also, trace of Jhangar culture in late Harappan Civilization and fire altars have been found.

Hence option 3 is correct

• Banawali is located in Haryana on the banks of river Rangoi

• It is a centre of Pre Harappan, mature Harappan as well as late Harappan civilization

• From here high-quality Barley, ceramics, steatite seal, clay model of plough have been found.

Hence option 4 is incorrect

• Question 13 of 30 13. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs: Literary work : Author Amarkosha : Amarsimha Vakyapadiya : Vararuchi Panchasiddhantika : Aryabhatta How many of the pairs given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Amarkosha was authored by the famous Sanskrit lexicographer and poet Amarsimha, a Sanskrit lexicographer and poet. He was one of the Navratnas in the court of Chandragupta II. The book is a vocabulary of Sanskrit roots, homonyms and synonyms and is also called Trikanda as it has three parts containing around 10000 words. Hence pair 1 is correct Vakyapadiya is a Sanskrit text on grammar and linguistic philosophy and a foundational text in Indian grammatical tradition which explains numerous theories on the word and sentence. It was authored by Bhartrhari, a Sanskrit writer in the court of Pushyabhuti ruler Harshavardhana. Hence pair 2 is incorrect Panchasiddhantika was written by Varahamihira. The book is a treatise on mathematical astronomy. Varahamihira, a renowned astrologer and mathematician of the Gupta period wrote three important books: Panchasiddhantika, Brihat Samhita and Brihat Jataka. Hence option 3 is incorrect Incorrect Solution: A Amarkosha was authored by the famous Sanskrit lexicographer and poet Amarsimha, a Sanskrit lexicographer and poet. He was one of the Navratnas in the court of Chandragupta II. The book is a vocabulary of Sanskrit roots, homonyms and synonyms and is also called Trikanda as it has three parts containing around 10000 words. Hence pair 1 is correct Vakyapadiya is a Sanskrit text on grammar and linguistic philosophy and a foundational text in Indian grammatical tradition which explains numerous theories on the word and sentence. It was authored by Bhartrhari, a Sanskrit writer in the court of Pushyabhuti ruler Harshavardhana. Hence pair 2 is incorrect Panchasiddhantika was written by Varahamihira. The book is a treatise on mathematical astronomy. Varahamihira, a renowned astrologer and mathematician of the Gupta period wrote three important books: Panchasiddhantika, Brihat Samhita and Brihat Jataka. Hence option 3 is incorrect

#### 13. Question

Consider the following pairs:

Literary work : Author

• Amarkosha : Amarsimha

• Vakyapadiya : Vararuchi

• Panchasiddhantika : Aryabhatta

How many of the pairs given above are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Amarkosha was authored by the famous Sanskrit lexicographer and poet Amarsimha, a Sanskrit lexicographer and poet.

• He was one of the Navratnas in the court of Chandragupta II.

• The book is a vocabulary of Sanskrit roots, homonyms and synonyms and is also called Trikanda as it has three parts containing around 10000 words.

Hence pair 1 is correct

• Vakyapadiya is a Sanskrit text on grammar and linguistic philosophy and a foundational text in Indian grammatical tradition which explains numerous theories on the word and sentence.

• It was authored by Bhartrhari, a Sanskrit writer in the court of Pushyabhuti ruler Harshavardhana.

Hence pair 2 is incorrect

• Panchasiddhantika was written by Varahamihira.

• The book is a treatise on mathematical astronomy.

• Varahamihira, a renowned astrologer and mathematician of the Gupta period wrote three important books: Panchasiddhantika, Brihat Samhita and Brihat Jataka.

Hence option 3 is incorrect

Solution: A

• Amarkosha was authored by the famous Sanskrit lexicographer and poet Amarsimha, a Sanskrit lexicographer and poet.

• He was one of the Navratnas in the court of Chandragupta II.

• The book is a vocabulary of Sanskrit roots, homonyms and synonyms and is also called Trikanda as it has three parts containing around 10000 words.

Hence pair 1 is correct

• Vakyapadiya is a Sanskrit text on grammar and linguistic philosophy and a foundational text in Indian grammatical tradition which explains numerous theories on the word and sentence.

• It was authored by Bhartrhari, a Sanskrit writer in the court of Pushyabhuti ruler Harshavardhana.

Hence pair 2 is incorrect

• Panchasiddhantika was written by Varahamihira.

• The book is a treatise on mathematical astronomy.

• Varahamihira, a renowned astrologer and mathematician of the Gupta period wrote three important books: Panchasiddhantika, Brihat Samhita and Brihat Jataka.

Hence option 3 is incorrect

• Question 14 of 30 14. Question 1 points With reference to the Satavahana economy, consider the following: They issued only copper coins, avoiding silver and gold. Roman coins have been discovered from Satavahana sites. The Satavahana rulers levied taxes on internal trade routes. Satavahanas actively promoted overland trade routes, avoiding maritime commerce. Which one of the above is/are correct? a) Only 2 is correct b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 4 only d) None is correct Correct Solution: B The Satavahana economy was remarkably vibrant and cosmopolitan. Statement 1 is incorrect. Satavahanas did not restrict themselves to copper coins. They issued lead, copper, silver, and even some gold coins (though lead was most common), showing a diversified monetary economy catering to internal and external trade. Statement 2 is correct. Numerous discoveries of Roman gold and silver coins from Satavahana sites like Nevasa, Ter, and Nagarjunakonda confirm flourishing Indo-Roman trade, particularly for exports like spices, pearls, and textiles. Statement 3 is correct. The Satavahanas levied internal taxes on traders, such as custom duties and tolls at points like river crossings, bridges, and highways, ensuring revenue from bustling internal trade networks. Statement 4 is incorrect. The Satavahanas actively encouraged both inland and maritime trade. Ports like Sopara, Kalyan, and Bharuch were vital maritime centres, connecting India with Roman Egypt and Southeast Asia. They did not avoid maritime commerce; rather, they thrived on it. Thus, only statements 2 and 3 are correct, making option B the right answer. Incorrect Solution: B The Satavahana economy was remarkably vibrant and cosmopolitan. Statement 1 is incorrect. Satavahanas did not restrict themselves to copper coins. They issued lead, copper, silver, and even some gold coins (though lead was most common), showing a diversified monetary economy catering to internal and external trade. Statement 2 is correct. Numerous discoveries of Roman gold and silver coins from Satavahana sites like Nevasa, Ter, and Nagarjunakonda confirm flourishing Indo-Roman trade, particularly for exports like spices, pearls, and textiles. Statement 3 is correct. The Satavahanas levied internal taxes on traders, such as custom duties and tolls at points like river crossings, bridges, and highways, ensuring revenue from bustling internal trade networks. Statement 4 is incorrect. The Satavahanas actively encouraged both inland and maritime trade. Ports like Sopara, Kalyan, and Bharuch were vital maritime centres, connecting India with Roman Egypt and Southeast Asia. They did not avoid maritime commerce; rather, they thrived on it. Thus, only statements 2 and 3 are correct, making option B the right answer.

#### 14. Question

With reference to the Satavahana economy, consider the following:

• They issued only copper coins, avoiding silver and gold.

• Roman coins have been discovered from Satavahana sites.

• The Satavahana rulers levied taxes on internal trade routes.

• Satavahanas actively promoted overland trade routes, avoiding maritime commerce.

Which one of the above is/are correct?

• a) Only 2 is correct

• b) 2 and 3 only

• c) 1 and 4 only

• d) None is correct

Solution: B

The Satavahana economy was remarkably vibrant and cosmopolitan.

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Satavahanas did not restrict themselves to copper coins. They issued lead, copper, silver, and even some gold coins (though lead was most common), showing a diversified monetary economy catering to internal and external trade.

• Statement 2 is correct. Numerous discoveries of Roman gold and silver coins from Satavahana sites like Nevasa, Ter, and Nagarjunakonda confirm flourishing Indo-Roman trade, particularly for exports like spices, pearls, and textiles.

• Statement 3 is correct. The Satavahanas levied internal taxes on traders, such as custom duties and tolls at points like river crossings, bridges, and highways, ensuring revenue from bustling internal trade networks.

• Statement 4 is incorrect. The Satavahanas actively encouraged both inland and maritime trade. Ports like Sopara, Kalyan, and Bharuch were vital maritime centres, connecting India with Roman Egypt and Southeast Asia. They did not avoid maritime commerce; rather, they thrived on it.

Thus, only statements 2 and 3 are correct, making option B the right answer.

Solution: B

The Satavahana economy was remarkably vibrant and cosmopolitan.

Thus, only statements 2 and 3 are correct, making option B the right answer.

• Question 15 of 30 15. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: The Upanishads emphasize on the knowledge of atma and its relation with the bramhan. The Aranyakas deal with mysticism reject sacrificial rituals. The Satpatha Brahmana is attached to the Yajur Veda. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 1 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 2 only Correct Solution: C The Upanishads literally mean to sit near someone. There are 108 Upanishads of which 13 are the most prominent They rely on the Atman and bramhan and focus on philosophy of life, universe, body, sacrifice and so on They exercise that knowledge of the self or atman should be acquired and that the relation of the atma with the brahman should be properly understood. Hence statement 1 is correct Aranyakas are known as forest books. They were written mainly by hermits living in the jungles for their pupils. They deal with mysticism and philosophy and oppose sacrifice and emphasize on meditation. They are considered to be the concluding portion of the Brahmanas and interpret rituals in a philosophical way. Hence statement 2 is correct Brahmanas describe the rules for the performance of sacrificial rituals. They explain the Vedas in an orthodox manner. The most important Brahmana is the Satpatha Brahmana which is attached to the Yajur Veda and is the most exhaustive. Hence statement 3 is correct Incorrect Solution: C The Upanishads literally mean to sit near someone. There are 108 Upanishads of which 13 are the most prominent They rely on the Atman and bramhan and focus on philosophy of life, universe, body, sacrifice and so on They exercise that knowledge of the self or atman should be acquired and that the relation of the atma with the brahman should be properly understood. Hence statement 1 is correct Aranyakas are known as forest books. They were written mainly by hermits living in the jungles for their pupils. They deal with mysticism and philosophy and oppose sacrifice and emphasize on meditation. They are considered to be the concluding portion of the Brahmanas and interpret rituals in a philosophical way. Hence statement 2 is correct Brahmanas describe the rules for the performance of sacrificial rituals. They explain the Vedas in an orthodox manner. The most important Brahmana is the Satpatha Brahmana which is attached to the Yajur Veda and is the most exhaustive. Hence statement 3 is correct

#### 15. Question

Consider the following statements:

• The Upanishads emphasize on the knowledge of atma and its relation with the bramhan.

• The Aranyakas deal with mysticism reject sacrificial rituals.

• The Satpatha Brahmana is attached to the Yajur Veda.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 2 and 3 only

• (b) 1 only

• (c) 1, 2 and 3

• (d) 1 and 2 only

Solution: C

• The Upanishads literally mean to sit near someone.

• There are 108 Upanishads of which 13 are the most prominent

• They rely on the Atman and bramhan and focus on philosophy of life, universe, body, sacrifice and so on

• They exercise that knowledge of the self or atman should be acquired and that the relation of the atma with the brahman should be properly understood.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• Aranyakas are known as forest books.

• They were written mainly by hermits living in the jungles for their pupils.

• They deal with mysticism and philosophy and oppose sacrifice and emphasize on meditation.

• They are considered to be the concluding portion of the Brahmanas and interpret rituals in a philosophical way.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• Brahmanas describe the rules for the performance of sacrificial rituals.

• They explain the Vedas in an orthodox manner.

• The most important Brahmana is the Satpatha Brahmana which is attached to the Yajur Veda and is the most exhaustive.

Hence statement 3 is correct

Solution: C

• The Upanishads literally mean to sit near someone.

• There are 108 Upanishads of which 13 are the most prominent

• They rely on the Atman and bramhan and focus on philosophy of life, universe, body, sacrifice and so on

• They exercise that knowledge of the self or atman should be acquired and that the relation of the atma with the brahman should be properly understood.

Hence statement 1 is correct

• Aranyakas are known as forest books.

• They were written mainly by hermits living in the jungles for their pupils.

• They deal with mysticism and philosophy and oppose sacrifice and emphasize on meditation.

• They are considered to be the concluding portion of the Brahmanas and interpret rituals in a philosophical way.

Hence statement 2 is correct

• Brahmanas describe the rules for the performance of sacrificial rituals.

• They explain the Vedas in an orthodox manner.

• The most important Brahmana is the Satpatha Brahmana which is attached to the Yajur Veda and is the most exhaustive.

Hence statement 3 is correct

• Question 16 of 30 16. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: According to Megasthenes, Mauryan society was divided into seven occupational groups. Ashoka’s Dhamma was meant to propagate Buddhism exclusively. Arthashastra recommends death penalty for false witnesses. How many of the above are correct? a) Only 1 is correct b) Only 1 and 3 are correct c) Only 2 and 3 are correct d) All three are correct Correct Answer: B Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Megasthenes described Indian society as divided into seven groups: philosophers, farmers, soldiers, herdsmen, artisans, magistrates, and councillors. Statement 2 is incorrect. Ashoka’s Dhamma was a moral code promoting tolerance, compassion, and social harmony, not confined to Buddhism. He aimed at ethical governance beyond sectarian lines. Statement 3 is correct. Arthashastra prescribes severe penalties, including death penalty, for serious offences like perjury and false testimony in courts. Incorrect Answer: B Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Megasthenes described Indian society as divided into seven groups: philosophers, farmers, soldiers, herdsmen, artisans, magistrates, and councillors. Statement 2 is incorrect. Ashoka’s Dhamma was a moral code promoting tolerance, compassion, and social harmony, not confined to Buddhism. He aimed at ethical governance beyond sectarian lines. Statement 3 is correct. Arthashastra prescribes severe penalties, including death penalty, for serious offences like perjury and false testimony in courts.

#### 16. Question

Consider the following statements:

• According to Megasthenes, Mauryan society was divided into seven occupational groups.

• Ashoka’s Dhamma was meant to propagate Buddhism exclusively.

• Arthashastra recommends death penalty for false witnesses.

How many of the above are correct?

• a) Only 1 is correct

• b) Only 1 and 3 are correct

• c) Only 2 and 3 are correct

• d) All three are correct

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct. Megasthenes described Indian society as divided into seven groups: philosophers, farmers, soldiers, herdsmen, artisans, magistrates, and councillors.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. Ashoka’s Dhamma was a moral code promoting tolerance, compassion, and social harmony, not confined to Buddhism. He aimed at ethical governance beyond sectarian lines.

• Statement 3 is correct. Arthashastra prescribes severe penalties, including death penalty, for serious offences like perjury and false testimony in courts.

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct. Megasthenes described Indian society as divided into seven groups: philosophers, farmers, soldiers, herdsmen, artisans, magistrates, and councillors.

• Statement 3 is correct. Arthashastra prescribes severe penalties, including death penalty, for serious offences like perjury and false testimony in courts.

• Question 17 of 30 17. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Division of labour based on age was introduced for the first time during Mesolithic period. The Chalcolithic communities were the first to produce handmade pottery. The Neolithic Age witnessed emergence of self-sufficient village communities. How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A The Neolithic Period also saw the introduction of division of labour based on gender and age; as the society was progressing, the need for additional labour was recognised. The Neolithic community first made pottery by hand and then with the help of potter’s wheel. Their pottery included black barnished ware, grey ware and mat impressed ware. It can be said that pottery on a large scale appeared in this period. Hence statement 1 and 2 are incorrect The Neolithic Age emerged in Northern India around 8000- 6000 BCE and around 1000 BCE at some places in Southern and Eastern India. This period was characterized by use of sharp and polished tools that made easier to cultivate the soil and hence Neolithic men cultivated land and grew fruits and grains. They lived in circular and rectangular houses made of mud and reed. Domestication of cattle, sheep, goats was also introduced which resulted in emergence of settled agricultural community. In later phases of Neolithic period, people led a sedentary life. Hence statement 3 is correct Incorrect Solution: A The Neolithic Period also saw the introduction of division of labour based on gender and age; as the society was progressing, the need for additional labour was recognised. The Neolithic community first made pottery by hand and then with the help of potter’s wheel. Their pottery included black barnished ware, grey ware and mat impressed ware. It can be said that pottery on a large scale appeared in this period. Hence statement 1 and 2 are incorrect The Neolithic Age emerged in Northern India around 8000- 6000 BCE and around 1000 BCE at some places in Southern and Eastern India. This period was characterized by use of sharp and polished tools that made easier to cultivate the soil and hence Neolithic men cultivated land and grew fruits and grains. They lived in circular and rectangular houses made of mud and reed. Domestication of cattle, sheep, goats was also introduced which resulted in emergence of settled agricultural community. In later phases of Neolithic period, people led a sedentary life. Hence statement 3 is correct

#### 17. Question

Consider the following statements:

• Division of labour based on age was introduced for the first time during Mesolithic period.

• The Chalcolithic communities were the first to produce handmade pottery.

• The Neolithic Age witnessed emergence of self-sufficient village communities.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• The Neolithic Period also saw the introduction of division of labour based on gender and age; as the society was progressing, the need for additional labour was recognised.

• The Neolithic community first made pottery by hand and then with the help of potter’s wheel.

• Their pottery included black barnished ware, grey ware and mat impressed ware.

• It can be said that pottery on a large scale appeared in this period.

Hence statement 1 and 2 are incorrect

• The Neolithic Age emerged in Northern India around 8000- 6000 BCE and around 1000 BCE at some places in Southern and Eastern India.

• This period was characterized by use of sharp and polished tools that made easier to cultivate the soil and hence Neolithic men cultivated land and grew fruits and grains.

• They lived in circular and rectangular houses made of mud and reed.

• Domestication of cattle, sheep, goats was also introduced which resulted in emergence of settled agricultural community.

• In later phases of Neolithic period, people led a sedentary life.

Hence statement 3 is correct

Solution: A

• The Neolithic Period also saw the introduction of division of labour based on gender and age; as the society was progressing, the need for additional labour was recognised.

• The Neolithic community first made pottery by hand and then with the help of potter’s wheel.

• Their pottery included black barnished ware, grey ware and mat impressed ware.

• It can be said that pottery on a large scale appeared in this period.

Hence statement 1 and 2 are incorrect

• The Neolithic Age emerged in Northern India around 8000- 6000 BCE and around 1000 BCE at some places in Southern and Eastern India.

• This period was characterized by use of sharp and polished tools that made easier to cultivate the soil and hence Neolithic men cultivated land and grew fruits and grains.

• They lived in circular and rectangular houses made of mud and reed.

• Domestication of cattle, sheep, goats was also introduced which resulted in emergence of settled agricultural community.

• In later phases of Neolithic period, people led a sedentary life.

Hence statement 3 is correct

• Question 18 of 30 18. Question 1 points With reference to officials of provincial administration under the Mauryan empire in ascending order, which of the following is correct? (a) Sthanika – Rajuka – Pradeshika (b) Pradeshika – Sthanika- Rajuka (c) Sthanika – Pradeshika – Rajuka (d) Rajuka- Pradeshika – Sthanika Correct Solution: A Apart from magadha with its capital at Pataliputra, the Mauryan Empire was divided into four other provinces with capitals at Taxila, Suvarnaguri, Toshali and Ujjain. The head of provincial administration was viceroy who was incharge of law and order and collection of taxes for the centre; he was generally a prince from the royal family and was assisted by Council of Ministers. The provinces were further divided into divisions headed by Pradeshikas who had no Advisory Council. These divisions were divided into districts under officials called Rajukas who were assisted by yuktas in accounting, secretarial and other miscellaneous works. Districts were in turn divided into groups of 5 or 10 villages headed by Sthanikas who collected taxes and were assisted by Gopas who maintained records and accounts. The lowest administrative unit was the village headed by Gramini or Gramika who worked with the consultation of village elders. Hence option A is correct Incorrect Solution: A Apart from magadha with its capital at Pataliputra, the Mauryan Empire was divided into four other provinces with capitals at Taxila, Suvarnaguri, Toshali and Ujjain. The head of provincial administration was viceroy who was incharge of law and order and collection of taxes for the centre; he was generally a prince from the royal family and was assisted by Council of Ministers. The provinces were further divided into divisions headed by Pradeshikas who had no Advisory Council. These divisions were divided into districts under officials called Rajukas who were assisted by yuktas in accounting, secretarial and other miscellaneous works. Districts were in turn divided into groups of 5 or 10 villages headed by Sthanikas who collected taxes and were assisted by Gopas who maintained records and accounts. The lowest administrative unit was the village headed by Gramini or Gramika who worked with the consultation of village elders. Hence option A is correct

#### 18. Question

With reference to officials of provincial administration under the Mauryan empire in ascending order, which of the following is correct?

• (a) Sthanika – Rajuka – Pradeshika

• (b) Pradeshika – Sthanika- Rajuka

• (c) Sthanika – Pradeshika – Rajuka

• (d) Rajuka- Pradeshika – Sthanika

Solution: A

• Apart from magadha with its capital at Pataliputra, the Mauryan Empire was divided into four other provinces with capitals at Taxila, Suvarnaguri, Toshali and Ujjain.

• The head of provincial administration was viceroy who was incharge of law and order and collection of taxes for the centre; he was generally a prince from the royal family and was assisted by Council of Ministers.

• The provinces were further divided into divisions headed by Pradeshikas who had no Advisory Council.

• These divisions were divided into districts under officials called Rajukas who were assisted by yuktas in accounting, secretarial and other miscellaneous works.

• Districts were in turn divided into groups of 5 or 10 villages headed by Sthanikas who collected taxes and were assisted by Gopas who maintained records and accounts.

• The lowest administrative unit was the village headed by Gramini or Gramika who worked with the consultation of village elders.

Hence option A is correct

Solution: A

• Apart from magadha with its capital at Pataliputra, the Mauryan Empire was divided into four other provinces with capitals at Taxila, Suvarnaguri, Toshali and Ujjain.

• The provinces were further divided into divisions headed by Pradeshikas who had no Advisory Council.

• These divisions were divided into districts under officials called Rajukas who were assisted by yuktas in accounting, secretarial and other miscellaneous works.

• Districts were in turn divided into groups of 5 or 10 villages headed by Sthanikas who collected taxes and were assisted by Gopas who maintained records and accounts.

• The lowest administrative unit was the village headed by Gramini or Gramika who worked with the consultation of village elders.

Hence option A is correct

• Question 19 of 30 19. Question 1 points Consider the Assetion (A) and Reason (R) given below: Assertion (A): The Gupta period witnessed economic prosperity marked by extensive use of gold coinage and thriving urban crafts. Reason (R): Despite the availability of gold coins, the scarcity of copper coins and reliance on barter indicate that the money economy was weakening and rural self-sufficiency was dominant. Choose the correct code from the following: a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) c) (A) is true, but (R) is false d) (A) is false, but (R) is true Correct Answer: B Explanation: Assertion (A) is correct: The Gupta period was marked by economic prosperity, reflected in the abundance of gold coins (Dinara), the flourishing of guilds, and urban industries such as silk weaving and metalwork. Reason (R) is also correct: While gold coins were used for major transactions, the limited issue of copper coins restricted small-scale trade, resulting in increased barter and a return to village-level self-sufficiency. However, R is not the correct explanation of A: R describes a structural limitation of the money economy, not the cause of the overall economic prosperity mentioned in A. Prosperity came from agricultural expansion, trade regulation, and artisan guilds, not despite weakening monetary practices. Incorrect Answer: B Explanation: Assertion (A) is correct: The Gupta period was marked by economic prosperity, reflected in the abundance of gold coins (Dinara), the flourishing of guilds, and urban industries such as silk weaving and metalwork. Reason (R) is also correct: While gold coins were used for major transactions, the limited issue of copper coins restricted small-scale trade, resulting in increased barter and a return to village-level self-sufficiency. However, R is not the correct explanation of A: R describes a structural limitation of the money economy, not the cause of the overall economic prosperity mentioned in A. Prosperity came from agricultural expansion, trade regulation, and artisan guilds, not despite weakening monetary practices.

#### 19. Question

Consider the Assetion (A) and Reason (R) given below:

Assertion (A): The Gupta period witnessed economic prosperity marked by extensive use of gold coinage and thriving urban crafts.

Reason (R): Despite the availability of gold coins, the scarcity of copper coins and reliance on barter indicate that the money economy was weakening and rural self-sufficiency was dominant.

Choose the correct code from the following:

• a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

• b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

• c) (A) is true, but (R) is false

• d) (A) is false, but (R) is true

Explanation:

• Assertion (A) is correct: The Gupta period was marked by economic prosperity, reflected in the abundance of gold coins (Dinara), the flourishing of guilds, and urban industries such as silk weaving and metalwork.

• Reason (R) is also correct: While gold coins were used for major transactions, the limited issue of copper coins restricted small-scale trade, resulting in increased barter and a return to village-level self-sufficiency.

However, R is not the correct explanation of A: R describes a structural limitation of the money economy, not the cause of the overall economic prosperity mentioned in A. Prosperity came from agricultural expansion, trade regulation, and artisan guilds, not despite weakening monetary practices.

Explanation:

• Question 20 of 30 20. Question 1 points With reference to reconstruction of Indian history, Madho Swarup Vats, Rakhaldas Banerji and B. K. Thapar were associated with: (a) Deciphering of Ashokan pillar edicts (b) Excavation of various Harappan sites (c) Discovery of Megalithic burials in South India (d) Excavation at various Paleolithic sites Correct Solution: B Madho Swarup Vats, Rakhaldas Banerji and B. K. Thapar were associated with excavations of sites related to Indus Valley civilization. S. Vats begin excavations at Harappa in 1921. He was an Indian archaeologist and Sanskrit scholar who served as the Director General of Archaeological Survey of India for 4 years; he is especially well known for his participation in the excavations at Mohenjodaro which he supervised from 1924. Rakhaldas Banerji was an Indian archaeologist and officer of the Archaeological Survey of India. He was the second to survey the site of Mohenjodaro in 1922-23. K. Thapar began excavations at Kalibangan in 1960 along with another archaeologist B.B. Lal. Thapar served as the Director General of Archaeological Survey of India and was also the founder of Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH). He was also associated with archaeological excavations at Hastinapur, Shishupalgarh, Kaushambi, Somnath and several other places. Hence option B is correct Incorrect Solution: B Madho Swarup Vats, Rakhaldas Banerji and B. K. Thapar were associated with excavations of sites related to Indus Valley civilization. S. Vats begin excavations at Harappa in 1921. He was an Indian archaeologist and Sanskrit scholar who served as the Director General of Archaeological Survey of India for 4 years; he is especially well known for his participation in the excavations at Mohenjodaro which he supervised from 1924. Rakhaldas Banerji was an Indian archaeologist and officer of the Archaeological Survey of India. He was the second to survey the site of Mohenjodaro in 1922-23. K. Thapar began excavations at Kalibangan in 1960 along with another archaeologist B.B. Lal. Thapar served as the Director General of Archaeological Survey of India and was also the founder of Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH). He was also associated with archaeological excavations at Hastinapur, Shishupalgarh, Kaushambi, Somnath and several other places. Hence option B is correct

#### 20. Question

With reference to reconstruction of Indian history, Madho Swarup Vats, Rakhaldas Banerji and B. K. Thapar were associated with:

• (a) Deciphering of Ashokan pillar edicts

• (b) Excavation of various Harappan sites

• (c) Discovery of Megalithic burials in South India

• (d) Excavation at various Paleolithic sites

Solution: B

• Madho Swarup Vats, Rakhaldas Banerji and B. K. Thapar were associated with excavations of sites related to Indus Valley civilization.

• S. Vats begin excavations at Harappa in 1921. He was an Indian archaeologist and Sanskrit scholar who served as the Director General of Archaeological Survey of India for 4 years; he is especially well known for his participation in the excavations at Mohenjodaro which he supervised from 1924.

• Rakhaldas Banerji was an Indian archaeologist and officer of the Archaeological Survey of India. He was the second to survey the site of Mohenjodaro in 1922-23.

• K. Thapar began excavations at Kalibangan in 1960 along with another archaeologist B.B. Lal. Thapar served as the Director General of Archaeological Survey of India and was also the founder of Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH). He was also associated with archaeological excavations at Hastinapur, Shishupalgarh, Kaushambi, Somnath and several other places.

Hence option B is correct

Solution: B

• Madho Swarup Vats, Rakhaldas Banerji and B. K. Thapar were associated with excavations of sites related to Indus Valley civilization.

• Rakhaldas Banerji was an Indian archaeologist and officer of the Archaeological Survey of India. He was the second to survey the site of Mohenjodaro in 1922-23.

Hence option B is correct

• Question 21 of 30 21. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the legislative powers of Autonomous District Councils under the Sixth Schedule: Laws made by an Autonomous District Council with respect to forest management or social customs require the Governor’s assent to take effect. The District Council can make laws overriding Acts of Parliament for areas under its jurisdiction. The power to make laws under the Sixth Schedule is independent of the State Legislature. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only Correct Answer: A Explanation: Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) possess limited legislative powers subject to State and Union oversight. Statement 1 is correct: Under Paragraph 3 of the Sixth Schedule, the ADC can make laws on forest management, social customs, and land use, but such laws require the Governor’s assent to be enforceable. Statement 2 is incorrect: While ADC laws have local primacy, they cannot override Acts of Parliament; in case of conflict, Union law prevails, as per Article 246 and the hierarchy of laws under federal distribution. Statement 3 is incorrect: The ADC’s legislative competence is not independent but derived and limited. It functions within the framework of state legislation, which has overriding powers under Paragraph 12A. Thus, only statement 1 is correct. Incorrect Answer: A Explanation: Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) possess limited legislative powers subject to State and Union oversight. Statement 1 is correct: Under Paragraph 3 of the Sixth Schedule, the ADC can make laws on forest management, social customs, and land use, but such laws require the Governor’s assent to be enforceable. Statement 2 is incorrect: While ADC laws have local primacy, they cannot override Acts of Parliament; in case of conflict, Union law prevails, as per Article 246 and the hierarchy of laws under federal distribution. Statement 3 is incorrect: The ADC’s legislative competence is not independent but derived and limited. It functions within the framework of state legislation, which has overriding powers under Paragraph 12A. Thus, only statement 1 is correct.

#### 21. Question

Consider the following statements about the legislative powers of Autonomous District Councils under the Sixth Schedule:

• Laws made by an Autonomous District Council with respect to forest management or social customs require the Governor’s assent to take effect.

• The District Council can make laws overriding Acts of Parliament for areas under its jurisdiction.

• The power to make laws under the Sixth Schedule is independent of the State Legislature.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 3 only

• (d) 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) possess limited legislative powers subject to State and Union oversight.

• Statement 1 is correct: Under Paragraph 3 of the Sixth Schedule, the ADC can make laws on forest management, social customs, and land use, but such laws require the Governor’s assent to be enforceable.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: While ADC laws have local primacy, they cannot override Acts of Parliament; in case of conflict, Union law prevails, as per Article 246 and the hierarchy of laws under federal distribution.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: The ADC’s legislative competence is not independent but derived and limited. It functions within the framework of state legislation, which has overriding powers under Paragraph 12A.

Thus, only statement 1 is correct.

Explanation:

Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) possess limited legislative powers subject to State and Union oversight.

Thus, only statement 1 is correct.

• Question 22 of 30 22. Question 1 points With reference to the National Agriculture Code (NAC), consider the following statements: It seeks to codify agricultural practices across the entire crop lifecycle, including pre-sowing, harvesting, and post-harvest stages. The code is being developed under the authority of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), as empowered by the Seeds Act, 1966. Which of the above statements is/ are incorrect? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Answer: B Explanation: NAC is a voluntary and non-statutory code, modeled like the National Building Code, under the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). It does not override existing state laws, as “Agriculture” is a State subject under Entry 14 of List II (Seventh Schedule). Statement 1 is correct: The NAC aims to codify standards across the agricultural cycle, including crop selection, irrigation, pest control, storage, and post-harvest traceability, integrating emerging domains like IoT and natural farming. Statement 2 is incorrect: NAC is being formulated by the BIS, not the ICAR. It has no linkage to the Seeds Act, 1966, which pertains to seed certification and quality control, not farming practices. Thus, only Statement 2 is incorrect. Incorrect Answer: B Explanation: NAC is a voluntary and non-statutory code, modeled like the National Building Code, under the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). It does not override existing state laws, as “Agriculture” is a State subject under Entry 14 of List II (Seventh Schedule). Statement 1 is correct: The NAC aims to codify standards across the agricultural cycle, including crop selection, irrigation, pest control, storage, and post-harvest traceability, integrating emerging domains like IoT and natural farming. Statement 2 is incorrect: NAC is being formulated by the BIS, not the ICAR. It has no linkage to the Seeds Act, 1966, which pertains to seed certification and quality control, not farming practices. Thus, only Statement 2 is incorrect. Explanation: The CCPA issued notices to companies like Ola and Uber, alleging unfair trade practices based on pricing discrimination linked to smartphone model/type, which may violate Section 2(47) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Differential pricing, per se, is not illegal. If based on transparent, legitimate business rationale (like peak demand or volume discounts), it is permitted. However, if it results in unreasonable or hidden discrimination, it may invite scrutiny under Article 14 (equality) and consumer law. Dynamic pricing is not banned in essential services. Rather, it is regulated—e.g., airline and railways use real-time pricing algorithms. Competition law only intervenes in anti-competitive pricing practices, not general market strategies. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect. Hence, 1 and 2 only are correct

#### 22. Question

With reference to the National Agriculture Code (NAC), consider the following statements:

• It seeks to codify agricultural practices across the entire crop lifecycle, including pre-sowing, harvesting, and post-harvest stages.

• The code is being developed under the authority of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), as empowered by the Seeds Act, 1966.

Which of the above statements is/ are incorrect?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation:

NAC is a voluntary and non-statutory code, modeled like the National Building Code, under the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). It does not override existing state laws, as “Agriculture” is a State subject under Entry 14 of List II (Seventh Schedule).

• Statement 1 is correct: The NAC aims to codify standards across the agricultural cycle, including crop selection, irrigation, pest control, storage, and post-harvest traceability, integrating emerging domains like IoT and natural farming.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: NAC is being formulated by the BIS, not the ICAR. It has no linkage to the Seeds Act, 1966, which pertains to seed certification and quality control, not farming practices.

Thus, only Statement 2 is incorrect.

Explanation:

Thus, only Statement 2 is incorrect.

Explanation:

• The CCPA issued notices to companies like Ola and Uber, alleging unfair trade practices based on pricing discrimination linked to smartphone model/type, which may violate Section 2(47) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.

• Differential pricing, per se, is not illegal. If based on transparent, legitimate business rationale (like peak demand or volume discounts), it is permitted. However, if it results in unreasonable or hidden discrimination, it may invite scrutiny under Article 14 (equality) and consumer law.

• Dynamic pricing is not banned in essential services. Rather, it is regulated—e.g., airline and railways use real-time pricing algorithms. Competition law only intervenes in anti-competitive pricing practices, not general market strategies. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Hence, 1 and 2 only are correct

• Question 23 of 30 23. Question 1 points Consider the following factors that influence the cost and scalability of rice fortification programmes in India: Structure and capacity of the rice milling industry Complexity of the procurement and distribution supply chain State-level policy and regulatory incentives for millers Extent of government procurement under social safety net schemes How many of the above factors significantly determine the economic viability of rice fortification? (a) Only two (b) Only three (c) All four (d) Only one Correct Answer: C Explanation The economic viability of rice fortification is not solely a technical challenge but one that involves interplay between infrastructure, policy design, and state capacity. The rice milling industry’s capacity to adopt fortification technology, such as blending units and premix feeders, varies greatly by state, impacting scalability. Supply chain complexity—including transport, warehousing, and quality control—adds to the logistical cost. Regulatory support, such as subsidies or mandates for fortified rice, shapes millers’ willingness to participate. The scale of government procurement, especially under schemes like PDS and MDM, creates a guaranteed offtake, which directly improves cost-efficiency due to economies of scale. Hence, all four factors play a pivotal role, making option (c) the correct choice. Incorrect Answer: C Explanation The economic viability of rice fortification is not solely a technical challenge but one that involves interplay between infrastructure, policy design, and state capacity. The rice milling industry’s capacity to adopt fortification technology, such as blending units and premix feeders, varies greatly by state, impacting scalability. Supply chain complexity—including transport, warehousing, and quality control—adds to the logistical cost. Regulatory support, such as subsidies or mandates for fortified rice, shapes millers’ willingness to participate. The scale of government procurement, especially under schemes like PDS and MDM, creates a guaranteed offtake, which directly improves cost-efficiency due to economies of scale. Hence, all four factors play a pivotal role, making option (c) the correct choice. Explanation UPS is optional for central government employees covered under NPS, and does not apply to state employees unless adopted separately. UPS provides a 60% family pension of the employee’s guaranteed pension upon death. The PFRDA does not revise pension rates. That power lies with the Central Government, possibly based on actuarial review, not PFRDA discretion. A minimum ₹10,000 per month pension is guaranteed under UPS for employees completing at least 10 years of service. Hence, statement 1 and 3 are incorrect here. So correct answer is option B.

#### 23. Question

Consider the following factors that influence the cost and scalability of rice fortification programmes in India:

• Structure and capacity of the rice milling industry

• Complexity of the procurement and distribution supply chain

• State-level policy and regulatory incentives for millers

• Extent of government procurement under social safety net schemes

How many of the above factors significantly determine the economic viability of rice fortification?

• (a) Only two

• (b) Only three

• (c) All four

• (d) Only one

Explanation The economic viability of rice fortification is not solely a technical challenge but one that involves interplay between infrastructure, policy design, and state capacity.

• The rice milling industry’s capacity to adopt fortification technology, such as blending units and premix feeders, varies greatly by state, impacting scalability.

• Supply chain complexity—including transport, warehousing, and quality control—adds to the logistical cost.

• Regulatory support, such as subsidies or mandates for fortified rice, shapes millers’ willingness to participate.

• The scale of government procurement, especially under schemes like PDS and MDM, creates a guaranteed offtake, which directly improves cost-efficiency due to economies of scale.

Hence, all four factors play a pivotal role, making option (c) the correct choice.

Explanation The economic viability of rice fortification is not solely a technical challenge but one that involves interplay between infrastructure, policy design, and state capacity.

• The rice milling industry’s capacity to adopt fortification technology, such as blending units and premix feeders, varies greatly by state, impacting scalability.

• Supply chain complexity—including transport, warehousing, and quality control—adds to the logistical cost.

• Regulatory support, such as subsidies or mandates for fortified rice, shapes millers’ willingness to participate.

• The scale of government procurement, especially under schemes like PDS and MDM, creates a guaranteed offtake, which directly improves cost-efficiency due to economies of scale.

Hence, all four factors play a pivotal role, making option (c) the correct choice.

Explanation

• UPS is optional for central government employees covered under NPS, and does not apply to state employees unless adopted separately.

• UPS provides a 60% family pension of the employee’s guaranteed pension upon death.

• The PFRDA does not revise pension rates. That power lies with the Central Government, possibly based on actuarial review, not PFRDA discretion.

• A minimum ₹10,000 per month pension is guaranteed under UPS for employees completing at least 10 years of service.

Hence, statement 1 and 3 are incorrect here. So correct answer is option B.

• Question 24 of 30 24. Question 1 points With reference to Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, consider the following statements: It creates an exception to the standard citizenship provisions by offering retrospective naturalization based on migration date alone. Section 6A was enacted to fulfil a constitutional mandate under Article 11. It has been judicially upheld as intra vires the Constitution, despite allegations of violating the principle of equality. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Answer: B Explanation Section 6A was inserted by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1985, as a legislative response to the Assam Accord, marking an exceptional policy accommodation for illegal migrants from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) who entered Assam before 24 March 1971. Statement 1 is correct: This section indeed deviates from the uniform framework of citizenship by naturalization or birth, allowing retrospective grant of citizenship based solely on date and duration of stay. Statement 2 is incorrect: Article 11 empowers Parliament to regulate citizenship, but Section 6A is a product of executive-political compromise, not a constitutional mandate. Statement 3 is correct: Despite constitutional challenges under Articles 14 and 21, the Supreme Court in 2024 upheld the section’s validity, citing “historical necessity and regional harmony”, invoking the doctrine of reasonable classification. Hence, statements 1 and 3 are correct. Incorrect Answer: B Explanation Section 6A was inserted by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1985, as a legislative response to the Assam Accord, marking an exceptional policy accommodation for illegal migrants from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) who entered Assam before 24 March 1971. Statement 1 is correct: This section indeed deviates from the uniform framework of citizenship by naturalization or birth, allowing retrospective grant of citizenship based solely on date and duration of stay. Statement 2 is incorrect: Article 11 empowers Parliament to regulate citizenship, but Section 6A is a product of executive-political compromise, not a constitutional mandate. Statement 3 is correct: Despite constitutional challenges under Articles 14 and 21, the Supreme Court in 2024 upheld the section’s validity, citing “historical necessity and regional harmony”, invoking the doctrine of reasonable classification. Hence, statements 1 and 3 are correct.

#### 24. Question

With reference to Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, consider the following statements:

• It creates an exception to the standard citizenship provisions by offering retrospective naturalization based on migration date alone.

• Section 6A was enacted to fulfil a constitutional mandate under Article 11.

• It has been judicially upheld as intra vires the Constitution, despite allegations of violating the principle of equality.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Explanation Section 6A was inserted by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1985, as a legislative response to the Assam Accord, marking an exceptional policy accommodation for illegal migrants from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) who entered Assam before 24 March 1971.

• Statement 1 is correct: This section indeed deviates from the uniform framework of citizenship by naturalization or birth, allowing retrospective grant of citizenship based solely on date and duration of stay.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: Article 11 empowers Parliament to regulate citizenship, but Section 6A is a product of executive-political compromise, not a constitutional mandate.

• Statement 3 is correct: Despite constitutional challenges under Articles 14 and 21, the Supreme Court in 2024 upheld the section’s validity, citing “historical necessity and regional harmony”, invoking the doctrine of reasonable classification.

Hence, statements 1 and 3 are correct.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: Article 11 empowers Parliament to regulate citizenship, but Section 6A is a product of executive-political compromise, not a constitutional mandate.

Hence, statements 1 and 3 are correct.

• Question 25 of 30 25. Question 1 points Consider the following statements with respect to Konark Sun Temple Wheel: Statement-I: The Konark Wheel, part of the 13th-century Konark Sun Temple, was architecturally designed to serve both as a sundial and as a symbolic representation of time in motion. Statement-II: This symbolic function of the Konark Wheel was the reason why it was later adopted as the Ashoka Chakra in the Indian National Flag, representing the Buddhist doctrine of the Eightfold Path. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Answer: C Explanation: The Konark Wheel, a defining element of the Konark Sun Temple (built by King Narasimhadeva I), is not just an artistic masterpiece, but also an embodiment of scientific precision and symbolic depth. Each of the 24 intricately carved spokes functioned as a sundial, allowing observers to estimate time using the position of the sun and the shadow cast on the wheel. Philosophically, the wheel represents Kalachakra, or the Wheel of Time, denoting cyclical progression and constant motion—a key motif in Indian cosmology. While the Ashoka Chakra, seen on the Indian National Flag, also has 24 spokes, its origin lies in the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath and symbolizes Dharma and righteousness, not specifically the Konark Wheel or Buddhist Eightfold Path. Thus, while both wheels share visual similarity and moral connotation, their symbolic roots and historical contexts differ, making Statement-II incorrect. Incorrect Answer: C Explanation: The Konark Wheel, a defining element of the Konark Sun Temple (built by King Narasimhadeva I), is not just an artistic masterpiece, but also an embodiment of scientific precision and symbolic depth. Each of the 24 intricately carved spokes functioned as a sundial, allowing observers to estimate time using the position of the sun and the shadow cast on the wheel. Philosophically, the wheel represents Kalachakra, or the Wheel of Time, denoting cyclical progression and constant motion—a key motif in Indian cosmology. While the Ashoka Chakra, seen on the Indian National Flag, also has 24 spokes, its origin lies in the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath and symbolizes Dharma and righteousness, not specifically the Konark Wheel or Buddhist Eightfold Path. Thus, while both wheels share visual similarity and moral connotation, their symbolic roots and historical contexts differ, making Statement-II incorrect.

#### 25. Question

Consider the following statements with respect to Konark Sun Temple Wheel:

Statement-I: The Konark Wheel, part of the 13th-century Konark Sun Temple, was architecturally designed to serve both as a sundial and as a symbolic representation of time in motion. Statement-II: This symbolic function of the Konark Wheel was the reason why it was later adopted as the Ashoka Chakra in the Indian National Flag, representing the Buddhist doctrine of the Eightfold Path.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Explanation:

The Konark Wheel, a defining element of the Konark Sun Temple (built by King Narasimhadeva I), is not just an artistic masterpiece, but also an embodiment of scientific precision and symbolic depth. Each of the 24 intricately carved spokes functioned as a sundial, allowing observers to estimate time using the position of the sun and the shadow cast on the wheel. Philosophically, the wheel represents Kalachakra, or the Wheel of Time, denoting cyclical progression and constant motion—a key motif in Indian cosmology.

While the Ashoka Chakra, seen on the Indian National Flag, also has 24 spokes, its origin lies in the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath and symbolizes Dharma and righteousness, not specifically the Konark Wheel or Buddhist Eightfold Path. Thus, while both wheels share visual similarity and moral connotation, their symbolic roots and historical contexts differ, making Statement-II incorrect.

Explanation:

• Question 26 of 30 26. Question 1 points Direction for the below Question: A sentence has been deleted from the below paragraph. From the given options, choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way. Some geneticists believe that if an average Greek from 1,000 BC were transported to modern times, he or she would be one of the brightest among us. They say that our intellectual prowess has probably been sliding south since the invention of farming and the rise of high-density living that it allowed. In the past, when our ancestors faced the harsh realities of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, the punishment for stupidity was more often than not death. And so, enormous evolutionary pressure bore down on early humans, selecting out the dimwits, and raising the intellect of the survivors’ descendants. But this is not the case today. A hunter-gatherer who did not correctly conceive a solution to providing food or shelter probably died, along with his or her progeny, whereas a modern Wall Street executive who made a similar conceptual mistake would receive a substantial bonus and be a more attractive mate. ________. Choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way. a) Clearly, human intelligence has stagnated b) Clearly, extreme selection is a thing of the past. c) Surprisingly, we are intellectually fragile. d) This evolutionary pressure must be necessary to maintain human intelligence. Correct Correct Option: B Justification: Basically, the question demands the students to recognize the logical conclusion, that can be supported by the paragraph. Option A is incorrect: Read the statement, “They say that our intellectual prowess has probably been sliding south since the invention of farming…” Option B is correct: The paragraph says that in the past selection played a major role in the survival of the human species. But today with changing lifestyles it is not the case. Option B sums up the argument by saying that extreme selection is a thing of the past Option C is a general statement that has little relevance here. Option D is extreme and doesn’t fit the concluding sentence. Incorrect Correct Option: B Justification: Basically, the question demands the students to recognize the logical conclusion, that can be supported by the paragraph. Option A is incorrect: Read the statement, “They say that our intellectual prowess has probably been sliding south since the invention of farming…” Option B is correct: The paragraph says that in the past selection played a major role in the survival of the human species. But today with changing lifestyles it is not the case. Option B sums up the argument by saying that extreme selection is a thing of the past Option C is a general statement that has little relevance here. Option D is extreme and doesn’t fit the concluding sentence.

#### 26. Question

Direction for the below Question: A sentence has been deleted from the below paragraph. From the given options, choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.

Some geneticists believe that if an average Greek from 1,000 BC were transported to modern times, he or she would be one of the brightest among us. They say that our intellectual prowess has probably been sliding south since the invention of farming and the rise of high-density living that it allowed. In the past, when our ancestors faced the harsh realities of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, the punishment for stupidity was more often than not death. And so, enormous evolutionary pressure bore down on early humans, selecting out the dimwits, and raising the intellect of the survivors’ descendants. But this is not the case today. A hunter-gatherer who did not correctly conceive a solution to providing food or shelter probably died, along with his or her progeny, whereas a modern Wall Street executive who made a similar conceptual mistake would receive a substantial bonus and be a more attractive mate. ________.

Choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.

• a) Clearly, human intelligence has stagnated

• b) Clearly, extreme selection is a thing of the past.

• c) Surprisingly, we are intellectually fragile.

• d) This evolutionary pressure must be necessary to maintain human intelligence.

Correct Option: B

Justification:

Basically, the question demands the students to recognize the logical conclusion, that can be supported by the paragraph.

Option A is incorrect: Read the statement, “They say that our intellectual prowess has probably been sliding south since the invention of farming…”

Option B is correct: The paragraph says that in the past selection played a major role in the survival of the human species. But today with changing lifestyles it is not the case. Option B sums up the argument by saying that extreme selection is a thing of the past

Option C is a general statement that has little relevance here.

Option D is extreme and doesn’t fit the concluding sentence.

Correct Option: B

Justification:

Basically, the question demands the students to recognize the logical conclusion, that can be supported by the paragraph.

Option A is incorrect: Read the statement, “They say that our intellectual prowess has probably been sliding south since the invention of farming…”

Option C is a general statement that has little relevance here.

Option D is extreme and doesn’t fit the concluding sentence.

• Question 27 of 30 27. Question 1 points Three children took part in racing competition in their school with their respective probabilities to reach the finishing point being 1/3, 1/5 and 1/4 respectively. What is the probability that at least one of them will finish the race? a) 2/5 b) 3/5 c) 1/5 d) 1/4 Correct Correct Option: B Justification: Let the names of children be x, y and z. The probabilities of the three children to finish the race are 1/3, 1/5 and 1/4 respectively. It may be noted that one reaching the finishing point is independent of other reaching. If P(x), P(y) and P(z) denotes the probabilities. The probability of at least one of them reaching the finishing point = 1 – P (none of them finishing the race) = 1 – (2/3)(4/5)(3/4) = 3/5 Hence, option B is correct. Incorrect Correct Option: B Justification: Let the names of children be x, y and z. The probabilities of the three children to finish the race are 1/3, 1/5 and 1/4 respectively. It may be noted that one reaching the finishing point is independent of other reaching. If P(x), P(y) and P(z) denotes the probabilities. The probability of at least one of them reaching the finishing point = 1 – P (none of them finishing the race) = 1 – (2/3)(4/5)(3/4) = 3/5 Hence, option B is correct.

#### 27. Question

Three children took part in racing competition in their school with their respective probabilities to reach the finishing point being 1/3, 1/5 and 1/4 respectively. What is the probability that at least one of them will finish the race?

Correct Option: B

Justification:

Let the names of children be x, y and z. The probabilities of the three children to finish the race are 1/3, 1/5 and 1/4 respectively. It may be noted that one reaching the finishing point is independent of other reaching. If P(x), P(y) and P(z) denotes the probabilities.

The probability of at least one of them reaching the finishing point = 1 – P (none of them finishing the race)

= 1 – (2/3)(4/5)(3/4)

Hence, option B is correct.

Correct Option: B

Justification:

The probability of at least one of them reaching the finishing point = 1 – P (none of them finishing the race)

= 1 – (2/3)(4/5)(3/4)

Hence, option B is correct.

• Question 28 of 30 28. Question 1 points Out of 12 applications for a job, there are 5 women and 7 men. It is desired to select 2 persons for the job. The probability that at least one of the selected persons will be a woman is? a) 13/66 b) 11/20 c) 7/11 d) 15/22 Correct Correct Option: D Justification: Probability of selecting no women = 7?2/ 12?2 =7/22 Probability of selecting at least one woman =1−7/22=15/22 Incorrect Correct Option: D Justification: Probability of selecting no women = 7?2/ 12?2 =7/22 Probability of selecting at least one woman =1−7/22=15/22

#### 28. Question

Out of 12 applications for a job, there are 5 women and 7 men. It is desired to select 2 persons for the job. The probability that at least one of the selected persons will be a woman is?

Correct Option: D

Justification:

Probability of selecting no women = 7?2/ 12?2 =7/22

Probability of selecting at least one woman =1−7/22=15/22

Correct Option: D

Justification:

Probability of selecting no women = 7?2/ 12?2 =7/22

Probability of selecting at least one woman =1−7/22=15/22

• Question 29 of 30 29. Question 1 points In how many different ways can four books A, B, C and D be arranged one above another in a vertical order such that the books A and B are never in continuous position? a) 9 b) 14 c) 18 d) 12 Correct Correct Option: D Justification: Explanation: Let us take books A and B as one i.e., they are always continuous. Now, number of books = 4 – 2 + 1 = 3 These three books can be arranged in 3! ways and also A and B can be arranged in 2 ways among themselves. So, the number of ways when books A and B are always continuous = 2 × 3! Total number of ways of arrangement of A, B, C and D = 4! Hence, number of ways when A and B are never continuous = Total number of ways – number of ways when A and B always continuous = 4! – 2 × 3! = 12 Incorrect Correct Option: D Justification: Explanation: Let us take books A and B as one i.e., they are always continuous. Now, number of books = 4 – 2 + 1 = 3 These three books can be arranged in 3! ways and also A and B can be arranged in 2 ways among themselves. So, the number of ways when books A and B are always continuous = 2 × 3! Total number of ways of arrangement of A, B, C and D = 4! Hence, number of ways when A and B are never continuous = Total number of ways – number of ways when A and B always continuous = 4! – 2 × 3! = 12

#### 29. Question

In how many different ways can four books A, B, C and D be arranged one above another in a vertical order such that the books A and B are never in continuous position?

Correct Option: D

Justification:

Explanation:

Let us take books A and B as one i.e., they are always

continuous.

Now, number of books = 4 – 2 + 1 = 3

These three books can be arranged in 3! ways and also

A and B can be arranged in 2 ways among themselves.

So, the number of ways when books A and B are always continuous = 2 × 3!

Total number of ways of arrangement of A, B, C and D = 4!

Hence, number of ways when A and B are never continuous

= Total number of ways – number of ways when A and B always continuous

= 4! – 2 × 3! = 12

Correct Option: D

Justification:

Explanation:

Let us take books A and B as one i.e., they are always

continuous.

Now, number of books = 4 – 2 + 1 = 3

These three books can be arranged in 3! ways and also

A and B can be arranged in 2 ways among themselves.

So, the number of ways when books A and B are always continuous = 2 × 3!

Total number of ways of arrangement of A, B, C and D = 4!

Hence, number of ways when A and B are never continuous

= Total number of ways – number of ways when A and B always continuous

= 4! – 2 × 3! = 12

• Question 30 of 30 30. Question 1 points Each of two women and three men is to occupy one chair out of eight chairs, each of which numbered from 1 to 8. First, women are to occupy any two chairs from those numbered 1 to 4; and then the three men would occupy any, three chairs out of the remaining six chairs. What is the maximum number of different ways in which this can be done? a) 40 b) 132 c) 1440 d) 3660 Correct Correct Option: C Justification: Explanation: 2 Women can occupy 2 chairs out of the first four chairs in 4P2 ways. 3 men can be arranged in the remaining 6 chairs in 6P3 ways. Hence, total no. of ways = 4P2 × 6P3 = 1440 Incorrect Correct Option: C Justification: Explanation: 2 Women can occupy 2 chairs out of the first four chairs in 4P2 ways. 3 men can be arranged in the remaining 6 chairs in 6P3 ways. Hence, total no. of ways = 4P2 × 6P3 = 1440

#### 30. Question

Each of two women and three men is to occupy one chair out of eight chairs, each of which numbered from 1 to 8. First, women are to occupy any two chairs from those numbered 1 to 4; and then the three men would occupy any, three chairs out of the remaining six chairs. What is the maximum number of different ways in which this can be done?

Correct Option: C

Justification:

Explanation:

2 Women can occupy 2 chairs out of the first four chairs in 4P2 ways.

3 men can be arranged in the remaining 6 chairs in 6P3 ways.

Hence, total no. of ways = 4P2 × 6P3 = 1440

Correct Option: C

Justification:

Explanation:

2 Women can occupy 2 chairs out of the first four chairs in 4P2 ways.

3 men can be arranged in the remaining 6 chairs in 6P3 ways.

Hence, total no. of ways = 4P2 × 6P3 = 1440

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