KartavyaDesk
news

Air Quality Monitoring

Kartavya Desk Staff

Source: IE

Subject: Environment

Context: The Supreme Court has sought details on the equipment used in Delhi’s air-quality monitoring stations and whether these instruments are suitable for the city’s extreme meteorological conditions.

About Air Quality Monitoring:

What it is?

• Air Quality Monitoring is the systematic measurement of pollutants in the atmosphere to assess compliance with national air standards, identify health risks, understand pollution sources, and support regulatory actions.

• In India, it is governed by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), 2009.

Types of Air-Quality Monitoring Devices:

Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (CAAQMS):

• Automated, temperature-controlled stations used for real-time monitoring. Track eight pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, NO₂, SO₂, CO, O₃, NH₃, and Pb. Used extensively in Delhi (40 stations).

• Automated, temperature-controlled stations used for real-time monitoring.

• Track eight pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, NO₂, SO₂, CO, O₃, NH₃, and Pb.

• Used extensively in Delhi (40 stations).

Manual Monitoring Stations (e.g., Gravimetric Samplers):

• Measure pollutants using manual collection methods, especially for PM, metals, benzene, and PAHs. Provide periodic data, not real-time information.

• Measure pollutants using manual collection methods, especially for PM, metals, benzene, and PAHs.

• Provide periodic data, not real-time information.

Low-Cost Sensors (LCS):

• Compact devices useful for trend analysis, public awareness, and dense spatial mapping. Less accurate; require calibration against reference-grade instruments.

• Compact devices useful for trend analysis, public awareness, and dense spatial mapping.

• Less accurate; require calibration against reference-grade instruments.

How It Works?

Particulate Matter (PM2.5 & PM10): Measured primarily using Beta Attenuation Monitors (BAM):

• Measured primarily using Beta Attenuation Monitors (BAM):

• A beta radiation source passes through clean filter tape. Air is drawn; particles accumulate; beta signal decreases. Reduction in signal = pollutant mass concentration. Used widely in Delhi under CPCB guidelines.

• A beta radiation source passes through clean filter tape.

• Air is drawn; particles accumulate; beta signal decreases.

• Reduction in signal = pollutant mass concentration.

• Used widely in Delhi under CPCB guidelines.

Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂): Measured by UV fluorescence; SO₂ emits faint fluorescence under UV light.

Ozone (O₃): Measured by UV photometry, tracking ozone’s absorption of ultraviolet light.

Carbon Monoxide (CO): Measured by Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) absorption, based on CO’s absorption of IR waves.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Measured by chemiluminescence, detecting light produced when NO reacts with ozone.

Ammonia (NH₃): Measured using optical spectroscopy based on its absorption spectrum.

Key Features of Continuous Monitoring Systems:

Automated Real-Time Measurement: Provide minute-to-minute readings essential for AQI calculation and forecasting.

Temperature-Controlled, Dust-Proof Cabins: Ensure instrument stability in diverse environmental conditions.

Standardised Protocols: Operate under CPCB’s 2012 guidelines ensuring uniform calibration, sampling, and quality-control procedures.

Remote Data Transmission: Data is relayed to CPCB/SPCB servers and displayed publicly on AQI dashboards.

Multi-Pollutant Capability: Each station tracks eight regulated pollutants simultaneously.

Limitations:

High Humidity Interference: Beta-gauge monitors overestimate PM levels when relative humidity >60%, as particles absorb moisture and appear heavier.

Calibration & Instrument Drift: Infrequent calibration leads to instrument drift, impacting accuracy of PM and gaseous pollutant readings.

Location Constraints: Stations placed near buildings, trees, or vents face distorted airflow, causing skewed readings.

Data Availability Gaps: CPCB requires 16 hours of valid data/day; many Delhi stations fail due to power outages, equipment failure, and maintenance issues.

AI-assisted content, editorially reviewed by Kartavya Desk Staff.

About Kartavya Desk Staff

Articles in our archive published before our editorial team was expanded. Legacy content is periodically reviewed and updated by our current editors.

All News